IMPACT OF IMPACT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN NANOTECHNOLOGY IN

OUR WORLDOUR WORLD

By:- SANCHIT By:- SANCHIT SHARMASHARMA

(07IT046)(07IT046)

Technology which we Technology which we wantwant

Every new Technology which Every new Technology which develop in today life scenario is develop in today life scenario is based on 3 E(EEE) principle. based on 3 E(EEE) principle.

First E tends for Economical.First E tends for Economical. Second E tends for Eco-Friendly.Second E tends for Eco-Friendly. And last E tends for Efficiency.And last E tends for Efficiency.

History Of History Of NanotechnologyNanotechnology

The amount of space available to us for information The amount of space available to us for information storage (or other uses) is enormous. As first described in storage (or other uses) is enormous. As first described in a lecture titled, a lecture titled, 'There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom''There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom' in 1959 by Richard P. Feynman, there is nothing besides in 1959 by Richard P. Feynman, there is nothing besides our clumsy size that keeps us from using this space. In our clumsy size that keeps us from using this space. In his time, it was not possible for us to manipulate single his time, it was not possible for us to manipulate single atoms or molecules because they were far too small for atoms or molecules because they were far too small for our tools. our tools.

He described how the laws of physics do not limit our He described how the laws of physics do not limit our ability to manipulate single atoms and molecules. ability to manipulate single atoms and molecules. Feynman explored the possibility of manipulating the Feynman explored the possibility of manipulating the materials at a scale of individual atoms and molecules, materials at a scale of individual atoms and molecules, imagining the whole of the encyclopedia Britannica imagining the whole of the encyclopedia Britannica written on the head of the pin. written on the head of the pin.

Contd…Contd… Prof. Feynman described such atomic scale fabrication Prof. Feynman described such atomic scale fabrication

as a as a bottom-upbottom-up approach, as opposed to the approach, as opposed to the top-downtop-down approach that we are accustomed to.approach that we are accustomed to.

Top-down ManufacturingTop-down Manufacturing :- It involves the construction :- It involves the construction of parts through methods such as cutting, carving and of parts through methods such as cutting, carving and molding. Using these methods, we have been able to molding. Using these methods, we have been able to fabricate a remarkable variety of machinery and fabricate a remarkable variety of machinery and electronics devices. electronics devices.

Bottom-up manufacturingBottom-up manufacturing :- On the other hand, would :- On the other hand, would provide components made of single molecules, which provide components made of single molecules, which are held together by covalent forces that are far stronger are held together by covalent forces that are far stronger than the forces that hold together macro-scale than the forces that hold together macro-scale components. Further more, the amount of information components. Further more, the amount of information that could be stored in devices build from the bottom up that could be stored in devices build from the bottom up would be enormous would be enormous

What is nanotechnologyWhat is nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is engineering at the Nanotechnology is engineering at the molecular (groups of atoms) level. It is the molecular (groups of atoms) level. It is the collective term for a range of technologies, collective term for a range of technologies, techniques and processes that involve the techniques and processes that involve the manipulation of matter at the smallest manipulation of matter at the smallest scale (from 1 to 100 nmscale (from 1 to 100 nm22).).

1 nm = 0.000000001 m1 nm = 0.000000001 m

GoalsGoals The goal of nanotechnology is to control individual atoms

and molecules to create computer chips and other devices that are thousands of times smaller than current technologies permit.

Nanotechnology is the technology of preference to make Nanotechnology is the technology of preference to make things small, light and cheap, nanotechnology based things small, light and cheap, nanotechnology based manufacturing is a method conceived for processing and manufacturing is a method conceived for processing and rearranging of atoms to fabricate custom productsrearranging of atoms to fabricate custom products

What is NanoscaleWhat is Nanoscale

12,756 Km 22 cm 0.7 nm

Fullerenes C60

10 millions times smaller 1 billion times smaller

Nanoscale MaterialsNanoscale Materials

Nanoscale materials have Nanoscale materials have feature size less than 100 feature size less than 100 nm – utilized in nanoscale nm – utilized in nanoscale structures, devices and structures, devices and systemssystems

