Nanoparticles - Primary and secondary organic aerosols from a … · 2016. 4. 13. · 1995 2000...
Transcript of Nanoparticles - Primary and secondary organic aerosols from a … · 2016. 4. 13. · 1995 2000...
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Primary andPrimary and secondary organic aerosols secondary organic aerosols
from a diesel car during smog chamber from a diesel car during smog chamber experimentsexperiments
Roberto Roberto ChiricoChirico
Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland
13TH ETH Conference, 22-24 June 2009
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Why are we interested in aerosol particles ?Why are we interested in aerosol particles ?
Direct radiative forcingScattering and absorption of solar and infrared radiation Indirect radiative forcingAlteration of the formation and precipitation efficiency of liquid water, ice and mixed-phase clouds
Health effectRespiratory and carcinogenic effects
Importance of aerosol size (d < 1µm) and composition (PAHs associated to particles)
VorführenderPräsentationsnotizenAfter the first 2 interesting talk Ican skipmy first slide but before that I want to add that the aerosols can haave also an health effect..Aerosol particles can have an effect on the climate changes and they can have an health effect and those effects depend on…..Concerning the climate changes up to day there are big uncentanties associated to aerosols
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Diesel passenger carsDiesel passenger cars
(ACEA, 2008; EPA, 2002; Automotive Industry Data Newsletter )
Number of new diesel passenger cars in Europe
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
DPM
[g/k
m]
2010200520001995Year
EURO 1 (1992)
EURO 2 (1996)
EURO 3 (2000)
EURO 4 (2005)
EURO 5 (2009)
EURO 6 (2014)
EU Emission Standards for Diesel Particulate Matter
VorführenderPräsentationsnotizenAn important source of particles are diesel vehicles
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Dilution effect on PM massDilution effect on PM mass
(Robinson et al., Science 2007; Lipsky and Robinson, ES&T 2006)
Fine particulate mass with initial OM/BC=2 can
decrease by 50% when dilution ratio is increased
from 20:1 to 350:1
Primary Organic Aerosols (POA) contains Semi-
Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) that
partially evaporate.
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Primary and Secondary organic aerosolsPrimary and Secondary organic aerosols
Primary Organic Aerosols
High temperature
Ambient temperatureLow dilution ratio (10-100)
Ambient temperatureHigh dilution ratio
(1000-10000)Secondary Organic
Aerosols
OH
O3NO3
hv
(Robinson et al., Science 2007)
POA constituents as non volatileOA mainly present in urban areas
POA main constituent of OA
POA constituents as volatile
Decrease of OA
Photochemical aging of SVOCs
Considerable amount of Urban and Regional
SOAtime < 1 sec
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Set up for smog chamber experimentsSet up for smog chamber experiments
Clean air generator
Smog Chamber
Heated Diluter (150°C)
Pressurised air heater (150°C)
Ambient air Excess air
Heatedline (150°C)Heated line (150°C)
EURO 3 Diesel car
Diluter
1:84
1:8
CO2 Analyzer CO2 Analyzer
SMPS
AMS
CPCAethalometer
CO, NO, NOx, O3 Analyzer
60 L/min60 L/min
7 L/min7 L/min
DC
PAS
Drier
Dilution factors: 300-1200
Idle – 60 km/h
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HRHR--ToFToF--AMS and AMS and AethalometerAethalometer
(De Carlo et al., Anal. Chem. 2006; Weingartner
et al., Aerosol Sci. 2003)
3 5
3 0
2 5
2 0
1 5
1 0
5
0
µg/m
3
543210T im e a f te r l ig h ts o n (h r s )
T e m p o r a l e v o lu t i o n O r g a n i c M a t te r ( H R - T o F - A M S ) T e m p o r a l e v o lu t i o n B la c k C a r b o n ( A e th a lo m e t e r )
Aerosols are internally mixedBC can be used as tracer for chamber wall loss
[ ])/BC(t)BC(tOM(t) MeasuredOM(t) Estimated 0×=
VorführenderPräsentationsnotizenThe ecrease of BC is due to wall losses..
