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SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS TO GUARANTEE FOOD SECURITY IN IMPOVERISHED COMMUNITIES IN THE PROVINCE OF COTOPAXI, ECUADOR

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE (INIAP)

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE “PATH TO PROGRESS” (CODESOCP)

ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT – 2ND YEAR

(May 2006 ‐ April 2007)

GENERAL OBJECTIVE

To lower the levels of poverty and malnutrition in the communities of the Province of Cotopaxi through the establishment of strategic alliances and an approach based on participatory research, gender and agro‐ecology.

PROGRESS BY SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES AND RESULTS

Specific objective 1: To strengthen the production systems of the Ninín Cachipata, Chaluapamba, Chilla Chico and Canchagua communities through the improvement and promotion of quinoa and lupin.

N. Mazón, E. Peralta, C. Subía, M. Rivera (INIAP); W. Olmos, J. Taipe, C. Chicaiza (CODESOCP) According to the SIISE (Ecuadorian Integrated System of Social Indicators) (see 4.0) and the Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN), virtually all the population in the communities of the Canchagua and Cochapamba Parishes (zone where the project is being executed) is poor (98 and 99.6% respectively). The project intends to at least lay the foundations to decrease this excruciating situation and takes into consideration that the main activity of the communities is agriculture. It is fundamental to improve their production systems both for food provision as well as income generation for the families. The improvement of productivity must be based on the revaluation of the local knowledge and the introduction of new practices through a participatory research process and dissemination of the best results obtained. The progress of the different activities being executed is summarized below. R1. The production systems productivity and family income of the Ninín Cachipata, Chaluapamba, Chilla Chico and Canchagua communities is improved. Revaluation of the farmer know‐how in production systems management. Crop association trial.

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One of the strategies that the men and women farmers have practiced for many years to guarantee the availability of food and to generate income for their families has been crop association. This is the reason why a trial on crop association in the five communities is being executed. In the trial, quinoa (INIAP‐Tunkahuan variety), lupin (INIAP 450‐Andino variety) and barley (INIAP‐Shyri 2000) were included. It consists of seven plots, three monoculture and four with the various combinations (quinoa + lupin, quinoa + barley, quinoa + barley + lupin and barley + lupin). A repetition of the trial was sown in each community. Biomass production and nutrient availability for the family is being evaluated in the trial. Lupin traditional system improvement. The traditional lupin sowing is very interesting from the soil conservation point of view, since it is based in zero tillage because only one hole is dug for the seed and no other farming is done until the harvest time. However, due to the low planting density (1 m in between furrows x 1 m in between spots), the absence of cultural work and the attack of plagues and diseases, the yield per hectare is very low. This is the reason why a trial was implemented, to improve the planting system. The trial consists of increasing the planting density (separate the holes by 60 cm between rows and 30 cm between holes) and applying insecticide to the seeds during sowing plus foliar applications. The trial consists of four plots: a control plot, where only the density is increased; another one where only seed disinfection is done; another one where seed disinfection and aerial plagues control is done; and the last one where only aerial plague control is carried out. A repetition of the trial was sown in each community. The yield will be evaluated and an economic analysis will be performed in order to verity if it is actually possible to improve this planting system. Crop rotation trial. A four‐year crop rotation trial will be carried out at the Instituto Superior Simón Rodríguez of Latacunga with the objective of determining its effects on the soil’s health and fertility, the dynamics of plagues and diseases and yield of the various crops. Quinoa, lupin, barley, and potato were considered for this trial and it consists of five plots (eight 6m‐long furrows, separated by 0.8 m), four monoculture and one rotating with the different crops successively. The trial is under a Randomized Complete Block Design with three repetitions. The yield components of the various crops, as well as the dynamics of plague and diseases will be analyzed in this trial plus a follow‐up on the soil’s fertility. Research and implementation of new practices for strengthening the production systems. New crop varieties evaluation (logical rotation in the system, around lupin and quinoa). The evaluation and selection of new varieties of the following crops continues at the five CIALs of the Project’s partner communities: Lupin (Ninín Cachipata, Chaluapamba, Chilla Chico, Jatun Era), quinoa (Chaluapamba, Chilla Chico, Jatun Era, Canchagua), potato (Ninín Cachipata, Chaluapamba, Jatun Era), barley (Ninín Cachipata) and green peas (Ninín Cachipata).

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Green manure trial. The soil erosion permanent process, mainly in the slopes, decreases the crop’s performance, promotes the extension of the agricultural frontier (the farmers advance towards the paramo looking for fertile land) and increases de use of synthetic fertilizers that instead of bringing a solution to the problem, makes it even worse (less competitivity). In countries like Honduras and Bolivia it has been demonstrated that the use of green manure (legumes) is an efficient way to recover fertility and soil structure. With this background, a research process was initiated to demonstrate and promote the advantages of using green manure. The trial consists of three plots (lupin, vetch‐oats and a control). Lupin and vetch‐oats will be incorporated during the flowering. After two months, potatoes will be sown in three plots in order to start measuring the benefits and the differences among green manures and the control. A repetition of the trial was sown in each community. Water harvesting systems. The availability of and access to water are less and less both for consumption as well as for irrigation and the problem is greater in zones like Saquisilí where the water sources have decreased and the rains are scarce. As a result of the exchange tour to the MACRENA project in Ambuquí and World Neighbors in La Merced (where water harvesting systems and optimal water use were observed), the members of the CIALs became interested in implementing pilot water harvesting systems in each location. Meetings with all the CIALs have been carried out in order to plan the implementation of the pilot water harvest systems. The locations where the harvesting tanks will be built have been selected and the respective implementation maps have been elaborated. The excavations have not been carried out due to the soil type (difficult to do it by hand). The necessary steps have been carried out at the Municipality of Saquisilí in order to obtain the required equipment (rigid backhoe loader), but to date this support has not been confirmed. If the equipment has not been obtained in the coming months, mingas (communal work) will be organized to do the excavations and to have these demonstration systems ready for the first rains of the rainy season. Quinoa and lupin management demonstration plots. Quinoa (I‐Tunkahuan variety) and lupin (I‐450 Andino variety) management demonstration plots were sown in each one of the communities (in accordance with INIAP’s technical recommendations). When the quinoa and lupin plots’ harvest time was close, two field trips were organized in order to socialize the technical management of these crops with the people interested from each community. Men and women farmers from the In Canchagua community and from Jatun Era participated. The other field trip was organized with Chilla Chico’s CIAL for the people in this community who were interested in the trial. It is important to highlight that an effort is made in these events in order to encourage the CIALs’ leaders to be the ones who share their knowledge with the communities' participants.

Research implications. The results of the various trials are not available yet, however in the case of crop association, rotation and green manures, it is necessary to carry out the research during several crop cycles in order to evaluate its

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effects. In the case of the lupin local production system improvement, in a preliminary stage, positive differences have been evidenced in the plots sown with seed disinfectant, in relationship to the number of established plants and greater plant vigor. It will be necessary to implement larger plots and promote this planting system. The selection of new varieties is a process that also lasts at least three evaluation cycles. Although better materials than the local ones are being identified, it is necessary to continue the research before initiating the dissemination activities of each community's best varieties. It is necessary to be certain of the genotypes’ adaptability and stability. In respect to the water harvesting systems, the progress has been on the motivational and laying out part, expecting to have the pilot systems in place in the four communities for the next agricultural cycle.

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Specific objective 2. To evaluate and select quinoa and lupin varieties that adapt to the edaphoclimatic conditions and are in accordance with the criteria and preferences of the men and women farmers of the Ninín Cachipata, Chaluapamba, Chilla Chico and Canchagua communities.

N. Mazón, E. Peralta, A. Murillo, C. Subía, F. Vargas, M. Rivera (INIAP); W. Olmos, J. Taipe, C. Chicaiza (CODESOCP)

The local varieties are adapted to the local agroclimatic conditions and have good organoleptic characteristics; however, they are very late‐maturing, susceptible to diseases and have low productive potential. In order to support the production systems, it is necessary to count with new varieties with better characteristics than the local ones (adaptability, agronomic and quality characteristics). In order to achieve this, hybridization improvement programs for quinoa and lupin are being executed. Improved varieties of other crops of interest (potato, barley) are obtained with the cooperation of other Plant Breeding Programs in execution at the Santa Catalina Station. The varieties that respond to the farmers’ needs and expectations are evaluated and selected at the communities, along with the Local Agricultural Research Committees (CIALs). In this process, it is also aimed at generating local capacities in order for the CIALs to carry out research and agricultural development according to the needs and situation of each community, with a minimum dependency of external institutions. The genetic improvement progress of quinoa, lupin, potato, green peas and barley is summarized below: R2. There is at least one variety of quinoa and lupin in each community, in accordance with the preferences of the men and women farmers and with the edaphoclimatic conditions. Quinoa and lupin lines development in greenhouses (Experimental Station) and the open field (Latacunga) Quinoa Evaluation of nine promising sweet grain quinoa lines. The evaluation trial for nine promising sweet grain quinoa lines was sown at the Instituto Técnico Simón Rodríguez (ITSR). The crop was fertilized (100 kg/ha of 10‐30‐10) and two weedings where done during the crop cycle. The objectives of this trial were to agronomically evaluate nine promising lines and select the best early‐maturing and semi‐late lines. Five early‐maturing lines (ECU – 585, ECU – 244, ECU – 544‐1S, ECU – 287 and ECU – 572) and four semi‐late lines (ECU – 2486, ECU – 6717, ECU – 6721 and INIAP Tunkahuan) were evaluated under the Randomized Complete Block Design with three repetitions. Data of two days to tasseling, days to flowering, days to harvesting, response to mildew (1‐9 scale), stalk lodging, plant height, tassel length, yield, grain size and test weight were recorded. As for early‐maturing, there is a clear difference between the two line groups; for example, to harvesting days we have an average of 130 days for early‐maturing and 160 days for semi‐late. The response of all the materials to mildew is medium resistance (4 to 7) and as for stalk lodging, the semi‐late lines presented the highest percentages and among the early‐maturing the ECU‐544‐1S stands out. (Appendix 1) For plan height,

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the early‐maturing lines average between 100 and 140 cm, while the semi‐late average between 184 and 214 cm. In the yield projection in kg/ha, the early‐maturing average between 744 and 1478, being ECU‐544‐1S the best line, while the semi‐late average between 391 and 2211, being ECU‐2486 the line that yields better. (Appendix 2) In the early‐maturing lines group, the ECU‐244 and ECU‐544‐1S showed the larger grain (100 seed length) and the ECU‐287 the greatest test weight. In the semi‐late, the largest grain is the I‐Tunkahuan variety and greatest test weight corresponds to the ECU‐6717. (Appendix 3) According to the results, the early‐maturing varieties were selected for further evaluation and purification in larger trials along with the I‐Tunkahuan. Lupin The trials for promising lines and F6 lines were sown at the Instituto Técnico Simón Rodríguez (ITSR). A fertilization, two weedings and an Endosulfan (4 cc/l) application were carried out at the time of the seedling emergence and a KSI (4 cc/l) application for aerial plagues. Evaluation of 12 promising lupin lines The objectives of this trial were to agronomically evaluate 12 promising lupin lines and select the best promising lines. Eleven promising lines were evaluated under a Randomized Complete Block Design with three repetitions. Data on emergence percentage, days to flowering, days to harvest, plant load, plant height, number of pods in the central axis, yield and weight of 100 seeds were gathered. Promising lupin lines reach harvest by the 6th month on average. For plant load (1 ‐ 9 scale; 1 = large load, 9 = small load) it was observed that the evaluated lines presented a better load according to variety. Lines ECU – 8415, ECU – 2700–2 and the ECU 2658 x ECU 2659 p14 s1 cross were the ones which stood out. (Appendix 4) In the analysis of variance, significant statistical differences were observed in lines within the 100‐seed weight variable only; averages were 131 cm for plant height, 15 pods per central axis, 1771 kg/ha and 27.5 g the weight of 100 seeds. (Appendix 5) For the number of pods in the central axis, the ECU 2658 x ECU 8415 p3 s2 line stands out, while for yield the average was around the 2000 kg/ha. According to the trial results, the following lines were selected and coded: ECU‐8415 (Lupin Promising Line 01), ECU‐2700‐2 (LPC 02), ECU‐2658 x ECU‐2659 p9 (LPC 05), ECU‐2658 x ECU‐2659 p19 (LPC 07), ECU‐2659 x ECU‐8415 p3 (LPC 08), ECU‐2658 x ECU‐8415 p1s1 (LPC 09), ECU‐2658 x ECU‐8415 p3s2 (LPC 10), ECU‐2658 x ECU‐8415 p5s1 (LPC 11), ECU‐2658 x ECU‐8415 p5s2 (LPC 12). Evaluation of 12 F6 lupin lines With the aim of developing materials resistant to anthracnosis and with good yield, in past years a crossings plan was carried out with previously identified parents for these characteristics. The filials of these hybridizations have been subject to the selection process in the previous cycles until 2006 when during a preliminary yield trial the best nine F6 lines resulting from this process were selected. The objectives of this trial were to evaluate and select the best promising lines for adaptability and yield trials at a regional level. Nine lupin F6 lines were evaluated under a Randomized Complete Block Design with three repetitions. Data on emergence percentage, days to flowering, days to harvest, plant load, plant height, number of pods in the central axis, yield and weight of 100 seeds was gathered. All the evaluated materials are harvested by the 6th month. For plant load, all the materials, including the variety presented data of 2 and 3. (Appendix 6) With the analysis of variance, the significant statistical differences were determined for the number of pods per plant, yield and 100 seed weight variables;

