INTRODUCTIONTO

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Prashant SharmaMCA 3rd Semester

Definition“Nanotechnology is science and

engineering at the scale of atoms and molecules. It is the art & science of building stuff that does stuff at the

nanometer scale.”

National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2007

Unit Comparison

Size Comparison

Ant = 5mmHead of Pin =1-2 mmHuman hair = 10-120 µm diameterRed Blood Cells = 2-5 µmDNA = 2-12 nmCarbon Nanotube =1.3nm diameterCarbon Bucky Ball = 1 nm

History

The idea of nanotechnology was born in 1959 when physicist Richard Feynman gave a lecture exploring the idea of building things at the atomic and molecular scale. He imagined the entire Encyclopaedia Britannica written on the head of a pin.

Figure 1.11: Richard Feynman.

History (cont..)

• Experimental nanotechnology did not come into its own until 1981, when IBM scientists in Zurich, Switzerland, built the first scanning tunnelling microscope (STM)• This allows us to see single atoms by scanning a tiny probe over the surface of a silicon crystal• In 1990, IBM scientists discovered how to use an STM to move single xenon atoms around on a nickel surface - in an iconic experiment, with an inspired eye for marketing, they moved 35 atoms to spell out "IBM".

History (cont..)• Three gentlemen—Harold Kroto from the University of Sussex, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley from Rice University—were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996 for their discovery of a new composition of carbon, Carbon 60 in 1985. • And in 1991, tiny, super-strong rolls of carbon atoms known as carbon nanotubes were created. These are six times lighter, yet 100 times stronger than steel.

A “Buckyball.”

A “Carbon Nanotube”

Fields

Applications

• Understanding of molecular recognition

• Capture and recognize a specified molecule, i.e. bioarrays

As a sensor

Fig. 1-NASA aircraft containing smart materials with sensors and actuators. Simulating form and functions of birds www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/spinoff2001/langley.html

As a Space Elevator

Recent proposals for a space elevator are notable in their plans to incorporate carbon nanotubes into the secure design, thus providing a link between space study and nanotechnology.

• Design to mimic some type of bioprocess

• Main focus is on human repair and idea of self-assembly

• Diagnostic and Treatment

Nanoscale Biostructure

Fig. 2-Carbon nanotubes as biomedical sensors to test electrical properties in biomolecular environment

For Energy Capture and Storage

Sunlight storage, i.e. titanium dioxide. This material is able to absorb solar energy when combined with a special dye. Then the energy may be converted to electrical energy.

Fig. 3- New technologies for clean energy generation and storage, such as using hydrogen to supply fuel cells

• Nanoelectronics combine biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, and computer science, i.a. computer chips (nanochips), nanomotors, nanoelectronics to body’s nervous system

• Nanotechnology to the rescue of overheating computer chips

For Electronics

Nokia Morph Cell Phone With Nanotechnology

• Miniature Weapons and Explosives• Disassembles for Military Use• Uncontrolled Nanomachines• Self Replicating Nanomachines• Monitoring• Tracking

Potential Danger

• However, if the researchers in this field put together an ethical set of guidelines (e.g., Molecular Nanotechnology Guidelines) and follow them, then we should be able to develop nanotechnology safely while still reaping its promised benefits.

• Nanotechnology is predicted to be developed by 2020 but much depends on our commitment to its research.

Conclusion

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology• http://www.newscientist.com• http://wanderlustmind.com/2009/01/18/interactive-nanotech-food• http://scienceblogs.com/framing-science/2008/05/

at_the_new_york_times_and_glob.php• http://1nanotechnology.blogspot.com/2007/08/conclusion.html• Alberto Quiñonez, Ph.D.(Slides)• Karen Wosczyna-Birch (Slides)

Bibliography

Questionnaire

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