Nalla chinthakal -full - draft

Hcp ae¦c \{kmWn hnem]w (ae¦c k`bnse _mhm-sa{Xm³ I£nIÄ X½nepÅ

hg¡ns\¸Án Hcp hnizmknbpsS thZ\Ifpw kzX{´amb AhtemI\hpw)

By … Rm\mcv

Hcp Peace On Earth Mission (POEM0) {]kn²oIcWw

aebmfw Hcp ae¦c \{kmWn hnem]w Author: “ Rm\mcv ” First Edition: 2019

Published for Peace on Earth Mission (POEM),

U S A,[email protected]

Desktop work by: Bhasi keyen

Printed at:

apJhpc

Rm\mcv

“Rm\mcv ” F¶ Akm[mcWamb Hcp XqenIm \ma¯nÂ Rm\o ]pkvXIw FgpXp¶p. Rm\mcv F¶p shfns¸Sp¯m\pÅ `bw sIm−Ã. AXv shfns¸Sp¯nbmÂ Rm\mcv F¶Xns\ ASnØm\s¸Sp¯n \n§Ä hmbn¡phm³ km²yXbp−v F¶Xn\memWv. ]ns¶ Hcp ]pkvXI IÀ¯mhv F¶dnbs¸Sm³ F\n¡v XmÂ]cyhpw CÃ. Fsâ PohnX¯nÂ Fs¶ Gddhpw _m[n¨ GXm\pw Imcy§fnÂ Gddhpw {][m\amb H¶v Rm³ P\n¨p hfÀ¶ ae¦ck`bpsS ]cnWma§fmWv. Fs¶ hfscb[nIw thZ\n¸n¨, Ct¸mgpw thZ\n¸n¨psIm−ncn¡p¶ Imcyw {InkvXob k`bnÂ \S¶n«pÅ hg¡pIfpw tNcnXncnhpIfpw AsX XpS¶p {InkvXob amÀ¤§fnÂ \n¶pw k`bv¡p h¶p t]mbn«pÅ hgnsXÁepIfmWv.

“X³ kmarw \mw ]q−nSphm³ \½psS kmarah³ ]q−p \s½¯³ ]nXrkpXcm¡n ]mh\ dqlmsbmSptNÀ¸m³

am\hcq]w kzbtaÁm³” F¶p \½Ä ]ÅnbnÂ {]`mX {]mÀ°\bnÂ ]mSp¶p−v. a\pjy\mbn P\n¨v a\pjyÀ F§s\ kXy¯n\p km£nIfmbn Pohn¡Wsa¶p kz´w PohnX¯nÂIqSn ImWn¨p X¶, kz´w ktlmZccmb a\pjyÀ¡pth−n XymK]qÀ®amb PohnXw \bn¨v AhÀ¡v th−n th−nh¶mÂ Poh\pw sImSp¡Wsa¶p ]Tn¸n¨ tbip{InkvXphnsâ ]Tn¸ocpIfnÂ\n¶pw C¶v F{Xtbm ImXw AIsebmWv {InkvXob k`IÄ F¶Xv Fs¶ hfsc thZ\s¸Sp¯p¶p.

Rm³ P\n¨phfÀ¶ bmt¡m_mb/ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv k`IÄ (_mh-sa{Xm³ I£nIÄ) X½nepÅ hg¡pIfpw tIkpIfpw ]Ån]q«epIfpw ]Ån]nSp¯§fpw sXcphpIfnÂ \S¡p¶ ASn]nSnIfpw I−\p`hn¨XnepÅ k¦SamWv C§s\ Hcp eLp]pkvXIw FgpXn \n§Ä¡p kaÀ¸n¡phms\s¶ t{]cn¸n¡p¶Xv.

“Everyone of us is a potential Christ”F¶v Hcp IpSpw_ tbmK¯nÂ _ÀWm_mkv Xncpta\n ]dªp. kz`mh¯nepw s]cpamÁ¯nepw ASnØm\ PohnX \ne]mSpIfnepw

tbiphns\ amXrIbm¡n, A\pIcn¨p. “C\n F¶nÂ Pohn¡p¶Xv Rm\Ã (PVoI\mb

a\pjy\Ã) {InkvXpht{X” F¶p ]dbm³ Ignbpwhn[w {InkvXphnte¡v hfcm\pÅ Hcp bXv\ambn PohnXs¯ ImWpt¼mgmWv, AXv e£yam¡n Pohn¡pt¼mgmWv \½Ä {InkvXym\nIÄ F¶ t]cn\v AÀlcmIp¶Xv. F{Xtbm D¶Xamb {InkvXob {]t_m[\w.

Cu e£y¯nÂ \n¶pw \½Ä hfsc AIsebmWv. kZm hg¡pIfnÂ ISpw]nSp¯w

]nSn¡pwtXmdpw \½Ä Cu e£yw hn«v ]pdtIm«v bm{X sN¿pIbmWv. knwlmk\§fpsSbpw ]ÅnIfpsSbpw, kvIqfpIfpsSbpw tImtfPpIfpsSbpw t]cnÂ hg¡Sn¡pt¼mÄ \½Ä ]cnlmk]m{X§fmbn amdpIbmWv. \n§fpsS \Ã {]hÀ¯nIsf ImWp¶hÀ kzÀKØ\mb ssZhs¯ HmÀ¡pIbpw alXzs¸Sp¯pIbpw sN¿¯¡h®w Pohn¡Wsa¶mWv tbip ]Tn¸n¨Xv. C¶v \½Ä sN¿p¶ {]hr¯nIÄ AXn\pXIp¶hbsÃ¦nÂ AXv amÁphm\pÅ NpaXe tbiphnsâ A\pbmbnIsf¶hImis¸Sp¶ \ap¡p−v.

\qdmbncw PohnX{]iv\§fpsSbnSbv¡p Pohn¡p¶ \½Ä RmbdmgvNIfnepw hntij

Znhk§fnepw ]ÅnbnÂ t]mIpt¼mÄ AÂ]w a\Êam[m\hpw Bizmkhpw e`n¡ Wsa¶m{Kln¡p¶p. \½psS Bßob PohnX¯n\v Xm§pw XWepambn kZp]tZi§fpw amÀKZÀi\hpw \ÂIp¶ Hcp k`mt\XrXzw \ap¡v e`n¡phm³ \½Ä F{Xtbsd

1

Bin¡p¶p. AXn\p ]Icw FXnÀ {Kq¸ns\Xnsc kwLSn¡phm\pw tImSXnIfnÂ tIkv \S¯phm³ ]ncnhpsImSp¡phm\pw ]Ån ]nSn¡phm\pw kwc£n¡phm\pw sXcphnÂ Cd§n C¦znem_v hnfn¡phm\pw I¿m¦fn sN¿phm\pw hsc Blzm\w sN¿p¶ k`mt\XrXz§Ä D−mbmtem? F{X thZ\mP\Iambncn¡pw AXv? F{X Ass{IkvXhambncn¡pw AXv? tbiphnsâbpw k`bpsSbpw in£W§Ä ad¶v kzmÀ°kpJ§Ä¡mbn hgnsXÁn k©cn¡p¶ Bßob t\Xm¡sf Xm§phm\mbn kwLSn¡phm³ \½sf DZvt_m[n¸n¡p¶ \nebnte¡v kÌÄ XcwXmgp¶Xv \½Ä Xncn¨dnbWw. Xmen_m³ ssS¸v kwLS\Ifmbn k`sb hmÀs¯Sp¡phm³ {ian¡p¶ t\XrXz§fpsS ]pdtI I®S¨p ]n´pScmXncn¡phm³ \½Ä PmKcqIcmIWw.

F\n¡v 7 hbÊpÅt¸mÄ Fsâ A½ acn¨p. acn¡pt¼mÄ A½bv¡v 34 hbÊmbn

cp¶p. A¶v R§fpsS ]Ånbnepw k`bnepw _mh-sa{Xm³ I£nhg¡pIÄ aqÀ²y\ym hØbnembncp¶p. A½bpsS ihw ]ÅnbnÂ IbÁnh¨v {]mÀ°n¡msX iht¡m«bnÂ t\cn«v sIm−pt]mbn AS¡n. ]Ån _eambn Xpd¸n¡m³ Hcp§nb bphm¡sf A½bpsS A¸³ hne¡nbXpsIm−v ASnbpw _lfhpw D−mbnÃ. sX½mSn¡pgnbnÂ Ipgn¨n«mepw Ahsft¯Sn amemJamÀ hcpw F¶v hey¸³ hmhn«p \nehnfn¨p ]dªXv C¶pw Rm³ tIÄ¡p¶p−v. c−p I£nIpSpw_§fnepws]« Ip«nIÄ Fsâ kvIqfnep−mbncp¶p.

“]ÅnbnÂ IbÁmsX AS¡nb \nsâ A½ kzÀK¯nÂ t]mInÃ” F¶p ]dªp A¶v NneÀ Fs¶ `bs¸Sp¯n. F{Xtbm \mfpIÄ Fsâ A½ \cI¯nÂ thZ\ A\p`hn¡p¶Xv, ]pgp¡fpsS ISnsImÅp¶tXmÀ¯v Rm³ Icªn«p−v, Zp:kz]v\§Ä I−n«p−v. kzÀK t¯bpw \cIt¯bpw ]ÁnbpÅ Fsâ [mcWIÄ Xncp¯s¸Spthmfw HcpamXncn \cIthZ\ Rm\\p`hn¨p. C¶v CsXgpXpt¼mÄ CubnsS (2018) \S¡p¶ ihaS¡v hg¡pIsf¸Án tIÄ¡pt¼mÄ ]Ån]nSp¯§sfbpw BßlXym òjWnIsfbpw hoUntbmbnÂ ImWp t¼mÄ Rms\sâ sNdp¸Imew HmÀ¡p¶p. ]ndhw ]ÅnbnÂ X§fpsS ]nXm¡·msc AS¡w sN¿phm³ Ip¸mbw Ducnshbvt¡−nh¶ c−¨·mcpsS IY; IWym«p\nct¸Â ]ÅnbnÂ Hc¨s\ AS¡phm³ th−n Ip¯nb Ipgn aqSnbtijw thsdmcp Ipgn Ip¯n¸n¨v A¨·mcnÃmsX AS¡nb IY; I«¨nd ]ÅnbnÂ ihaS¡msX 10 Znhkw sh¨psIm−ncp¶,

a\pjymhImi I½oj³ CSs]tS−nh¶ IY; FXnÀI£nIsf¸Án “AhÀ¡n\n ]«nsb

Ipgn¨nSpw t]mse AhcpsS acn¨hsc Ipgn¨nSmt\ Ignbq” F¶v Hcp aX]ptcmlnX³ BtamZ t¯msS ]dbp¶ ØnXn h¶ncn¡p¶ \½psS k`sb¸Án \mWn¡mXncn¡m³ BÀ¡v Ignbpw? H¶n\p ]pdtI H¶mbn {InkvXym\nIsf¶v kzbw A`nam\n¡p¶ \½psS Zqjy {]hÀ¯nIfpsS IY; F§ns\ thZ\n¡mXncn¡pw? Rm³ `mh\bnÂ ImWp¶Xv Cu acn¨pt]mbhcpsS a¡fpw sIm¨pa¡fpamb _menIm_me·mscbmWv. acWsas´¶ dnbmsX, I£nhgs¡s´¶dnbmsX, X§fpsS hey¸¨t\tbm, A½¨ntbtbm \njv¡f¦ ambn kvt\ln¨ ]n©pIpªp§sfbmWv. Cu ihaS¡p hg¡pIfnÂ¡qSn F´p ]mTamWv AhÀ¡v \½Ä sImSp¡p¶Xv? CXns\mchkm\w tht−? C{]Imcw hgnsXÁn k©cn ¡p¶ kÌsfbpw t\Xm¡·mscbpw HmÀ¯pÅ Hcp km[mcW Bßmbsâ hnem]ambn Cu ]pkvXIs¯ I−mÂ aXn.

Rm\msc¶v \n§Ä At\zjnt¡−XnÃ. ae¦c k`bnse HcwKamb, tbip

{InkvXphnsâ k`bnse Hcp hnizmknbmbn, kakrjvSnIfmb AbÂ¡msc kvt\ln¨p sskzcyambn Pohn¡Wsa¶m{Kn¡p¶ km[mcW a\pjysc Dt±in¨mWv Rm\nsXgpXp¶Xv. AhtcmSmWv F\n¡v ]dbm\pÅXv. hg¡n\pw XÃn\pw Blzm\w sN¿p¶ t\Xm¡tfmSp imámbn \nÊlcn¡pI. tbip{InkvXphnsâ kvt\lw \½fnembmÂ AXnÂ Aenªp t]mIm¯ bmsXmcp {]iv\hpw Ct¸mgnÃ. GXp kzÀ®¯nep−m¡nb knwlmk\hpw

AXn\p ap¼nÂ Xe hW§pw. hW§p¶nsÃ¦nÂ AXv ssZhoIaÃ. “Rm\mcv” F¶v \½tfm tcmcp¯cpw IÀ¯mhnt\mSp tNmZn¡Wsa¶mWv Fsâ At]£. IÀ¯mhv AXv Xsâ

injy·mtcmSp tNmZn¨p. “\o Poh\pÅ ssZh¯nsâ ]p{X\mIp¶p” F¶p¯cw h¶p.

