Name DatePlate Tectonics and Earthquakes Review

A) rigid mantle and plastic mantleB) outer core and stiffer mantleC) stiffer mantle and asthenosphereD) crust and rigid mantle

1. Which two Earth layers are separated by the Mohoboundary?

2. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below, which shows a cutaway view of Earthin which the interior layers are visible. The paths ofearthquake waves generated at point X are shown. A, B, C, and D are locations of seismic stations onEarth's surface, and point E is located in Earth'sinterior.

A) S-waves are much weaker than P-waves.B) S-waves travel faster than P-waves.C) The liquid outer core prevents S-waves from

traveling to seismic stations C and D.D) The solid outer core prevents S-waves from

traveling to seismic stations C and D.

Both P-waves and S-waves were received at seismicstations A and B, but only P-waves were received atseismic stations C and D. Which statement bestexplains why this occurred?

A) solid all the way to the center of the inner coreB) solid, then liquid to the center of the inner coreC) solid, then liquid, then solid again to the center

of the inner coreD) solid, then liquid, then gaseous to the center of

the inner core

3. From the top of the stiffer mantle to the center ofEarth, the rock material is inferred to be

4. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below which represents Earth's interior zones.

A) deep drill coresB) volcanic eruptionsC) gravity measurementsD) earthquake seismic waves

Scientists have classified Earth's interior into thezones shown based primarily on evidence gained bystudying

5. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below which represents three cross sectionsof the Earth at different locations to a depth of 50 kilometers below sea level. The measurements givenwith each cross section indicate the thickness and the density of the layers.

A) radioactive dating B) seismic wavesC) volcanic eruptions D) gravity measurements

The division of the Earth's interior into crust and mantle, as shown in the diagram, is based primarilyon the study of

A) an iron-rich solidB) an iron-rich liquidC) a silicate-rich solidD) a silicate-rich liquid

6. The rock between 2,900 kilometers and 5,200kilometers below the Earth's surface is inferred to be

A) A zone of liquid rock exists within the Earth.B) Iron in some rocks prevents S-waves from

traveling.C) Some seismographs are more sensitive than

others.D) S-waves are very weak.

7. The analysis of seismic data from an earthquakeshows that some locations received both P-waves andS-waves, but other locations received only P-waves.What is the best inference that can be made fromthese observations?

A) water erosion on the MoonB) weathering on the Moon's surfaceC) radioactivity of the Moon's surface rocksD) the Moon's interior

8. Seismic studies of the Moon have helped scientists tomake inferences about

9. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents zones of Earth’sinterior, identified by letters A through E. The scale shows depths below Earth’s surface, measured inkilometers.

A) 650 km B) 1600 km C) 2250 km D) 2900 km

What is the approximate thickness of zone C?

A) thinner and more denseB) thinner and less denseC) thicker and more denseD) thicker and less dense

10. Compared to Earth’s continental crust, Earth’soceanic crust is

A) East Pacific RidgeB) the center of South AmericaC) Old Forge, New YorkD) San Andreas Fault

11. Beneath which surface location is Earth's crust thethinnest?

A) more dense than continental crustB) softer than continental crustC) thinner than continental crustD) younger than continental crust

12. To get sample material from the mantle, drilling willbe done through the oceanic crust rather thanthrough the continental crust because oceanic crust is

13. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge ofEarth science. The cross section represents the distance and age of ocean-floor bedrock found on bothsides of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

A) B)

C) D)

Which map best represents the pattern of magnetic polarity in the minerals of ocean-floor bedrock oneach side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?

14. Base your answer to the following question on the map below. The map shows the continents ofAfrica and South America, the ocean between them, and the ocean ridge and transform faults.Locations A and D are on the continents. Locations B and C are on the ocean floor.

A) B)

C) D)

Which table best shows the relative densities of the crustal bedrock at locations A, B, C, and D?

Base your answers to questions 15 through 17 on the passage and cross section below and on yourknowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents one theory of the movement of rockmaterials in Earth's dynamic interior. Some mantle plumes that are slowly rising from the boundarybetween Earth's outer core and stiffer mantle are indicated.

Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes

Research of mantle hot spots indicates that mantle plumes form in a variety of sizes and shapes.These mantle plumes range in diameter from several hundred kilometers to 1000 kilometers.Some plumes rise as blobs rather than in a continuous streak; however, most plumes are long,slender columns of hot rock slowly rising in Earth's stiffer mantle. One theory is that most plumesform at the boundary between the outer core and the stiffer mantle. They may reach Earth'ssurface in the center of plates or at plate boundaries, producing volcanoes or large domes.

A) fine-grained, dark-colored felsic mineralsB) fine-grained, dark-colored mafic mineralsC) coarse-grained, light-colored felsic mineralsD) coarse-grained, light-colored mafic minerals

15. The basaltic rock that forms volcanic mountains where mantle plumes reach Earth's surface is usuallycomposed of

A) 700 km B) 2000 km C) 2900 km D) 5100 km

16. At which depth below Earth's surface is the boundary between Earth's outer core and stiffer mantlelocated?

A) cooler and less dense B) cooler and more denseC) hotter and less dense D) hotter and more dense

17. Compared to the surrounding material, mantle plumes rise toward Earth's surface from thecore-mantle boundary because they are

18. Base your answer to the following question on the passage and map of a portion of the East AfricanRift system shown below. Point X represents a location on Earth's surface within a rift valley on theEthiopian Dome.