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6 0
5 0
4 0
3 0
2 0
1 0
0
µg/m
3
543210T im e a fte r lig h ts o n (h rs )
1 .4
1 .2
1 .0
0 .8
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
0 .0
Characteristic aging experiment Characteristic aging experiment of diesel exhaustof diesel exhaust
Primary aerosols consist mainly of BC with a low fraction of Organic Matter (OM)Photo-oxidation of gaseous organics produces SOA
VorführenderPräsentationsnotizenMass absorption efficiency doesn‘t change with time
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Starting POA concentration assumed constant
Primary and Secondary organic aerosolsPrimary and Secondary organic aerosols
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
µg/m
3
543210Tim e after lights on (hrs)
SO A
PO A
BC
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SOA contribution to total organic massSOA contribution to total organic mass
After 5 hours of aging SOA is 30-80 % of the Total Organic Aerosols
100
80
60
40
20
0
% P
OA
543210Time after lights on (hrs)
Idle 60 km/h
SOA (60 km/h)
SOA (Idle)
[ ] 100)/OM(t)POA(t%POA(t) 0 ×=
VorführenderPräsentationsnotizenNow let‘s have a look at the differences between POA and the OOA….
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OrganicOrganic
Aerosol Mass Aerosol Mass SpectraSpectra
Discrimination between ions with the same nominal mass
Ions grouped into 4 different organic classes depending on the atom combination
Average mass spectrum for an ensemble of submicron particles with a time resolution of few seconds
High resolving power (2000-5000)
1 4
1 2
1 0
8
6
4
2
0
Rel
ativ
e In
tens
ity (%
)
8 07 57 06 56 05 55 04 54 03 53 0m / z
C H C H O C H N C H O N
VorführenderPräsentationsnotizenWe can do this because with the AMS we can obtain the MS of the organic aerosols
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m/zHydrocarbon-like Organic Aerosols
(Fragmentation pattern similar to that one of long chain hydrocarbons)
Photochemically Aged Organic Aerosols
OrganicOrganic
Aerosol Mass Aerosol Mass SpectraSpectra
fromfrom
dieseldiesel
exhaustexhaust
m/z
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OrganicOrganic
Aerosol Mass Aerosol Mass SpectraSpectra
fromfrom
dieseldiesel
exhaustexhaust
Higher contribution of the CHO family to the organic aerosols after 5 hours of aging
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AtomicAtomic
ratiosratios
and OM/BC and OM/BC ratiosratios
O/C and OM/OCH/C
OM/OC (POA)= 1.28-1.33(60 km/h) (idle)
VorführenderPräsentationsnotizenfor those people interested in the measurements of organic carbon I think that it is important to say that the om to oc values for POA that I measured were 1.28 and 1.33
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ConclusionsConclusions
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Fresh aerosols from an Euro 3 diesel car consist mainly of BC (OM/BC=0.2-0.3)
•
POA is an Hydrocarbon-like Organic Aerosol
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Diesel cars can contribute to SOA (30- 80% after 5 hrs of aging)
•
During the aging Organic Aerosols get more oxidized
VorführenderPräsentationsnotizenI have started my talk with this picture and I will conclude with this one as well because I think that my conclusions might be interesting for those people involved in the studies of global warming and health effectsIt is important to learn more about the composition of SOA
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Thanks toThanks to…………..