]n¶osSmcn¡Â “Fsâ hnemhnÂ sXmSpI, hnizmknbmbncn¡pI” F¶p thsdmcp

ÇoltbmSv IÂ]n¨p. “Fsâ IÀ¯mhpw Fsâ ssZhhpta” F¶p¯cw h¶p. “Rm\mcv”

F¶p \½Ä tNmZn¡pt¼mÄ “\o Fsâ injy³” F¶p IÀ¯mhn\p ]dbm³ X¡

2

h®amtWm \½psS hm¡pIfpw {]hÀ¯nIfpsa¶p Nnń¡Wsa¶t]£. C¶v tkmjyÂ aoUnbIfnÂ \ndªp\nÂ¡p¶ sXdnb`ntjI§fpw sXcphpIfnÂ tIÄ¡p¶ Pbv

hnfnIfpw apÀ±m_mZv hnfnIfpw “Ch³ A{_lmansâ k´Xn” F¶v \s½¸Án ]dbphm³ IÀ¯mhn\p XSÊambn \nÂ¡p¶pthm F¶p \½Ä BtemNn¡Ww.

Rms\mcp Fgp¯pImct\m Ncn{XImct\m hmÜntbm AÃ. ]s£ Fsâ

\njv]£amb kXymt\zjW¯nsâ `mKambn k`bpsS Ncn{Xt¯¸Án Rm³ hmbn¨n«q−v; ]pkpXI§Ä hgnbmbpw, KqKnÄ kÀ¨v hgnbmbpw At\Iw ]ckv]c hncp²ambXpw, \njv]£ambXpamb hmZKXnIÄ hmbn¨pw kXysa´mbncn¡mw F¶ Hcp GItZi A\pam\¯nse¯nbn«p−.v Ncn{X ]ÞnX·mcpambn Hcp hmZ¯nt\m NÀ¨t¡m Rm³ X¿mdÃ. sXÁpIÄ ]Ánbn«ps−¦nÂ £an¡pI. GsX¦nepw `mK¯n\p th−ntbm hyàn¡pth−ntbm ]£]mX]cambn hmbn¡pItbm FgpXpItbm sNbvXn«nÃ F¶pam{Xw

Dd¸v Xcp¶p. Fs´¦nepw IaâpIÄ Ds−¦nÂ Fsâ Emailte¡v FgpXWw.

”[email protected]” {]tXyIn¨pw hnaÀi\§Ä Ds−¦nÂ XoÀ¨bmbpw FgpXWw. hmbn¡p¶ BÀs¡¦nepw Rm\mcmsW¶dnbmsa¦nÂ AXv clkyambn hbv¡Wsa¶t]£. Ncn{X `mK§fnÂ t_mdSn¡p¶htcmSv CXnsâ Ahkm\ A²ymbsa¦nepw hmbn¡Ww, ktlmZc§Ä X½nepÅ Cu hg¡pw X½nÂXÃpw shSnªp Pohn¡m³ {ian¡Wsa¶pw aÁpÅhscbpw Cu hg¡nÂ s]SmsX ]nńcn¸n¡m³ {ian¡Wsa¶pw At]£.

GXm\pw hÀj§Ä¡v ap¼v ]ÞnX\mb Hcp “]nXmhnt\mSv” k`mhg¡nsâ ]n¶nepÅ kXymhØ At\zjn¨v Bsc¦nepw hnizmknIsf Adnbn¨ncps¶¦nÂ F¶p Rm³ ]dªt¸mÄ CsXms¡ ]dbm\pw FgpXm³ \n§fmcm, R§Ä ]dbp¶Xp tI«mÂ

t]msc F¶p Ft¶mSp tNmZn¨p. B tNmZyamWv “Rm\mcv” F¶p tNmZn¡phm\pw AtX t]cnÂ Cu ]pkvXIw FgpXphm\pw t{]cW \ÂInbXv.

“Rm\mcv” F¶p \½tfmtcmcp¯cpw Nnńt¡− kabamWv CXv. “Rm\mcv” F¶

tbip{InkvXphnsâ tNmZy¯n\p \½tfmtcmcp¯cpw hn. ]t{Xmkns\t¸mse “\o Poh\pÅ

ssZh¯nsâ ]p{X³” F¶ adp]Sn ]dtb− kabamWnXv. Fsâ ASp¡Â hcnI, Fsâ hnem¸pd¯v ssIhbv¡pI, Rm\pbÀs¯gpt¶Áp

F¶p hnizkn¡pI F¶p hn. tXmamÇoltbmSp ]dª IÀ¯mhnt\mSv “Fsâ IÀ¯mhpw

Fsâ ssZhhpta” F¶p ÇolmtbmsSm¸w ]dtb− kabamWv CXv.

kz´w ktlmZc§sf Ak`yw ]dbphm\pw ihaS¡p hg¡pIfpw ]Ån]q«n¡epw ]Ån]pSp¯hpw \S¯phm\pw t{]cn¸n¡p¶ iànIsfbpw in£W§sfbpw XÅn¸dbphm³ \½Ä X¿mdmbnsÃ¦nÂ `mhnXeapd Xmen_m³ ssÌenepÅ c−v kÌfmbn, \nXyhpw ]ckv]cw X½neSn¡p¶ c−p hg¡mfn¡q«§fmbn amdnt¸mIpw. AXn\nSbmImXncn¡Wsa¦nÂ AÚXbpw Al¦mchpw ]ckv]c hntZzjhpw sIm−v aqSs¸« ih¡ÃdIfnÂ \n¶pw \½Ä DbÀs¯gpt¶Ât¡−nbncn¡p¶p.

Cu ]pkvXIw hm§nbXn\pw hmbn¡p¶Xn\pw \µn. Xm¦fpsS A`n{]mbhpw hnaÀi\§fpw Adnbn¡pIbmsW¦nÂ AXn\p Rm³ {]tXyIw \µnbpÅh\mbncn¡pw.

tbip{InkvXphnsâ t]cnÂ X½nÂ XÃp¶Xp \ÃXÃ F¶ Nn´ Ipsdsb¦nepw

hnizmknIfnÂ DWÀ¯phm\msb¦nÂ Rm³ IrXmÀ°\mIpw. Bßobm[nImcnItfmSv aÕcn¡phm\Ã, ]ns¶tbm, hn\b]qÀÆw Cu hg¡nÂ R§Ä ]¦mfnIfmInÃ F¶p ZrVkzc¯nÂ ]dbphm\mWv \½Ä iànbmÀPnt¡−nbXv. kkvt\lw

[email protected]

3

I

AÊodnb³ k` AYhm Church of the East

tXmamÇol Øm]n¨ knwlmk\hpw k`bpw Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv AÊodnb³ k`,

AYhm Ing¡nsâ k`, AYhm, sXkvtXmdnb³ k` F¶mWv. ]ns¶bpw t]cpIfp−v. CýbnÂ Cu k` C¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv ' IÂZmb' k` F¶mWv.

tIcf¯nse kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nIfpsS Ncn{Xw AdnbWsa¦nÂ Cu Ing¡nsâ

k`(Church of the East)sb¸Án Hcdnhp−mtI−Xv BhiyamWv.

]gb \nba¯nse ]e ]pkvXI§fnepw ]dªncn¡p¶ s\_p¡Zvt\ÊÀ, AÊodnb, _m_ntem¬ XpS§nb t]cpIsfms¡ Cu AÊndnb³ Ncn{Xhpambn _Ôs¸«p InS¡p¶p. hniZmwi§Ä \½psS Cu ]T\s¯ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw {]kàaÃ. ]s£

B.C.5000apXepÅ Ncn{Xhpw ]mc¼cyhpw AhImis¸Sp¶ Hcp P\XXnbpsS CSbv¡mWv tXmamÇolbpsS Cu Ing¡³k` Øm]n¡s¸«Xpw hfÀ¶p hShr£w t]msebmbXpw, ]ns¶ timjn¨p t]mbXpw, Ct¸mÄ ]e Øe§fnepw \mamhtijamhpItbm CÃmXmhpItbm sNbvXn«pÅXpw F¶Xp a\Ênemt¡−XmWv. AÊndnb³ Ncn{XImc·mÀ

AhImis¸Sp¶Xv Ing¡³k` A.D.33Â kvYm]n¡s¸«p F¶mWv. tbip{InkvXp Pohn¨ncn¡pt¼mÄ Xs¶ Cu Ing¡³ tZi¯p−mbncp¶ AKt_ F¶ Hcp cmPmhv tbiphns\ ImWm\m{Kln¡pIbpw Xsâ cmPy¯nÂ hcphm³ £Wn¨v Hcp I v̄ sImSp¯phnSpIbpw sNbvXp F¶v ChÀ hnizkn¡p¶p. tbip I¯n\p adp]Sn Abbv¡pIbpw Xsâ ]n³KmanIsf Abbv¡msa¶p hmKvZm\w sN¿pIbpw sNbvXpht{X! Cu anj³ IÀ¯mhv tXmamÇolsb GÂ¸n¡pIbpw ÇolbpsS AknÌâpIfmbncp¶ BZmbn, amdn F¶hÀ AhnsS t]mhpIbpw (]ndtI Çolbpw, sXtbmZqkpw _À¯Âambpw) Ing¡nsâ k` Øm]n¡pIbpw sNbvXpht{X!

temI¯nse BZy {InkvXy³k`bpw cmPyhpw

At¸m. {]hr¯nIfnÂ ]dªncn¡p¶ AtýmJy³ k` Øm]n¨ A.D.37\v

\mephÀjw ap¼pXs¶ A.D.33Â Ing¡³k` Øm]n¡s¸«p. temI¯nse BZys¯ {InkvXy³cmPyw AhnsSbmbncp¶psh¶v Ing¡nsâ k`¡mÀ AhImis¸Sp¶p.

A.D.200Â Cu k` BZys¯ ss__nÄ (]pXnb \nbaw) ]iol (Psheeta) ss__nÄ

{]kn²oIcn¨p. 256A.D.bnÂ apgph³ AÊodnb¡mcpw {InkvXym\nIfmhpIbpw AhcpsS ]gb Bcm[\mtI{µ§Ä CÃmXmhpIbpw sNbvXp. FSp¯p ]dtb− At\Iw \mgnI

¡ÃpIÄ Cu k`bv¡p−v. A.D.1200Â aÁv kÀÆ {InkvXy³ kÌfpw IqSnbmepw D−mbncp¶Xne[nIw AwKkwJy Cu k`bv¡p−mbncp¶p F¶hImis¸Sp¶p. Cý, ssN\, P¸m³ apXemb At\Iw cmPy§fnembn Cu k` hym]n¨p InS¶ncp¶p. CýbnÂ

‘Hcp Ieym¬ CShI’ Xs¶ D−mbncp¶pt]mepw. tIcf¯nse k`bpw CXnsâ `mKambncp¶psh¶v ChÀ AhImis¸Sp¶p. tIcf¯nepÅ FÃm {InkvXym\n kÌÄ¡pw Ing¡nsâ k`bpambn _Ôap−mbncp¶p F¶v k½Xn¡p¶p−v. \½Ä Cu Ing¡nsâ k`bpsS `mKaÃmbncp¶p. kzX{´kÌÄ F¶ \nebnepÅ _Ôta D−mbncp¶pÅp F¶v Nne {]mtZinI kÌÄ hmZn¡p¶ps−¦nepw t]Àjy³ k`bpambn ae¦c {InkvXym\nIÄ¡p−mbncp¶ _Ôw Bcpw \ntj[n¡p¶nÃ.

