CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES. Naming of Carboxylic acids.
Naming Acids and Bases. 2 Naming Inorganic Acids inorganic acids-have one (monoprotic) or more (di-,...
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Transcript of Naming Acids and Bases. 2 Naming Inorganic Acids inorganic acids-have one (monoprotic) or more (di-,...
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Naming Acids and Bases
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Naming Inorganic Acids
• inorganic acids-have one (monoprotic) or more (di-, tri-, poly-protic) ionizable hydrogen atoms in chemical formula
dissociates in solution to produce H+ ions
examples: HCl, H2S, HClO3
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Naming Inorganic Acids There are two types of inorganic acids:
binary and oxyacids
binary acids
contain NO oxygen
usually 2 elements present
general form: HnX
HCl, H2S
oxyacids/ternary
contain some # of oxygen atoms
usually 3 elements present
general form: HnXOm
HClO, HClO2, HClO3, HClO4, H2SO4, H3PO4
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Naming Inorganic Acids
• Must remember the names of polyatomic and monatomic anions and the whole concept of formula writing
• extension of ionic (stock) nomenclature
• acid names are based on suffix of anion
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Naming Inorganic Acids
suffix of anion change to... example
-ide hydro...ic acid hydrogen fluoride = hydrofluoric acid
-ate -ic acid hydrogen sulfate = sulfuric acid
per...ate per...ic acid hydrogen perchlorate = perchloric acid
-ite -ous acid hydrogen nitrite = nitrous acid
hypo...-ite hypo...ous acid hydrogen hypochlorite = hypochlorous acid
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Naming Inorganic Acidscompoun
danion name acid name
HCl chloride hydrochloric acidH2S sulfide hydrosulfuric acid
HClO hypochlorite hypochlorous acidHClO2 chlorite chlorous acidHClO3 chlorate chloric acidHClO4 perchlorate perchloric acidH2SO4 sulfate sulfuric acidH3PO4 phosphate phosphoric acid
*The number of hydrogen atoms is exactly equal to the numerical value of the charge on the anion
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Try these...
compound
anion name acid name
HFHBrOHBrO3
H2SO3
HBrO4
HBrHBrO2
H3PO4
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Naming Organic Acids• remember IUPAC organic nomenclature
(meth-, eth-, prop-, but-...) (-ane, -ene, -yne)
• carboxylic acid group is the functional group that makes organic compounds acidic (-COOH)
• the carbon of this group counts for one of the carbons in the name, then ignore this group when determining -ane, -ene, -yne.
• general formula:
CxHyCOOH or CH3CH2CH2...COOH
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example: C2H5COOH or CH3CH2COOH
Naming Organic Acids
total of carbon atoms = 3, prophydrogen atoms are one less than 2n+2 = aneCOOH shows acid group = drop final “e,” add -oic acidNAME: propanoic acid
Remember that hydrogen with the -COOH group does NOT count for number of hydrogen
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example: C3H7COOH or CH3CH2CH2COOH
Naming Organic Acids
total of carbon atoms = 4, buthydrogen atoms are one less than 2n+2 = aneCOOH shows acid group = drop final “e,” add -oic acidNAME: butanoic acid
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Try these...
CH3COOH
Name the following organic acids
C5H11COOH
solutions: 1. ethanoic acid; 2. hexanoic acid
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example: C2H3COOH or CH2=CHCOOH
Naming Organic Acids
total of carbon atoms = 3, prophydrogen atoms are one less than 2n = eneCOOH shows acid group = drop final “e,” add -oic acidNAME: propenoic acid
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Try these....
C5H9COOH
Name the following organic acids
C3H3COOH
HCOOH
solutions: 1. hexenoic acid; 2. butynoic acid; 3. methanoic acid
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Naming Inorganic Bases
• inorganic bases - compounds that have one (monobasic) or more (di-, tri-, or poly-basic) hydroxide ions in their formula
• hydroxide ions will dissociate in solution to produces OH-
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Naming Inorganic Bases
• all inorganic bases are hydroxides-you should already know how to name these
general form: M(OH)n
examples: NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Al(OH)3
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Naming Organic Bases
• organic bases - compounds that have one (monobasic) or more (di-, tri-, or poly-basic) hydroxide ions in their formula largely comprised of hydrocarbons
• the functional group that makes organic compounds basic is the amine group (nitrogen w/ hydrogen)
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Naming Organic Bases
• have nitrogen atoms written last with one or two hydrogen atoms
• recall IUPAC nomenclature
• nitrogen needs three bonds
• general form:
CxHyN or CxHyNH or CxHyNH2
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Naming Organic Bases
example: C2H5NH2
total of carbon atoms = 2, ethhydrogen atoms are one less than 2n+2 = aneNH2 shows base group = drop final “e,” add amineNAME: ethanamine
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Naming Organic Bases
example: C4H9NH2
total of carbon atoms = 4, buthydrogen atoms are one less than 2n+2 = aneNH2 shows base group = drop final “e,” add amineNAME: butanamine
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Naming Organic Bases
example: C3H5NH2
total of carbon atoms = 3, prophydrogen atoms are one less than 2n = eneNH2 shows base group = drop final “e,” add amineNAME: propenamine
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Naming Organic Bases
example: C5H7NH2
total of carbon atoms = 5, penthydrogen atoms are one less than 2n-2 = yneNH2 shows base group = drop final “e,” add amineNAME: pentynamine
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Try these...C2HNH2
C6H9NH2
C10H21NH2
C9H17NH2
solutions: 1. ethynamine; 2. hexynamine; 3. decanamine; 4. nonenamine
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Naming Organic Bases
example: (CH3)2NH
total of carbon atoms = 1 taken twice, dimethylNH shows base group = add amineNAME: dimethylamine
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Naming Organic Bases
example: (C2H5)3N
total of carbon atoms = 2 taken thrice, triethylNH shows base group = add amineNAME: triethylamine
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Try these...
(CH3)3N
(C2H5)2NH
solutions: 1. trimethylamine; 2. diethylamine
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Naming Organic Bases
• 2 small exceptions:
H2NNH2
hydrazine:no carbon atoms, 2 amine groups
NH3
ammonia: no carbon atoms, 1 amine with an extra hydrogen