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averages were 125 cm for plant height, 15 pods in the central axis, 1,514 kg/ha and 27.2 g the weight of 100 seeds. (Appendix 7) As a result of this trial, the following lines were selected and coded: ECU‐8415 x ECU‐695 p1s6 (LPC 13), I‐450 x ECU‐5987 p7s6 (LPC 14), I‐450 x ECU‐5987 p3s11 (LPC 15), ECU‐8415 x ECU‐677 p2s7 (LPC 16), ECU‐8415 x ECU‐695 p1s7 (LPC 17), ECU‐2658 x ECU‐700 p7s9 (LPC 18). Pathogenicity testing and management of the anthracnosis causing pathogen. Lupin is affected mainly by anthracnosis (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz), causing significant losses to the farmers. A thorough knowledge of the pathogen, its laboratory management, as well as the disease symptomatology and progress in greenhouse controlled conditions, will allow the establishment of disease management strategies. The study was carried out in two phases: Pathogenicity testing and definition of the pathogen management. For the pathogenicity testing, a pathogen prospecting in the field was carried out. For this purpose, visits were organized and infected samples were collected which were isolated, purified, increased and inoculated in lupin to comply with the Koch's postulates. For the pathogen management a detailed follow‐up was performed and the laboratory process and greenhouse trials were documented. The anthracnosis symptomatology of the lupin in pods present hollow lesion (0.5 to 3 cm diameter) and covered with an orange layer corresponding to the fungal conidian masses (spores) (Appendix 8). When strong fungus infections are present, it invades the seed, becoming frequent the seed transmission. In the leaves, a creamy lesion with dark borders is present. (Appendix 8) In sprouts, stems and pedioles the disease appears as long lesions up to 5 cm (Appendix 8) that can extend to form bigger lesion. In general, a stem severe infection causes the death of the top portion of the plant (Appendix 8). In adult plants, it is frequent the outbreak of secondary sprouts is frequent. The process for isolating (directly or indirectly) the pathogen and its management for conservation and use in resistance to the pathogen tests is known. (Appendix 9) Standarization of an evaluation methodology of lupin resistance to anthracnosis. The incorporation of genetic resistance is the most important component for the anthracnosis control. However, an adequate methodology for inoculation is required for the observation of symptoms, appreciation and quantification of the resistance as well as the identification of controls within the trial evaluations. Factors and interactions related to inoculation and its management conditions were studied, in order to determine the best inoculation conditions and expression of the disease symptoms. Afterwards, the response to two Colletotrichum gloesporioides isolations in different lupin accessions was evaluated in order to identify sources of disease resistance and positive controls (highly susceptible hosts) for the assessment and quantification of the seedling resistance. The study was carried out with INIAP‐450 Andino variety, the inoculations were done in the phenological stage of second digitated leave and the evaluation was done 8 to 12 days after the inoculation. The amount of time necessary for the pathogen incubation was studied in ice stored conditions and considering three treatments (2, 4 and 6 days). On the other side, in order to determine the best pathogen attachment in lupin seedlings, 11 Tween 80 concentrations were studied, as well as four fixation times (period of time between the inoculation and the inoculation in ice stored). In order to study two anthracnosis isolations

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pathogenicity, 16 lupin accessions responses were evaluated. The evaluation was carried on the 8th and 12th day after the inoculation. In regards to the ice‐stored incubation time, two incubation days are recommended or more in case of a lowered relative humidity in the inoculation cabinet (for example 80%). There were symptoms present in all the Tween 80 concentrations, that is, an incidence of 100%. Through the inoculation carried out, symptoms were observed in different parts of the plant (cotyledons, leaves, stems, pedioles and sprouts) which in advanced states of severity produced cankers of variable size (0.5 to 5 cm) with intense orangish sporulation in the central part. For the evaluation of the reaction to the pathogen, the bean anthracnosis scale developed by Schoonhoven and Pastor‐Corrales (1987) was adjusted. (Appendix 10) Anthracnosis resistance evaluation in promising lupin lines. In 2000, INIAP’s National Legume Program initiated the genetic improvement of lupin through hybridization, with the objective of generating and obtaining lines and varieties genetically resistant to anthracnosis, early‐maturing and with good grain yield and quality. In 2006, 24 F6 lines plus the INIAP‐450 Andino control and 6 parents were evaluated for anthracnosis resistance in greenhouse conditions. The resistance evaluation was adjusted to a Schoonhoven and Pastor‐Corrales (1987) adapted scale. The data of the parents’ reaction to anthracnosis show that there are resistant and susceptible crops in each line, which indicates that they are not pure lines. (Appendix 11) For F6 and F7 lines, the results are similar. In the most part there are susceptible crops in each line, which is probably due to the fact that the parents involved in the cross are not pure lines. (Appendix 12 and 13) Susceptible crops were eliminated and the resistant ones self‐inseminated with the objective of line purification.

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Participatory evaluation of quinoa and lupin promising lines through trial, verification, production and strain liberation tests. Quinoa The trial test with eight varieties and promising lines was done in Canchagua. A participatory evaluation was carried out and the yield was analyzed. One men farmer and four women farmers participated in the grain evaluation using the absolute evaluation format. For the grain quinoa evaluation, five positive and five negative criteria were identified by the men and women farmers, related to the grain quality (white color, thickness, sweetness) and the yield. (Appendix 14) Based on the grain quality and yield data, the CIAL members selected five lines and varieties for further evaluation in the verification trial. Chilla Chico’s CIAL evaluated the trial test with eight quinoa varieties and promising lines. A participatory evaluation was carried out and the yield was analyzed. Seven farmers participated of the dry grain evaluation; the main criteria are related to the size, color and saponine amount. Lines ECU – 244; ECU – 2486 and the INIAP‐ TUNKAHUAN variety reached the first place with the maximum yield (Appendix 15). After the corresponding analysis of the complete crop cycle, the farmers decided to select five lines and varieties. Lupin Ninín Cachipata’s CIAL carried out the lupin trial test in order to evaluate eleven new promising lines. A participatory evaluation was carried out (dry grain) and the yield was recorded. Four men farmers and six women farmers participated of the dry grain evaluation. Six positive criteria and eight negative criteria related to grain quality (thickness, health, white color, uniformity) and yield were identified. According to the yield, the best lines were ECU‐2658 x ECU‐2659, p9; ECU‐8415 and ECU‐2658 x ECU‐8415, p5s2 (Appendix 16). Based on the participatory evaluations results on grain and the yield data, the CIAL members decided to continue working with the I‐450 Andino variety, since it has not been surpassed by new varieties. Chaluapamba’s CIAL carried out the lupin trial test in order to evaluate twelve varieties and promising lines. A participatory evaluation was carried out and the yield was analyzed. Four men farmers and six women farmers participated of the dry grain participatory evaluation. Four positive criteria and eight negative criteria related to grain quality (thickness, uniformity, cleanness and white color) were identified. Based on the yield, the best lines were ECU‐2658 x ECU‐2659, p9, ECU‐8415 and ECU‐2658 x ECU‐8415, p5s2. (Appendix 17) Based on grain quality and yield data, Chaluapamba’s CIAL members selected six lines and varieties for further evaluation in the verification trial. Chilla Chico’s CIAL also evaluated twelve lupin varieties and promising lines. A participatory evaluation to harvest was carried out and the yield was recorded. One men and five women farmers participated in the dry grain participatory evaluation. In this evaluation, three positive criteria and four negative criteria related to grain quality (thickness and white color) and grain uniformity were identified. Based on the yield, the best lines were ECU‐2658 x ECU‐2659, p9; ECU‐8415 and ECU‐2658 x ECU‐8415, p5s2. (Appendix 18) Based on grain quality and yield data, the CIAL members selected six lines and varieties for further evaluation in the verification trial. Potato

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Six potato varieties were evaluated in the Ninín Cachipata community. A participatory evaluation in tuber and also an after‐cooking evaluation were carried out (they were classified from 1 to 7, from the best to the least good tasting). Five women and four men farmers participated in the harvest and trial evaluation. Tuber quality and taste after cooking were evaluated. As for the tuber quality, it is important that they be thick, large, rounded and red or yellow. All the introduced materials resulted better than the local variety. As far as taste evaluation, the Fripapa and Catalina varieties stand out. As for the yield, the local variety showed much lower yields than the introduced materials, among which the Raymipapa (402 qq/ha) and Fripapa (298 qq/ha) varieties stand out. After the evaluations, the Fripapa and Catalina varieties were selected during a meeting, while the Raymipapa and 179‐19 clon were selected basically for the high yield reached. Barley A barley trial test was evaluated with seven varieties (including a local variety) and two participatory evaluations were carried out (crop and grain) in Ninín Cachipata. The yield was analyzed. Five women and two men farmers participated in the crop evaluation. Seven positive criteria and seven negative criteria (thickness and good yield are positive characteristics and crop non‐uniformity, small size and weak crops are negative) were identified. Nine farmers participated in the grain evaluation, and identified eight positive and four negative criteria related to grain quality (white color, thickness, peeled, roundness) and production. The Cañicapa, Pacha and Cañari varieties were the ones that yielded the better. (Appendix 19) Based on grain quality and yield data, the CIAL members selected four varieties (Shyri, Pacha, Cañicapa and Rita Pelada) for further evaluation in the verification trial.

Research implications. Until now, an improvement work by selection has been done with quinoa. Although interesting advancements have been achieved (early‐maturity, extensive adaptability, low saponine content and high yields), it is necessary to start a hybridization improvement program in order to make progress in grain size and resistance to mildew. Anthracnosis is one of the main fungus diseases that affects lupin. With the advancements in pathogenicity management, the lupin improvement process through hybridization can be strengthened in search of new varieties with early‐maturing, extensive adaptability, high yield, good grain quality and resistance to anthracnosis characteristics. As a result of the participatory evaluations, the positive and negative criteria identified by the farmers, in order to evaluate and select varieties of the various crops, are known. These criteria are very important for the plant breeders to develop new varieties. Advancements are being made in the process of participatory selection of new varieties. Today, verification trials are being carried out and production trials will be performed with the best varieties. Only after this trial, the CIALs will start to disseminate the best varieties selected during in this process.

Specific objective 3. To identify agro‐industrial applications of promising quinoa and lupin varieties and lines.