4

Ing¡pw ]Snªmdpw

{InkvXpk`sb¸Án ]dbpt¼mÄ \sÃmcp iXam\w BfpIfpw cmPy§fpw Nnń¨ncp¶Xv tdmam km{amPy¯nsâ Iognep−mbncp¶ {]tZi§sf¸Ánbpw AhnsS \S¶ kphntij {]hÀ¯\§sf¸ÁnbpamWv. ]pkvXI§fnÂ FgpXnbn«pÅXpw an¡hmdpw A§s\ Xs¶. ]mÝmXy kÌÄ hfÀ¶Xpw bqtdm]y³ cmPy§fnte¡mWvv F¶Xpw temINcn{XKXn Xs¶ \nb{ń¨ph¶Xp bqtdm]y³ cmPy§fmbncp¶p F¶XpamWv

k`mNcn{Xw ]Snªmd³ kÌfptSXmIm³ AXn\p ImcWw. A.D.313hsc ]Snªmd³ kÌfpw {InkvXym\nIfpw ]oUn¸n¡s¸«p. tIm¬Ìmân³ tdmam N{IhÀ¯n {InkvXym\nIsf ]oUn¸n¡p¶Xv \nÀ¯nbt¸mÄ apXÂ ]Snªmd³ {InkvXy³ kÌÄ cmPIob kÌfmhpIbpw sNbvXp. AhÀ¡v Øm\am\§Ä hmcnt¡mcn e`n¨p.

cmjv{Sobambn ]Snªmd³ kÌÄ tdma³ km{amPy¯nepw Ing¡³ k` t]Àjy³

km{amPy¯nepambncp¶p. tdmambpw t]Àjybpw ]ckv]cw sshcw ]peÀ¯nbncp¶ c−p km{amPy§Ä Bbncp¶p. ]s£ Ing¡pw ]SnªmdpapÅ {InkvXphnsâ kÌÄ X½nÂ Ing¡pw ]SnªmdpapÅ km{amPy§sft¸mse sshcanÃmbncp¶p.

hn. ]t{Xmkv Çol Ing¡nsâk` (_m_ntemWnb³) sb¸Án FgpXnbncn¡p¶Xv

t\m¡pI.

1. ]t{Xmkv 5-13

“\n§fpsS klhrX(\n§tfmsSm¸w XncsªSp¡s¸«) _m_ntemWnse k`bpw

F\n¡p aI\mb aÀt¡mkpw \n§Ä¡p hµ\w sNmÃp¶p”. _m_ntemWnse k` Ing¡nsâ k`bmsW¶ Imcy¯nÂ kwibw CÃ. aI\mb aÀt¡mkns\¸Án ]e hymJym\§Ä Ds−¦nepw kÌsf¸Án ]dªXmbXpsIm−v aÀt¡mkv kvYm]n¨ tIm]vÁn¡v k`sb Dt±in¨mbncn¡pw hn.]t{Xmkv A§s\ FgpXnbXv F¶\pam\n¡mhp¶XmWv. ]ckv]cw GÁpap«m³ t\m¡n \nÂ¡p¶ c−v km{amPy§fnembncps¶¦nepw Ing¡pw ]Snªmdpw kÌÄ X½nÂ kulrZw D−mbncp¶p. ]Snªmd³ kÌfnÂ N{IhÀ¯nbpsS ]n´pWbpw klmbhpw D−mbncps¶¦nepw Ing¡³k` t]Àjy³ km{amPy¯n\p Iognembnt]mbXp sIm−v AXnsâ \ne kpc£nXambncp¶nÃ. kucmjv{S aX¡mcpambpÅ ssZhhnizmk ¯nepÅ hyXymk¯nÂ am{XaÃ AhÀ hnjaw A\p`hn¨Xv. {InkvXpaX hnizmknIÄ X§fpsS i{Xphmb tdmam km{amPyt¯mSp IqdpÅhcmbncn¡ptam F¶ kwibhpw t]Àjy³ km{amPy¡mÀ¡v D−mbncp¶Xv AhnSs¯ k`bv¡v hn\bmbncp¶p. F¦nepw kÀÆ kzX{´bmb ]Snªmd³ kÌfpambpw kmÀh{XnI kp¶ltZmkpIfpambpw Ing¡³k` klIcn¨ncp¶p. \nJymbnepw IpkvXńt\mkv t]meoknepw Ft^kqknepw Ing¡³kÌfpsS {]Xn\n[nIÄ D−mbncp¶p F¶pw CÃmbncp¶psh¶pw c−v hmZ§Ä D−v. GXmbmepw IpdªXv BZys¯ c−v kp¶ltZmkpIfpsSsb¦nepw \S]SnIsf Ing¡³k` AwKoIcn¨ncp¶p F¶XnÂ c−p kÌfpsSbpw Ncn{XImc·mÀ X½nÂ XÀ¡anÃ.

GÁhpw IpdªXv [mÀ½nIamb ]n´pW¡msb¦nepw Ing¡³ k`

]Snªmd³kÌsf t\m¡nbncp¶p F¶Xpw XÀ¡anÃm¯XmWv. H¶mw kmÀÆ{XnI kp¶ltZmknÂ temI¯nepÅ kÀÆ {InkvXym\n Isfbpw \mep ]m{XnbÀ¡okpamcpsS (tdmw, AeIvkm³{Unb, AtýmJy,tIm¬Ìmât\m¸nÄ) `cWkoaIfnem¡nbncp¶p F¶mWv ]dbs¸Sp¶Xv. Hcp ]m{XnbmÀ¡nkpw thsdmcmfnsâ apIfnemsW¶p ]dªnÃ.

CXnÂ AtýmJy ]m{XnbÀ¡okn\mbncp¶ AtýmJymbpsSbpw “Ings¡ms¡bpsSbpw” kÌfpsSbpw taÂ A[nImcw D−mbncp¶Xv. \nJym kp¶ltZmknsâ Bdmw Imt\m\nepw IpkvXńt\mkv t]meoknÂ \S¶ c−mw kmÀÆ{XnI kp¶ltZmknsâ tcJIfnepw AtýmJy¡v Ing¡³ k`bpsS tae[nImcaps−¶p Ncn{XImc·mÀ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p−v. ]s£ Ing¡³k`bpsS k½Xt¯mSpw AdnthmSpw IqSnbmtWm C§s\ sNbvXXv F¶Xv Ct¸mÄ kzX{ámbn Nnń¡p¶ \½Ä¡v XoÀ¨ ]dbm\mhnÃ. t]Àjytbbpw Cýtbbpw {]Xn\n[oIcn¨v HcmÄ \nJy kp¶ltZmknep−mbncp¶p F¶v Hcp hn`mKw Ncn{XImc·mÀ

]dbp¶p. ]s£ CÃmbncp¶p F¶v Ing¡³k`bpsS Hcp Ncn{XImc³ ]dbp¶p (Younan).

5

BZys¯ c−v kp¶ltZmkpIfpsS \S]Sn{Ia§Ä Hcp Aw_mknUÀ hgn hÀj§Ä¡p tijw, Ing¡nsâ ImtXmen¡m¡v sImSp¯b¨p F¶pw At±lw Ah AwKoIcn¡pIbp amWv sNbvXsX¶mWv AhcpsS ]£w.

GXmbmepw Ing¡nsâ k`bpsS `cWm[nImcn AtýmJym ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ

Iognembncpt¶m AÃtbm F¶ XÀ¡¯n\p \nJym kp¶ltZmtkmfw Xs¶ ]g¡ap−v.

tXmamÇolbpsS injycmÂ AD 33 Â Ing¡nsâ k` Øm]n¡s¸s«¦nepw AhcpsS Xeh³

ImtXmen¡ F¶ Øm\t¸cp kzoIcn¨Xv AD 410 emWv

ImtXmen¡mbpw ]m{XnbÀ¡okpw

A.D.410Â Ing¡nsâ k`bpsS Xehsâ Øm\w ImtXmen¡ F¶m¡pIbpw Ing¡nsâ ]e`mK§fnembn D−mbncp¶ sa{Xm³ amscÃmw ImtXmen¡sb k`mXeh\mbn AwKoIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. amÀ sFk¡nsâ kp¶ltZmkv F¶mWv Cu kp¶ltZmkpw

Cu kw`hhpw Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. ho−pw A.D.424Â IqSnb thsdmcp kp¶ltZmknÂ h v̈ Ing¡nsâ k`bpsS `qanbnse kÀÆm[nImcn ImtXmen¡bmsW¶pw ImtXmen¡bv¡p apIfnÂ tbip{InkvXphÃmsX BcpanÃ F¶pw Ing¡³kÌfnse ]ptcmlnX·mÀt¡m _nj¸pamÀt¡m Fs´¦nepw ]cmXnIfps−¦nÂ ]Snªmd³ kÌfpsS ]m{XnbÀ¡okp amÀ¡v FgpXcpXv F¶pw ]m{XnbÀ¡okn\p A¯cw Imcy§fnÂ XoÀ¸p IÂ]n¡m\[nImc

anÃ F¶pw \nÝbn¨p. ImtXmen¡m Øm\¯n\v ImtXmen¡m-]m{XnbÀ¡okv F¶v ]pXnb \maIcWhpw sImSp¯p. ]m{XnbÀ¡okpw ImtXmen¡bpw X½nepÅ A[nImc¯À¡¯n\v F{Xt¯mfw ]g¡ap−v F¶v CXnÂ\n¶pw a\Ênem¡pI. t]Àjy³ `cWm[nImcnIÄ {InkvXym\nIsf tdmam¡mcpsS Nmc·mtcm A\pbmbnItfm BsW¶p kwibn¨ncp¶

kmlNcyhpw, ]ns¶ X§fpsS kzmX{ý¯nÂ AtýmJy-]m{XnbÀ¡okv A\mhiy

CSs]SepIÄ \S¯p¶p F¶ Nn´bpambncn¡mw 410sebpw 424sebpw Ing¡³ kÌfpsS Cu kzX{´ {]Jym]\¯n\p ]n¶nep−mbncp¶ tNtXmhnImcw.

A¶v temI¯nse GÁhpw ià\mbncp¶ tdmam N{IhÀ¯n (tIm¬Ìmân³)

{InkvXpaXw A\phZn¨p kzoIcn¨tXmsS(AD 313) k`bpsS ÌmÁkv BsI amdn. KplIfnepw \nehdIfnepw {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶ {InkvXym\nIÄ cmPIob kZÊpIfnte¡v

IpSntbdn. (1947Â kzmX{ýw In«nb tijw Cýbnse tIm¬{KÊpImsct¸msebpw tIcf

¯nÂ 1957Â A[nImcw In«nb I½yqWnÌpImscbpw t]mse) ]oUn¸n¡s¸«ncp¶ k`bpsS Xeh·mcpw A[nImcnIfpw A[nImc¯nsâbpw k¼¶XbpsSbpw sa¯IfnÂ Ibdn. BßobXbpw ss{IkvXh aqey§fpanÃm¯ cmPy`cWm[nImcnIÄ k`bpsS Imcy§fnÂ XoÀ¸pIÂ¸n¡phm³ XpS§n. BcmWv ap¼³ F¶ XÀ¡w DSseSp¯p. ap¼\mbh³ Zmks\t¸mse ip{iqj sN¿Wsa¶ IÀ¯mhnsâ in£Ww k`m t\Xm¡·mÀ ad¶p.

C¶pw XpSÀ¶p t]mIp¶ F®anÃm¯ ss{IkvXh tae²y£ bp²§fpw

ImtXmen¡m-]m{XnbÀ¡okv knwlmk\t¸mcpIfpw XpS§nbXv k` cmPIob k`bmbn amdnbXp apXemWv. aÁt\Iw XÀ¡§fpw XÃpIfpw \m\m kÌfnepw D−mbn«p−v; D−mIp ¶pap−v. ae¦c¡mcmb \½sfbpw \½psS PohnXs¯bpw C¶pw _m[n¡p¶ ap³Ime Ncn{XkXy§sf¸Án Npcp¡n¸dbphm³ am{Xta Ct¸mÄ Dt±iapÅp.

tIm¬Ìmân³ N{IhÀ¯nbpsS ssI¿nÂ In«nb k`bv¡v ASp¡pw Nn«bpw \ÂIn

Hcp h³ {]Øm\am¡n, tdmam km{amPy¯nsâ Hcp `mKam¡n hzfÀ¯phm³ At±lw Hcp§nbXpsIm−v k` temIw apgph³ hfÀ¶v hepXmIphm³ klmbambn F¶Xv XÀ¡aÁ ImcyamWv. Ing¡³ km{amPy¯pÅ ss{IkvXhscbpÄs¸sSbpÅ {InkvXym\nIsf Hcp tI{µoIrXamb A[nImc]cn[nbnÂ sIm−phcWw F¶

Dt±it¯mSpIqSnbmbncn¡Ww Ing¡³ k`bpsS ImcywIqSn t\m¡m³ “AtýmJybpsSbpw

Ings¡ms¡bpsSbpw” ]m{XnbÀ¡okns\ NpaXes¸Sp¯nbXv. IqSmsX Xsâ A[nImc

6

koabv¡p ]pd¯v thsdmcp ss{IkvXh {]Øm\w ]mSnÃ F¶ Nn´bpw tdmam N{IhÀ¯n¡v

D−mbncn¶ncn¡mw. ]ns¶ 100hÀjw t]mepw XnIbp¶Xn\p ap¼p Xs¶ Ing¡³k`bpsS

ImtXmen¡ ImtXmen¡-]m{XnbÀ¡okv Bbn kzbw \maIcWw sNt¿− \nebnte¡pw kzmX{ý {]Jym]\w \St¯− \nebnte¡pw Cu Xocpam\w ImcWambn. ISepIÄ IS¶p C¶pw Cu A[nImc¯À¡w thsdmcp thj¯nÂ \½psS \m«nÂ XpSÀ¶psImt− bncn¡p¶p. \½psS A½b¸·mcpsS ihw ]Ånbnepw iht¡m«bnepw IbÁp¶Xv XSbpI; aZv_lbnepw ]Ånb¦W¯nepw sXcphpIfnepw ]ckv]cw sXdn hnfn¡pI, I¿pw Imepw XÃnsbmSn¡pI XpS§nbh hmZytaf§tfmsS \½Ä C¶pw XpSÀ¶psImt−bncn¡p¶p.

