nan wshop
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What is Nanotechnology?
What use is it?
Prof. Joe ShapterSchool of Chemical and Physical Sciences
Flinders University
What is Nanotechnology?Born in 1959 -- “There’s plenty of room at the bottom”
Richard Feynman
It is now possible to view, manipulate and modify “things” on the molecular and atomic scale.
- ‘Nanoscience’
Nanotechnology is
Application of nanoscience to make useful devices.
Expanding field encompassing all sciences (Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Engineering, Maths)
Technology that will change our lives in the same way that silicon technology has
What is Nanotechnology?
Born in 1959 -- “There’s plenty of room at the bottom” Richard Feynman
nano technology
10-9 one billionth useful things
here it is referring to nanometers
What is Nanotechnology?
Expanding field encompassing all sciences(Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Engineering, Maths)
Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) image ofXenon on Nickel at 4 K
Fe atoms on Cu surfaces C60 on Cu (at a step)
CO on Pt(111)
The art of atomic or molecular control The art of atomic or molecular control for the development of useful devices.for the development of useful devices.
Why control things at this level??Why control things at this level??
atoms, molecules, proteins, lipids, etc. Planned control
Size Does Matter
This is gold
New Sunscreens
New Sunscreens
Current Commercial Applications for Nanomaterials
Electronics: Integrated circuits, FETs, static discharge removal Automotive: stronger tires, lighter yet stronger materials, catalysts,
fuel line safety, airbag and other sensors Sports: nanotubes in tennis racquets and bikes, nanotechnology
enabled golf balls (even a sliced ball goes straight) Cosmetics: transparent sunscreens, sustained delivery of bioactive
molecules Textiles: Self cleaning clothes Building: Thermal isolation, self cleaning surfaces Energy: hydrogen storage, fuel cell components, smart lighting Biomedical: Antifouling coatings, imaging tools, sensors
Richard Smalley’s ViewProblems to be solved
1. Energy2. Water3. Food4. Environment5. Poverty6. Terrorism and war7. Disease8. Education9. Democracy10. Population
Richard E. Smalley, “Future Global Energy Prosperity: The Terawatt Challenge” MRS Bulletin 30 412 – 417 (2005).
Frontiers of Materials Research presentation given on December 2, 2004.
Energy
Possible Energy Sources
Hydroelectric
Solar (PV, Collectors, etc.)
Tidal or Wave
Geothermal
Biofuels
Wind
Fossil Fuels
Nuclear
Carbon Footprint
E.G . Hertwich and G . P . Peters, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 6414–6420
Photovoltaic Approaches
Dye Solar Cells
Dye Solar Cells with Nanotubes
CNT-Polymer Solar Cell
with Ralph Krupke, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
CNT-Polymer Solar CellCNT-Polymer Solar Cell
with Ralph Krupke, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
Medicine
Size Does Matter
Sirtex Medical Inc.
Radioactive Y in particles on the micron scale
Sirtex Medical Inc.Radioactive Y in particles on the micron scaleBeta emitters--pentration depth of 2.5 mm
4 months
14 months
Before
8 months
Making Onions
Dendrimers are a novel class of 3D nanoscale, core-shell structures that can be precisely synthesised for a wide range of applications.
Control the size very preciselyPut things in each layerCoat the Outside in Different ways
Making the Lame Walk
From Prof. Sam Stupp, Northwestern University, USA
NanoTreatment
Fluorescent Quantum Dots Used in Cancer Surgery Fluorescent Quantum Dots Used in Cancer Surgery
Surgeon is able to
find the lymph nodes
which harbour spreading
cancer cells
(metastatic lesions)
27
John Frangioni, Harvard Med SchoolShuming Nie, Georgia Tech
Semiconductor nanoparticles that glow:
Colour depends on size(Quantum Dots)
Water Filtration
RO Membranes
Water FiltrationWater Filtration
Credit: M. Denomme, University of Kentucky
Jason Holt, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Ultimate Goal?
Hydrophilic dye
Eosin Yellow
Transport Experiments Perfluorodecane-thiol (PFDT)
Highly Hydrophobic
t = 0 min t = 30 min
Potential Hazards
A few myths:
Nanoparticles are new things
Our bodies have never seen them before
What is the effect of nanoparticles on the human system?