The Great Rift Valley

Rifting of Earth's crust in eastern Africa began during the Neogene Period as the Ethiopian andKenyan Domes formed. These two huge domes were created as Earth's mantle pushed up theoverlying crust. As the crust was forced upward, the resulting tension cracked the crust, resultingin the eruption of volcanoes and the formation of large rifts. The crust continued to pull apart,forming rift valleys. These valleys have become deeper and are currently becoming filled withsediments, igneous rock, and water.

On the cross section below,draw two curved arrows, one on each side of the dashed line, to show thedirection of movement of the convection currents within the asthenosphere that caused the formationof the dome and the rift valley near location X.

A) B)

C) D)

19. Which diagram of crustal movement best shows howolder rock layers may be located on top of youngerrock layers?

A) The level of the ocean was once 5,000 metershigher.

B) Violent earthquakes caused crustal subsidence.C) Marine organisms have evolved into land

organisms.D) Crustal uplift has occurred in this area.

20. An observer discovers shallow-water marine fossilsin rock strata at an elevation of 5,000 meters. Whatis the best explanation for this observation?

A) shallow-water organisms always migrate to thedeeper waters to die

B) parts of the ocean floor have been upliftedC) parts of the ocean floor have subsidedD) the surface water cooled off, killing the

organisms

21. Shallow-water fossils are found in rock layers thatare deep beneath the ocean floor. This suggests that

A) after the rock layers were deposited, when thenorth side moved downward

B) after the rock layers were deposited, when thenorth side moved upward

C) before the rock layers were deposited, when thesouth side moved downward

D) before the rock layers were deposited, when thesouth side moved upward

22. The photograph below shows an escarpment (cliff)located in the western United States. The directionsfor north and south are indicated by arrows. A faultin the sedimentary rocks is shown on the front of theescarpment.

The photograph shows that the fault most likelyformed

A) folding B) faultingC) deposition D) vulcanism

23. The diagram below shows the bedrock structurebeneath a series of hills.

Which process was primarily responsible forforming the hills?

24. Base your answer to the following question on the map below which shows part of the earthquakedamage field that resulted from the earthquake that occurred in Northridge, in southern California, inJanuary 1994. Several sites associated with the earthquake and earthquake damage are shown.

A) R B) B C) E D) F

Which surface location had the least damage?

25. Base your answer to the following question on thediagrams below of geologic cross sections of theupper mantle and crust at four different Earthlocations, A, B, C, and D. Movement of the crustalsections (plates) is indicated by arrows, and thelocations of frequent earthquakes are indicated by *.Diagrams are not drawn to scale.

A) A B) B C) C D) D

Which diagram represents plate movementassociated with transform faults such as thosecausing California earthquakes?

26. Base your answer to the following question on themap below, which shows crustal plate boundarieslocated along the Pacific coastline of the UnitedStates. The arrows show the general directions inwhich some of the plates appear to be movingslowly.

A) study the Earth's present magnetic fieldB) observe erosion along the continental coastlineC) measure gravitational strength on opposite sides

of the faultD) match displaced rock types from opposite sides

of the fault

The best way to find the direction of crustalmovement along the San Andreas fault is to

A) Wave A represents a compressional wave, andwave B represents a shear wave.

B) Wave A represents a shear wave, and wave B represents a compressional wave.

C) Wave A represents compressional waves in thecrust, and wave B represents compressionalwaves in the mantle.

D) Wave A represents shear waves in the crust,and wave B represents shear waves in themantle.

27. The diagrams below show demonstrations thatrepresent the behavior of two seismic waves, A and B.

Which statement concerning the demonstratedwaves is correct?

A) 15 min B) 12 minC) 9 min D) 4 min

28. A P-wave takes 5 minutes to travel from theepicenter of an earthquake to a seismic station.Approximately how many minutes will it take an S-wave to travel that same distance?

A) 1:20 p.m. B) 1:22 p.m.C) 1:38 p.m. D) 1:40 p.m.

29. The epicenter of an earthquake is located 6,500kilometers away from a seismic station. If the first S-wave arrived at this seismic station at 1:30 p.m., atwhat time did the first P-wave arrive?

A) 5 minutes 00 secondB) 8 minutes 40 secondsC) 9 minutes 40 secondsD) 21 minutes 20 seconds

30. The cross section of Earth below represents a P-wave moving away from an earthquake epicenter.Seismic station A is shown on Earth's surface.

At station A, the first P-wave arrives 11 minutes 40seconds after the earthquake. How long after the firstP-wave arrives will the first S-wave arrive?