A.D.424\v \S¶ Cu IYbv¡v Hcp c−mw ]Xn¸p−v. H¼Xmw \qÁm−nÂ AXp ]n¶mse ]dbmw.

Ing¡nsâ k` ]qÀ®ambn thÀs]Sp¶p

BcmWv ]cam[nImcn F¶ Imcy¯nÂ XÀ¡ap−mbncp¶psh¦nepw Ing¡pw ]Snªmdpw kÌÄ X½nÂ klhÀ¯nXzw XpSÀ¶psImt−bncp¶p. \½psS kÌfpsS

ASnØm\ hnizmk{]amW§fnÂ ]dbp¶ Ft^kpknse kp¶ltZmkn\pw(AD 431) tijamWv FXm−v ]qÀ®amb thÀ]ncnbÂ kw`hn¡p¶Xv. Ing¡nsâ k`sb

s\kvtXmdnb³ “thZ hn]coXnIÄ” F¶p ap{ZIp¯nbXpw AXn\ptijamWv. kXy¯nÂ s\kvtXmdnb³ F¶ ]m{XnbÀ¡okn\p Ing¡nsâ k`bpambn _ÔanÃmbncp¶p. At±lw IpkvXót\mkv t]meoknsâ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv Bbncp¶p(]Snªmd³ kÌfnsem¶v). Cu ]m{XnbÀ¡okpw AeIvkm³{Snb³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv (tIm]vÁnIv k`) Bbncp¶ kndnepw X½nepÅ Hcp _u²nI XÀ¡amWv k`bpsS BZys¯ ]nfÀ¸n\v ImcWambXv.

Ing¡nsâ k`bv¡v Cu XÀ¡¯nÂ t\cn«p ]¦nÃmbncp¶p. F¦nepw 431Â IqSnb Ft^kqkv kp¶ltZmknÂ sh¨v s\kvtXmdntbmkns\ apS¡pIbpw A[nImc¯nÂ \n¶pw ]pd¯m¡pIbpw ]n¶oSv ]oUn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXt¸mÄ Ing¡³k` B \S]SnIsf AwKoIcn¨nÃ. am{XhpaÃ s\kvtXmdntbmknsâ hmZKXnIfnÂ henb sXÁpIsfm¶panÃ F¶ \ne]mSmWv B k` FSp¯Xv. X·qew Ing¡nsâ k`sb s\kvtXmdnb³k` F¶p ap{ZIp¯n. Ing¡pw ]Snªmdpw kÌÄ GXm−v X½nÂ thÀs]«Xp t]msebmbn. X§sf s\kvtXmdnb³ F¶p hnfn¡p¶Xnt\mSp Ing¡nsâ k`¡v tbmPn¸nÃ F¶Xpw {]kvXmhyamWv.

k`bpsS Xebmb IÀ¯mhnsâ hyànXzs¯¸Ánbmbncp¶p s\kvtXmdnb³kpw

FXnÀhn`mK§fpw X½nÂ XÀ¡w. a\pjymhXmcw sNbvX IÀ¯mhnsâ ssZhoI kz`mhhpw am\hoI kz`mhhpw X½nÂ thÀ]ncnbm\mhm¯hn[w IeÀ¶ncpt¶m, AXv c−mbn thÀs]«p \ne\n¶ncpt¶m, AtXm c−msW¦nepw thÀ]ncnbm¯h®w H¶mbn H«nbncpt¶m XpS§nb ISn¨mÂ s]m«m¯ Imcy§sf sNmÃnbp−mb XÀ¡amWv, AXnsâ t]cnÂ Xpd¶ hn«phogvNbpw Xmgvabpw shSnªpÅ aÕcapJ§Ä BWv k`bpsS BZys¯ ]nfÀ¸nte¡v \bn¨Xv.

IÀ¯mhnsâ kvt\lamIp¶ AarX[mcbnÂ \oń¡fn¨p B\µw A\p`hn¡msX

“Rm³ \n§sf kvt\ln¨Xpt]mse \n§fpw ]ckv]cw kvt\ln¸n³” F¶ IÀ¯mhnsâ D]tZiw tIÄ¡msX IÀ¯mhnsâ BfXzt¯¸Ánbpw kz`mhs¯¸Ánbpw XÀ¡n¨v X½nÂXÃn ]ncnªXv HmÀ¯mÂ F§ns\ kln¡pw.

]cnip²mßmhnsâ ê§Ä ad¶p \nKf¯nsâbpw Al¦mc¯nsâbpw A¦n

AWnªp ]ckv]cw t]mcn\nd§nbmÂ êw F´msW¶v Duln¡mhp¶tXbpÅp. \nÀhN

\mXoXamb ssZhs¯ Af¡phm\nd§nbhÀ “ssZh kvt\lt¯¸Án F\n¡mhXntÃ AXn

¶mgaf¡phm³” F¶ ]m«v hnizkn¨v ]mSnbncps¶¦nÂ Cu hg¡pIfpw ]nfÀ¸pIfpw D−mIpambncp¶nÃ.

7

AD431se kp¶ltZmknte¡pw AXn\ptijw \S¶ XÀ¡§fnte¡p \bn¨ thZimkv{X§fnte¡pw IÀ¯mhnsâ BfXzs¯¸ÁnbpÅ hmZ§fnte¡pw IS¡phm³ \ap¡v {]m]vXnbnÃ. AXp a\Ênem¡phm\pw AXnsâ ImcW§Ä hniZoIcn¡phm\pw

henb hnjaamWv. Hcp]mSp sa{Xm·mtcmSpw A¨·mtcmSpw ‘]ÞnXtcmSpw’ tNmZn¨n«v F\n¡v AXns\¸Án a\Ênem¡m³ Ignª GIImcyw BÀ¡pw Xs¶ CXns\¸Án Hcp hyàamb AdnhnÃ F¶XmWv. HmÀ¡pwtXmdpw F\n¡p henb hnjahpw tZjyhpw k¦Shpw Hs¡ hcp¶p−v. c−pIq«À X½nÂXÃp¶Xp I−psIm−v hgn\S¶p hcp¶ c−v Iq«pImsc ImWn¡p¶ Hcp aebmfw kn\nabp−v. AXnsemcp¯³ HmSns¨¶p In«nbhscsbÃmw XÃn Ipsd XÃv taSn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. Xncn¨p h¶t¸mÄ atÁbmÄ F´m {]iv\w, Fń\m \o BfpIsf XÃnbXv F¶p tNmZn¨p. AsXm¶p sa\n¡dnbnÃ, FÃmhcpw XÃp¶Xp I−v Rm\pw IqSn XÃn A{XXs¶ F¶p adp]Sn ]dªp. F¶mÂ

Rm\pw IqSmw F¶p ]dªp Iq«pImc\pw HmSns¨¶v XÃnÂ ]¦mfnbmbn. \½psS _mhm- sa{Xm³ XÃpw ]−p \S¶ kz`mh¯ÃpsaÃmw Cu KW¯nÂs¸«XmWv. Fń\p hg¡p IqSp¶p F¶dnbmsX hg¡Sn¡pI!

IÀ¯mhnsâ BfXzt¯¸Ánbpw kz`mhs¯¸ÁnbpapÅ XÀ¡¯nÂ AXn

]ÞnX·mcmb k`m]nXm¡Ä GÀs¸«p ]ckv]cw X½neSn¨pw, imcocnIambnt]mepw D]{Zhn¨pw X½nÂ ]ncnªXnsâ êambn IÀ¯mhnsâ icocamIp¶ k`bvt¡ÁXv henb BLmXambncp¶p. c−pw c−msW¦nepw Htc BfXz¯nÂ ]qÀ®ambn tNÀ¶ncn¡p¶p F¶p thsdmcp hmZw. X§Ä F´mWv ]dbp¶Xv F¶p Xs¶ ]qÀ®ambn a\Ênem¡msX AhÀ XÀ¡¯nteÀs¸«p.

A.D.431epw, 449epw 451epambn aq¶p kp¶ltZmkpIÄ \S¶p. Hmtcm `cWm[n ImcnbpsSbpw ]m{XnbÀ¡okpamcpsSbpw Ignhpw {]m]vXnbpa\pkcn¨p kp¶ltZmkpIsf ssI¿nseSp¡pIbpw FXncmfnIsf tXmÂ]n¡pItbm, apS¡pItbm, \mSpIS¯pItbm, hIhcp¯pItbmhsc sN¿pIbpw sNbvXp. Ańaêw Ncn{X¯n emZyambn k` ]nfÀ¶p

(A.D.451). H¶Ã, c−Ã, aq¶p hn`mK§fmbn ]nfÀ¶p. GÁhpw thZ\mIcamb Imcyw CXnÂ ASnØm\]cambn D−mbncp¶Xv {][m\ambpw {Ko¡p`mjbnse Nne ]Z{]tbmK §sf¸ÁnbpÅ sXÁn²mcWIÄ am{Xambncp¶p F¶XmWv. A[nImc¯nsâbpw Rms\¶ `mh¯nsâbpw ]pf¸pw FfnabpsSbpw ]ckv]c kvt\l¯nsâbpw A`mhhpambncp¶p CXnsâsbÃmw ]n¶nse¶p kzX{ámbn Nnń¡p¶ BÀ¡pw a\ÊnemIpw.

GÁhpw henb Xami (henb Bizmkhpw) 1600 hÀjs¯ hgn]ncnben\pw X½nÂXÃn\pw tijw ]ncnªpt]mb k`bpsS Xeh·mÀ an¡hmdpw FÃmXcw HmÀ¯ tUmIvkpImcpw It¯men¡cpw X½nÂ Ct¸mÄ ssZhimkv{X]camb A`n{]mb hyXymk§Ä CÃ F¶pw Ds−¦nÂXs¶ Ah \nÊmcambncp¶p F¶pw AXpsIm−v ]ckv]cw kzoIcn¡p¶p F¶pw k½Xn¨ncn¡p¶p F¶XmWv. A{Xbpw \ÃXv.

]s£ A©pw Bdpw \qÁm−pIfnÂ kw`hn¨ Cu hgn]ncnbÂ k`bpsS ASn¯d

BsI Ipep¡n Cf¡n F¶XmWv. Cu XÀ¡§fpsS êambn Ing¡nsâ k`bnÂ Bdmw \qÁm−nÂ ]nfÀ¸p−mbn. Ing¡nsâ k` sam¯w s\kvtXmdnb\mbn amdn.. {InkvXphnsâ BfXzhpw kz`mhhpw ssZhoIhpw am\pjoIhpambn c−mbn thÀs]«p \nÂ¡p¶p F¶v ChÀ hnizkn¨p. thsdmcp ASnØm\ hyXymkw I\yI amXmhv ssZhamXmhÃ, thdn«v \nÂ¡p¶ a\pjy kz`mhapÅ {InkvXphnsâ am{Xw amXmhmWv, ssZh¯n\v amXmhp−m Im³ km²yaÃ F¶XmWv. tamWm^nknÌpIsf¶hÀ (Ct¸mÄ HmdnbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv kÌÄ)]dbp¶Xv tbip{InkvXphnÂ ssZhkz`mhhpw a\pjykz`mhhpw thÀ]ncnbm\m hm¯ hn[w ebn¨p tNÀ¶ncn¡p¶p F¶XmWv. aq¶mw hn`mKw {Ko¡v kÌfpÄs¸sSbpÅ CutÌ¬ HmÀ¯tUmIvkpw It¯men¡m k`bpw ap³]dª c−nsâbpw \SphnÂ Hcp Øm\amWv tbiphn\v IÂ]n¨cpfnbXv. Ing¡³ k`bnse tamtWm^nknÌv(anbm^nkn Unâv)ImÀ, AXmbXv GIkz`mh ssZhimkv{X¡mcmbhÀ Hcp _ZÂ ImtXmen¡msb hmgn¨v Ing¡nsâ k`bnÂ \n¶p ]ncnªp. HmdnbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ kÌfmWv GIkz`mh hn`mK¯nÂs]Sp¶Xv. CuPn]vÁnse tIm]vÁnIv k`, AÀao\nb³

8

k`, FtXym]y³ k`, FtXym]y³ k`bnÂ \n¶p kzX{ámbn amdnb Fdo{Snb³ k`, kndnb³ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv k` (Cýbnse C¶s¯ Pmt¡mss_Áv CXnsâ `mKw),

Cýbnse C¶s¯ bmt¡m_-HmÀ¯tUmIvkv kÌÄ C{XbpamWv HmdnbâÂ HmÀ¯

tUmIvkv kÌÄ. CýbnÂ A.D.431Â D−mbncp¶ St. Thomas {InkvXym\nIÄ H¶pInÂ aÁpÅhcpambn _ÔanÃmsX Ignªhtcm AsÃ¦nÂ AtýmJybpsS taÂt¡mbva bnepÅ Ing¡nsâ k`bpambn am{Xw _ÔapÅhtcm Bbncp¶p.

tdmam N{IhÀ¯n IÀ¯mhnsâ kz`mhs¯¸Ánbpw BfXzt¯¸Ánbpw F´p Nnń¡p¶p, BcpsS `mK¯p \nÂ¡p¶p F¶Xn\\pkcn v̈ Hmtcm kp¶ltZmkv \S¯n¸nsâbpw A[nImchpw \nb{´ Whpw Hmtcm ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâbpw ssI¿nembn.