What about nanoparticles in our blood stream? Digestive system?
Will they cross the blood-brain barrier?
Currently it appears the immune system does not react to really small particles.
What is the effect of nanoparticles on the human system?
Life cycle analysis of nanoparticles for identifying Nanosafety research projects in CSIRO
Courtesy of Dr. Maxine McCall, CSIRO
The future lies in self-assembly of __________(3D)
There are now lots of examples of controlled assembly. The next step is to convince the molecules to self-assemble into something that you want.
Nature does this all the time
Future of NanotechnologyFuture of Nanotechnology
The ultimate nanotech?
What is Nanotechnology?
What use is it?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YbS-YyvCl4&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTp8kEuZ1eY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IX-gTobCJHs
www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFoC-uxRqCghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qIKY2vcDhkQ
RO Membranes
Osomosis
Reverse Osomosis
Systems Under InvestigationSystems Under InvestigationCould be Made from Polycarbonate, Alumina or Silicon
Pores have sizes from a few nanometres up to a few microns
What elements can we control to “program” our separations?
Systems Under InvestigationSystems Under Investigation
Pore Size
Chemical Nature of the Pores
Switchable “Gate Keepers”
Electroless DepositionDeposition dependent on:
Concentration of gold pH Temperature
Hydroxylated alumina surface
SEM images of surface after 24h of gold plating
Verify gold deposition inside the pores by removing the PA template
Systems Under InvestigationSystems Under Investigation
Pore Size
Chemical Nature of the Pores
Switchable “Gate Keepers”
Systems Under InvestigationSystems Under Investigation
Pore Size
Chemical Nature of the Pores
Switchable “Gate Keepers”
Systems Under InvestigationSystems Under Investigation
Pore Size
Chemical Nature of the Pores
Switchable “Gate Keepers”
Switchable Surfaces
Switchable Surfaces
Nanoscience and NanotechnologyNanoscience and Nanotechnology From Greek: “nano” meaning dwarf “Nano” indicates scaling factor of 10-9 (billionth) Adult just shy of 2 billion nanometers (nm) tall
Nanoscience: study chemical/physical consequences of manipulating materials on the nm length scale
Nanotechnology: development of tools for manipulating nm scale materials and of new products and processes
Size does matter -- even in the most basic things
Very Reactive
Nanoparticles in use for 1000s of years Faraday did the first study
What’s new??
Self-cleaning paints
Lifetimes??
What is Nanotechnology?
Device Manufacture
Nanotech.Nanotech.
Molecular EngineeringMolecular Engineering
Attachment of Solar Active ElementsAttachment of Solar Active Elements
Solar Cell Output
Voltage (V)
Cur
rent
Den
sity
(A
cm
-2)
ANT (Advanced Nanopowder Technology) (Micronisers PL does very similar things as well)
Makes ZnO particles which are very small and all the same size
AMBRI
Dendritic Nanotechnologies Limited (Melbourne)
functions and dimensions that scale very closely to a wide variety of important biological polymers and assemblies (i.e. proteins, DNA, etc).
plexiglassepoxies
Dendritic Nanotechnologies Limited (Melbourne)
Dendrimers are a novel class of 3D nanoscale, core-shellstructures that can be precisely synthesised for a wide range of applications.
Building on a central core, dendrimers are formed by the step-wise, sequential addition of concentric shells consisting of branched molecules and connector groups. Each branched shell is referred to as a generation. Up to ten generations can be incorporated into a single dendrimer molecule.
Dendritic Nanotechnologies Limited (Melbourne)Dendrimers possess inherently valuable physical, chemical and biologicalproperties. These include:
* Precise architecture, size and shape control * High uniformity and purity * High loading capacity * High shear resistance * Low toxicity * Low immunogenicity
The surface properties of dendrimers may be manipulated:
* Polyvalency * Flexible charge and solubility properties * Flexible binding properties * Transfection
The way we live will be changedMedicine (Health Care)ComputingGoing to the Beach!!TV--HousesEverything else?
JobsThere will be many less factoriesNO dirty windows or clothes??
Outcomes of NanotechnologyOutcomes of Nanotechnology
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-jJywQvnVnc
Current Approach to Water Filtration