E. Villacrés, E. Peralta, M. Fonseca, G. Segovia (INIAP)

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In order to assess a crop from the nourishing, nutritional and agro‐industrial point of view, it is necessary to know its physicochemical composition, functional properties and characteristics of use. The proximal composition, amino acids, vitamin E, isoflavones content were determined as well as fatty acid profile, amylographic studies and new products development. This information is important to promote and increase quinoa and lupin consumption, both at a community as well as a city‐wide level. With this information, it is also possible to promote the creation of rural micro enterprises for processing their harvests, as well as generating interest in the agroindustry to include these crops in their projects. R3. The agro‐industrial characteristics of the promising quinoa and lupin varieties and lines are acknowledged. Bromatological analyses. Determination of the chemical characteristics of quinoa and lupin promising varieties and lines. The objective of the study was to determine the proximal composition, mineral content and amino acids content in 6 lupin and 3 quinoa promising varieties and lines and select promising lines with relevant chemical characteristics out of the two studied species. The protein content varied from 39.57 % to 42.33 % in lupin; while this parameter varied from 14.97 %, to 17.22 % in quinoa. The ether extract registers a great variation in lupin, with values from 12.96 % to 19.03 %; while in quinoa there was a close variation margin of 6.16%, to 7.33 %. As for the mineral content, there were greater levels of Ca recorded in bitter lupin than in quinoa, reaching values of 0.09 %, representing a significant contribution to the organism as bone and teeth constituent. Quinoa recorded an average value of 0.05 %. Magnesium presented variable concentrations between 0.17 to 0.22 % in lupin. Quinoa reported similar values (0.21‐0.23 %). Another important element is potassium because of its soothing properties and as a growth aid. This macro element presented a concentration of 0.78 % up to 0.89 % in lupin while quinoa reported lower levels (0.49 % ‐ 0.79 %). Micronutrients are also of interest (FE, CU, Mn, Zn). The contribution of quinoa is very significant (90 to 99 ppm) in regards to iron values. Lupin shows 41 to 70 ppm. The lupin amino acid profile showed a considerable concentration of valine (36.30), leucine (62.58), isoleucine (41.13), threonine (33.11), lysine (53.12), methionine (13.97) and phenylalanine (35.97) (values expressed in mg/g total protein). The quinoa amino acid profile showed valine (39.35), leucine (73.32), isoleucine (31.99), threonine (27.74), lysine (50.39), methionine (7.36) and phenylalanine (35.10). (Appendix 20) In regards to vitamin E concentration, it is low (2.23 mg/100g) in quinoa, which means it is necessary to consume 1.12 kg of quinoa to meet the daily requirement (25 mg). Considering the importance of isoflavones for human health, two lupin samples (bitter and debittered grain) and one quinoa (I‐Tunkahuan) sample were analyzed. Of the two species, lupin shows a better isoflavone profile since four free components are identified (daidzin, genistin, daidzein and genistein) while quinoa shows three (daidzin, genistin, daidzein). In relationship to soy, the encountered levels are low; however with the genistein level found in debittered lupin (2.79 mg/100g), 568 g of fresh lupin would have to be consumed to reach a daily intake per capita similar to that of Japan. (Appendix 21)

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Study of the fatty acid profile in lupin and quinoa promising lines and varieties. The objective of the study was to determine the fatty acids content in lupin and quinoa promising lines. Very low values are reported for myristic acid (saturated), only traces both for lupin and quinoa. Palmitic acid reports values of 9.14 % and 10.14% in lupin and 11.49% in quinoa. Among the mono‐unsaturated fatty acids, namely palmitoleic acid, very low quantities are recorded (traces) in the two lupin and quinoa samples. For stearic acid, the lupin samples reached an average value of 8.3 % while in quinoa only traces are recorded. Oleic acid in lupin is high, reporting values of 55.6 % and 48.8 % and a 27% value in quinoa. Linolenic acid is known for its rich content of omega 3. The two lupin samples show values of 2.93 % and 3.70%, even greater than olive oil. Quinoa is quite rich in this acid with a value of 4.70%. Linoleic acid reports values of 23.65 % and 28.47 % in lupin and a value of 56.8 % in quinoa. (Appendix 22) Amylographic studies for identifying viscoelastic properties in lupin and quinoa doughs Improvement of short pasta nutritional value with the incorporation of ground lupin. The present study used fresh ground grain, as an ingredient for the short pasta. The objectives were to evaluate the different levels of wheat flour substitution with fresh ground lupin, select the optimal level in order to obtain a good quality product, determine the dough rheologic properties, determine the optimal conditions for the pasta elaboration process, perform the physical, chemical, nutritional and organoleptic characterization of the product obtained through consumer oriented tests. Based on the residual solids of the water where the pasta was cooked and the dough extensible properties, it was determined that the maximum level of substitution of wheat flour for lupin dough is 25%. At this level of incorporation, the residual solids were 8.98 %, similar value to that obtained after cooking the pasta with wheat flour at 100 %. The farinogram data show that the best treatments are 30% lupin followed by 25% which surpass the 100% wheat flour content. (Appendix 23) The amylographic behavior reveals that the different substitution levels do not affect significantly the viscoelastic properties of wheat doughs, obtaining a viscosity of 70 U.B in the initial warming. However, the maximum viscosity substituted lupin doughs can reach is 291 U.B., while non substituted wheat flour can reach a viscosity of 311 U.B (Appendix 24). Dough extensibility and resistance to extension can be measured with the Brabender extensograph. Desirable dough properties combine good resistance to extension with good extensibility. None of the treatments could match the control, reporting values of 9.64 (UE/mm) at 45 minutes and 4.30 (UE/mm) at 135 minutes. However, the 25% lupin dough shows acceptable values of 2.51 (UE/mm) at 45 minutes and 2.48 (UE/mm) at 135 minutes. (Appendix 25) In the nutritional content, as an effect of incorporating lupin in the dough, protein level increased in 5.6 %, fiber increased in 1.55 %, fat in 1.1 %, while the ashes value for the 25 % lupin dough was similar to the 100% wheat dough. In the acceptability tests, the attributes that were most appreciated by the participants in the test were the taste and texture. For the first attribute, the 25 and 30 % lupin pasta surpassed the commercial control while, in regards to texture, only the 25% lupin treatment surpassed the commercial control and the pasta with 30% substitution. Improvement of short pasta nutritional value with the incorporation of sweet quinoa. The objectives of this study were to substitute part of the wheat flour with sweet quinoa flour in the preparation of short pasta to improve its nutritional value, select the optimal substitution level in the

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preparation of the basic pasta, determine the dough rheologic properties, determine the optimal conditions for the pasta elaboration process with the incorporation of sweet quinoa flour, perform the physical, chemical, nutritional and organoleptic characterization of the product obtained and determine the product preference levels through consumer oriented tests. The quinoa grain varieties used were Tunkahuan and Pata de venado plus bulk wheat flour. Farinographic, extensographic and amylographic analyses were performed. Based on the residual solids of the water where the pasta was cooked and the dough extensible properties, it was determined that the maximum level of substitution of wheat flour for sweet quinoa flour is 40 %. At this level of incorporation, the residual solids content was equal to 8.77 %. When mixing these two flours, a 60% must be incorporated, however the required time for kneading and the stability expressed in minutes is similar to the doughs prepared with 100% wheat. The kneading time indicates the protein quality of the dough. Wheat reports a value of 18.5 minutes, surpassed by the treatment with pre‐cooked quinoa (22 minutes). Quinoa flour also has a greater value than the 100% wheat flour (20.38 minutes). The kneading tolerance index (IT) is an indicative of the flour quality. Raw quinoa reports a good value of 75 (UF), however wheat flour cannot be matched in quality, with a reported value of 82.5 UF. (Appendix 26) The amylographic behavior reveals that for each process quinoa went through, with the same substitution level, the viscoelastic properties of the doughs are significantly affected, obtaining a viscosity of 51 U.B in the initial warming for cooked quinoa. The maximum viscosity the doughs can reach is 521 U.B., while non substituted wheat flour reaches a viscosity of 311 U.B. (Appendix 27). For the 40% pre‐cooked quinoa flour substitution, the value is 48% U.B. at the initial warming and the maximum viscosity is 291 U.B., much lower than the other treatments. (Appendix 27) In regards to the nutritional composition, the protein level increased in 15.57 % with the raw Pata de venado variety to a maximum of 17.36% with the pre‐cooked Tunkahuan variety. As an effect of introducing quinoa in the dough, fiber increased to 3.90 % for pre‐cooked quinoa, fat level of 0.24 for 100% wheat pasta to 3.18 % in raw Tunkahuan quinoa and pre‐cooked Pata de venado, while the ash level is around 1.48%, lower in relationship to pasta prepared with wheat flour only. Improvement of short pasta nutritional value with 100% sweet quinoa. The objectives of this study were to substitute part of the wheat flour with quinoa flour in the preparation of short pasta, evaluate the various times and emulsifiers (egg whites) in the basic pasta preparation, determine the optimal conditions for obtaining a good quality product, determine the optimal conditions for the preparation of 100% quinoa pasta and perform the physical, chemical, nutritional and organoleptic characterization of the product obtained. Tunkahuan quinoa grain variety, egg whites and quicklime were used. Quinoa passed through a nixtamalization process with the objective of eliminating saponines that cause a disgusting flavor. This was done by adding 0.025% quicklime for cooking. It was dried to a humidity level adequate for pasta preparation and 50% egg whites were added as emulsifier. The prepared pasta was dried, cooked for 2 minutes and served immediately. In Appendix 28, the pasta nutritional value is reported. Protein increased in 85% in relationship to commercial pasta, with the added benefit of egg whites since the nutritional composition increases. Fiber also increased to 5.90 %, fat reached 9.14%, etc.

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Development of products based on germinated, fermented and extruded quinoa. Preparation of a sweet quinoa instant soup. An alternative technology for improving the grain organoleptic characteristics and its nutritional profile is the preparation of a quinoa instant soup, saving time to the consumer besides being a product with good market acceptability. The objectives of this study were to substitute part of the wheat flour with quinoa flour in the preparation of instant soups, evaluate the various levels of spices addition in sweet quinoa flour for the preparation of instant soup, determine the optimal conditions for the quinoa flour instant soup preparation and perform the physical, chemical, nutritional and organoleptic characterization. The quinoa nixtamalization process makes it better tasting. It was ground to lose its form, dried and spices were added in various percentages until the best formula was obtained according to the tasters. (Appendix 29) The obtained results show that an instant quinoa soup can be prepared just by boiling for two minutes. The proximal, mineral, microbiologic, sensory and cost analyses are yet to be done in order to recommend it as a commercial product.

Research implications. The world today looks for foods with high nutritional value and functional properties, therefore the information available in regards to the mineral, protein, amino acid, vitamin E, isoflavone and fatty acids content is key for the promotion of quinoa an lupin in rural, urban and international markets. Pasta consumption in the project’s partner communities (and also in the cities) is high and this allows contributing to an improved nutrition through the introduction of quinoa and lupin improved pasta. The results are promising since pasta with 25 % lupin and 40 % sweet quinoa substitution has an improved nutritional value and have a good acceptance among consumers. Pasta with 100% quinoa flour (after the nixtamalization process) and quinoa instant soup also have good chances in the market. The economic studies are yet to be done and according to them promote the production and consumption of these foods

Specific objective 4. To develop an informal system for the production and distribution of good quality seeds of the main crops that make up the production systems of the Ninín Cachipata, Chaluapamba, Chilla Chico and Canchagua communities.

N. Mazón, E. Peralta, C. Subía, M. Rivera (INIAP); W. Olmos, J. Taipe, C. Chicaiza (CODESOCP) Farmers traditionally use grains or tubers from their own harvest as seed and a good selection is not usually made, especially in the field. This practice does not allow maintaining the genetic purity of the varieties and the seed physical and health quality is very low affecting the yield and productivity of the production systems.

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A selection process of new varieties is being carried out with the CIALs of the five communities, and also a process to maintain the varieties’ characteristics. For the farmers to have access to good quality seed it is urgent to implement a non conventional good quality seed production and distribution system. The process has been initiated with the CIALs training on this subject (workshop and field days) and some plague and disease management trials, basic seed production at an Experimental Station level and demonstration and multiplication lots are being carried out in four communities. R4. The men and women farmers of the Ninín Cachipata, Chaluapamba, Chilla Chico and Canchagua communities have good quality seeds of the of quinoa and lupin varieties. Seed production trials (sowing season, plagues and diseases management, harvesting, threshing, drying and storage). Lupin seed disinfection trial. One of the main problems for lupin seed and commercial grain production are plagues in the first phases of crop implementation. Therefore, it is important ‐ besides soil preparation and crop rotation – to count with environment friendly alternatives for avoiding the plagues and diseases during the first crop phases. The trial is being carried out at the Instituto Superior Simón Rodríguez (Latacunga), where five products inoculated to the seed are being tested, in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Variables such as emergence percentages, crop number at harvest and yield components are being evaluated. Insecticide trial for lupin crops integrated management. One of the limitations for improving lupin production and for organic production In Ecuador are plagues and the indiscriminate use of insecticides. In view of this situation, it is necessary to count on plague management alternatives that will not contaminate the environment and so that the harvests can be acknowledged as organic production. The trial is being carried out at the Instituto Superior Simón Rodríguez (Latacunga), where six insecticides are being tested, in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three repetitions. Variables related to the presence and damages caused by plagues plus yield components are being evaluated. Seed production lots. Course‐workshop on Andean grain seed production and management. The event was carried out at the Toacaso Parish on February 3 and 4, 2007. The methodology used was lectures and team work. The topics considered were the following: Seed development and morphology, seed general concepts, seed production systems, good quality seed requirements, Andean grain seed post harvesting. Seed drying, cleaning, treatment, storage and analysis. Current Andean grain varieties. Participating at the workshop were eleven men and ten women farmers from five CIALs, three independent farmers, representatives of the University and Agricultural Institute, CODESOCP’s representatives and eight INIAP technicians.