XntbmtUmjnbkv c−ma³ (Theodosius) F¶ N{IhÀ¯nbpsS Ime¯p A.D.449Â

AeIvkm³{Unb³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okmbncp¶ Zobkv---tImtdmknsâ A²y£XbnÂ IqSnbXmWv

c−mw Ft^kqkv F¶ (sImÅ¡mcpsS kp¶ltZmkv F¶ CÃt¸cv) kp¶ltZmkv. 198 sa{Xm·mÀ ]s¦Sp¯ Cu kp¶ltZmknÂ C¶t¯Xpt]mse Xs¶ FÃmhn[ ASnbpw Ifnbpw \S¶p. tIm]vÁnIv k`bpsS ]m{XnbÀ ¡okmbncp¶ ZobkvtImtdmkv Bbncp¶p kp¶ltZmknsâ A²y£³. entbm H¶ma³ F¶ (It¯men¡m k` tdmw) t]m¸nsâ {]Xn\n[nIÄ sIm−ph¶ Fgp¯v Cu kp¶ltZmknÂ hmbn¨nÃ. Cu kp¶ltZmknÂ ^vfmhnb³ F¶ IpkvXót\mkv t]meoknse ]m{XnbÀ¡okv apS¡nb ImS¯ GIkz`mh

hmZnbmb Fhp¯n¡kv (Eutyches) F¶ sa{Xmsâ apS¡p amÁnbXmbn {]Jym]n¨p. A²y£Øm\¯ncp¶ ZobkvtImtdmknsâ A\pbmbnIÄ I¿m¦fn \S¯n F¶pw Btcm]Wap−mbn.

IÀ¯mhnsâ BfXzs¯¸Ánbpw kz`mhs¯¸ÁnbpapÅ XÀ¡§fmbncp¶p

ASnØm\ {]iv\w. s\kvtXmdnbknsâ s\kvtXmdnb³ hmZw HcÁhpw Fhp¯n¡knsâ

MONOPHYSIT hmZw atÁ AÁhpambn IW¡m¡s¸«p. A.D.449se kp¶ltZmkv AwKoIcn¡p¶Xv HmdnsbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv kÌÄ am{XamWv. Chcpw Ct¸mÄ ]dbp¶Xv

MONOPHYSISM AÃ MIAPHYSISM BWv ChcpsS hnizmksa¶mWv. “tamtWm” F¶m

bmepw “anbm” F¶mbmepw H¶v Xs¶bmsW¶v ]ecpw ]dbp¶p. {Ko¡p `mjbnÂ PhD bpÅ Fsâ Hcp {Ko¡v kvt\lnX\pw Ft¶mSv A§s\ ]dªn«p−v. c−pw c−À°amsW¶pw hmZap−v. Ct¸mgmIs« FÃmhcpw ]dbp¶Xv Cu XÀ¡§sfm¶pw henb ImcyaÃmbncp¶p F¶pw. It¯men¡m k`bpsSbpw Ing¡nsâ (s\kvtXmdnb³ F¶p hnfn¡s¸Sp¶ k`bpsSbpw) Xeh·mÀ H¶n¨p IqSp¶p. ss_k³ssS³ kÌfpw HmdnbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv kÌfpw ]ckv]cw kzoIcn¡p¶p. F¶mÂ \qÁm−pIfmbn X½nÂ XÃnbXv sXÁmbncp¶p, AÀ°anÃm¯ AÚXbmbncp¶p, tbip{InkvXphnsâ kvt\l¯nÂ \n¶pw hgnsXÁn Al¦mc¯nsâbpw Xm³t]mcnabpsSbpw \nKf¯nsâbpw amÀK¯nte¡v hyXnNen¨pt]mbXp sIm−p−mb A]ISambncp¶p F¶pw Xpd¶p k½Xn¡m³ X¿mdmbmÂ {]iv\§Ä CÃmXmIpw. Hcp ÇolbpsS t]cnepÅ ]e knwlmk\ §Ä CÃmXmIpw. Ip¼kmc¯nsâ alnasb¸Án ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw At\I tImSn P\§sf Ip¼kmcn¸n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ CSb·mÀ¡v F´psIm−v Cu Imcy¯nÂ Hcp sXÁpk½Xhpw Ip¼kmchpw \S¯m³ Ignbp¶nÃ F¶v BSpIfmb \½Ä Nnńt¡−XmWv.

A.D451Â ho−pw Hcp kp¶ltZmkv IqSn. IÂ¡Zntbm³ kp¶ltZmkv F¶dnb

s¸Sp¶ Cu kp¶ltZmkv 449se kp¶ltZmknsâ \S]SnIsf d±v sNbvXp. IqSmsX tdmanse t]m¸v FXnÀ¯p F¦nepw IpkvXót\mkv t]meoknsâ ]m{XnbÀ¡okpw t]m¸pw XpeycmWv F¶p {]Jym]n¨p. It¯men¡À ]dbp¶Xv c−mas\¶v {]Jym]n¨p F¶mWv. Cu XpeysXsb¸ÁnbpÅ XÀ¡hpw t]m¸v BWv H¶ma³ F¶ AhImihpw ]n¶oSv At\Iw kÌfnse aÁp ]e ]nfÀ¸pIÄ¡v ImcWambXp thsdmcp IY.

9

thZhn]coX§sf XÅn¡ftb−Xv hnizmk¯nsâ hnip²n¡pw XpSÀ¨bv¡pw BhiyamWv F¶ Imcy¯nÂ XÀ¡w th−. ]s£ CXnÂ ]s¦Sp¡p¶hcpsS £abnÃmbvabpw {]Xn]£ _lpam\anÃmbvabpw A]csâ Bibw tIÄ¡phm\pw a\Ênem¡phm\papÅ aSnbpambncp¶p {]iv\w A¶pw; C¶pw. CXnsâ Iq«¯nÂ A[nImc tamlhpw Al¦mchpw IqSnbmbmÂ ]ns¶ AXp Xn·bpsS ss]imNnI iànIÄ¡p Ibdn hcm\pÅ Hcp thZnsbmcp¡embn amdpw. {InkvXob kÌfpsS ]nfÀ¸pIfpsS ASnØm\ ImcW§Ä¡p ]n¶nep−mbncp¶ ImcW§Ä ChbmWv.

H¶mw kp¶ltZmknÂ Adnbqknsâbpw c−mw kp¶ltZmknÂ At¸mfnt\m

knsâbpw aq¶mw kp¶ltZmknÂ s\mkvtXmdntbmknsâbpw thZimkv{X§sf JÞn¨p.

449se tdm_À kp¶ltZmknepw 451se IÂ¡Zntbm³ kp¶ltZmknepw s\kvtXmdntbm

knsâ thZimkv{X§sf XpSÀ¶p−mb XÀ¡§Ä XpSÀ¶p. 431\pw 451\pw CSbnembn k` c−mbn AÃ aq¶mbn ]nfÀ¶p. ho−pw ]nfcphm\pÅ A[nImc XÀ¡¯n\pw XpS¡hp

an«p. IÂ¡Zntbm³ kp¶ltZmkv tdmam N{IhÀ¯n amÀknbsâ Ime¯mWv \S¶Xv. 449se

kp¶ltZmkn\v D¯chn« XntbmtUmjnbkv c−ma³ 450Â IpXnçpd¯p \n¶pw hoWv acn¨t¸mgmWv amÀknb³ `cWw GÁXv. a¡fnÃmsX acn¨ XntbmbpsS ktlmZcnsb

(PULCHERIA) IeymWw Ign¨v N{IhÀ¯nbmb BfmWv amÀknb³. `mcybpw `À¯mhpw

FhqÁn¡knsâ (Eutychus) thZimkv{X¯ns\Xncmbncp¶p. AXpsIm−v IÂ¡Zntbm³

kp¶ltZmkv hnfn¨pIq«phm³ km[n¨p. XntbmtUmjnbkv acn¨nÃmbncps¶¦nÂ 451se kp¶ltZmkv \S¡pambncp¶nÃ. ssZh¯nsâ Xncpk`bpsS KXnsb kokdnsâ ]n³KmanIÄ \nb{ń¨p. C¶pw AXp XpScp¶p. tbip ]dªX\pkcn¨v kokdn\pÅXp(am{Xw)kokdn\p sImSp¯n«p ssZh¯n\pÅXp ssZh¯n\p sImSp¯mbncps¶¦nÂ k` c£s¸Spambncp¶p.

449se kp¶ltZmknsâ A²y£w hln¨ ZobkvtImtdmkns\ 451se Cu

kn\UnÂ \n¶pw ]pd¯m¡n. 449Â apS¡nbhscsbÃmw Xncns¨Sp¯p. IÂ¡Zntbm³ kp¶ltZmkns\ AwKoIcn¡p¶hcpw(Im¯enIvkv,{Ko¡v HmÀ¯

tUmIvkv apXÂ t]À) AwKoIcn¡m¯hcpw (HmdnbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv) Bbn k` ]ncnªp. ]n¶oSv Bfp]nSp¯hpw k` ]nfÀ¯epw [mcmfw \S¶p. IÂ¡Zntbm³ kp¶ltZmkv AwKoIcn¡m¯ kÌfnÂ _ZÂ kÌfp−m¡n. c−p hn`mK§fnepw BfpIÄ D−mbncp¶p F¦nepw IÂ¡Zntbm³ kp¶ltZmkpImÀ¡v taÂt¡mbvabmbn. ImcWw N{IhÀ¯n AhÀ¡\pIqeambncp¶p. cmPmhnsâ BfpIÄ F¶ÀYw hcp¶ saÂssIÁvkv F¶hÀ Adnbs¸«p.

A D.451 \ptijw

AtýmJymbnÂ IÂ¡Zntbm³ kp¶ltZmkpImcpw AÃm¯hcpw amdn amdn h¶ncn¡Ww. c−p ]£¯pw _mhamcpw sa{Xm·mcpw D−mbncp¶p. FÃm kÌfnepw icn¡pw ]dªmÂ s\kvtXmdnb\nkw, Hmdnbâenkw, ss_kâ\nkw F¶ ssZh imkv{X§sf aq¶mbn Xncn¨mÂ aq¶p Nn´mKXnbnepÅhcpw D−mbncp¶p.

431\v tijw Ing¡nsâ k`sb s\kvtXmdnbs\¶p ap{Z Ip¯n thÀs]Sp¯n. 451\p tijw HmdnbâÂ, ss_k³ssS³ F¶ t]cpIfnÂ k` H¶pwIqSn ]nfÀ¶p.

AtýmJybnÂ 512Â A[nImctaÁ tkthdntbmkv HmdnbâÂ Nn´mKXn¡mc

\mbncp¶p. At±ls¯ 518Â A[nImc`rjvS\m¡n \mSpIS¯n. ]n¶oSv At±lw Hmdnb

âÂkn\p iànbpÅ CuPn]vXnÂ \mSpIS¯s¸« ØnXnbnÂ 20 hÀjt¯mfw Pohn¨p.

A.D.538Â At±lw acn¨p.

