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THE AMERICAN PEOPLECREATING A NATION AND A SOCIETY

NASH JEFFREY

HOWE FREDERICK DAVIS WINKLER MIRES PESTANA

Chapter 25: World War II

Pearson Education, Inc, publishing as Longman 2006

7th Edition

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THE TWISTING ROAD TO WAR

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FOREIGN POLICY IN THEGLOBAL AGE In 1933 Germany defaulted on its reparations

installments and most European countrieswere unable to keep up the payments on theirdebts to the U.S.

FDR decided not to go along with aninternational agreement on tariffs and currency

Did recognize the Soviet Union, hoping to gaina market for surplus American grain USSR did agree to pay old debts and to extend

rights to American citizens living in the Soviet Union

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FOREIGN POLICY IN THE GLOBALAGE US continued to support dictators, especially in Central America, because

they promised to promote stability and preserve American economicinterests

FDR did remove US troops from Haiti and Nicaragua in 1934 In a series of pan-American conferences, FDR joined in pledging that no country

in the hemisphere would interfere in the internal affairs of another When Cuba underwent a revolution, FDR sent special envoys, not troops, and

then recognized the government under Fulgencio Batista that staged a coup,offered a loan and agreed to abrogate the Platt Amendment in return for therights to Guantanamo naval base

Trade Agreement Act of 1934 gave the president power to lower tariff ratesby as much as 50 percent FDR negotiated a series of agreements that improved trade The Good Neighbor Policy was good for business but did not solve anyones

economic problems

In 1938 Mexico nationalized the property of a number of American oilcompanies

State Department worked out an agreement that included some compensationfor the companies

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EUROPE ON THE BRINK OF WAR On 30 January 1933, Adolph Hitler became Chancellor of Germany and

within three months the Reichstag suspended the constitution, makingHitler Fuehrer

Germany prospered and recovered faster from the Depression than anyother country except Japan, partly through military spending and partlythrough provision of money for public works, autobahns and the Volkswagen

In 1934, Hitler announced a program of rearming Germany in violationof the Treaty of Versailles

In Italy, Benito Mussolini was also building a powerful military force andthreatened to invade Ethiopia in 1934

The Nye Committee hearings revealed that many Americanbusinessmen had close relationships with the War Department and thatwar production had led to huge profits On many college campuses, students demonstrated against war and joined

peace organizations Many American adults also belonged to peace organizations and were

determined never again to enter a foreign war

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ETHIOPIA AND SPAIN In May 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia and frightened the US Congress into

passing a Neutrality Act authorizing the president to prohibit all arms shipmentsto nations at war and to advise U.S. citizens not to travel on belligerents ships

except at their own risk League of Nations condemned Italy as the aggressor in the war and Great Britainmoved its fleet to the Mediterranean

FDR imposed an arms embargo that had little effect on Italy but hurt Ethiopia But neither Britain nor the U.S. wanted to stop oil shipments to Italy nor send troops

In 1936 Civil War broke out in Spain as General Francisco Franco, supportedby the Catholic church and large landowners, revolted against the republicangovernment Mussolini and Hitler had formed the Rome-Berlin axis in 1936 and both aided Franco

while the Soviets aided the Loyalists War in Spain polarized the US and more than 3000 Americans joined the Abraham

Lincoln Brigade and went to fight in Spain US maintained neutrality and refused arms to both sides In 1937 Congress passed another Neutrality Act making it illegal for American

citizens to travel on belligerent ships and extending the embargo on arms, evenmaking non-military items only available on a cash and carry basis

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WAR IN EUROPE Roosevelt, while not an isolationist, was determined to keep America out of the

European war March 1938: Hitler annexed Austria

In September, after the Munich Conference, Hitler took the Sudetenland ofCzechoslovakia and, despite promises to the contrary, overran the rest of the countrywithin six months

August 1939: Germany and the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact 1 September 1939: Germany attacked Poland, marking the official beginning of

World War II France and Britain honored their treaties and came to the aid of Poland

Roosevelt asked for a repeal of the embargo section of the Neutrality Act and of theapproval of the sale of arms on a cash-and-carry basis to France and Britain

In August 1939, Albert Einstein and other scientists warned the president thatGerman scientists were working on an atomic bomb so Roosevelt authorizedfunds for a top-secret project to build an American bomb first