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The main expectations of the participants were related to learning, exchanging experiences and sharing knowledge with other members of their communities. A problem tree on good quality seed production and distribution in the project zone was drawn. These problems are related to crop management, weather, soil, diseases, knowledge and access. (Appendix 30) The event’s evaluation was positive in general, however it is recommended to improve the feedings, schedules and team work groups. Quinoa and lupin purification and multiplication at the Instituto Simón Rodríguez (ITSR), Santa Catalina Station (EESC) and CIALs. Demonstration plots of quinoa promising lines and varieties selected at the CIALs (I‐Tunkahuan, I‐Pata de venado, ECU‐287, ECU‐585, ECU‐244) were established at the ITSR and EESC. With the objective of maintaining good quality genetic seed, the multiplication of the I‐Andino seed variety is being carried out constantly, as well as promising lines, especially those selected by the CIALs. Ninín Cachipata’s CIAL carried out the multiplication of four sweet‐grain quinoa seed varieties, as well as the I‐Andino lupin variety. The Canchagua group carried out the multiplication of quinoa (Tunkahuan) and lupin (ECU‐2458 X ECU‐2659, p19) seed varieties. R5. The men and women farmers of the Ninín Cachipata, Chaluapamba, Chilla Chico and Canchagua communities exchange good quality seeds and distribute them to other interested communities. Seed exchange and distribution. At the Canchagua community, 2 qq of the Tunkahuan quinoa variety were harvested of which 1.5 qq were distributed among the group members and half qq was sown during the current agricultural cycle in order to multiply more seed. At the same time, the multiplication of the lupin seed line selected by the CIAL was initiated for distribution within the Parish and to other interested communities. Three large lots were implemented and a field trip was organized for dissemination purposes. Ninín Cachipata’s CIAL multiplies and distributes the I‐450 Andino lupin seed variety and does it at a community level, other neighbor communities and has even delivered seed to farmers of other Parishes and Cantons of the Province of Cotopaxi, as well as institutions such as NGOs.

Research implications. The most efficient products for plague control and soil pathogens will be identified when this research cycle ends, as well as aerial plague control products for lupin crops. The results will have to be verified during the next agricultural cycle, in order to socialize the best results with the communities through the CIALs. In the course—workshop on seeds, CIAL’s leaders were aware of the importance of having good quality seed to guarantee crop productivity and they know some recommendations for implementing their farms. The learning process also needs to be strengthened through field and post harvest work. It is INIAP’s responsibility to maintain the varieties and produce basic genetic seed to permanently supply high quality genetic seed to the CIALs or groups that carry out multiplication and distribution of good quality seed.

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Once the CIALs select the best crops varieties among the researched ones, it is necessary to develop a good quality seed local production and distribution system in order to guarantee access to seed of most part of the community producers.

Specific objective 5. To promote and diversify the Andean grains (quinoa and lupin) consumption.

N. Mazón, E. Peralta, E. Villacrés, M. Rivera, M. Fonseca, G. Segovia (INIAP); P. Berti (McKnight); Taipe, W. Olmos, C. Chicaiza (CODESOCP)

The malnutrition levels in Ecuador’s population, especially children (with greater emphasis in the rural areas) are more and more and this is due to poverty and changes in the diet, among other causes. The nutritional value and consumption alternatives of quinoa and lupin are little known; therefore it is necessary to start promotional campaigns through several means (workshops, conferences, local promoters, advertising in written media and radio, etc.). The project aims, in the first place, at supporting food security in the project’s partner communities and before promoting a promotion plan for these crops it was necessary to research the food system, the quinoa and lupin local processing methods and the consumption habits. First, local women promoters were trained and several workshops were organized to carry out these activities. The food system was studied through 24‐hour recall surveys and lupin and quinoa consumption monitoring was initiated through Consumption Frequency surveys. R6. The families of the Ninín Cachipata, Chaluapamba, Chilla Chico and Canchagua communities consume more quinoa and lupin and are aware of other ways of preparing these foods. Workshops for identifying ancestral forms of consumption and for preparation of new recipes based on quinoa and lupin. Training of women volunteers of the Ninín Cachipata, Chaluapamba, Chilla Chico and Canchagua communities. The course‐workshop was carried out on May 5, 6 and 7, 2006 in Latacunga city with the following objectives: To select at least one woman volunteer per community to promote consumption and diversification of the diet with quinoa and lupin; and, train the volunteers in necessary matters related to the promotion of volunteer work. Twenty‐two people from four communities, five technicians from two institutions and four invited lecturers participated in the workshop. The following topics were addressed: participation, leadership, volunteer work, health, hygiene, food surveying and preparation of dishes based on quinoa and lupin. Implementation of a Promotion Plan for lupin and quinoa consumption at the family, community, cantonal and provincial levels was analyzed at the end of the workshop; it was decided to train at least one women

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promoter per community in order to promote lupin and quinoa consumption in her community and to aid in the 24‐hour recall survey. As well, strategies were decided for promoting consumption through dissemination at a provincial level. Workshops on preparation of recipes based on quinoa and lupin. One of the strategies for promoting quinoa and lupin consumption is the workshops for preparing and tasting new dishes. With this purpose, five workshops were organized, two with the participation of house‐wives and three with the participation of mothers, teachers and students from the five project’s partner communities’ schools. A workshop was organized on June 10, 2006 in Canchagua with the participation of 22 people from this Parish and 8 from Chilla Chico’s. Seven quinoa and four lupin recipes were tried. On June 11, the same recipes were prepared in Ninín Cachipata, but with the participation of 42 people from the communities of Ninín Cachipata, Chaluapamba, Insiliví and two farmer’s associations. Children and youngsters are an important group for increasing quinoa and lupin consumption, therefore, with the cooperation of the school teachers and mothers from the five communities, fours workshops where "candy‐type” products were prepared and tasted were organized. The mothers prepared the products and the school children tried them. A workshop was organized on March 13 at Chaluapamba’s and Ninín Cachipata’s schools. The same workshop was organized on March 14 in Chilla Chico with the participation of the community and the Canchagua community. On April 10, it was carried out in Jatun Era and at the request of Canchagua’s CIAL, it was repeated in this community on April 17. Lupin home processing workshop. The objectives of this workshop were to learn about the lupin debittering system at family homes of five communities in the Saquisilí canton, to propose alternatives to obtain good quality debittered lupin in each of the community’s homes, to learn about good preparation practices and about lupin’s nutritional characteristics and consumption alternatives. The workshop was carried out on January 28, 2007 with the participation of 26 men and women farmers, representatives of five CIALs from the Saquisilí canton and representatives of CORPOINIAP, CODESOCP and INIAP. The participants’ expectations were to learn about the process, share, learn from the technicians, share with the children, talk, learn how to debitter lupin and promote quinoa and lupin. The information on the lupin debittering technology in each one of the communities is shown in Appendix 31 and the possible problems and solutions proposed by the participants is shown in Appendix 32. It was agreed to carry out tests with volunteer families in each of the communities in order to improve and/or implement a lupin processing system and for home consumption. Lupin agri‐food chain workshop. Lupin consumption has increased; however, raw material supply is still a problem as far as quality as well as quantity. On the other hand, the chain participants do not know or related to each other. With this background, an integration workshop was organized in order to allow them to establish a relationship and exchange experiences.

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The workshop was organized on December 12 and 13, 2006 in the city of Salcedo with the participation of 68 people related to the lupin chain in one way or another: Framers, technicians, processors, agro‐industrial people, traders, exporters, trainers, members of the agri‐productive chains, among others. This broad participation allowed them to meet each other and to identify needs and opportunities to start relationships and potential cooperation projects, taking into account the various knowledge levels, demands and opinions within the lupin agri‐food chain. Team work groups were organized according to the area each participant is involved in: Production, processing and dissemination and policies issues. These groups worked on the identification of the main problems that limit each area's development in order to decide which strategies could be applied to overcome the encountered difficulties. Lectures concerning all the areas that involve the lupin agri‐food chain were presented during the workshop. In order to learn about lupin based products, a fair was organized where some of the participating processors displayed their products already in the market. This opportunity was useful for promoting the exchange of experiences and concerns among the participants. The analyses and results generated at the workshop were gathered in a CD (136 MB) that is being distributed among the participants and people interested in the crop and the product. Also, a network has been established among the chain participants, through which the related activities are shared with the project and with the chain.

Study of the food system, promotion, diversification and monitoring of the quinoa and lupin home and community consumption in Ninín Cachipata, Chaluapamba, Chilla Chico and Canchagua. The study of the food system at the project’s partner communities is being carried out with the advice of Dr. Peter Berti and through the 24‐hour recall and feeding frequency surveys. The surveys where carried out with the cooperation of the communities’ promoters. Fifty‐five surveys were carried out (6 in Chaluapamba, 15 in Ninín Cachipata, 13 in Jatun Era, 10 in Chilla Chico and 11 in Canchagua) and represent 179 people from the five communities. In the 24‐hour recall surveys, the following foods were identified: Animal origin (lamb, pork, cow, rabbit, guinea pig, egg, milk, lamb butter, cow butter, giblets, cow feet, fish, chicken, sardine, tuna), sweets (sugar, cocoa, fresh drinks, cookies, sodas, ice‐creams, brown sugar loaf, tang drink, cabuya), fruits and vegetables (avocado, garlic, anise, white onion, red onion, cabbage, cilantro, lemon, tangerine, apple, orange, small orange or naranjilla, green peeper, pineapple, banana, sambo, zucchini, tomato, carrot, potato‐turnip), aromatic and medicinal (anise, lemon verbena, yerba luisa, chamomile, oregano, sunfillo, tifo), grains (rice, barley, oats, canguil, corn juice or chicha, corncob, pasta, machica, cornstarch, corn, morocho, stewed maize, bread, quinoa, pasta, toasted corn), fats (oil, lard), legumes (peas, lupin, lima bean, lentils, peanuts, green beans) and tubers (tapioca, mashua, melloco, oca, potato, yucca) and other (coffee, cinnamon, cumin, salt). The total calories consumed at the communities of the Saquisilí canton comes from grains, tubers and legumes. The main protein sources are grains, tubers, legumes and animals. Fat comes mainly from animal foods, fats and grains. The main sources of carbohydrates are grains followed by tubers. The Ca in the foods is of mineral origin, from the legumes and grains. Fe comes from grains, tubers and legumes. Zn comes from grains, and vitamin A mainly from fruits and vegetables. Vitamin C comes mostly from tubers. Preliminarily, it can be stated that the nutrients the families of the five Saquisilí communities are consuming in appropriate quantities are vitamin C, thiamine, niacin, iron (it is probable that there is not exist an iron

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deficiency, since with the high consumption of vitamin C, iron absorption increases), and carbohydrates (very high, but it is not bad). In the case of calcium, quantities are very low, but it is not a problem since protein is low too and physical activity is high, therefore the bones health should be good, except for the insufficient amounts of essential fats. Protein consumption is low, but this is not a serious problem. As well, the amount of calories consumed is not the adequate. Vitamin A needs to be watched for (the amount is low, but there are not many alternatives to complement), as well as riboflavin (it is low in children, but there are not any available sources). Fat consumption is also very low (this must be the main nutritional priority, especially in children). For the quinoa and lupin consumption monitoring in the five communities, the feeding frequency survey is being used. It will be used every six months. As a result of the first survey, the following data can be summarized: Quinoa’s consumption frequency is higher (51%) than lupin’s (40%). The communities that consume quinoa more frequently are Canchagua, Chaluapamba and Chilla Chico; and those which consume lupin more frequently are Canchagua Chilla Chico. Of those who consume quinoa and lupin, the greatest consumption frequency is once per week. (Appendix 33) In the case of quinoa, the greatest consumption frequency per person is between 1 to 50 gr and 51 to 300 g for lupin. For quinoa, five consumption habits have been identified, soup being the most frequent while eight ways have been identified for lupin, being stewed lupin, with toasted maize and "encebollaldo” (onion mix) the most frequent. Quinoa and lupin are consumed mostly at home and quinoa is obtained mainly from their harvests. Lupin is purchased mainly at the farm markets or fairs. (Appendix 33)

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Radio and newspaper advertising in the province of Cotopaxi. An intense advertising campaign has been carried out for three months in three rural and urban radio networks of the city of Latacunga (Radio Latacunga, Radio Novedades and Radio Runatacuyac) promoting the agronomic and nutritional advantages of quinoa and lupin. The ads were in Spanish and Quechua. (Appendix 34) Moreover, some articles have been written in newspapers about the advantages of producing and consuming quinoa and lupin. There have been interviews in some radio programs in Quito and Latacunga to speak about these issues. Research implications. The activities of the local women promoters are very important since they are more accepted by the community’s families, the information they can obtain is more reliable and their advices are perhaps better taken into account. On the other hand, there has been a very good response to the recipe preparation workshops and most of the community mothers have participated. Now, it is necessary to do a follow‐up and with the help of the promoters, support the families in the five communities so that they replicate what they have learnt in the workshops. As a result of the food system study, it can be stated preliminarily that the main food and nutritional problem the communities have is the fat amount and quality. Considering the fat amount and quality of lupin grain, the promotion of lupin consumption, especially in children, should be a priority. In this sense, the traditional lupin processing system and its problems are known, therefore, the trial and next the dissemination of an improved lupin grain processing system for should be initiated. According to the results of the quinoa and lupin consumption frequency survey, the most part of the lupin grain that is consumed by the community families comes from city markets, meaning that there is an opportunity for the families to process their own grain and perhaps in better hygienic conditions. Another project objective is to improve the rural families’ income, therefore it is necessary to continue the promotion campaigns, specially in the cities, in order to increase the quinoa and lupin demand and thus keep the grain prices at levels that will allow the producers to obtain reasonable profits from the harvests, if possible through a direct relationship between producer‐processor or producer‐consumer.