10

HmdnbâepImÀ ITn\ambn ]oUn¸n¡s¸«ncp¶ Imeambncp¶p AXv. Atým Jymbnse ]m{XnbÀ¡ knwlmk\w IÂ¡Zntbm³ kp¶ltZmkpImcpsS ssI¿nembn. PÌn\ob³ F¶ tdma³ N{IhÀ¯n anbm^nvknÁpIsf Xncªp]nSn¨v CÃmXm¡m\pw IÂ¡ Zntbm³ kp¶ltZmkpImÀ am{XapÅ k` sI«n¸Sp¡phm\pw D¯chn«p.

At±lw At\Iw anbm^nknÁp sa{Xm·mtcbpw ]nSn¨v ho«p XS¦enem¡n. ]s£

At±l¯nsâ `mcy XntbmsUd cmÚn anbm^nknÁpItfmSv ZbhpÅbmfmbncp¶p. cmÚnbpsS XWenÂ ChÀ¡v AÂ]w Bizmkw e`n¨p. F¦nepw anbm^nknÁpIÄ s]mXpshbpw, AtýmJy k`bnepÅ anbm^nknÁpIÄ {]tXyIn¨pw, ]oU\w kln¨pw IjvSs¸«pw GXm−v CÃmXmIp¶ \ne h¶p.

bmt¡m_v _pÀZm\

AtýmJy³ k`bnÂ P\n¨p samWmkv{Sn PohnXw \bn¨ncp¶ Hcp ]ÞnX\mbncp¶p

bmt¡m_v _pÀZm\. GÁhpw FfnabnÂ Pohn¨v kz´w kz¯pIsfÃmw ]mh§Ä¡v kw`mh\ sNbvX Ct±l¯nsâ hmÀ¯IÄ cmÚnbpsS sNhnbnepw F¯n. cmÚn ImWWsa¶m{Kn¨p hnfn¸n¡pIbpw ]ecpsSbpw \nÀºÔ {]Imcw Ct±lw cmÚnsb ImWpIbpw sNbvXp. F¦nepw N{IhÀ¯nbpsS N«§Ä aqew Ct±ls¯bpw ]nSnIqSn. F¦nepw cmÚnbpsS XmÂ]cy{]Imcw aÁpÅhsc¡mÄ kzX{´\mbn Ct±lw Ignªphcpt¼mÄ ho«pXS¦enebncp¶ sa{Xm·mÀ clky¯nÂ Ct±ls¯

sa{Xm³]Zhnbnte¡pbÀ¯n (542). euIoIambn H¶pw th−m¯ {InkvXphnsâ k`tbbpw Xm³ kXysa¶p

hnizkn¡p¶ anbm^nknkt¯bpw c£n¡m³ Ct±lw Xp\nªnd§nbXmWv HmdnbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkpImÀ¡p s]mXpshbpw AtýmJy³ k`¡v {]tXyIn¨pw ]pXpPoh³ e`n¡m³ ImcWw.

A.D.518Â Øm\`rjvS\mbn \njv¡mknX\mb AtýmJybnse tkthdntbmkv ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ Imcyw t\cs¯ ]dªtÃm. IÂ¡Zntbm³ kp¶ltZmkpImcpsS ssI¿nÂs]«pt]mb ]m{XnbÀ¡m knwlmk\¯n\p _Zembn sÌÃbpsS skÀKnbkv F¶p t]cpÅ Hcp anbm^nknÁv _mhsb Ct±lw ]m{XnbÀ¡okv Bbn hmgn¨p. skÀKnbkv

aq¶p hÀj§Ä¡p tijw 547Â Aćn¨p. At¸mÄ bq\m\pkv Fs¶mcp sa{Xm\pw _pÀZm\bpw IqSn t]mÄ Fs¶mcmsf ]m{XnbÀ¡okv Bbn hmgn¨p. Cu kabsaÃmw AtýmJym knwlmk\w ]nSns¨Sp¯ F{^bnw F¶ IÂ¡Zntbm³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv, N{IhÀ¯nbpsS A\phmZt¯msS HmdnbâÂ k`tbbpw ]ptcmlnXtcbpw ]oUn¸n¡pIbpw CÃmXm¡m³ {ian¡pIbpambncp¶p. bmt¡m_v _pÀZm\bmIs« Xsâ injvSPohnXImew apgph\pw kndnb, Gjyssa\À, saks¸mt«manb, t]Àjy XpS§nb Øe§fnseÃmw thj{]O¶\mbn k©cn¨p. N{IhÀ¯nbpsSbpw ]SbpsSbpw I®psh«n¨p bm{XsNbvXv HmdnbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv sa{Xm·mscbpw A¨·mscbpw hmgn¨p k`sb iàns¸Sp¯n. ]ptcmlnXÀ¡pw P\§Ä¡panSbnÂ Cu hnizmk¯n\p \Ã ]n´pWbp−mbncp¶XpsIm−v HmdnbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv {]Øm\hpw anbm^nknÌv hnizmkhpw iàn{]m]n¨v DbnÀs¯gpt¶Áp. IÂ¡Zntbm³ kp¶ltZmkpImsc (C¶s¯ {Ko¡v HmÀ¯tUmIvkv

etc.) saÂ¡Áv (cmPmhnsâ BfqIÄ) F¶p hnfn¡m³ XpS§n. ]oU\§fptSbpw apS¡pI fptSbpw IYIÄ thsdbpw hfsctbsdbp−v. bmt¡m_v _pÀZm\bpsS {]hÀ¯\ §Äaqew F´p kw`hn¨p F¶XmWv ae¦c¡mcmb \½Ä {i²nt¡− Hcp {][m\ Imcyw. Ct±lw Ing¡nsâ k`bpsS _m_ntem¬ XpS§nb Øe§fnepw bm{XsNbvX Imcyw

kqNn¸n¨tÃm. 431\p tijw s\kvtXmdnb³ k` F¶p ap{ZIp¯n Ing¡nsâ k` thÀs] s«¦nepw anbm^nknkhpw IÂ¡Zntbm³ kp¶ltZmkv hmZhpsaÃmw Ing¡³k`bnepw Ne\§Ä D−m¡n. km[mcW¡mÀs¡¶Ã, ]ÞnXÀ¡pt]mepw a\Ênemhm¯ hyàa Ãm¯ IÀ¯mhnsâ BfXz kw`h§sf¸ÁnbpÅ XÀ¡§fnÂ A`n{]mb amÁ§fpw tNcnXncnhpw klPamWtÃm.

11

s\kvt¯mdnb³ Nn´ItfmSp NmbvhpÅ k`bmbncp¶p F¦nepw anbm^nknÁpIsft¸mse tbip{InkvXphntâXv thÀXncn¡m\mh¯ GIhpw HcmfXzhp amsW¶ Nn´ h¨p]peÀ¯p¶hcpw Ing¡³ k`bnÂ [mcmfw D−mbncp¶p. bmt¡m_p _pÀZm\bpsS kµÀi\t¯mSpIqSn AhÀ¡v Bibpw ss[cyhpw Bthihpw D−mbn.

Xs¶ ]nSnIqSm³ \S¡p¶ ss_k³ssS³ A[nImcnIfnÂ \n¶pw c£s]Sm\mbn

Atd_ybnse Kkm\nUv F¶ cmPys¯ {InkvXy³ cmPmhnsâ ASp¯v At±lw A`bw tXSnbXmbn ]dbs¸Sp¶p. t]Àjybnse tImkvtdmkv H¶masâ kZÊn(skeqIy)Â (559Â)

Ct±lw kµÀin¡pIbpw “bmt¡m_mb” hn`mK¯nÂs]« {InkvXym\nItfmSv IqSpXÂ klnjvWpX ImWn¡Wsa¶v A`yÀ°n¨Xmbpw IYbp−v. Cu kabw Ct±lw s_¯v BÀ_mbv (\n\sh F¶v thsdmcp `mjyw) F¶ Øe¯nsâ _nj¸mbncp¶ AlpsZ½sb Ing¡nsâ sa{Xmt¸meo¯bmbn DbÀ¯n Øm\mtcmlWw sNbvXp. tImkvtdmkv cmPmhv bmt¡mss_Ávkns\ A\pIqen¡p¶bmfpambncp¶p. Ing¡nsâ k`bpsS ]cam[nImc

Xeh\mbn 410Â ImtXmen¡sb¶pw 424Â ImtXmen¡m ]m{XnbÀ¡osk¶pw Øm\t¸cp kzoIcn¨ `cWm[n]\pw k`bpw s\kvtXmdnb\mbn amdnb Imcyw \½Ä I−p Ignªp. Cu A[nImc kvYm\¯n\p _ZembmWv Ing¡nsâ sa{Xmt¸meo¯ (ImtXmen¡m)bmbn AlpZ½msb hmgn¨Xv.

HmdnbâÂ-HmÀ¯tUmIvkv hnizmknIÄ (anbm^nknÁp hnizmkw \ne\nÀ¯p¶hÀ)

Ing¡nsâ k`bnÂ [mcmfambn D−mbncp¶psh¶pw 559apXÂ AhÀ¡p ImtXmen¡¡Sp¯ Øm\apÅ sa{Xm³ hmgn¡s¸«p F¶papÅ Imcyw ae¦cbnse {InkvXym\nIÄ a\Ênem t¡−XmWv. C¶v tIcf¯nÂ \S¡p¶ ASn]nSnsb¸Án a\Ênem¡phm³ CXp hfsc

BhiyamWv. Ing¡nsâ k`(Assyrian) bpsS AhscgpXnb Ncn{X¯nÂ Ing¡nsâ k`bnÂ \S¶ BZys¯ ]nfÀ¸mbmWv bmt¡m_v _pÀZm\ hgn _ZÂ ImtXmen¡sb hmgn¨ Imcyw ]dªn«pÅXv.

BfXz kz`mh bp²w tbip{InkvXphnsâ icocamIp¶ k`¡pw tbip{InkvXphnsâ ssZhXzw, a\pjyXzw,

BfXz, kz`mh§Ä apXemb hnjb§sf¸ÁnbpÅ XÀ¡§fpw {]tXyIn¨pw AXnsâ t]cnÂ \S¶ ]ckv]c ]oU\§fpw bp²§fpw GÂ¸n¨ apdnhpIÄ `oIchpw kln¡m\m h¯XpamWv. C¶v \½psS k`bnse ktlmZc§Ä X½nÂ ho«nepw sXcphpIfnepw InS¶p ASnIqSpIbpw tNmcsbmgp¡pIbpw AXns\Ãmap]cn \mWt¡Sp−m¡p¶ Xc¯nÂ ]ckv]cw sXdnhnfn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ Cu kab¯v ]−v \S¶ \nIrjvSamb Imcy§sf¸Án HmÀ¡p¶Xpw A¯c¯nepÅ Ass{IkvXhamb {]hÀ¯nIÄ BhÀ¯n¡nÃ F¶p Xocpam\n¡p¶Xpw hfsc KpWw sN¿pw.

A¶v k`bnÂ \S¶ hg¡v kzmÀ°Nn´bpw A[nImc tamlhpw aqeaÃmbncp¶p.

X½nÂ XÃnb Hmtcm ]nXmhpw A\pbmbnIfpw IÀ¯mhn\pth−n XymKw sN¿pIbmsW¶v ASnbpd¨ hnizmk¯nsâ t]cnemWv FXnÀ hn`mKs¯ Bib]cambpw imcocnIambpw CÃmbva sN¿phm³ {ian¨Xv. ]t£ \½Ä Ct¸mÄ sN¿p¶Xv AhchcpsS A[nImc ¯n\pth−nbpw ]Ån, ]Ån¡qSw, tImtfPpIÄ XpS§nb ØmhcPwKa hkvXp¡Ä ]nSns¨Sp¡p¶ Xn\pth−nbpw am{XamWv; hnizmk]cambn \½Ä X½nÂ hyXymksam¶pw CÃ F¶ Imcyw \½psS ]ckv]c ]oU\ sNbvXnIsf ]gbXnepw {Iqcam¡n amÁp¶p.

“hbÊ·mÀ ]ng¨mÂ ss]X§ft]£n¡q” F¶p \½Ä {]mÀ°\bnÂ ]mSp¶p.

“CSb·mÀ ]ng¨mÂ BSpIft]£n¡” F¶pw IqSn C¶p ]mtS−Xp−v”. \½psS BZcWobcmb ]nXm¡·mcmsW¦nÂt]mepw AhÀ sXÁp sNbvXmÂ AX\pIcn¡m Xncn¡pI F¶Xv {InkvXphnsâ A\pbmbnIfmb \½fpsS ISabmWv. AXv F§ns\

km[n¡psa¶msW¦nÂ IÀ¯mhp Xs¶ AXn\p hgnbpw ]dªp X¶n«p−v. “kzÀ¤Ø\mb

12

]nXmhÃmsX \n§Ä¡v thsd ]nXmhnÃ” F¶p ]Tn¸n¨Xv HmÀ¡pI. `qanbnÂ Bscbpw (Bßob) ]nXmhv F¶p hnfn¡cpXv F¶ IÂ]\bpw \ap¡v amÀ¤ZÀinbmIWw.