War in Poland ended quickly with Germany attacking from the west and theSoviet Union from the east After Poland fell, there was a lull in the fighting (the phony war) though the British sent

several divisions to help the French

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WAR IN EUROPE Phony War ended on April 9, 1940 when Germany attacked Norway

and Denmark. A few weeks later, the German Blitzkriegswept through Belgium,

Luxembourg, and the Netherlands A week later they invaded France, sweeping around the Maginot line The French surrendered in June as the British army fled back across the

Channel from Dunkirk

Some Americans organized the Committee to Defend America byAiding the Allies while others supported a group called America First

FDR approved the shipment to Britain of 50 overage destroyers inreturn for the right to establish naval and air bases on British territory July 1940 FDR signed a measure authorizing $4 billion to increase the

number of American naval warships In September, Congress passed the Selective Service Act, which drafted 1

million men to serve in the army for one year but only in the WesternHemisphere

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THE ELECTION OF 1940 Roosevelt was slow to aid Great Britain both

because wanted to keep the United States outof the war but he was also worried about the1940 presidential campaign Picked liberal Henry Wallace as his running mate

Republicans nominated Wendell Wilkie whoactually supported the New Deal and aid toBritain

Roosevelt won, 27 million to 22 million votes

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LEND-LEASE Roosevelt constructed a plan for sending material aid to Britain

without demanding payment, the Lend-Lease Act of March 1941 The Act destroyed all pretensions of neutrality

German U-Boats were sinking half a million tons of shippingeach month in the Atlantic June: FDR proclaimed a national emergency and ordered the

closing of German and Italian consulates in the United States

On June 22, Germany suddenly attacked the Soviet Union andFDR extended lend-lease aid to the Soviets By the autumn of 1941, the US was virtually at war with the

Germans On September 11, Roosevelt ordered a shoot on sight order for all

American ships operating in the Atlantic On October 30, a German sub sank an American destroyer off the

coast of Newfoundland

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THE PATH TO PEARL HARBOR Intent on becoming a world power and needing natural

resources, especially oil, Japan risked war with China, the SovietUnion and even the U.S. to obtain them Japan tried to delay war with the U.S. as long as possible through

diplomatic means, which was fine with the US who did not want atwo front war

In July 1939, the United States began to apply economicpressure by notifying Japan of the cancellation of the 1911commercial treaty in six months time

September 1940, administration forbade the shipment of airplanefuel and scrap metal to Japan, adding other items to the list in thefollowing months until the spring of 1941, when only oil was stillbeing shipped

Negotiations with Japan had few results and, in fact, Japanoccupied French Indochina in 1940 and 1941 July 1941 FDR froze all Japanese assets in the US

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THE PATH TO PEARL HARBOR The US had broken the Japanese diplomatic code and knew that

Japan planned to attack some place but did not know where

In September Japan decided to strike after November if there wereno major concessions

On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the American Pacific fleetat Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, destroying or disabling 19 ships and150 planes and killing 2335 soldiers and sailors and 68 civilians At the same time, Japan attacked the Philippines, Guam, the

Midway Islands, Hong Kong and Malaya On December 8, Congress declared war against Japan

The attack united the country behind the war

People searched for a scapegoat while Pearl Harbor became asymbol of American unpreparedness

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THE HOME FRONT

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MOBILIZING FOR WAR The War Production Board (WPB) offered businesses cost-plus

contracts for retooling for the war effort Often the government financed new plants and equipment

Office of Scientific Research and Development (ORSD) was set upto perfect new weapons and other products including the atomicbomb, radar, high-altitude bomb sights, jet engines, pressurizedcabins for airplanes, and penicillin

FDR tried hard to gain the cooperation of businesspeople Appointed business leaders in key positions and abandoned antitrust

actions Industrial production and new corporate profits nearly doubled during

the war

Large commercial farmers also received incentives for warproduction Accelerated mechanization of the farm and increased the use of

fertilizer even as actual farm population declined

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MOBILIZING FOR WAR Large commercial farmers also received incentives for war production

Accelerated mechanization of the farm and increased the use of fertilizer evenas actual farm population declined

Office of Price Administration (OPA) set prices and rationed products National War Labor Board (NWLB) had the authority to set wages and

hours and to regulate working conditions Union membership grew rapidly during the war and in return for no strike

pledges the NWLB allowed agreements that required workers to retain theirunion membership through the life of their contract

Labor leaders complained about increased government regulation

Government tried to reduce inflation by selling war bonds and increasingtaxes

American economy rose to the occasion and produced the suppliesneeded to win the war

War stimulated the growth of the federal bureaucracy and accelerated thegovernments central role in the economy Increased the cooperation between industry and government

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PATRIOTIC FERVOR Office of War Information controlled the news

the public received about the war andpromoted patriotism

Government sold war bonds both to pay forthe war and to sell the war to the Americanpeople

Those too young or too old to join the armedforces became air raid wardens or civiliandefense or Red Cross volunteers

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INTERNMENT OF JAPANESEAMERICANS War promoted hatred of the enemy and soon the German people

became as vilified as the Nazi leadership though there was no anti-German hysteria in the U.S.

