Name, event, date
description
Transcript of Name, event, date
Name, event, dateRob de Jong
United Nations Environment Programme/
Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles
Developmental EffectsDevelopmental Effects
HospitalizationHospitalization
Asthma Attacks and BronchitisAsthma Attacks and Bronchitis
PrematurePremature DeathsDeaths
CancerCancer
Air pollution: health effects
Urban air pollution a key issue
• WHO estimates more than 1 billion people exposed to outdoor air exceeding maximum recommended levels
• Up to 1 million premature deaths, up to 1 million pre-native deaths
• Local and global effects (climate change)• Cost of urban air pollution estimated to be
2% of GDP, in developed countries and more than 5% in developing countries (e.g. 7% China, to rise to 13% by 2020)
• In US almost half of urban residents exposed to harmful levels of ozone
• In Nairobi, Kenya, lead levels in atmosphere are more than 25 times as high as WHO standards
• In CEE USD 1.2 billion lost per year due to working time lost to illness
• But also global impacts: transport sector key to CO2 emissions
Urban air pollution a key issue - continued
Growth in Passenger Cars, EU & CEE (1980 – 2000)
13 x increase
~ 1200%
Rate (%) of Increase from 1980
Passenger Cars per 1000 Inhabitants
While still below the EU average, the ownership rates for passenger vehicles in CEE and Turkey (Czech Rep. and
Romania examples here), are rapidly rising.
Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV)
• set up at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, August 2002
• to promote clean fuels and vehicles to address urban air quality
• public – private Partnership• Clearing-House at UNEP
Headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya
PCFV Objectives
• the elimination of lead in gasoline and the phase down of sulfur in diesel and gasoline fuels, concurrent with
• the adoption of cleaner vehicle technologies
website: www.unep.org/pcfv
Objective 1: Lead in Gasoline
• Lead is added to gasoline to enhance octane
• Lead has severe health effects• Blocks clean vehicles
technologies, esp. introduction catalytic converters
• Alternatives available• Lead phase out world wide
Lead pollution: health effects
• Toxicity already at low level (no safe NAEL)
• Developmental problems (IQ, growth, hearing, specific for children)
• Several organs effected • Malnourished particularly at high risk• Restricts the mental development of
children (loss of IQ); 1ug/dl – 0.25-0.5 IQ point
• For each 10ug/dl – height decrease by 1 cm
Leaded gasoline: Health Effects (example Egypt)
Estimated annual health effects:• Heart Attacks - 6,500 to 11,600• Strokes - 800 to 1,400• Premature Deaths (Adults) - 6,300
to 11,100• Infant Deaths - ~820• Average IQ Loss in Children - 4.25
Points• Egypt went unleaded
Hungary: declining blood lead levels after leaded petrol phase out (1985 –
2000)
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Lead contents in gasoline (g/l)
Blood Lead Level (µg/dl)
Lead levels in petrol in Hungary:
1985: 0.7 grams/ liter
1995: 0.15 grams per liter
current EU level: .005 g/l
Regional Status of Leaded Petrol Phase-Out
Objective 2: Sulfur in fuels
- sulfur levels in crude oil differ per region, and thus sulfur levels in fuels differ
- Health effects and environment effects
- regulations differ between 10,000 ppm and less than 25 ppm
- need for lower sulfur levels for modern engines
Sulfur: Health Effects
• Sulfur and Particulate problems • Sulfur: bronchitis, asthma• damage to plants and buildings• PM: Cardio-respiratory problems
and some constituents of fine particulate matter, such as diesel smoke, are carcinogenic
Sulfur: Health Effects of PM 2.5 (example Europe)
Loss in average expected statistical life expectancy due to identified anthropogenic PM2.5 (in months)
Avg. 9 months of life expectancy lost
386,000 premature deaths annually due to PM
Regional Status of Sulfur in Diesel
Objective 3: Clean Vehicles
- Need to see fuels and vehicles as a combination: certain vehicles need certain fuels and the other way around
- Vehicles - Options:- No or ultra low
emission vehicles- Conventional
vehicles- Retrofit vehicles
Clean Vehicles - continued
Vehicles - Options:
1- No or ultra low emission vehicles hybrids , hydrogen
2- Conventional vehicles modern engines, catalytic converters
3- Retrofit vehicles esp. diesel technology; diesel traps (fuels needs?)
Cleaner Vehicles
sulphur levels in diesel vs engine life
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going from 10,000 to 5,000 ppm sulphur diesel, engine life is expected to increase with 50%
Engine Life vs. Sulfur Levels in Diesel Vehicles
PCFV Possible Outcomes & Next Steps,
CEE & TurkeyIn General
• Work with national governments, industry, civil society to promote cleaner fuels and vehicles in CEE;
• Promote and advocate current conference’s conclusions and recommendations for uptake by national decision-makers;
• Correct information gaps for fuels and vehicles information (especially vehicle fleets);
• Develop a regional network of experts, decision-makers, industry, all stakeholders for cleaner fuels and vehicles.
Cleaner Fuels
LEAD:• Lead phaseout ASAP (including support for current plans):
Albania (ban planned for 2005)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (ban planned for 1/1/2010)
Croatia (1/1/2006)
Macedonia (2006)
RomaniaSerbia & MontenegroTurkey (2006)
• Increased use of catalytic converter technology through legislation, deadlines for retirement of non-cat converter cars, and ban on non-cat imports into CEE countries
Next Steps - continued
SULPHUR:
• Lower diesel sulphur level with the goal to go to 500 ppm asap (including support for current plans) in:
Albania (2,000 ppm)
BiH (2,000 ppm)
Croatia (10,000 ppm)
Macedonia (2,000 ppm)
Serbia & Montenegro (10,000 ppm)
Turkey (7,000)
• Promotion of emissions control technology for heavy-duty diesel vehicles, including retrofits;
• Support for further compliance with EU fuel quality standards for both petrol and diesel.
Next Steps - continued
VEHICLES:
• Close information gaps on CEE national vehicle fleets, including catalytic converters and vehicle age;
• Restrictions on age of imported vehicles and requirements for catalytic converters in all CEE countries (to complement EU requirements);
• Cleaner Diesel Vehicles:Retrofit projects for heavy duty diesel vehicles, improved I & M, accelerated retirement plans, and cost/benefit analysis of replacement of diesel with alternative vehicles (natural gas, etc.).
Next Steps - continued
Role of the Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles
(PCFV)
PCFV Activities
• Technical support• Networking support• Financial support• Joint activities• Involved other partners/
organisations• Information/ communication
Progress on Lead Phase Out in Sub-Saharan Africa
September 2003June 2001
Progress of leaded petrol phase out in sub-Saharan Africa
Leaded
Leaded and unleaded
Unleaded
September 2002
September 2004 September 2005 January 2006 (prediction based onpresent commitments)
(PCFV was launched)(A sub-regional agreement reached to phase out leadedgasoline by January 1, 2006)
Information: Website www.unep.org/pcfv
www.unep.org/PCFV