M. Heringa, P. M. Heringa, P. DeCarloDeCarlo, T. , T. TritscherTritscher, , E. Weingartner, G. E. Weingartner, G. WehrleWehrle, , R. Richter, A.S.H. R. Richter, A.S.H. PrevotPrevot, , and U. and U. BaltenspergerBaltensperger
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Thank you for your attentionVielen Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit
Merci pour votre attention Grazie per la vostra attenzione
http://www.chrismadden.co.uk
[email protected]@psi.ch
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Filling
the
chamber in ~15 min
Euro 3 diesel
car
running
at 60 km per hour
AgingAging
of of dieseldiesel
exhaustexhaust
in in thethe
PSI PSI smogsmog
chamberchamber
-
200
150
100
50
0
09:4505.11.2008
10:00 10:15 10:30 10:45 11:00dat
dat
09:4507.11.2008
10:00 10:15 10:30
09:00 09:15 09:30 09:45 10:00
dat
Tem p_051108 (60 km/h) Tem p_171108 (idle) Tem p_071108 (60 km/h) Tem p_211108
200-210 °C
82 °C
Exhaust temperatureExhaust temperature
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Diesel Oxidation CatalystDiesel Oxidation Catalyst
the oxidation of NO to NO2 is constrained kinetically at low temperatures and thermodynamically at higher temperatures
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1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
OM
/BC
13 012 01101009080Tem p era tu re e xh au st
Idlin g m od e600 R PMC on su m ptio n 0.6 l/h
Direct measurement: Temperature effectDirect measurement: Temperature effect
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1 . 2
1 . 0
0 . 8
0 . 6
0 . 4
0 . 2
OM
/BC
543210
A V G _ O M B C _ id le A V G _ O M B C _ 6 0 k m h
0.80+/-0.36
0.44+/-0.20
OM/BCOM/BC
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Size distributionSize distribution
2
3
4
56789
100
2
3
4
5
6
Size
[nm
]
20151050
H.A .L .O .(h rs)
2 .0x10 41 .51 .00 .50 .0
dN /d logDp
31-01-2008
idle
-
3 .0
2 .5
2 .0
1 .5
1 .0
0 .5
0 .0
OM
/BC
1 6 01 4 01 2 01 0 08 06 04 02 00O rg a n ic lo a d in g
O n ly 0 6 0 0 -1 8 3 0 in te rv a ls
O M o v e rB C _ 0 6 0 0 _ 1 8 3 0 O M o v e rB C _ E M P A -S ilk e O M o v e rB C _ S m o g C h a m b e r
OM/BC OM/BC vsvs
OrgOrg
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OM/OC OM/OC vsvs
O/CO/C
Diesel fuelsC10-C25 hydrocarbon mixtures
Lubricating oilsC14-C45 hydrocarbon mixtures
OM/OC (C10-C45 long chain alkanes) 1.17 -1.19
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VOC/NOVOC/NOXX
ratioratio
2 6 0
2 4 0
2 2 0
2 0 0
1 8 0
1 6 0
1 4 0
1 2 0
1 0 0
8 0
6 0
4 0
2 0
0
ppb
2 01 51 050H . A . L . O . ( h r s )
O z o n e _ M L N O _ M L N O x _ M L
OzonePropene
High NOX
(~NO) conc. from diesel exhaust
OH reacts about 5.5 times more rapidly with NO2
than with an average urban VOC mix
VOC/NOX
ratio needs to be increased
NO2
NO
O
O2
O3
sunTermination
by NOx
Initiation RO :Photolysis of
O , Aldehydes, HONO
x
3
OHHNO3
H
RCH (OH)2
RCH O2 2
HO2
RCH O2
RCO
RCH (ROG)3
CO
RCHO
Terminationby RO + ROx x
H O2 2RCH OOH2
ORCO
RCO2O
PAN'sHO2+
+ HO2
+
NO2
+O2
+
+
+
or Addition
SubstractionH O2
O2++ O2
+ O2
CO2
CO2
+ O2
H O2
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HRHR--ToFToF--AMSAMS
(MS mode)(MS mode)
(Jayne et al., 2000; De Carlo et al., 2006)
Turbo Pump (~1E-3 Torr)
Turbo Pump (~1E-8 Torr)
Particle Inlet (1 atm)
AerodynamicLens (2 Torr)
SAMPLING CHAMBER
AERODYNAMIC SIZING
CHAMBER
Thermal Vaporization
(600°C)and
Electron Ionization
(70 eV)
Critical orifice(100 µm) DETECTION
CHAMBER
QuadrupoleMass Spectrometer
e¯
Chopper (150 Hz)
e-
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Composition of diesel emissionsComposition of diesel emissions
(Schneider et al., ES&T 2005)