]m]Nn´IfnÂ \n¶pw ]qÀ®ambn hnapà\mbn a\pjy\mbn ]nd¶n«pÅh\mbn Htc

HcmÄ ssZh]p{Xs\¶p \½Ä GÁp]dbp¶ IÀ¯mhp am{XtabpÅq. CtX IÀ¯mhp

Xs¶ tNmZn¡p¶p “Fs¶ \Ãhs\¶p hnfn¡p¶sX´v. kzÀKØ\mb Fsâ ]nXmh

ÃmsX thsd \Ãh\nÃ F¶p \n\¡dnbnÃtbm”. `qanbnse Hcp sa{Xms\tbm _mhsbtbm Bscbpw Xs¶ ]cnip²³ F¶ \mahntijWw tNÀ¯p hnfn¡p¶Xv IÀ¯mhnsâ in£W¯n\p tNÀ¶p t]mIp¶XÃ. IÀ¯mhns\ [ym\n¡pI. apdnbnÂ Ibdnbncp¶p IXIS¨n«v I®S¨v ssZhta F¶p hnfn¡pI. At¸mÄ ]dtb−sX´v, sNt¿−sX´v, A\pIcnt¡−sX´v, XtÅ−sX´v F¶v AhnS¶p ImWn¨p Xcpw.

Hmtcm “thZ imkv{X¡mcpw” kp¶ltZmkpIfnÂ AhcpsS hmZw XÅs¸«n«pw, Øm\`rjvScm¡s¸«n«pw X§fpsS XXz§fnÂ \n¶pw amdm³ X¿mdmbnÃ. Hfnhnepw

]Xp§nbpw t\À¡pt\tcbpw dn_epIfmbn {]hÀ¯n¨ IYIfp−v. Adntbmknsâ “thZ

hn]coXw” \ne\n¶ t]m¡ÁpIÄ \nJy kp¶ltZmkn\p tijhpw D−mbncp¶p. ]s£

Ime{ItaW £bn¨pt]mbn. 449se c−mw Ft^tkmkp kp¶ltZmkn\p tIhew c−p hÀj¯n\pÅnÂ _Zembn IÂ¡Zntbm³ kp¶ltZmkv \S¯s¸«p. Poh³ Ifªpw hgnsXÁnt¸mb BSns\ t\m¡nt¸mb CSbsâ IY ]dªp X¶ IÀ¯mhv hgnsXÁn¡p¶ CSb·mtcbpw ]Án ]dªpX¶n«p−v. FÃmw FgpXnbmÂ CXp Hcp k`mhncp² {]hÀ¯\ambn ap{ZbnSs¸Spw. ]s£ ssÇlnl Øm\§tfmSpw AXnt\mSp \oXn ]peÀ¯pIbpw sNXvXn«pÅ ]cÈXw k`m tae²y£·mtcmSpw `b`àn _lpam\§Ä \ne\nÀ¯pt¼mÄ Xs¶ kzmÀ° Nn´IfmÂ \bn¡s¸«p k`sbbpw A\pbmbnIsfbpw

hgnsXÁn¡p¶ “]nXm¡·mcpsS” hgnbnÂ \n¶pw \½Ä amtd−XmWv. hgnsXÁp¶

BSpIÄ am{XaÃ, hgn sXÁp¶ CSb·mcpw D−v. cmPm[nImcw D]tbmKn¨v 19-mwhbÊnÂ

t]m¸mb (1032) _\SnIvSnsâ IY DZmlcWw. Ccpkz`mh¡mÀ¡v tdmam km{amPy¯nÂ henb kzm[o\sam¶pw D−mbnÃ. DÛhw

AhnsSbmbncp¶n«pw AhÀ t]Àjy³ (Ing¡n sâ) k`bmbn amdn s\kvtXmdnb³ F¶p hnfn¡s¸«p. IÂ¡Zntbm³ hnizmknIfmb ]Snªmd³ tdma³ km{amPy¯nse t]m¸nsâ k` It¯men¡ k`bmbn hfÀ¶p.

Ing¡³ tdmamb ss_k³ssS³ km{amPy¯nemWv IÂ¡Zntbm³Imcpw Hcp

kz`mh¡cpambpÅ XÀ¡w aq¯Xv. N{IhÀ¯namÀ ImemIme§fnÂ amdn amdn Hmtcm hn`mKt¯mS\pIqeambn h¶p. PÌn\nb³ N{IhÀ¯n IÂ¡Zntbm³ A\p`mhnbmbt¸mÄ N{IhÀ¯n\n (XntbmUc) Hcp kz`mh¡msc A\pIqen¨p. kot\m N{IhÀ¯n IÂ¡Zntbm\mbncp¶p. hnizmknIfnÂ km[mcW¡mcp sSbnSbnÂ Hcp kz`mh¡mcmbncp¶p iàcmbncp¶Xv. Cu c−p hn`mK§Ä X½nep−mb X½nÂXÃpw AXnsâ `mKambp−mb ]ckv]c ]oU\hpw GÁhpw tamiamb coXnIfnte¡p A[:]Xn¨ncp¶p F¶p ]dªp \nÀ¯p¶Xmbncp¡pw \ÃXv.

610Â Øm\mtcmlWw sNbvX N{IhÀ¯n sldm¢ntbmkv t]Àjybpw kndnbbpw ]nSns¨Sp¯p. Hcp kz`mh¡mscbpw Ccp kz`mh¡mscbpw \Sp¡pÅhscbpw H¶n¸n¡p hm³ t{]cW sIm−pw iànsIm−pw ]cn{ian¨ `cWm[nImcnbmbncp¶ Ct±ls¯ A\pkcn¡m¯ Hcp kz`mh¡msc At§bÁw ]oUn¸n¨ cmPm¡·mcnÂ Hcmfmbncp¶p CbmÄ. Cu Xc¯nepÅ ]oU\ ]c¼c CÉmansâ cmjv{Sob Pbwhsc Cu {]tZi§sfÃmw CÉmw `cWm[nImc¯n³ IogmIp¶hscbpw XpSÀ¶p.

13

k`bnse `n¶X¡v sImSpt¡−n h¶ hne

CÉmanIv Ad_nIÄ kndnbbnte¡v amÀ¨v sNbvXt¸mÄ Ahsc c£nXm¡fmbn Hcp kz`mh HmÀ¯tUmIvkv anbm^nknÁpIÄ I−p.

CÉmw km[mcW¡mÀ¡nSbnÂ {]hÀ¯n¨p {InkvXy³ kÌÄ Xs¶ apÉow

`cWm[nImcnIfpsS IognemIphm³ Hcp {][m\ ImcWw ss{IkvXh k`bnÂ kw`hn¨ Cu ssZhimkv{X XÀ¡hpw ]nfÀ¸pIfpw BWv. {InkvXphnepÅ ssZhXz¯nsâbpw a\pjyXz¯nsâbpw Afhpw kz`mhhpw Xq¡hpw t\m¡m\pw \nÀÆNn¡m\pw AXnsâ t]cnÂ X½nÂ XÃm\pw ]ckv]cw sImÃm\pw hsc X¿mdmb a\pjycpsS kz`mhw k`sb FhnsS sIm−psN¶m¡n F¶dnbpI. F¶n«v Ct¸mÄ ]dbp¶p Cu ssZhimkv{X hg¡pIfnsem¶pw henb ImcyanÃmbncp¶p F¶pw X§Ä ]ckv]cw kzoIcn¡p¶p F¶pw. X§Ä¡p X½nÂ F´mWv hyXymksa¶Xv BÀ¡pw hyàaÃ. AXv Cs¶mcp hnjbta AÃ. ]eÀ¡pw AXns\¸Án Hcp {KmlyhpanÃ (]ptcmlnXÀ¡pÄs¸sS). Bbnc¯n Aªqdv hÀj§fmbn hnizmknIÄ hgnsXÁn¡s¸«p X½nÂ XÃn XeIodnbXp sXÁmbncp¶p F¶v Xpd¶p k½Xn¡m³ X¿mdmIp¶ ]nXm¡·msc _lpam\n¡Ww. CXnÂ \n¶pw ]mTw ]Tn v̈ C¶p \½Ä \S¯p¶ knwlmk\ bp²w Ahkm\n¸n¡phm³ X¿mdmIWw.

anbm^nknÁpIfmb kndnb³ {InkvXym\nIÄ t]Àjybnepw ss_k³ssS³

kndnbbnepw D−mbncp¶ {]tXyIn¨pw Ad_v tKm{X§fnÂs¸« ‘bmt¡m_mb’¡mÀ apÉow

]SIsf klmbn¨p. Tagub, Uquail, Tennuch, Rabia XpS§nb tKm{X§fnepÅ anbm^nkn ÁpIÄ apÉo§tfmSp tNÀ¶p bp²w sNbvXp. AhÀ apÉow ]«mf¡mtcmsSm¸w amÀ¨v

sNbvXp. 651Â apÉow ]S t]Àjy¡msc apgph³ tXmÂ¸n¨p. ss_k³ssS³ km{amPy¯n

embncp¶ sUamkv¡kv (C¶v ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ BkvYm\w) A.D.634Â ]nSns¨Sp¯p.

637Â Pdpktew ]nSn¨p. 638Â AeIvkm³{Unbbpw ]nSns¨Sp¯p. CsXÃmw Hcp kz`mh¡mcmb HmdnbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkpImcpw IÂ¡Zntbm³ Ccpkz`mh¡mcmb ss_k³ssS³ImcpambpÅ ]nW¡¯nsâ êambn apÉoapIÄ¡v A\pIqeamb kmlNcyap−mbXp aqew kw`hn¨XmWv. anbm^nknÁpIfmb (HmdnsbâÂ) t]Àjybnepw ss_k³ssS³ km{amPy¯nepap−mbncp¶ {InkvXym\nIfpw Ad_nIfmbncp¶ apÉowIfpw X½nÂ ]n¶oSv Ime§tfmfw kvt\l¯nÂ hÀjn¨ncp¶p F¶p ]dbs¸Sp¶p. k`mXeh·mÀ¡v ^nÀam³ \ÂIn AhÀ¡v Bcm[\m kzmX{ýhpw `cWm[nImchpw sImSp¯ncp¶p. apÉow `cWm[nImcnIfpsS Hcp {][m\ hcpam\ amÀ¤w {InkvXym\nIÄ DÄs¸« A\yPmXn¡mcnÂ \n¶p In«p¶ Icambncp¶p.

]n¶oSv 13-mw \qÁm−nÂ awtKmfnb³ apÉowIÄ h¶Xn\p tijamWv {InkvXym\nIÄ ITn\ambn ]oUn¸n¡s¸«Xpw At\Isc \nÀºÔambn CÉmante¡v aXw amÁs¸«Xpw. apÉowIfpw kndnb³ {InkvXym\nIfpambpÅ _Ôw AtXmsS Ahkm\n¨p F¶p ]dbmw.

X§fpsS Hcpkz`mh thZimkv{X¯ns\Xncmbn “thZ hn]coXw” hnizkn¡p¶ IÂ¡Zntbm³ kp¶ltZmkpImcpsS ]oU\¯nÂ \n¶p c£s]Sphm³ th−n apÉoapIsf

hnizkn¡pIbpw klmbn¡pIbpw sN¿¯¡ Dd¨ “kXyhnizmkn”Ifmbncp¶p anbm^nkn ÁpIfmb kpdnbm\n k`mwK§Ä. IÂ¡Zntbm¡mcmb A[nImcnIfpsS ]oU\taÁv Ignªncp¶ X§Ä¡v {Iqccmb A[nImcnIfnÂ \n¶pw tamN\w In«phm³ apÉnapIÄ klmbn¡psa¶ hnizmkw Ahsc klmbn¡phm³ anbm^nknÁpIsf t{]cn¸n¨p. \_n¡v tbip{InkvXphnt\bpw amXmhnt\bpsams¡ _lpam\ambncp¶p. ssZh¯nsâ {]hmNI\mb Cuim \_n ssZh]p{X\msW¶v am{Xw \_n hnizkn¨ncp¶nÃ.

Ime{Ia¯nÂ Cu \mSpIÄ apgph³ IÀ¡i¡mcmb apÉnwIfmb awtKmfnb³

`cWm[nImcnIfpsS ssI¿nÂ sN¶ps]«p. {InkvXym\nIfmb FÃm thZimkv{X¡mcpw ]oU\§Ä¡pw Iq«s¡meIÄ¡pw Ccbmbn.