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Specific objective 6. To strengthen the farmers' agricultural research capacity (CIALs, ECAs) and establish links with the INIAP and other institutions for promoting sustainable development in poor communities of Cotopaxi.

N. Mazón, E. Peralta, C. Subía, M. Rivera (INIAP); W. Olmos, J. Taipe, C. Chicaiza (CODESOCP) The concept of participation acknowledges participation in decision‐making as a citizen right, in all the aspects related with the individual being or the collective. For this right to be exercised with responsibility, one must be duly trained and informed on the various subjects of interest. In the agricultural aspect, communities must be capable of decision‐making throughout the technology generation and agricultural development processes. The Local Agricultural Research Committee's (CIALs) and Agricultural Schools’ (ECAs) methodologies aim at generating these capacities, as well as disseminating the best results at the local and regional levels. The Project proposes to carry out the research process with the CIALs and then socializing the results through the ECAs, in the communities themselves or in those showing interest in a particular subject. R7. Local Agricultural Research Committees (CIALs) are initiated in Chaluapamba and Chilla Chico and the existing ones in Ninín Cachipata and Canchagua are strengthened. CIALs’ establishment and training on trials management, participatory evaluations, data analyses and results presentation. On October 27, 2006 a new participatory research process was started through the establishment of a CIAL in the community of Jatun Era (Cochapamba Parish, Saquisilí Canton) in response to a request by its leaders. In the motivational meeting, 47 people from the community participated and after presenting the CIAL’s methodology, they decided to form the group and start the process. The participants elected Rafael Cofre (President), Marlene Negrete (Secretary), José Negrete (Treasurer), Antonio Vargas (Promoter) and Isabel Chicaiza (Member) as the CIAL’s leaders. In the Participatory Rural Diagnosis (DRP) that was carried out on November 19, 2006, with the participation of 15 men and 13 women farmers, topics such as the present‐day community and future vision, organizations that support the community, agricultural biodiversity and agricultural problems were addressed. At the end of the event, the participants selected lupin and potato as crops to start the research process. With the participation of six men and three women farmers, the participatory planning of the lupin and potato trial was carried out, establishing the following objective: "To be a good researcher and a good farmer in order to select good lupin and potato varieties to improve production and become competitive.” At the end of the meeting, it was decided to sow the lupin trial in February and the potato trial in June.

Research implications. A new CIAL has been established in the community of Jatun Era and a follow‐up is being done to the groups previously formed. The leaders of these groups come across better and better every time, both in the

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research management as well as in the relations with the community and also with the external agents, for example, they speak comfortably and assured during the field trips and during the visits of technicians and farmers from other communities or projects. It is necessary to strengthen the CIALs in trial evaluation process and results analysis as well as in the production of good quality seed. They dream also on becoming micro enterprises to generate added value to the harvests, commercialize their products and thus promote sustainable development in their communities.

Specific objective 7. To promote to the creation of micro‐enterprises to generate added value and commercialize the production of Andean grains;

E. Peralta, N. Mazón, E. Villacrés, G. Segovia, C. Subía, M. Rivera (INIAP); J. Taipe, W. Olmo, (CODESOCP) Agricultural activities are not enough in the fight against poverty since the best part of this business is in intermediation and product processing. With the goal of the generating more income and that the profits be distributed in the communities, some activities to promote the creation of at least one micro enterprise have been started in the project area. Acceptance studies of quinoa and lupin based products and market surveys in the project’s partner communities and the cities of Saquisilí and Latacunga have been carried out. The big questions that need to be answered are the following: Will new quinoa and lupin based products have acceptance at a rural and urban level? And, will it be possible for the communities to cover the large quantity and quality the market demands? R9. The men and women farmers know how a micro‐enterprise works and they begin the activities. Feasibility study for two micro enterprises. Up to date, the first part of this study has been carried out. It consists of a market survey at community and urban levels (Saquisilí y Latacunga) with the objective of identifying the quinoa and lupin based products with better potential, for the implementation of at least one micro enterprise that will carry out production and distribution activities. This work has been carried out in three phases: 1) Development and standardization for the production of new products based on quinoa and lupin; 2) selection of three quinoa and lupin based products through focal groups (rural and urban); and, 3) a survey study of the six products selected at community and rural levels. Six new products were selected, four quinoa based (cookies, shortcakes or “alfajores”, toasted grain with salt and granola) and two lupin based (cookies and pizza). For the selection, seven lupin products (cookies, fried grain, pate, pizza, pasta, jam, empanada) and seven quinoa products (granola, toasted grain with salt, pasta, shake, alfajor, cookies, pizza) were analyzed in focal groups (rural and urban). In this phase, three lupin products (cookies, jam and empanada) and three quinoa products (granola, shake and cookies) were the most accepted.

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Acceptability studies of the selected products were carried out at community levels and at the cities of Saquisilí y Latacunga. In the five project’s partner communities, 224 people between the ages of 10 and 60 years were surveyed. With lupin based products there were no differences, that is, the three products have good acceptance, whereas with quinoa products the ones with better acceptability are the shake and the cookies. In Saquisilí, 160 people were surveyed and the results show that cookies are mainly preferred by children less than 10 years old, empanadas among people between 11 and 40 years old and lupin jam among people older than 40 years. In the case of quinoa, cookies are preferred by all the surveyed people. In Latacunga, 235 people were surveyed and preliminarily the results show a greater preference for lupin empanadas and for quinoa granola.

Research implications. All three quinoa and lupin based products have opportunities in the various market segments. The three products have good acceptability in the communities and in Saquisilí, while in Latacunga empanadas were more accepted. Quinoa cookies have good acceptance in Saquisilí and the communities, the shake is accepted in the communities and granola in the city of Latacunga. Prior to the implementation of at least one micro enterprise, it is necessary to perform the economic analysis of the various alternatives and complete the feasibility study.

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Specific objective 8. To monitor and evaluate the project’s progress. R10. The people involved in the project are aware of the project’s achievements and drawbacks. Project progress monitoring and evaluation . Project progress monitoring and evaluation workshop . The activities carried out within the McKnight project were evaluated and monitored through a workshop carried out on October 17, 2006 in Toacaso. During this event, the activities for year 2007 were also communicated. Men and women farmers of the fours CIALs of Saquisilí Canton participated. The following objectives were proposed for the workshop: To learn about the progress of the first year of the project’s activities, to evaluate the project’s progress, to learn about the operational plan (POA) for the 2006‐2007 period, to reach agreements and commitments with the project’s partners. Sixteen men and women farmers representing four CIALs, three representatives of cooperating institutions, three workers of CODESOCP and six representatives of INIAP participated in the workshop. A lecture on participatory evaluation and monitoring was presented. Next, the Operational Plan with its respective indicators (results and activities) was presented. Next, the people responsible for the results presented the progress of the various activities and then the evaluation was performed using the absolute evaluation format, where the smiling face is 5 points, the serious face is 3 points and the sad face is 1 point. Finally, there was an evaluation of the event, using the absolute evaluation format. (Appendix 35)

Exchange of experiences. Within the activities of the McKnight project, the exchange of experiences among the various participants in the different projects supported by the Foundation is a priority. Two visits with farmers were organized, one to Ambuquí (MACRENA Project) and another to the World Neighbors’ project in Chimborazo and Bolívar. To learn about the methodology for genetic improvement through hybridization in quinoa, the Quinoa Program (PROINPA) in Bolivia and World Neighbors in Potosi were visited in order to observe the progress made in green manures and other activities related to health and nutrition. Tour for the exchange of experiences among Saquisilí farmers and Imbabura and Pichinchatour farmers. The first visit was to a farm in La Merced (Pichincha) and Ambuquí (Imbabura), where “water harvesting” is practiced. The visit had the following objectives: To learn about water harvesting and water use optimization experiences, to learn about the use of green manures and organic matter for improving and maintaining soil fertility and structure, to learn about the experiences in the implementation and management of integral farms, to motivate the members of the CIALs to implement new practices to improve their farms. Twenty men and women farmers of five communities and six representatives of INIAP, CODESOCP and CORPOINIAP participated. In La Merced, they observed the water harvest reservoir (covered with geomembrane), the works for water conduction (ditches), irrigation using soda bottles, drip irrigation and micro‐spraying systems, they observed land that is being recovered with green manure and organic matter. In Ambuquí, they were met by the AGRECO Foundation and went to visit a farm where water

26

harvesting is practiced and there is an efficient drip irrigation and micro‐spraying system. This farm is also diversifying with fruits, vegetables, green manures, pastures, lesser fauna, etc. Exchange visit to PROINPA and World Neighbors in Bolivia. Considering that in Bolivia, first the IBTA and today the PROINPA have developed a methodology for undertaking the genetic improvement of quinoa through hybridization, the visit to the Program for the Improvement of Quinoa was important, in order to learn about the methodology and propose an adequate Improvement Program in Ecuador. On the other hand, one of the strategies that is successful in soil sustainable management is the incorporation of legumes as green manure. The World Neighbors Foundation in the Department of Potosi, Bolivia, has been promoting the use of lupin and other legumes as green manure for some time already, thus it was important to know how these producers apply this technology. The objectives of this exchange visit were to learn about the methodology for quinoa genetic improvement through hybridization, to learn about the various activities of PROINPA's Quipaquipani Station in Bolivia, to visit the World Neighbors Foundation Project in food security and participatory research in North Potosi, Bolivia. At the Quipaquipani Station and under the supervision of Dr. Alejandro Bonifacio, the process for quinoa genetic improvement through hybridization was practiced and the fundamental aspects for succeeding with the improvement program were learnt. On the other side, the Quinoa and Cañahua National Germoplasm Bank was visited to observe its work under the field systems approach and the research on quinoa plagues and diseases integrated management (the study of different pheromones to catch the adult quinoa plagues). A visit to North Potosi, Provinces San Pedro de Buenavista and Sacaca, was organized with the technicians of the World Neighbor Foundation. In this zone, some legumes (lupin, lima bean, vetch, bean) have been incorporated as green manure for some years already. Lupin and vetch have been the most used as green manure. They are incorporated during flowering and after two months it is already decomposed. After the incorporation of green manure, potato is usually sown and lots of fertilizers or organic matter are not necessary anymore. A strategy to guarantee food security in the communities of this zone is farm production diversification, including legumes (lupin, lima bean, peas, peanuts), vegetables (cabbage, onion, lettuce, carrot, zucchini, chard beet), pastures (lucerne), medicinal plants, fruit trees, etc. The World Neighbors Foundation applies the “promoter to promoter” training strategy in agricultural development, which consists of training one promoter per community and afterwards he or she is in charge of teaching the new technologies and practices to the rest of the community members and to other neighboring communities. Training and dissemination is done through field trips to the promoter farm, visits to the communities and communal training, field trips to the community plots. Exchange visit to the World Neighbors’ Project in Chimborazo and Bolivar. The exchange visit had the objectives of learning about the experiences of men and women farmers of the provinces of Chimborazo and Bolívar and from institutions that work with the World Neighbors NGO, to motivate CIALs’ members of the communities of Canchagua, Chilla Chico, Chaluapamba, Ninín Cachipata and Jatun Era to implement new practices to improve their farms. On March 28 and 29, 2997, there was a visit to the communities of the Provinces of Chimborazo and Bolivar that are supported by the World Neighbors NGO with the participation of 28 men and women farmers and in coordination with institutions and organizations. The visit promoted the exchange of experiences from

27

farmer to farmer through visits to demonstration plots, presentations and permanent communication. It was observed how to multiply alder plants (Alnus sp.), multiple‐crop plots (maize, bean, lima bean, lupin, vetch), soil recovery and conservation (maintenance of pre‐Inca time terraces, construction of slow‐formation terraces, construction of contour slopes, infiltration droughts, organic matter incorporation, crop rotation and association), management of a small greenhouse (native species production and distribution), presentations related to CEMOPLAF’s activities (health and agriculture) and display of local seeds.