Primary Organic Aerosols (POA)
100-200 nmagglomerated particles
consisting of solid carbonaceous material
with adsorbed organics and sulfates
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Composition of the organic fractionComposition of the organic fraction
(Schauer et al., ES&T 1999)
Hundreds of different organic compounds
AldehydesKetonesAlkanesPAHs
TOTAL ORGANICS
8%
4%
1%
4%
1%
0%
42%10%
1%
0%
29%
ALKANESALKENESALKYNESMONOCYCLIC AROMATICPAHsHOPANE AND STERANESALDEHYDESKETONESACIDSTOTAL OTHERSUnresolved Complex Mixture
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Diesel particle number concentrationDiesel particle number concentration
THE TOTAL PARTICLE NUMBER HAS
DECREASED WITH NEWER DIESEL
ENGINES
(Burtscher, 2005; Kittelson et al., 1998; www.dieselnet.com)
Older diesel cars
→ high conc of soot particles→ large surface areaNewer diesel cars
→ low conc of soot particles → little surface area → nucleation
more likely
PARTICLE NUMBER IN THE NUCLEI MODE HAS
INCREASED WITH NEWER DIESEL CAR WITH
PARTICLE TRAP
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Kelvin effectKelvin effect
The saturation vapor pressure is defined as the equilibrium partial pressure for a plane (flat) liquid surface at a given temperature. If the liquid surface is sharply curved,
such as the surface of a small droplet, the partial pressure required to maintain mass equilibrium is greater than that for a flat surface. The curvature of the surface modifies slightly the attractive forces between surface molecules, so that the smaller the droplet, the easier it is for molecules to leave the droplet surface. To prevent this evaporation-that is, to maintain mass equilibrium-
the partial pressure of vapor surrounding the droplet must be greater than ps.
For pure liquids, the relationship between the saturation ratio required for equilibrium (no growth or evaporation), called the Kelvin ratio Kr, and the droplet size is given the Kelvin equation
Kr=pd/ps=exp(4γM/ρRTd)
γ
=surface
tension
M=molecular
weight
Ρ=density
of the
droplet
liquid
D=Kelvin
diameter, the
diameter
of the
droplet
that
will neither
grow
nor
evaporate
when
the
partial pressure
of vapor
at the
droplet
surface
is
pd
This
equation
defines
a specific
saturation
ratio
required
to mantain
mass equilibrium
for
a given
particle
size
d
WdV
forces
= 1/R6
(Hinds, 1999)
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Gas-particle partitioning of organics
Absorption into the aerosol organic matter
6om
0Lom
omP 10pMW
RT760fKγ
=
GasGas--particle partitioningparticle partitioning
(Pankow, Atm
Environ 1994)activitypressure,vapor ,MW
matter organic offraction phase org
∝
ATSP/F
PK =
F (ng/m3) is the particulate-associated concentration of orgTSP is the concentration of the total suspended particulate (µg/m3)A (ng/m3) is the gas-phase concentration of org
omigi ff ,, =0,,, iLomomiomi pf γχ=Ideal conditions: fi=pi RT
pmmoli
Vn
igi
760)/( 3, =
VorführenderPräsentationsnotizenThe gas-particle partitioning of organics can be describe by Absorption into the aerosol organic matter
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The absorption coeffcient
(babs
) is defined with Beer–Lambert’s law
where I0
is the intensity of the incoming light and I the remaining light intensity after passing through a medium with the thickness x. The attenuation (ATN) is typically given as percentage values and is defined by the relationship
Aethalometers
measure the light attenuation through a quartz filter matrix where the fiber filter is assumed to act as a perfect diffuse scattering matrix in which the light-absorbing particles are embedded.