A) 10:02:00 B) 10:09:20C) 10:20:40 D) 10:32:00

31. The arrival time of the first earthquake P-wave at aseismograph station was 10:11:20(hours:minutes:seconds). If the epicenter of theearthquake is 8000 km away, what was theapproximate arrival time of the first S-wave fromthis earthquake?

A) 8 minutes 40 secondsB) 9 minutes 20 secondsC) 11 minutes 20 secondsD) 20 minutes 40 seconds

32. What is the approximate time difference between thefirst -wave and the first -wave recorded at aseismic station located 8000 kilometers from anearthquake’s epicenter?

33. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below, which shows the type ofseismic waves recorded at various locations after an earthquake has occurred. Point A is a location onEarth's surface and X is the epicenter of the earthquake.

A) 9 min B) 11 min C) 16 min D) 20 min

Point A is located 7600 kilometers from the epicenter of this earthquake. How many minutes did ittake the first S-wave to reach point A?

34. Base your answer to the following question on the data table below, which gives informationcollected at seismic stations W, X, Y, and Z for the same earthquake. Some of the data have beenomitted.

A) 10:36:40 B) 10:39:20 C) 10:42:00 D) 10:45:20

At what time did the S-wave arrive at station Y?

35. Base your answer to the following question on the diagrams below. Diagram 1 represents a crosssection of Earth and its interior layers. The asterisk (*) shows the location of an earthquake epicenter.Letters A through D are seismic stations on Earth's surface. Diagram 2 shows four seismogramslabeled I, II, III, and IV, which were recorded at seismic stations A, B, C, and D during the same timeinterval.

A) 9 minutes 20 seconds B) 11 minutes 20 secondsC) 20 minutes 40 seconds D) 4 minutes 20 seconds

Station D is 8000 kilometers from the earthquake epicenter. How long did it take for the first P-waveto travel from the epicenter to station D?

A) 3 min 15 s B) 4 min 55 sC) 6 min 05 s D) 9 min 00 s

36. The first S-wave arrived at a seismograph station 11minutes after an earthquake occurred. How longafter the arrival of the first P-wave did this first S-wave arrive?

A) arrival of P-waves, onlyB) earliest arrival time of P-wavesC) greatest difference in the arrival times of P

-waves and S-wavesD) arrival of S-waves before the arrival of P

-waves

37. The map below shows the location of an earthquakeepicenter in New York State. Seismic stations A, B,and C received the data used to locate theearthquake epicenter.

The seismogram recorded at station A would showthe

A) 1 min 05 sec B) 5 min 50 secC) 7 min 20 sec D) 13 min 10 sec

38. A seismic station is recording the seismic wavesproduced by an earthquake that occurred 4200kilometers away. Approximately how long after thearrival of the first P-wave will the first S-wavearrive?

A) 6 mm 40 sec B) 9 mm 40 secC) 15 mm 00 sec D) 19 mm 00 sec

39. A P-wave takes 8 minutes and 20 seconds to travelfrom the epicenter of an earthquake to a seismicstation. Approximately how long will an S-wavetake to travel from the epicenter of the sameearthquake to this seismic station?

40. Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows seismic stations X, Y, and Z that have recorded seismic waves from thesame earthquake. The distances from seismic stations X and Y to the earthquake epicenter have beendrawn on the map. Locations A, B, C, and D represent possible earthquake epicenters. The distancefrom seismic station Z to the earthquake epicenter has been deliberately omitted.

A) 2 min 10 sec B) 3 min 40 sec C) 4 min 0 sec D) 5 min 40 sec

How long did the P-wave take to travel from the earthquake epicenter to station Y?

Base your answers to questions 41 through 43 on the modified Mercalli scale of earthquake intensitybelow, on the map of Japan in your answer booklet, and on your knowledge of Earth science. Themodified Mercalli scale classifies earthquake intensity based on observations made during anearthquake. The map indicates the modified Mercalli scale intensity values recorded at severallocations in Japan during the March 11, 2011 earthquake, which triggered destructive tsunamis in thePacific Ocean.

41. Describe one way the P-waves and S-waves recorded on seismograms at Ishinomaki and Naganowere used to indicate that Ishinomaki was closer to the earthquake epicenter than was Nagano.

42. The epicenter of this earthquake was located at 38° N 142° E. Identify the type of tectonic plateboundary that is located nearest to the epicenter of this earthquake.

43. On the map, a line has been drawn to separate regions with Mercalli values of V from regions withMercalli values of VI. Draw another line to separate regions with Mercalli values of VI from regionswith Mercalli values of VII.

Base your answers to questions 44 and 45 on the map below and on your knowledge of Earth science.The map shows the generalized ages of surface bedrock of Iceland, an island located on theMid-Atlantic Ridge rift. The location of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift is indicated. Points A and B represent locations on the surface bedrock, which is igneous in origin. The ages of the surfacebedrock, in million years (my), are indicated in the key.

44. Identify one feature in the mantle beneath Iceland that causes larger amounts of magma formation inIceland than at most other locations along the rest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift.

45. Identify one dark-colored, mafic igneous rock with a vesicular texture that is likely to be found on thesurface of Iceland.