WORK TEAM ACTIVITIES

NAME INSTITUTION RESPONSIBILITIES Eduardo Peralta INIAP Project leader: management, coordination and follow‐up of research and

administrative activities and trainer. Nelson Mazón INIAP Principal investigator: Responsible of the agricultural, participatory

research, nutrition and training activities. Elena Villacrés INIAP Associate investigator: Responsible of quality analysis, quinoa and lupin

agro‐industrial applications and support to promotion activities. Ángel Murillo INIAP Associate investigator: Responsible of quinoa and lupin genetic

improvement activities. Cristian Subía INIAP Associate investigator: Support to agricultural and participatory research

activities. Fabián Vargas INIAP Associate investigator: Support to quinoa and lupin genetic improvement

activities, quinoa pathology. Marco Rivera INIAP Technician: Support to agricultural, participatory research and promotion

activities. Macjury Fonseca* INIAP Associate investigator: Support to quality analysis, agro‐industrial and

promotion activities. Gabriela Segovia** INIAP Associate investigator: Support to quality analysis, agro‐industrial,

promotion and consumption activities. Perpetua Naranjo CORPOINIAP Responsible of Finances and Administration. Jorge Taipe CODESOCP Responsible of CODESOCP’s activities related to the support to the

communities’ activities. Willians Olmos CODESOCP Technician: Support to CODESOCP’s activities. Carlos Chicaiza CODESOCP Fellow‐degree candidate: Support to participatory research activities in the

communities. Katy Segovia CODESOCP Responsible of CODESOCP’s funds contribution.

* Until April 30, 2007 ** As of November 2006

PERCEPTIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED Strengthening the production systems will only be possible if some changes in the farms’ management are implemented. These changes should be related to soil conservation (green manure, crop association and rotation, minimum tillage), obtention of good quality products (agro‐ecological production and with the characteristics the market demands), improvement of productivity (better varieties and crop management), generation of added value (micro‐enterprises and rural agro‐industry) and access to markets in better terms (organization and strategic alliances). These changes should be based on a continuous process of research, training and organization. Plant breeding is the best alternative for obtaining varieties with better agronomic, nutritional characteristics and adaptability to various edaphoclimatic conditions. Even more if there is a broad genetic variability that must be used for the benefit of the farmers and society in general. For this process to be

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successful, it is imperative to include the men and women farmers’ criteria in the generation of new varieties. In this sense, INIAP’s Quinoa and Lupin Improvement Program should be strengthened in order to advance towards the achievement of these activities' objectives. When the men and women farmers are involved in all the process of technology efficiently. The participatory approach, to research besides what has already been mentioned, aims at generating local capacities for problem solving and leadership for the communities’ development. As well, in order to achieve these objectives, the training process should be continued with the application of “learn by doing” methodologies. The nutritional properties and advantages of lupin and quinoa are more and more acknowledged and this should be used to promote these crops for the benefit of the Ecuadorian people and mostly the farmers' families that have dedicated for years to the conservation and production of these valued species of Andean origin. Promotion should be carried out through various strategies and addressed to various segments of society, for example, the promoters’ work and the organization of cooking workshops are very efficient activities in the communities; in the cities, tastings are very well accepted not to mention the great influence media has on the population. It is also important to consider promotion addressed to business people, big distributors and decision takers, therefore it would be interesting to design strategies to reach everyone who can contribute to the promotion of these crops.

APPENDIX Specific objective 2. To evaluate and select quinoa and lupin varieties that adapt to the edaphoclimatic conditions and are in accordance with the criteria and preferences of the men and women farmers of the Ninín Cachipata, Chaluapamba, Chilla Chico and Canchagua communities. Appendix 1. Days to tasseling (DP), days to flowering (DF), days to harvesting (DC), response to mildew (RM), stalk lodging percentage of nine sweet grain quinoa promising lines. ITSR, Aláquez, Cotopaxi, 2006.

Line DP DF DC RM RM Lodging

ECU – 585 30 57 125 4 7 0 ECU – 572 32 60 125 6 7 0 ECU – 244 50 65 147 3 5 25 ECU – 544‐1S 45 65 125 2 4 98 ECU – 287 40 58 147 4 6 5 TUNKAHUAN 60 100 162 4 5 70 ECU – 2486 58 105 162 5 6 80 ECU – 6721 82 115 205 4 5 35 ECU – 6717 77 115 205 6 6 30

Appendix 2. Mean values and ranges (Tukey 5%) of plant height (AP), tassel length (LP), 50‐plant yield (RP) and yield per hectare (RH) of nine sweet grain quinoa promising lines. ITSASR, Aláquez, Cotopaxi, 2006.

Line AP (cm) LP (cm) RP (g) RH (kg)

ECU – 585 101.07 d 31.13 bc 432.22 ab 988.54 bcd ECU – 572 100.40 d 29.13 c 252.36 b 744.20 cd ECU – 244 145.27 c 42.60 b 1184.26 a 1310.06 abcd ECU – 544‐1S 136.93 c 37.07 bc 834.30 ab 1478.25 abc ECU – 287 122.13 cd 40.40 bc 731.14 ab 1110.25 bcd TUNKAHUAN 185.73 b 59.60 a 834.69 ab 1925.69 ab ECU – 2486 184.27 b 58.67 a 913.02 ab 2211.83 a ECU – 6721 214.07 a 65.47 a 640.54 ab 578.74 cd ECU – 6717 212.13 a 68.07 a 163.73 b 391.27 d

Different letters mean significant differences Appendix 3. Mean values and ranges (Tukey 5%) of 100‐seed length (LCS), test weight (PH) of nine sweet grain quinoa promising lines. ITSR, Aláquez, Cotopaxi, 2006.

Line LCS (cm) PH (kg/hl)

ECU – 585 17.93 b 63.33 abcd ECU – 572 17.00 b 60.00 bcd ECU – 244 20.97 a 68.00 ab ECU – 544‐1S 20.97 a 67.00 abc ECU – 287 20.80 a 69.00 a TUNKAHUAN 21.23 a 58.33 d ECU – 2486 20.58 a 59.67 cd ECU – 6721 21.10 a 69.33 a ECU – 6717 20.73 a 70.00 a

Different letters mean significant differences Appendix 4. Days to flowering (DF), days to harvest (DC) and plant load of 12 lupin promising lines. ITSR, Aláquez, Cotopaxi, 2006.

Line DF DC Load ECU – 8415 85 185 2 ECU – 2700‐2 85 182 2 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐2659 p9 85 188 3 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐2659 p19 80 185 3 ECU‐2659 x ECU‐8415 p3 85 190 3 ECU 2658 x ECU 8415 p1 s1 75 195 3 ECU 2699 x ECU 8415 p6 s2 90 182 3 ECU 2658 x ECU 8415 p3 s2 85 182 3 ECU 2658 x ECU 2659 p14 s1 90 184 2 ECU 2658 x ECU 8415 p5 s2 85 185 3 ECU 2658 x ECU 8415 p5 s1 85 185 4 I‐ANDINO 90 197 4

Appendix 5. Mean values and ranges (Tukey 5%) of plant height (AP), number of pods in the central axis (NV), yield per plant (RP), yield per hectare (RH) and 100‐seed weight (PCS) of 12 lupin promising lines. ITSR, Aláquez, Cotopaxi, 2006.

Line AP (cm) NV RP (g) RH (kg) PCS (g)

ECU – 8415 130.73 13.80 24.92 1683.33 28.98 a ECU – 2700‐2 138.67 15.87 25.33 1766.67 28.35 ab ECU‐2658 x ECU‐2659 p9 126.87 16.20 27.72 1563.33 27.38 abc ECU‐2658 x ECU‐2659 p19 142.87 15.40 28.54 1910.00 29.23 a ECU‐2659 x ECU‐8415 p3 135.87 14.93 34.27 1808.33 27.83 ab ECU 2658 x ECU 8415 p1 s1 130.53 15.00 31.69 2405.00 27.38 abc ECU 2699 x ECU 8415 p6 s2 121.93 16.07 28.15 1621.67 27.02 abc ECU 2658 x ECU 8415 p3 s2 122.07 22.67 25.59 1808.33 25.08 c ECU 2658 x ECU 2659 p14 s1 125.20 14.33 23.08 1376.67 26.11 bc ECU 2658 x ECU 8415 p5 s2 132.60 13.80 26.94 1941.67 28.03 ab

ECU 2658 x ECU 8415 p5 s1 134.00 15.20 31.89 1921.67 27.47 abc ANDINO 132.27 14.40 24.40 1455.00 26.94 abc

Different letters mean significant differences Appendix 6. Days to flowering (DF), days to harvest (DC) and load of 12 F6 lupin lines. ITSR, Cotopaxi, 2006.

Line DF DC Load ECU‐8415 x ECU‐695 p1s6 90 194 2 I‐450 x ECU‐5987 p7s6 85 188 2 ECU‐8415 x ECU‐677 p2s7 80 190 3 I‐450 x ECU‐5987 p3s11 90 188 3 ECU‐8415 x ECU‐695 p1s7 85 192 3 ECU‐8415 x ECU‐677 p2s8 80 182 2 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐700 p7s9 85 185 3 ECU‐742 x ECU‐649 p3s3 87 185 3 ECU‐742 x ECU‐649 p3s5 85 185 2 ECU – 2658 87 192 3 ECU – 722‐4 85 188 2 ANDINO 90 190 3

Appendix 7. Mean values and ranges (Tukey 5%) of plant height (AP), number of pods in the central axis (NV), yield per plant in gr (RP), yield per hectare in kg (RH) and 100‐seed weight in gr (PCS) of 12 F6 lupin lines. ITSR, Cotopaxi, 2006.

Line AP NV RP RH PCS

ECU‐8415 x ECU‐695 p1s6 134.80 17.13 a 34.63 a 2000.00 27.02 a I‐450 x ECU‐5987 p7s6 126.60 15.00 a 21.32 b 1725.00 28.33 a ECU‐8415 x ECU‐677 p2s7 125.33 13.80 a 25.76 ab 1583.33 26.84 a I‐450 x ECU‐5987 p3s11 128.27 16.20 a 29.96 ab 1750.00 27.35 a ECU‐8415 x ECU‐695 p1s7 132.73 15.00 a 25.36 ab 1650.00 28.19 a ECU‐8415 x ECU‐677 p2s8 126.33 16.40 a 22.16 b 1466.67 26.39 a ECU‐2658 x ECU‐700 p7s9 130.93 16.40 a 28.71 ab 1366.67 27.35 a ECU‐742 x ECU‐649 p3s3 121.27 14.00 a 25.26 ab 1450.00 26.57 a ECU‐742 x ECU‐649 p3s5 130.87 16.87 a 23.61 b 1375.00 25.68 a ECU – 2658 120.87 13.27 a 26.21 ab 1333.33 27.65 a ECU – 722‐4 119.27 14.87 a 24.27 b 1466.67 26.84 a ANDINO 111.07 12.73 a 27.39 ab 1000.00 27.86 a

Different letters mean significant differences

Appendix 8. Anthracnosis symptoms in different parts of the lupin plant.

Anthracnosis symptoms in lupin pod.

Anthracnosis symptoms in lupin leaves.

Anthracnosis symptoms in lupin stalk.

Anthracnosis symptoms in lupin apical shoots and cotyledons.

Appendix 9. Cropping practices composition for the isolation of lupin anthracnosis (Colletotrichum gloesporioides). 2006.

Marthurs practice composition (1 liter) Acidified PDA practice composition (1 liter)

Reactive Quantity Reactive Quantity Dextrose 8.0 g Merk dehydrated PDA 39 g Magnesium sulphate 2.5 g Potassium acid phosphate 2.7 g Peptone 2.5 g Yeast 2.0 g Agar 16.0 g

Observations: Autoclaved at 121o C for 17 minutes. When the practice is warm (around 50oC), 20 drops of lactic acid, 100 mg of chloramphenicol and 100 ma of streptomycin sulphate are added.

Observations: Autoclaved at 121o C for 17 minutes. When the practice is warm (around 50oC), 40 drops of lactic acid are added.

Appendix 10. Evaluation scale for the reaction to lupin anthracnosis in stalks and pedioles, adapted from the Schoonhoven and Pastor‐Corrales (1987)*. 2006.

Reaction**

Compatibility R/S level Description

1 Immunity, no lesion

2 Very small lesions (less than 2mm), sporadic and localized (low or absent

sporulation) ‐ R

3 Very small lesions (less than 2mm), frequent and localized

(low or absent sporulation)

4 Presence of small lesions (more than 2 mm), sporadic, and present in stalks

and pedioles (intermediate sporulation)

5 Presence of small lesions (more than 2 mm), frequent, and present in stalks

and pedioles (intermediate sporulation) I

6 Presence of small lesions (more than 2 mm), very frequent, and widely

present in most or all of the crop (intermediate sporulation)

7

Presence of large lesions (more than 5 mm), very frequent, and widely present in most or all of the crop and with the presence of necrotic tissue (abundant

sporulation)

8 Presence of large lesions (more than 5 mm), very frequent, and widely present

in most or all of the crop and with the presence of necrotic tissue and tissue collapse (abundant sporulation)

+

S

9 Severely affected tissue, necrotic, dying and/or dead * Schoonhoven, A. and Pastor‐Corrales, M. 1987. Sistema Estándar para la Evaluación de Germoplasma de Fríjol. Cali: CIAT. p. 30‐34 ** + = compatibility reaction; ‐ = incompatibility reaction; R = resistant; I = intermediate resistance; S = susceptible.