According to the Beer–Lambert’s law, the aerosol absorption coefficient of the filtered aerosol particles bATN (or attenuation coefficient) is defined as
where A is the filter spot area (m2), Q the volumetric flow rate
(m3/s)and ΔATN is the change in attenuation during the time interval Δt.It
is well known that bATN
may differ significantly from the true aerosol absorption coeffcient
babs of airborne particles. Therefore, the calibration factors C and R(ATN) are introduced, which can be used to convert aethalometer
attenuation measurements to “real”
absorption coefficients:
Absorption coefficient
(m-1)
C and R describe the two effects which change the optical properties of filter embedded particles with respect to the properties of the same particles in the airborne state
C
= is greater than unity and is caused by multiple scattering of
the light beam at the filter fibers in the unloaded filter. This leads to an enhancement of the optical path and thus to enhanced light absorption of the deposited particles. C depends on the λ. It was experimentally determined during smog chamber studies a C = 2.14±
0.21
Attenuation coefficient (m-1) of the system composed by filter and particles is measured
R(ATN) =
varies with (a) the amount of aerosol particles embedded in the filter and (b) optical properties of the deposited particles. For unloaded filters R is set to unity, i.e. R(ATN = 0) = 1. With the gradual increase in attenuation due to the accumulating particles in the filter the absorbing particles in the filter absorb a higher
fraction of the scattered light which leads to a reduction of the optical path in the filter (R¡1). As a consequence, generally lower attenuation coefficients are measured for higher filter loadings than for lightly loaded filters (Shadowing effect)The aerosol black carbon mass concentration MBC
(gm −3) is related to the absorption and attenuation coefficients bywhere σabs
and σATN
≡ σabs
·C are the mass specific absorption and attenuation cross-sections (m2 g−1), respectively. σATN
strongly depends on the aerosol type and age. They depend on λ.σATN
≡ σabs
·C Mass specific attenuation cross-sections (m2/g). σATN (λ=880 nm)=16.6 m2/g (this
value
is
given
by
the
manual)bATN
and σATN
relate light attenuation to BC mass in the case of filter based
measurement method while babs
and σabs
are used for suspended particle in the air
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Q Q vsvs
ToFToF
SpectrometersSpectrometers
––
Time Time resolutionresolution
6≈VV~
D
zeEsmDt
2=
A COMPLETE MASS SPECTRUM IS
ACQUIRED EVERY 12 µs
A MASS SPECTRUM IS SCANNED OVER A MASS
RANGE OF m/z 1-300 WITHIN 300ms
E
QQ ToFToF
m/z=100
Shorter averaging time for representative particle counting statistics
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UNIVERSAL AND QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Positive IonMass
Spectrometry
Vaporizer
e-
ELECTRON EMITTINGFILAMENT
R+
FOCUSED PARTICLE BEAM
FLASHVAPORIZATION
OF NON-REFRACTORYCOMPONENTS (NR)
600 °C ELECTRON IMPACT
IONIZATION
Evaporation/ionizationEvaporation/ionization
chamberchamber
The term ‘non-refractory’
(NR) is defined operationally as those species that evaporate rapidly (
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Water H2
O H2
O+
, HO+
, O+
18,
17, 16Ammonium
NH3
NH3+, NH2+, NH+
17, 16, 15Nitrate HNO3
HNO3+, NO2+, NO+
63, 46, 30
Sulfate
H2
SO4 H2
SO4+, HSO3+, SO3
+ 98, 81, 80
SO2+, SO+
64, 48Organic Cn
Hm
Oy
H2
O+, CO+, CO2+
18, 28, 44(Oxygenated) H3
C2
O+,
HCO2+, Cn’
Hm+ 43, 45, ...