However, such animosity did develop against the Japanese who wereportrayed as subhuman

At the time of Pearl Harbor, 127,000 Japanese lived in the UnitedStates, about 80,000 of them Nisei and Sansei who were barred fromintermarriage with other groups and excluded from many places While they maintained cultural and linguistic ties to Japan, they posed little

real threat

Reacting to public pressure, the president issued Executive Order 9066authorizing the evacuation of the Japanese in January 1942 The government built special relocation centers in remote sections of the

U.S. and evacuated about 110,000 Japanese (including 60,000 citizens ofJapanese heritage)

The more numerous Japanese in Hawaii were not relocated Government allowed Japanese American men to volunteer for military

service in Europe and even drafted Nisei men after January 1944

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Relocation Camps

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ASIAN, AFRICAN, AND HISPANICAMERICANS AT WAR Pacific war made China an ally of the United States but the 1882 Exclusion Act

was not repealed until 1943 and even then allowed only 105 Chinese in a year Chinese enthusiastically joined the war effort and even served in the military

Korean, Filipino, and Asian Indian populations also contributed to the war effort 1923 Supreme Court decision denying citizenship to Asian Indians was reversed during

the war

U.S. remained a segregated society and African American profited little from therevival of prosperity at the beginning of the war To prevent an African American march on Washington in 1941, Roosevelt issued

Executive Order 8802 which stated that there was to be no discrimination in theemployment of workers in the defense industry or in government and Roosevelt

established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the order Jobs in war industries helped many blacks improve their economic conditions As blacks moved north and west for jobs, their arrival aggravated racial tensions and

sometimes resulted in riots such as the one in Detroit in 1943 that killed 25 blacks and9 whites

Mexican Americans profited from the increased job opportunities but faced racialprejudice

In Los Angeles, conflict flared between Mexican American youths in zoot suits andwhite servicemen in the spring of 1943

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SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE WAR World War II altered patterns of work, leisure,

education, and family life It caused a massive migration of people,

created jobs and changed lifestyles

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WARTIME OPPORTUNITIES 15 million Americans moved during the war, usually

from rural areas to the cities, to the west and from the

south to the north As they poured into the cities, they put pressure on schools,housing and other services

Especially transformed California, leading to growth,pressures on services and increased tensions

Many Americans had money to spend but there was

nothing to spend it on War required major adjustments in family life as the

number of female headed households increased Number of marriages and births rose sharply Divorces also rose

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WOMEN WORKERS FOR VICTORY Thousands of women took jobs in a wide range of

areas never before open to them, especially after 1943

At the end of the war, the labor force included 19.5 millionwomen though three-fourths of them had been working beforethe war

New workers were often older and married

Black women often faced discrimination though anumber did move into factory jobs

Married women with young children often found ittough to find work as there were no child care facilities

Many women workers suffered harassment and mostleft their jobs at the end of the war

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ENTERTAINING THE PEOPLE Americans listened to the radio 4.5 days during the

war

Major networks increased their news programs from lessthan 4 percent to nearly 30 percent of broadcasting time Reporters and commentators became celebrities

Even music conveyed a war theme For many Americans the motion picture became the

most important leisure activity with attendanceaveraging 100 million a week Musical comedies, cowboy movies and historical romances

remained popular Newsreels presented the theme of American victory War themed movies also were popular

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RELIGION IN THE TIME OF WAR FDR emphasized that the enemy opposed all religion. In 1940 65 million Americans belonged to 250,000

churches and other religious institutions 23 million Catholics 5 million Jews

Military personnel were given three religious choices:Protestant, Catholic or Jew

During WWII conscientious objector status was broadened toinclude religious reasons and more than 70,000 used thenew exemption, with 25,000 being assigned to non-combatduty

Many clergymen volunteered to serve in the war as chaplains Reinhold Neibuhr argued for the use of force against evil

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THE GIs WAR GI was short forgovernment issue and became what soldiers were

called Only one solder in eight who served saw combat and many saw the war as

an adventure Many Mexican-Americans and Native Americans served in the military

where they found less prejudice and came back with new ambitions anda sense of self-esteem Navajo code talkers Indians who returned to reservations after the war were ineligible for

veterans benefits

African Americans served in segregated units and continued toencounter large amounts of prejudice Fewer were sent overseas and fewer were in combat units Many illiterate blacks learned to read and write in the service