Appendix 11. Reaction to anthracnosis of lupin sources of resistance, in greenhouse conditions. EESC, NIAP.

Evaluated crops No. Identification

No. Crops Susceptible Resistant 1 ECU 665 12 9 3 2 ECU 675 12 8 4 3 ECU 695 12 7 5 4 ECU 700 ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ 5 ECU 5987 12 7 5 6 ECU 649 ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ Total 31 17

Appendix 12. F6 lines reaction to anthracnosis, in greenhouse conditions. EESC, INIAP

Evaluated crops No. Identification

No. Crops Susceptible Resistant 1 ECU 742 x ECU 649 p3s5 12 11 1 2 ECU 742 x ECU 649 p3s3 12 8 4 3 ECU 8415 x ECU 695 p1s7 12 11 1 4 ECU 8415 x ECU 695 p1s6 12 10 2 5 ECU 8415 x ECU 677 p2s8 12 9 3 6 ECU 8415 x ECU 677 p2s7 12 9 3 7 INIAP‐450 x ECU 5987 p3s11 12 11 1 8 INIAP‐450 x ECU 5987 p7s6 12 9 3 9 ECU 2658 x ECU 700 p7s9 12 6 6

10 Andino (T) 10 2 Total 94 26

Appendix 13. Lupin promising lines reaction to anthracnosis, in greenhouse conditions. INIAP, EESC.

Evaluated crops No. Identification No. Crops Susceptible Resistant

1 ECU 2658 x ECU 8415 p1s1 12 11 1

2 ECU 2658 x ECU 8415 p3s2 12 7 5 3 ECU 2658 x ECU 8415 p5s1 12 9 3 4 ECU 2658 x ECU 8415 p5s2 12 10 2 5 ECU 2658 x ECU 8415 p3 12 10 2 6 ECU 2658 x ECU 8415p1 12 10 2 7 ECU 2658 x ECU 8415p5 12 10 2 8 ECU 2658 x ECU 2659 p9 12 10 2 9 ECU 2658 x ECU 2659 p19 12 12 0

10 ECU 2658 x ECU 2659 p14s1 12 8 4 11 ECU 2659 x ECU 8415 p3 12 8 4 12 ECU 2699 x ECU 8415 p6s2 12 8 4

13 ECU 24 58 x ECU 2659 p19a 12 9 3 14 ECU 24 58 x ECU 2659 p6 12 6 6 15 ECU 2458 x ECU 2659p9 12 9 3 16 INIAP 450 Andino (t) 12 10 2

Total 147 45

Appendix 14. Yield per repetition (g/7.2 m2), average and projection to qq/ha of eight quinoa promising lines. Canchagua, Cotopaxi, 2006.

ITSR, Cotopaxi, 7.2. Lines/varieties I II

Average ITSR, Cotopaxi,

7.2. qq/ha

ECU‐6721 1200 1400 1300 40 ECU‐2486 300 2000 1150 36 ECU‐544‐1S 600 1650 1125 35 I‐Tunkahuan 925 1000 963 30 ECU‐585 450 1200 825 25 ECU‐244 450 1100 775 24 ECU‐572 900 400 650 20 ECU‐6717 100 1100 65 20

Appendix 15. Location order in crop, grain and yield evaluations of eight quinoa varieties and promising lines. Chilla Chico, Cotopaxi, 2006.

VARIETY/LINE CROP EVALUATION GRAIN EVALUATION YIELD

ECU‐244 3 3 1 ECU‐2486 4 1 2 TUNKAHUAN 3 1 3 ECU‐585 2 3 4 ECU‐6721 5 3 5 ECU‐6717 5 2 6 ECU‐572 1 3 7 ECU‐544‐1s 2 2 8

Appendix 16. Yield per repetition (Kg/12 m2), average and projection to qq/ha of eleven lupin promising lines. Ninín Cachipata, Cotopaxi, 2006.

g/12 m2 PROMISING LINES

I II III

Average (g/ 12 m2) qq/ha

ECU‐2658 x ECU‐8415, p5s1 1800 1300 5250 2783 51.5 I‐Andino 1550 1000 5500 2683 49.7 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐8415, p3s2 950 1350 5500 2600 48.1 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐2659, p14s1 1200 1200 5200 2533 46.9 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐8415, p1s1 500 1550 5400 2483 46.0 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐2659, p9 150 1150 5200 2167 40.1 ECU‐2700‐2 550 1200 4600 2117 39.2

ECU‐2659 x ECU‐8415, p3 600 900 4750 2083 38.6 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐8415, p5s2 950 900 4250 2033 37.6 ECU‐8415 350 1200 4200 1917 35.5 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐2659, p19 50 550 5000 1867 34.6 ECU‐2699 x ECU‐8415, p6s2 200 850 4500 1850 34.3

Appendix 17. Yield per repetition (kg/15 m2), average and projection to qq/ha of eight quinoa promising lines. Chaluapamba, Cotopaxi, 2006.

kg/15 m2 Lines/varieties

I II

Average (kg/15 m2)

qq/ha

ECU‐2658 x ECU‐2659, p9 3.7 5.1 4.4 65 ECU‐8415 4.4 4.2 4.3 64 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐8415, p5s2 4.0 4.6 4.3 64 I‐Andino 3.9 4.5 4.2 62 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐8415, p3s2 4.0 4.0 4.0 59 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐2659, p19 4.2 3.7 4.0 59 ECU‐2659 x ECU‐8415, p3 3.1 4.7 3.9 58 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐8415, p5s1 3.8 3.8 3.8 56 ECU‐2700‐2 4.1 3.3 3.7 55 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐8415, p1s1 3.2 4.2 3.7 55 ECU‐2699 x ECU‐8415, p6s2 3.6 3.4 3.5 52 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐2659, p14s1 3.1 3.7 3.4 50

Appendix 18. Yield per repetition (Kg/12 m2), average and projection to qq/ha of eight lupin promising lines Chilla Chico, Cotopaxi, 2006.

kg/12m2 Lines/varieties

I II III Average qq/ha

ECU‐2658 x ECU‐8415, p1s1 2.0 3.5 3.9 3.1 57 ECU‐2700‐2 3.4 2.9 2.5 2.9 54 ECU‐8415 2.4 2.2 3.0 2.5 46 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐8415, p5s2 2.1 2.5 2.9 2.5 46 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐2659, p19 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.4 44 I‐Andino 2.5 2.6 2.2 2.4 44 ECU‐2659 x ECU‐8415, p3 2.8 2.3 1.9 2.3 43 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐2659, p14s1 2.0 2.0 2.8 2.3 43 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐8415, p5s1 3.2 2.3 1.3 2.3 43 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐2659, p9 3.0 1.8 1.8 2.2 41 ECU‐2658 x ECU‐8415, p3s2 2.4 1.0 2.4 1.9 35 ECU‐2699 x ECU‐8415, p6s2 1.6 1.4 2.5 1.8 33

Appendix 19. Yield per repetition (kg/15 m2), average and projection to qq/ha of eight barely promising lines. Ninín Cachipata, Cotopaxi, 2006.

Varieties g/12 m2 qq/ha

I II III Average Cañicapa 1250 1200 1400 1283 23.8 Pacha 1250 1200 1300 1250 23.1 Cañari 1500 1000 1150 1250 23.1 Shyri 1000 800 700 833 15.4 Quilotoa 900 800 800 833 15.4 Atahualpa 750 800 800 783 14.5 Rita Pelada 700 500 1000 733 13.6 Testigo local 800 600 700 700 13.0

Specific objective 3. Identify agro‐industrial applications of quinoa and lupin varieties and promising lines. Appendix 21. Quinoa and lupin isoflavone content.

Isoflavone content (mg/100 g) Species Daidzin Genistine Daidzeine Genisteine

Anexo 20. Composición de aminoácidos de las líneas de quinua dulce y chocho desamargado (mg/g de proteína)

ELEMENTOECU -244

ECU - 544 -15

ECU - 287 (LOCAL)

ECU -8415

2658 X 2659 P19

2658 X 2659 P14S1

450 X 5987

8415 X 695

ECU -2658

A.ASPARTICO 90,87 94,02 80,97 90,41 90,42 75,22 88,51 88,36 88,76

TREONINA 27,74 32,12 28,36 34,10 33,60 28,19 32,28 33,85 34,05

SERINA 35,39 37,96 34,55 45,97 47,14 39,63 46,28 46,25 46,87

A. GLUTAMICO 155,13 160,88 144,66 253,63 257,85 223,70 255,36 251,44 253,33

PROLINA 22,36 45,55 41,51 50,15 54,02 35,36 49,56 52,10 54,48

GLICINA 44,44 51,10 43,32 34,10 34,89 31,66 33,81 34,77 34,62

ALANINA 35,39 39,42 32,23 28,60 30,33 27,73 28,12 29,49 29,28

CISTINA 12,46 0,00 0,00 0,00 35,47 18,49 32,60 37,30 27,13

VALINA 39,35 44,38 38,68 36,52 40,49 30,62 36,54 39,25 37,68

METIONINA 7,36 11,68 10,31 25,08 4,90 3,24 2,19 5,39 3,86

ISOLEUCINA 31,99 35,62 31,72 41,57 44,34 34,43 42,67 43,03 42,90

LEUCINA 63,32 58,10 51,57 63,79 67,79 54,77 64,99 64,27 64,92

TIROSINA 24,35 27,74 24,75 35,42 36,05 31,54 36,32 36,95 35,64

FENILALANINA 35,10 40,88 37,13 36,30 39,09 30,04 38,07 38,21 37,00

HISTIDINA 30,01 27,74 25,53 27,06 28,47 25,31 30,20 26,05 25,76

LISINA 50,39 60,44 52,86 57,19 59,27 45,18 57,55 54,74 50,51

ARGININA 76,43 98,40 85,87 102,73 107,92 83,54 107,55 105,23 106,57

QUINUA CHOCHO

e Bitter lupin 0.642 2.20 1.95 0 D ebittered lupin 2.38 2.92 2.84 2.79 Quinoa 6.51 3.65 2.71 0 Soy 59.6 132 – 145 5.6 6.7 Beans 1 ‐ 5 0.26 – 0.97

Appendix 22. Fatty acid profile in two lupin samples and one quinoa sample.

Percentage in weight COMPONENT Lupin

ECU‐12016 Lupin ECU‐

8415 Quinoa ECU‐

244 Ac. Myristic ac. C 14: 0 Traces Traces Traces Ac. Palmitic ac. C 16: 0 9.14 10.91 11.49

Ac. Palmitoleic ac. C 16: 1 traces Traces Traces Non identified ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 0.00 0.00 Traces Ac. Stearic ac. C 18: 0 8.71 8.13 Traces Ac. Oleic ac. C 18: 1 55.58 48.80 27.01

Ac. Linoleic ac. C 18: 2 23.65 28.47 56.80

Ac. Linolenic ac. C 18: 3 2.93 3.70 4.70

Appendix 23. Dough elastic properties (farinography) with incorporated lupin.

TREATMENT HUMIDITY WEIGHT (g) A (%) D (min)

PI (min)

UI (min)

E (min)

IT (UF) El

(UF)

11,76 48,80 67,00 20 8 0 8 80 250 100% wheat flour

11,98 48,90 67,80 17 4 11 7 85 285

14,60 50,30 75,80 20 10 0 10 30 260 75% wheat flour – 25% lupin

dough 14,58 50,30 74,50 19 10 16 6 40 230

14,92 50,50 76,40 23 11 20 9 40 240 70% wheat flour – 30 % lupin

dough 14,86 50,40 76,60 19,5 6 14 8 50 230

A= Water absorption; D= kneading time; E= Stability; IT= kneading tolerance index; El= Elasticity

Appendix 24. Dough amylographic behavior with incorporated lupin.

HUMIDITY WEIGHT (g) Start U.B. ‐ ºC Maximum

Visc. warm UB A 89 ºC

Max Gelifc U.B

UB 20 min at 89 ºC

UB at 50 ºC

13,40 50,00 0,00 74 320 311 320 380

11,80 80,00 0,00 69,5 360 291 280 480

11,80 80,00 0,00 70 350 291 250 420

Appendix 25. Extensographic composition of pasta with incorporated lupin.