Organic
Cn
Hm Cn’
Hm’+
27,29,41,43,55,57,69,71...(hydrocarbon)
Group Molecule/Species
Ion Fragments
Mass Fragments
e-e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
Standard electron impact ionization @ 70 eVEasy to quantify Comparable to the NIST MS libraryEasy to separate inorganic and organic componentsSpeciation of organic composition is challenging
MS Signatures for Aerosol Species IdentificationMS Signatures for Aerosol Species Identification
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Terminal velocity is obtained when the gravitational force (FG) is equal and opposite to the drag force
Continuum Regime Aerodynamic Diameter
for irregular particles ofstandard density, dm > dve
> da
Vacuum Aerodynamic Diameter
dm dm vsvs
dvadva
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SensitivitySensitivity
The V-Mode
data show detectable signal up to
m/z 1300
The lower sensitivity of W-mode
results in detectable signal up to
m/z 700
(De Carlo et al., 2006)
-
(Arey
et al., 1989; Reisen
and Arey, 2005; EEA, 2006)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of the day
No
scal
e
Oxidant
concentrations
in urban
areas
O3
conc
= 80-150 ppbNOX
conc
= 30-80 µg/m3(Milano 150 µg/m3)
NO3
conc
= 1×1010
molecules/cm3
(nighttime) OH
conc
=5-10×106
molecules/cm3 (summertime)
Oxidant concentrations and diurnal variationOxidant concentrations and diurnal variation
·NO2
+ hν
(λ
-
Zhang et al., GRL 2007
Worldwide
AMS measurements
show
the
abundance of organics
in the
atmospheric
aerosol
-
Worldwide
AMS measurements
show
the
abundance of organics
in the
atmospheric
aerosol
Zhang et al., GRL 2007
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FractionsFractions
of BC, OM, NO3, SO4 and NH4 of BC, OM, NO3, SO4 and NH4 and fossil and and fossil and nonnon--fossilfossil
contributioncontribution
to EC and OCto EC and OC
Nearly identical composition
Black CarbonOrganic massNitrateSulfateAmmonium
Black CarbonOrganic massNitrateSulfateAmmonium
Z_meanPM10
ECbb4% ECfossil
17%
OCfossil23%
OCnonfossil56%
Z_meanPM10
ECbb4% ECfossil
17%
OCfossil23%
OCnonfossil56%
Zürich
16%30%
14%
6%
34%
Zürich
16%30%
14%
6%
34%
R_mean
ECbb5%
ECfossil17%
OCfossil22%
OCnonfossil56%
R_mean
ECbb5%
ECfossil17%
OCfossil22%
OCnonfossil56%
7%
15%
34%11%
33%
Reiden
7%
15%
34%11%
33%
Reiden
Urban background Highway/rural
-
13%
60%
13%
7%7%
Zürich (July)
11%
32%
15%
27%
1%
14%
Zürich (January)
Black CarbonOrganic massNitrateSulfateAmmonium
AverageAverage
compositioncomposition
in Zin Züürich in rich in summersummer
and and winterwinter
-
Lanz et al., ACP (2007)
Organic mass13%
60%
13%
7%7%
Zürich (July)
Black CarbonOrganic massNitrateSulfateAmmonium
OOA: Secondary organic aerosol
HOA: mostly traffic
Chemical Chemical compositioncomposition
in Zin Züürich rich summersummer
andand
-
Z_meanPM10
ECbb4% ECfossil
17%
OCfossil23%
OCnonfossil56%
Zürich (mean)
Use of AMS analysis :
- wood burning 38%
- HOA 7%
Assumptions :
-
only SOA, HOA and wood burning present
-
OM/OC=2 for wood burning and SOA and OM/OC=1.2 for HOA
-
RESULT : SOAnonfossil: 69% SOAfossil: 31%
(biomass burning)
38%
7%17%
38% Wood burning
Traffic
Secondary(fossil)Secondary(non-fossil)
81%
19%
EC (fossil)
EC (non-fossil)
OM
EC
CarbonCarbon
apportionmentapportionment
usingusing
14C 14C analysisanalysis EstimationEstimation
of fossil and of fossil and nonnon--fossilfossil
SOA SOA contributioncontribution
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InorganicsInorganics--S.CS.C..