Gold nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles

A stadium shaped “quantum corral” made by positioning iron atoms on a copper surface

Nanoscale Size EffectNanoscale Size Effect The classical laws of physics and chemistry do not The classical laws of physics and chemistry do not

readily apply at this very small scale for two reasons.readily apply at this very small scale for two reasons. Firstly, the electronic properties of very small particles Firstly, the electronic properties of very small particles

can be very different from their larger cousins.can be very different from their larger cousins. Secondly, the ratio of surface area to volume becomes Secondly, the ratio of surface area to volume becomes

much higher, and since the surface atoms are generally much higher, and since the surface atoms are generally most reactive, the properties of a material change in most reactive, the properties of a material change in unexpected ways. unexpected ways.

For example, when silver is turned into very small For example, when silver is turned into very small particles, it takes on anti-microbial properties while gold particles, it takes on anti-microbial properties while gold particles become any colour you choose.particles become any colour you choose.

Melting point - 1064 C

Melting Point of Gold Melting Point of Gold

How These Stuff WorkHow These Stuff Work In 1959 Richard Feynman, the Nobel prize winning In 1959 Richard Feynman, the Nobel prize winning

physicist, said that nothing in the laws of physics physicist, said that nothing in the laws of physics prevented us from arranging atoms the way we want prevented us from arranging atoms the way we want

  If we rearrange the atoms in coal, we get diamonds. If we rearrange the atoms in coal, we get diamonds. If we rearrange the atoms in sand (and add a pinch of If we rearrange the atoms in sand (and add a pinch of

impurities) we get computer chips. impurities) we get computer chips. If we rearrange the atoms in dirt, water and air we get If we rearrange the atoms in dirt, water and air we get

grass. grass.

Tools In NanotechnologyTools In Nanotechnology

The main tools used in nanotechnology are three The main tools used in nanotechnology are three main microscopesmain microscopes Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)

Transmission Electron Transmission Electron MicroscopeMicroscope

Uses high-energy electron beam Uses high-energy electron beam to probe material with thickness < to probe material with thickness < 100 nm.100 nm.

Some electrons are absorbed or Some electrons are absorbed or bounced off object; some pass bounced off object; some pass through the object and make through the object and make magnified imagesmagnified images

Digital camera records images.Digital camera records images. The TEM is the most popular The TEM is the most popular

microscope used the make microscope used the make images published in scientific images published in scientific journals on nanocrystals found in journals on nanocrystals found in semiconductors.semiconductors.

Atomic Force MicroscopeAtomic Force Microscope Use small silicon tip as Use small silicon tip as

probe to make images of probe to make images of sample materialsample material

Probe moves along Probe moves along surfacesurface

Electrons of atoms in Electrons of atoms in sample repel those in sample repel those in probeprobe

Creates 3-D imagesCreates 3-D images The image will show the The image will show the

exact topography of the exact topography of the surfacesurface..

Scanning Tunneling Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)Microscope (STM)

Uses nanosized probe to scan Uses nanosized probe to scan objects and materialsobjects and materials

Uses tunneling to detect surface Uses tunneling to detect surface and creates a map of surfaceand creates a map of surface

Rate of electrons that tunnel Rate of electrons that tunnel from probe to surface related to from probe to surface related to distance between probe and distance between probe and surfacesurface

Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Applications Applications Categories

Information Technology

EnergyMedicine

Consumer Goods

•Smaller, faster, more energy efficient and powerful computing and other IT-based systems

Cancer treatment Bone treatmentDrug deliveryAppetite controlDrug developmentMedical toolsDiagnostic testsImaging

More efficient and cost effective technologies for energy production

Solar cells Fuel cells Batteries Bio fuels

Foods and beverages-Advanced packaging materials, sensors, and lab-on-chips for food quality testing

Appliances and textiles-Stain proof, water proof and wrinkle free textiles

Household and cosmetics-Self-cleaning and scratch free products, paints, and better cosmetics