Impact of war was greater because lasted longer than WWI 16 million men and women served in some branch of the military service;

322,000 were killed and 800,000 wounded

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WOMEN IN UNIFORM Women served as nurses and cooks and in other

support capacities

In April 1943 women physicians gained the right tojoin the Army and Navy Medical Corps Congress authorized full military participation for

women, except for combat and 350,000 womenjoined the military service in the Womens Army Corps

(WAC) and the womens branch of the navy (WAVES) Others served in the coast guard and marines and more than1000 trained as pilots (WASP) and ferried bombers fromfactory to use

Men were informed about contraceptives but womenwere not and pregnancy resulted in immediate

discharge

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A WAR OF DIPLOMATS ANDGENERALS On December 11, 1941, Germany declared

war on the U.S.

Unclear why Hitler did so

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WAR AIMS January 1941, FDR mentioned the four

freedoms: freedom from want, freedom from

fear, freedom of speech and expression andfreedom of worship

Henry Luce argued the U.S. had theresponsibility to spread democracy around theworld

US concentrated on Germany first whilefighting a holding action against Japan Allied with Great Britain and the Soviet Union

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A YEAR OF DISASTER First half of 1942 was disastrous for the Allies

Japanese captured the Dutch East Indies, Burma, Wake Island andGuam, invaded the Aleutians and captured the Philippines and 11,000

US servicemen Germans pushed deep into Russia In North Africa, British forces were driven almost to Cairo while in the

Atlantic German subs sank ships faster than they could be replaced

Churchill wanted to delay a direct continental assault while Stalin,who was facing the bulk of the Nazi army, pushed for a second front

While FDR promised a second front the assault actually occurred inNorth Africa in November 1942 Darlan deal reinforced Soviet distrust US aided Franco in return for safe passage of American shipping in the

Mediterranean

Solution to problem of Jews was to win the war as quickly as

possible rather than any direct action

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A STRATEGY FOR ENDING THEWAR Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was in charge of the

North Africa campaign, had an ability to get people to

work together American army moved across North Africa, linked withBritish and then took Sicily and invaded Italy in 1943 Italians overthrew Mussolini and surrendered in September

1943 but the Germans sent troops that made the campaignlong and bitter with Rome only captured in June 1944

US halted Japanese advance in the Pacific Battle of the Coral Sea in May 1942 Battle of Midway in June 1942 Leapfrogged from island to island in 1943 Pacific war was often brutal and dehumanizing

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World War IIPacificTheater

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THE INVASION OF FRANCE Operation Overlord, the invasion of France, was launched on

June 6, 1944 Made possible by US industrial production

2245 were killed and 1670 wounded in securing the beachhead

Invasion preceded by months of bombing though it neitherdisrupted German productive capacity as much as strategistshoped nor weakened the will of the German people while it costthe Allies heavily in planes and personnel

Bombing civilian cities introduced terror as a strategy Army broke out of Normandy beachhead in July and had swept

across France by late 1944 while the Russians had pushed theGerman Army out of much of eastern Europe December 1944 Battle of the Bulge

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World War II:European and North

African Theaters

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THE POLITICS OF VICTORY British wanted to beat the Russians to Berlin but

Eisenhower moved south for a number of reasons,

meeting the Russians on 25 April 1945 at the ElbeRiver Russians took Berlin on May 2 and on May 8 the European

war was over

During 1944, the US continued to tighten the nooseon Japan and had destroyed most of the Japanese

Navy by June Recaptured the Philippines in early 1945

In 1944, FDR ran for an unprecedented fourth term,dropping Henry Wallace and adding Harry Truman ashis running mate Republicans nominated Thomas Dewey who lost

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THE BIG THREE AT YALTA Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta in the Crimea in

February 1945 to settle outstanding issues FDR wanted Soviet help against the Japanese and in return for their

promise to enter the war within three months of Germanyssurrender, the Soviet Union was promised the Kurile Islands, thesouthern half of Sakhalin, and railroad and port facilities in NorthKorea, Manchuria and Outer Mongolia

Decided to partition Germany and divide Berlin Polish borders were moved and Stalin agreed to be more inclusive

in the new Polish government Stalin agreed to United Nations

Bretton Woods Conference in summer 1944 established theWorld Bank and the International Monetary Fund Decided to fix the rate of exchange among the worlds currencies

using the dollar rather than the pound

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THE ATOMIC AGE BEGINS Roosevelt died April 12, 1945 of a massive stroke and