60 km/h
date_60 OM/BC CO/NOx CO/CO2 OM/(BC*CO2) NO/NOx
110408 0.413 0.254652 0.00050322 0.004945473 0.982716109
71108 0.397 0.025746 0.00010761 0.005113857 0.899252778
211108 0.18 0.012236 3.1328E-05 0.00149138 0.922717961
70109 0.201 0.044092 0.00010491 0.001052584 0.938656715
90408 1.2612 0.691773 0.00152673 0.019011913 0.954776135
51108 0.5089 0.00078636
Idle
date_idle OM/BC_idle CO/Nox_idle CO/CO2_idle OM/(BC*CO2)_idle NO/NOx_idle
100308 0.176 0.275182 0.00271439 0.003667389 0.900077229
40408 0.304 0.249277 0.00247813 0.00452191 0.904475671
171108 0.102 0.232615 0.00248073 0.002273959 0.940398773
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1 0 0
8 0
6 0
4 0
2 0
0
org
9 : 4 5 A M4 / 3 / 2 0 0 9
9 : 5 0 A M 9 : 5 5 A M 1 0 : 0 0 A M 1 0 : 0 5 A M 1 0 : 1 0 A M
d a t
5 0 0
4 0 0
3 0 0
2 0 0
1 0 0
0
BC
0 . 4
0 . 2
0 . 0
OM
/BC
1 . 0
0 . 8
0 . 6
0 . 4
0 . 2
0 . 0
Frac
tion
9 : 5 0 A M4 / 3 / 2 0 0 9
9 : 5 5 A M 1 0 : 0 0 A M 1 0 : 0 5 A M 1 0 : 1 0 A M
D a t e a n d T i m e
M F _ P A H M F _ C h l M F _ N H 4 M F _ N O 3 M F _ S O 4 M F _ B C M F _ O r g
HDDVHDDV
-
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
2:05 PM4/2/2009
2:10 PM 2:15 PM 2:20 PM 2:25 PM 2:30 PM 2:35 PM
dat
2:35 PM4/8/2009
2:40 PM 2:45 PM 2:50 PM 2:55 PM 3:00 PM 3:05 PM
dat
20
15
10
5
0
2:00 PM 2:05 PM 2:10 PM 2:15 PM 2:20 PM 2:25 PM 2:30 PM 2:35 PM
dat
O MoverBC_090402_1 (HD DV) O MoverBC_090406_3 (HD DV) O MoverBC_090408_3 (Diesel-E3-10 ppm) org_090408_3 org_090402_1 org_090406_3
60 km/h 90 km/h
HDDV HDDV vsvs
Diesel E3 passenger carDiesel E3 passenger car
-
DPM DPM compositioncomposition
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Frac
tion
4:00 PM4/16/2009
4:05 PM 4:10 PM 4:15 PM
Date and Time
MF_PAH MF_Chl MF_NH4 MF_NO3 MF_SO4 MF_BC MF_Org
Diesel Euro 4
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Frac
tion
4:40 PM4/8/2009
4:45 PM 4:50 PM 4:55 PM
Date and Time
MF_PAH MF_Chl MF_NH4 MF_NO3 MF_SO4 MF_BC MF_Org
Diesel Euro 3
-
E4 E4 gasolinegasoline
carcar
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
11:1520.04.2009
11:30 11:45 12:00
dat
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
8
6
4
2
0
Foliennummer 1Why are we interested in aerosol particles ?Diesel passenger cars�Dilution effect on PM massPrimary and Secondary organic aerosolsSet up for smog chamber experimentsFoliennummer 7Characteristic aging experiment �of diesel exhaustFoliennummer 9SOA contribution to total organic massOrganic Aerosol Mass SpectraOrganic Aerosol Mass Spectra from diesel exhaustOrganic Aerosol Mass Spectra from diesel exhaustAtomic ratios and OM/BC ratiosConclusionsThanks to…….Foliennummer 17Foliennummer 18Foliennummer 19Foliennummer 20Foliennummer 21Foliennummer 22Size distributionFoliennummer 24OM/OC vs O/CVOC/NOX ratioHR-ToF-AMS (MS mode)Composition of diesel emissionsComposition of the organic fractionDiesel particle number concentrationKelvin effectFoliennummer 32Foliennummer 33Q vs ToF Spectrometers – Time resolutionFoliennummer 35Foliennummer 36Foliennummer 37SensitivityOxidant concentrations and diurnal variationFoliennummer 40Worldwide AMS measurements show the abundance �of organics in the atmospheric aerosolFoliennummer 42Foliennummer 43Chemical composition in Zürich summer andFoliennummer 45Inorganics-S.C.Foliennummer 47Foliennummer 48DPM compositionE4 gasoline car