Impact of NanotechnologyImpact of Nanotechnology

Computing and Data StorageComputing and Data Storage Materials and ManufacturingMaterials and Manufacturing Health and Medicine Health and Medicine Energy and EnvironmentEnergy and Environment TransportationTransportation National SecurityNational Security Space ExplorationSpace Exploration

Nanotechnology Benefit In Nanotechnology Benefit In Electronics And ComputingElectronics And Computing• Processors with declining energy use and cost

per gate, thus increasing efficiency of computer by 106

• Small mass storage devices: multi-tera bit levels• Integrated nanosensors: collecting, processing

and communicating massive amounts of data with minimal size, weight, and power consumption

• Higher transmission frequencies and more efficient utilization of optical spectrum to provide at least 10 times the bandwidth

• Display technologies

• Quantum computing

Health And MedicineHealth And Medicine Expanding ability to characterize genetic

makeup will revolutionize the specificity of diagnostics and therapeutics

Nanodevices can make gene sequencing more efficient

Effective and less expensive health care using remote and in-vivo devices

New formulations and routes for drug delivery, optimal drug usage

More durable, rejection-resistant artificial tissues and organs

Sensors for early detection and prevention

Material And Material And ManufactureManufacture

Ability to synthesize nanoscale building blockswith control on size, composition etc. further assembling

into larger structures with designed properties will revolutionize materials manufacturing

Manufacturing metals, ceramics, polymers, etc. at exact shapes without machining

Lighter, stronger and programmable materials Lower failure rates and reduced life-cycle costs Bio-inspired materials Multifunctional, adaptive materials Self-healing materials

Energy And EnvironmentEnergy And Environment Energy Production-

Clean, less expensive sources enabled by novel nanomaterials and processes.

Energy Utilization-High efficiency and durable home and industrial lighting.Solid state lighting can reduce total electricity

consumption by 10% and cut carbon emission by the equivalent of 28 million tons/year (Source: Al Romig, Sandia Lab).

Nanotechnology In Nanotechnology In TransportationTransportation

Thermal barrier and wear resistant coatings

High strength, light weight composites for increasing fuel efficiency

High temperature sensors for ‘under the hood’

Improved displays

Battery technology

Wear-resistant tires

Automated highways

National SecurityNational Security Very high sensitivity, low power sensor for detecting the

chem/bio/nuclear threats. Light weight military platforms, without sacrificing

functionality, safety and soldier security

-Reduce fuel needs and logistical requirements Reduce carry-on weight of soldier gear

-Increased functionality per unit weight

Examples of exciting applications of nanotechnology

Nanopowders — the unusual properties of particles less than 100 nm allow a range of new and improved materials with a breadth of applications, such as plastics that behave like ceramics or metals; new catalysts for environmental remediation; improved food shelf-life and packaging; and novel drug delivery devices.

The scale of nanopowders

Porous metallic ‘nanocubes’ store large amounts of H2

Carbon NanotubeCarbon Nanotube

Carbon nanotubes — Carbon nanotubes were demonstrated in 1991.

In this graphite can be rolled into a cylinder with a diameter of about 1 nm. These strong but light ‘carbon nanotubes’ are being developed for a raft of uses, such as sensors, fuel cells, computers and televisions.

Properties Of CNTProperties Of CNT The strongest and most flexible molecular material

because of C-C covalent bonding and seamless hexagonal network architecture.

Maximum strain ~10% much higher than any material Thermal conductivity ~ 3000 W/mK in the axial direction

with small values in the radial direction. Electrical conductivity six orders of magnitude higher

than copper. Very high current carrying capacity. Excellent field emitter; high aspect ratio and small tip

radius of curvature are ideal for field emission.

Quantum ComputerQuantum Computer Quantum computing and quantum computers are in Quantum computing and quantum computers are in

advanced stages of development due to recent advanced stages of development due to recent nanotechnology.nanotechnology.