TREATMENT HUMIDITY WEIGHT (g) A (%) R. E. (UE)

45 min R. E. (UE) 135 min

E (mm) 45 min

E (mm) 135 min

IE (UE/mm) 45 min

IE (UE/mm) 135 min

13,39 337,20 463,08 300 530 18 123 16,67 4,31 100% wheat flour

13,37 336,7 466,95 430 600 164 140 2,62 4,29

11,63 292,2 440,33 300 210 80 64 3,75 3,28 75% wheat flour – 25% lupin flour 11,61 292,2 439,57 70 100 55 60 1,27 1,67

11,18 281,6 424,39 0 0 42 45 0,00 0,00

70% wheat flour – 30 % lupin flour 11,19 281,8 417,48 0 0 80 50 0,00 0,00

Appendix 26. Dough elastic properties (farinography) with incorporated sweet quinoa.

TREATMENT HUMIDITY WEIGHT (g) A (%) D (min)

PI (min)

UI (min)

E (min) IT (UF)El

(UF)

11,76 48,80 67,00 20 8 0 8 80 250 100% wheat flour

11,98 48,90 67,80 17 4 11 7 85 285

11,20 48,80 81,00 16 4 18 8 50 240 60% wheat flour – 40 % cooked quinoa flour 11,21 48,80 82,00 13 3 19 9 40 210

11,21 48,80 84,00 23 3 19 6 40 250 60% wheat flour – 40 % pre‐cooked quinoa flour 11,19 48,80 83,00 21 10 15 5 60 290

11,20 48,80 75,00 19,75 4 17 13 90 250 60% wheat flour – 40 % raw quinoa flour 11,19 48,80 83,00 21 10 15 5 60 290

A= Water absorption; D= kneading time; E= Stability; IT= kneading tolerance index; El= Elasticity

Appendix 27. Dough amylographic behavior with incorporated quinoa.

TREATMENT

HUMIDITY WEIGHT

(g) Start U.B. ‐ ºCMax. Visc.

warm

UB at 89 ºC

Max Gelifc U.B

UB 20 min at 89 ºC

UB at 50 ºC

100% wheat flour 11.40 50.00 0.00 54 320 311 320 380

60% wheat flour – 40 % cooked quinoa flour 10,60 80,00 0,00 51 460 521 520 880

60% wheat flour – 40 % pre‐cooked quinoa flour 11,60 80,00 0,00 48 320 291 340 500

60% wheat flour – 40 % raw quinoa flour 6,20 80,00 0,00 58,5 160 516,5 400 570

Appendix 28. Proximal composition of pasta with 100% quinoa (% B.S.)

Treatment Protein Fiber Fat Ashes C.H.

100% quinoa 28.13 5.90 9.14 1.54 53.87

Commercial bulk

pasta 15,19 0,45 0,24 3,16 80,56

Appendix 29. Formula for the preparation of instant quinoa soup in 80 g of quinoa.

Component Weight (g) Celery 0.40

Salt 6.00

Monosodium glutamate 0.60

Garlic 0.60

Cumin 0.60

Unflavored gelatin 2.50

Specific objective 4. To develop an informal system for the production and distribution of good quality seeds of the main crops that make up the production systems of the Ninín Cachipata, Chaluapamba, Chilla Chico and Canchagua communities. Appendix 30. Problems for the production and access to good quality Andean crops seed. Ibarra, 2006. Crop management and post‐harvesting

Weather and soil Plagues and diseases

Training Access

Loss of variety purity. Land without animal manure.

Plagues, It is not known how to select the seeds.

High market prices.

Improve to obtain good seed.

Soil is not conserved. There is no technical assistance.

There is no good quality seed.

Bad grain selection and cleaning.

Frosts. Lack of knowledge of the species behavior.

There is no good quality seed offer.

It is not known how to sow, care for, and harvest to obtain good quality seed.

There is no irrigation water.

The importance of good quality seed is not appreciated.

Bad quality seed for sale.

Lack of knowledge of the post‐harvesting process.

Specific objective 5. Promote and diversify the consumption of Andean grains (quinoa and lupin).

Appendix 31. Lupin debittering technology in five communities of the Saquisilí Canton, Toacaso, 2006

Stages Ninín Cachipata Chaluapamba Chilla Chico Jatun Era Canchagua

Reception Harvesting by hand and threshing with machine or sticks.

Gathered in sacs and stored in a cellar.

Selection Selected by hand, removing the damaged grains and the stones.

Stored without selecting. Bad lupins, debris and bugs are removed. After the harvest, they are cleaned and stored for two months (a longer time and the grain becomes black). Selected and cleaned.

Remove rotten grains by hand.

Soaking Soaked for a day in a bucket or tub with pipe water.

Soaked for a day (12 hours) with pipe water.

Soaked for a day and a half in a small pot or tub with pipe water.

An “arroba” (25 pounds) every six months. Soaked for half a day in plastic (recycled) buckets with tap water.

Cooking Cooked on a firewood in a aluminum pot for two or four days (the more it boils the more it debitters)

Cooked on firewood. 2 hours for 5 pounds, an hour for 10 lb and 12 hours for 15 lb. Llumi or chilca Potato is added to the pot.

Drained. Cooked on firewood for two hours in an aluminum pot and in clean water. Cooked with a potato (redroja) and/or chilca leaves to control when it will be ready.

Cooked on firewood. The grain is cooked from 30 minutes to one hour in old aluminum pots. Chilco branches, potato or barley are added as a reference.

Cooked on firewood in aluminum pots with tap water. Cooked from 15 minutes to one hour.

Wash, drain In large tubs with water. Water is changed four times at the same time. It should be changed 3 times a day (morning, noon and afternoon; the more times the water is changed, the faster it debitters). It is ready to serve in four days.

Draining is done in aluminum pots for 3, 4 or 5 days. Water is changed three times a day. After debittering it is selected for consumption or for begin sold (in mingas or at the Cochapamba Fair).

Drained (the water is used for washing cattle with laces and a coat is applied to lambs for parasite control). Lupin is placed in sacs to take to the river (before) and today in tanks or a tub. Water is changed three times a day for 3 or 4 days.

For washing they are left in the brook or river for 3 or 4 days.

In a plastic bucket or water tank, changing the water 2 to 4 times a day. Stirred by hand. Lupin is ready in 4 days.

Rinse Cooked in knit sac. With the water to bath the guinea pigs, mixing with rue is good for laces.

Rinsed and selected for eating.

Rinse by hand in tap water and it is ready to eat.

Maintenance In a container with water. Water is changed every day up to a week maximum. Lupin is prepared one or two times per month, during the harvest time.

Stored in a bucket, pot or tub in clean water. Only what will be eaten is taken.

Appendix 32. Problems and solutions for lupin debittering processing in five communities of the Saquisilí Canton, Toacaso, 2006

Community Problem Solution Ninín Cachipata

Lack of water and cooking time. Cleaner water (boiled water), lupins with germs (boil lupins before eating). Sold in mingas.

Chaluapamba Lack of water and wood. Too long to cook and debitter. Look for a sweet variety. Using more water, debittering is faster. To drain fast, cook lupin in a canvas.

Chilla Chico Lack of water Afforestation with native crops. Construction of water harvesting tanks.

Jatun Era They know little about the crop, processing and consumption.

Better seeds (varieties), more training, acquire a thresher and have an assured market.

Canchagua Lack of water, lack of wood and lack of lupin. Less bitter lupin

Appendix 33. Results of the quinoa and lupin feeding frequency survey for in the Chaluapamba (CH), Ninín Cachipata (NC), Jatun Era (JE), Chilla Chico (CC) and Canchagua (CA) communities of the province of Cotopaxi, 2006.

TOTAL Variable CH NC JE CC CA

N % QUINOA

Did you have quinoa during the last week? Yes No

4 2

7 8

3

10

6 4

8 3

28 27

51 49

How many times did you have quinoa? 0 1 2 3

2 4

8 4 2 1

10 2 1

4 6

3 4 4

27 20 7 1

49 36 13 2

How much did each person have (gr)? 0 1‐50 51‐150 151‐300 >300

2 1

3

8 1 4 1

10 3

4 1 2 3

3 6 1

1

27 12 7 7 1

50 22 13 13 2

How was it prepared? Soup “Chaulafán” (fried rice) “Colada” (drink) Soup and colada With milk

2 1 1

6

1

3

5

1

8

24 1 1 1 1

86 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5

Where did you have it? Home Work Restaurant Town square/fair

3 1

6

1

2

1

5 1

7

1

23 2 1 2

82 7 4 7

Where did you get the quinoa? My own Work Town square/fair Was given to me

1 1

5

1 1

3

5

1

5

1 2

16 1 5 4

62 4

19 15

LUPIN Did you have lupin during the last week? Yes No

2 4

4

11

13

7 3

9 2

22 33

40 60

How many times did you have lupin? 0 1 2 3 5

4 2

11 2 2

13

3 6

1

2 6 2 1

33 16 4 1 1

60 29 7 2 2

How much did each person have (gr)? 0 1‐50 51‐150 151‐300 >300

4 1

1

11

3 1

13

3 1 2 3 1

2

1 6 3

33 2 6

11 4

59 4

10 20 7

How was it prepared? Stewed maize With “fritada” (typical dish made of fried pork) With “encebollado” (onion mix) With corncob With toasted maize and encebollado With encebollado and stewed maize With toasted maize With toasted maize and cooked potatoes.

1 1

4

3 1 2 1

2

2

4 1

5 3 3 1 4 1 4 1

23 14 14 4

18 4

18 4

Where did you eat? Town square/fair School Home Work

1 1

4

6 1

1

7 1

2 1

17 2

9 5

77 9

Where did you get the quinoa? Town square/fair School My own Was given to me

1 1

1

3

5

2

6

2 1

13 1 5 3

59 5

23 13

Appendix 34. Radio advertising for quinoa and lupin promotion. LET’S GROW AND CONSUME WHAT IS OURS: QUINOA AND LUPIN, TWO ANDEAN CROPS, VERY IMPORTANT FOR AGRICULTURE, FOOD SECURITY AND THE SOVEREIGNTY OF OUR PEOPLE. Quinoa is one of the few crops that can be grown in the heights, alone or with other grains or tubers. It tolerates frosts, winds and droughts. Lupin is very important for agro‐ecology, due to its great capacity to fixate nitrogen in order to increase soil fertility and as a rotation alternative with cereals and tubers. It grows well in low‐fertility soils and low‐rainfall zones. Since the Inca empire, quinoa has been considered the “mother grain” (“chisiya mama”) for its nutritional and agricultural benefits. It is the most complete food among the vegetal, especially rich in protein, fat and carbohydrates, being its protein quality superior than any other grains that are known. Moreover, it has considerable content of Calcium, Phosphorus, Irion, Potassium, Magnesium and Zinc. Quinoa can be consumed dried, in soups, salads, as bread, cakes, tortillas, corn drink (chicha), drinks, etc.

Lupin’s great nutritional value is thanks to the fact that it contains more than 45% protein, a fundamental nutrient for the constitution and functioning of the human body. Moreover, it contains iron, phosphorus, magnesium and a lot of vitamins. Lupin with toasted maize is a well balanced meal. For more information on the growing and uses of quinoa and lupin, please contact the INIAP’s National Program for Andean Legumes and Grains (phone: 022693360 or CODESOCP in Saquisilí (phone number: 032722182.) Specific objective 8. To monitor and evaluate the project’s progress. Appendix 35. Results, activities, score and percentage of INIAP/CODESOCP/McKNIGTH Project’s participatory evaluation. Toacaso, Cotopaxi, 2006.

RESULT ACTIVITY SCORE %

Project baseline definition in the four communities.

107 86

Research and implementation of new practices for strengthening the production systems.

113 90

R1. The production system’s productivity and family income of the Ninín Cachipata, Chaluapamba, Chilla Chico and Canchagua communities improves.

Quinoa and lupin management demonstration plots.

115 92

Quinoa and lupin lines development in Experimental Station and in the open field.

80 100 R2. There is at least one quinoa and lupin variety in each one of the communities, based on the men and women farmers’ preferences and with the edaphoclimatic conditions.

Quinoa and lupin promising lines participatory evaluation through trial, verification, production and strain liberation tests

72 90

R3. The agro‐industrial characteristics of quinoa and lupin lines and promising varieties are acknowledged.

Bromatological analyses. 89 94

Workshops for identifying ancestral consumption habits and preparation of new recipes based on quinoa and lupin.

80 100 R6. The project’s communities’ families consume more quinoa and lupin and are aware of other ways of preparing them.

Study of the effect of quinoa and lupin based meals in the development and growth of school‐age boys and girls.

80 100

R7. CIALs are initiated in Chaluapamba and Chilla Chico and the existing ones in Ninín Cachipata and Canchagua are strengthened.

Establishment of the CIALs and training in trials management, participatory evaluations, data analyses and results presentation.

90 100

R10. The people involved in the project are aware of the project’s achievements and drawbacks.

Project’s progress monitoring and evaluation.

110 100