Truman became president

The atomic bomb was successfully tested in July1945 and Truman, who never doubted its military use,decide to drop it on Japan to prevent what was seenas a potentially very costly invasion of the homeislands August 6: an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima August 8: USSR declared war on Japan

August 9: an atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki

Japanese surrendered five days later

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DISCOVERING U.S. HISTORYONLINE World War II Timelinehttp://history.acusd.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/start.html Resource Listing for World War IIhttp://www.ibiblio.org/pha/index.html World War II Museumhttp://www.thedropzone.org Remembering Pearl Harborhttp://plasma.nationalgeographic.com/pearlharbor/ A People at Warhttp://www.archives.gov/exhibits/a_people_at_war/a_people_at_w

ar.html Poster Art of World War IIhttp://www.archives.gov/exhibits/powers_of_persuasion/powers_of

_persuasion_home.html

http://history.acusd.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/start.htmlhttp://www.ibiblio.org/pha/index.htmlhttp://www.thedropzone.org/http://plasma.nationalgeographic.com/pearlharbor/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/a_people_at_war/a_people_at_war.htmlhttp://www.archives.gov/exhibits/a_people_at_war/a_people_at_war.htmlhttp://www.archives.gov/exhibits/powers_of_persuasion/powers_of_persuasion_home.htmlhttp://www.archives.gov/exhibits/powers_of_persuasion/powers_of_persuasion_home.htmlhttp://www.archives.gov/exhibits/powers_of_persuasion/powers_of_persuasion_home.htmlhttp://www.archives.gov/exhibits/powers_of_persuasion/powers_of_persuasion_home.htmlhttp://www.archives.gov/exhibits/a_people_at_war/a_people_at_war.htmlhttp://www.archives.gov/exhibits/a_people_at_war/a_people_at_war.htmlhttp://plasma.nationalgeographic.com/pearlharbor/http://www.thedropzone.org/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/index.htmlhttp://history.acusd.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/start.html

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DISCOVERING U.S. HISTORYONLINE Fighters on the Farm Fronthttp://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/osu/osuhomepage.html Tuskegee Airmenhttp://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/history/prewwii/ta.htm African

Americans in World War IIhttp://www.coax.net/people/lwf/wwt.htm A. Philip Randolphhttp://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/history/prewwii/ta.htm

Japanese Americanshttp://www.lib.washington.edu/exhibits/harmony/ Japanese Relocation Siteshttp://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/ Japanese American Relocation Photographs

http://digarc.usc.edu:8089/cispubsearch/searchresults.jsp

http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/osu/osuhomepage.htmlhttp://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/history/prewwii/ta.htmhttp://www.coax.net/people/lwf/wwt.htmhttp://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/history/prewwii/ta.htmhttp://www.lib.washington.edu/exhibits/harmony/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/http://digarc.usc.edu:8089/cispubsearch/searchresults.jsphttp://digarc.usc.edu:8089/cispubsearch/searchresults.jsphttp://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/http://www.lib.washington.edu/exhibits/harmony/http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/history/prewwii/ta.htmhttp://www.coax.net/people/lwf/wwt.htmhttp://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/history/prewwii/ta.htmhttp://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/osu/osuhomepage.html

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DISCOVERING U.S. HISTORYONLINE Latinos and Latinas & World War IIhttp://utopia.utexas.edu/explore/latino/ An Oral History of Rhode Island Women During World War IIhttp://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/WWII_Women/tocCS.html Flygirlshttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/flygirls/ United States Holocaust Memorial Museumhttp://www.ushmm.org/ A-Bombhttp://www.csi.ad.jp/ABOMB/ Fifty Years from Trinityhttp://seattletimes.nwsource.com/trinity/ The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II: Normandy

http://utopia.utexas.edu/explore/latino/http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/WWII_Women/tocCS.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/flygirls/http://www.ushmm.org/http://www.csi.ad.jp/ABOMB/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/trinity/http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/brochures/normandy/nor-pam.htmhttp://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/brochures/normandy/nor-pam.htmhttp://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/brochures/normandy/nor-pam.htmhttp://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/brochures/normandy/nor-pam.htmhttp://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/brochures/normandy/nor-pam.htmhttp://seattletimes.nwsource.com/trinity/http://www.csi.ad.jp/ABOMB/http://www.ushmm.org/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/flygirls/http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/WWII_Women/tocCS.htmlhttp://utopia.utexas.edu/explore/latino/