Quantum computer technology involves the use of the Quantum computer technology involves the use of the quantum particle as a replacement for the bit of today's quantum particle as a replacement for the bit of today's computers.computers.

Paul Benioff, a physicist at the Argonne National Paul Benioff, a physicist at the Argonne National Laboratory, who used the concept of the Turing machine Laboratory, who used the concept of the Turing machine as a model for the quantum computer.as a model for the quantum computer.

The quantum computer uses quantum particles The quantum computer uses quantum particles

Contd…Contd… a quantum computer will store a quantum computer will store

information as quantum bits which information as quantum bits which can hold more than two values. can hold more than two values.

Quantum computers will also be Quantum computers will also be able to utilize one other important able to utilize one other important characteristic of quantum particles characteristic of quantum particles known as entanglement. The known as entanglement. The property of entanglement makes it property of entanglement makes it possible to assign and determine possible to assign and determine the value or the spin of a quantum the value or the spin of a quantum particle by introducing an outside particle by introducing an outside force. force.

Nanomembrane filtration systems

Nanotechnology can address one of the most pressing issues of the 21st Century — safe, clean and affordable water.

Nanomembrane filtration devices that ‘clean’ polluted water, sifting out bacteria, viruses, heavy metals and organic material.

The key to lowering the energy demand and improving throughput for desalination is in understanding how to selectively separate small molecules, and package these technologies for exploitation.

Growth

Future TrendsFuture Trends

Solar CellSolar Cell Nanotechnology opens the opportunity to produce Nanotechnology opens the opportunity to produce

cheaper and friendlier solar cells. Nanoparticles are cheaper and friendlier solar cells. Nanoparticles are perfect to absorb solar energy and they can be used perfect to absorb solar energy and they can be used in very thin layers on conventional metals to absorb in very thin layers on conventional metals to absorb incident solar energy.incident solar energy.

NanofibresNanofibres nanofibres offers the potential of using the woven nanofibres offers the potential of using the woven

reinforcement as body armor.  The future soldier’s reinforcement as body armor.  The future soldier’s uniform would incorporate soft woven ultra strong uniform would incorporate soft woven ultra strong fabric with capabilities to become rigid when protect fabric with capabilities to become rigid when protect him against pollution, poisoning and enemy hazards. him against pollution, poisoning and enemy hazards.

Contd..Contd..

SensorsSensors Nanotechnology offers unlimited opportunities to Nanotechnology offers unlimited opportunities to

produce new generation pressure, chemical, magneto produce new generation pressure, chemical, magneto resistive and anti-collision automobile sensors. resistive and anti-collision automobile sensors.

Ultra Light WeightUltra Light Weight Nanotechnology is viewed as a key technology for the Nanotechnology is viewed as a key technology for the

development of ultra light materials which would result development of ultra light materials which would result in energy, fuel and materials savings.in energy, fuel and materials savings.

National Security National Security Nanotechnology also concerned in national security Nanotechnology also concerned in national security

protecting from nuclear, chemical and other bio protecting from nuclear, chemical and other bio hazardous attack.hazardous attack.

Contd..Contd.. NanobotsNanobots

  Nanobots will be the next Nanobots will be the next generation of nanomachines. generation of nanomachines. Advanced nanobots will be able Advanced nanobots will be able to sense and adapt to to sense and adapt to environmental stimuli such as environmental stimuli such as heat, light, sounds, surface heat, light, sounds, surface textures, and chemicals; textures, and chemicals; perform complex calculations; perform complex calculations; move, communicate, and work move, communicate, and work together; repair or even replicate together; repair or even replicate themselves themselves

DisadvantagesDisadvantages The engineered robots will perform jobs instead of people

which will result in a loss of jobs.

The wastes released while making the materials for nanotechnology are released into the atmosphere and can even penetarte human and animal cells and effect their performance.

Agricultural countries will lose their income as nanotechnology will take over.

It has very high initial investment costs along with high manufacturing costs.

If any damage is done at the molecular level then it is not possible to revert it.