14

]ns¶bpw Ipsd¡mew Ignªv Ht«ma³ (apÉow) km{amPyw Cu \mSpIfnÂ {]_es¸«t¸mÄ ho−pw kÀÆ {InkvXym\nIfpw ]qÀÆm[nIw iàntbmsS ]oU\§Ä¡pw Iq«s¡meIÄ¡pw hnt[bcmbn. IpSpw_¯nÂ ktlmZc§Ä hg¡Sn¡pt¼mÄ A\yÀ apXseSp¡p¶Xv kÀÆ km[mcWw. ]oUn¡s¸«hcpw Iq«s¡mesN¿s¸«hcpw GI kz`mh¡mcmtWm Ccp kz`mh¡mcmtWm, \Sp¡pÅ IÂ¡Zntbm·mcmtWm Fs¶m¶pw Hcp Ht«ma¡mcpw t\m¡nbnÃ. sImSnb ]oU\w A\p`hn¨hcnÂ Akndnb³kp−mbncp¶p, kndnb³kp−mbncp¶p, {Ko¡p {InkvXy³kp−mbncp¶p, AÀao\nb³kp−mbncp¶p, Ad_n {InkvXy³kp−mbncp¶p. kÀÆtcbpw Hcpt]mse ]oUn¸n¨p; \nÀºÔn¨p aXw amÁn, Nnesc H¶S¦w sIm¶pXÅn. IÀ¯mhnsâ k` On¶`n¶am¡s¸«p \mamhtijambn ]qÀ®ambpw CÃmXmb kÌfpw D−v.

IÂ¡Zntbm³ kp¶ltZmkpImcpsS ssIhiambncp¶ sPdpitew 638Â HmdnbâÂ {InkvXym\nIfpsS klmbt¯msS apÉow Jmen^v HaÀ ]nSn¨S¡nb Imcyw kqNn¸n¨tÃm.

1077Â sPdpitew XpÀ¡nIÄ Jmen^nsâ ]n³KmanIfnÂ \n¶pw ]nSns¨Sp¯p. Ccphcpw apÉoapIÄ Bbncp¶p Ft¶mÀ¡Ww. ]e tKm{X§fnepw hÀ¤§fnepws]« apÉnapIÄ A[nImc¯n\pth−n ]ckv]cw bp²w sNbvXn«p−v. A[nImcsa¶ A¸¡jW ¯n\pth−n ]ckv]cw sImÃp¶XnÂ PmXnaXtZi hyXymk§Ä H¶panÃ. tIcfambmepw Cýbmbmepw, bqtdmt¸m, Gjytbm, B{^n¡tbm GXmbmepw FÃmhcpw Htc kz`mh ¡mcmWv. kzmÀ°X, XrjvW XpS§nb GXm\pw hm¡pIÄ FÃmhcpw s\t©Áp¶

“KpW§Ä” BWv.

622 Â GXm\pw A\pbmbnIfpw Xsâ hnime IpSpw_mwK§fpw am{Xap−mbncp¶

apl½Zv \_n (PBUH)bpsS CÉmw aXw 632Â At±lw acn¡pt¼mtg¡pw Hcp alm {]Øm\ ambn hfÀ¶ncp¶p.

km[mcW¡mcnÂ km[mcW¡mc\mbn P\n¨v a\pjy]p{X·mÀ F§ns\

Pohn¡Wsa¶p a\pjy]p{X\mbn Pohn¨p ImWn¨p sImSp¯ ssZh]p{X\mb tbip{InkvXphnsâ k` cmPIob k`bmbn amdn. km[mcW P\§fnÂ \n¶I¶v cmPkÌfnepw ]utcmlnXy knwlmk\§fnepw ab§n kphntijthe ad¶p ]ckv]cw

hg¡Sn¨p “apt¶dnbt¸mÄ”, knwlmk\§fnÂ IpSntbdnbt¸mÄ, km[mcW¡mcpsS thj¯nÂ ssZh¯nsâ {]hmNI\mbn h¶ \_nbpsS {]Øm\w P\§fpsSbnSbnÂ thcq¶nbXnÂ AÛpXs¸tS−XnÃ. A[nImcnIfpsS ]oU\¯n\p hnt[bcmb Hcp kz`mh hmZnIfmb anbm^nknÁp hn`mKamb {InkvXphnsâ ]n³KmanIÄ Ahsc klmbn¡pIbpw IqSn sNbvXt¸mÄ AhcpsS hfÀ¨ AXnthKambn. ]n¶oSv CÉmw awtKmfnbcpsSbpw Ht«ma·mcptSbpw ssI¿neaÀ¶t¸mÄ hnPbt`cn apg¡n apt¶dnb apÉow ]S A[nIw XmaknbmsX bqtdm¸ns\ hnd¸n¨p. sXs¡ CÁen, knknen apXemb Øe§sfbpw {InkvXym\nIfpsS ]ÅnItfbpw B{Ian¨p. {InkvXy³ ]ÅnIfpsS apIfnÂ apÉow {]mÀ°\m tI{µ§Ä Øm]n¨p. aX{`m´\mb Jmen v̂ l¡nw F¶ `cWm[nImcn kzbw ]cnip²\msW¶pw hsc {]Jym]n¨p. At\I e£§sf \nÀºÔambn aXw amÁn. ]Xn\mbnc¡W¡n\p ]ÅnIÄ \in¸n¨p.

Ggmw \qÁm−nÂ ss_k³ssS³Imsc tXmÂ¸n¨p apt¶dnb apÉoapIsf¡mÄ

]Xn·S§v aX{`mćmbncp¶p ]n¶oSv h¶ awtKmfnb³, Ht«ma³ apXemb apÉow `cWm[nImcnIÄ.

IÀ¯mhnsâ Ime¯v blqZcpsS ssIhihpw F¶mÂ tdma³ N{IhÀ¯namcpsS

B[n]Xy¯nepambncp¶ sPdpitean\v IÀ¯mhp {]hNn¨Xpt]msebpÅ IjvSImew h¶Xn\pw h¶psIm−ncn¡p¶Xn\pw XpS¡an«Xpw \mi¯n\p BZyhfw h¨Xpw {InkvXob k`bnep−mb tNcnXncnhpIfpw X½nÂXÃpw Bbncp¶p F¶Xv C¶v \½fnÂ ]eÀ¡pw Adnbm¯, AsÃ¦nÂ ad¶pt]mb, AXpasÃ¦nÂ a\:¸pÀÆw aqSnhbv¡s¸Sp¶ Hcp kXyamWv.

15

apÉow apt¶Áw bqtdm¸nte¡v hym]n¨p It¯men¡m k`bv¡v Xs¶ òjWnbmbn kvs]bn³, CÁen, knknen, ]cnip²hpw ]cn]mh\hpsa¶p {InkvXym\nIÄ hnizkn¡p¶

St. Peter’s _ken¡, St. Paul’s _ken¡, apXemb kvYe§Ä ]nSn¡s¸SpItbm B{Ian¡ s¸SpItbm sNbvXt¸mÄ {InkvXob kÌfpsS \ne\nÂ¸pXs¶ A]IS ¯nembnt¸mbn.

sPdpkteansâbpw tZhmeb¯nsâbpw NpÁpapÅ P\XXnbpsSbpw AhØ hfsc

Zb\obhpw òXnP\Ihpw Bbn. sPdpktew Xncn¨p ]nSn¡m\pw apÉow apt¶Áw XSªv {InkvXphnsâ k`sb c£n¡m\pambmWv t]m¸pamcpsS BinÀhmZt¯msS Ipcnip bp² ]c¼cIÄ \S¶Xv. Ipcnipbp²§fpsS \ymbm\ymb§sf¸Ántbm, AXnÂ ]s¦Sp¯hsçÁntbm Hs¡ {]Xn]mZn¡phm\nhnsS km²yaÃ. c−p \qÁm−pIfnembn \S¶ Ipcnip bp²§Ä temI Ncn{Xs¯ ]mtS amÁn adn¨p. ]s£ Hcp Imcyw XoÀ¨bmWv. asÁÃm bp²§fnepw XÀ¡§fnepw hg¡pIfnepsa¶t]mse Ipcnip bp²§fnepw CcbmbXv kXyamWv. \jvSambXv a\pjy PohnX§fmWv. am\hcmin I−XnÂ GÁhpw henb {IqcXIÄ I−Xpw Ipcnipbp²§fnemWv. temI¯nepÅ c−v {][m\ aX§fmb {InkvXpaXhpw CÉmwaXhpw X½nÂ C¶p \S¡p¶ sshcy§Ä¡pw hg¡pIÄ¡pw

hensbmcp ImcWhpw Ipcnip bp²§fmWv. AÂIzbvZm, I S I S apXemb òIc kwLS \IÄ apÉowIsf ]ncntIÁp¶Xpw Ipcnip bp²Ime v̄ {InkvXym\nIÄ apÉoapIsf ]oUn¸n¨ IYIÄ ]dªmWv.

CXnsâsbÃmw hn¯p]mInbXv (a\:¸qÀÆaÃmbncp¶p F¦nepw) tbip{InkvXphnsâ

icocamIp¶ k`bnÂ \memw \qÁm−p apXÂ Act§dnb IÀ¯mhnsâ BfXz kz`mh§sf¸ÁnbpÅ A`n{]mb hyXymk§fpw hg¡pIfpw A[nImc/ knwlmk\ t¸mcpIfpambncp¶p F¶p a\Ênem¡pt¼mgmWv C¶p \½Ä ae¦c k`bnÂ \S¯p¶ hg¡v F{X \ncÀ°IamWv, F{X A]ISIcamWv F¶ sR«n¸n¡p¶ kXyw shfns¸Sp¶Xv.

BhÀ¯n¨v ]dtb−Xv \½psS _mh--sa{Xm³ I£n bp²¯nemIs« hnizmk]camtbm, ssZhimkv{X]camtbm, Bcm[\m]camtbm bsXmcp XÀ¡hpanÃ ]¨bmb A[nImcs¡mXnbÃmsX Cu hg¡nsâ ]n¶nÂ H¶panÃ F¶XmWv. CXv \½psS IpÁw GÁhpw ITn\am¡p¶p. \½Ä sXÁnepw A_²§fnepw sN¶p hoWn«v ]Tnt¡− BhiyanÃ. \ap¡pth−n \½psS ap³KmanIÄ sNbvXn«pÅ sXÁpIfnÂ \n¶pw icnIfnÂ \n¶pw ]Tn¡pIbmWv th−Xv F¶v Atacn¡¡mÀ ]dbpw. hoWhs\ I−p]Tn¨mÂ hotg−n hcnÃ. \½Ä At§bÁw Bcm[n¡p¶ \½psS ]nXm¡·mÀ¡pt]mepw, AhÀ F{Xb[nIw Bcm²ycmbncp¶mÂ Xs¶bpw A_²§Ä ]Ánbn«ps−¦nÂ AXnÂ\n¶pw ]mTw ]Tn¡pIbmWv th−Xv. AhcpsS BßmÀ°Xtbbpw AÀ¸Wt_m[t¯bpw ]mÞnXyt¯bpw A\pIcn¡pIbpw thWw. AhtcmSpÅ `bÌvXn _lpam\§Ä ssIhnSmsX Ahsc AÔambn ]n´pScmsX ssZhw Zm\ambn X¶n«pÅ tIma¬sk³kn\p \nc¡m¯, ssZhkvt\l¯ne[njvTnXaÃm¯ Imcy§Ä AhÀ sN¿pt¼mÄ AXpambn \nÊlIcn¡phm\pÅ kzmX{ýhpw ss[cyhpw \½Ä ImWn¡Ww.

\nJym kp¶ltZmknÂ IqSnb tae²y£·mcnÂ ]oU\w A\p`hn¨hÀ

At\Icp−mbncp¶t{X! ]oU\¯nsâ êamb AwK `wKw kw`hn¨hÀ t]mepw. ]t£, N{IhÀ¯nbpsSbpw km{amPy¯nsâbpw XWenÂ cmPIob k`bmbXp apXÂ A[nImc¯nsâ IqS¸nd¸mb Al¦mc¯nsâbpw X³t]mcnabpsSbpw hn¯pIÄ \ms¼Sp¯p. {InkvXob k`bpsS Xeh·mcptSXpÄs¸sSbpÅhcpsS a\ÊpIfnÂ sshc¯n tâbpw shdp¸nsâbpw kÀ¸¡pªp§Ä Hfn¨pIbdn. hn.]t{Xmkv Çol GÁp]dª

“Poh\pÅ ssZh¯nsâ ]p{X\mb”, hn. tXmamÇol GÁp]dª “Fsâ IÀ¯mhpw Fsâ

ssZhhpamb” tbip¯¼pcm\nepÅ ssZhXz¯nsâbpw a\pjyXz¯nsâbpw Afhpw tNcphbpw Af¡pIbpw AXnsâ t]cnÂ hg¡Sn¡pIbpw ]ckv]cw ]oUn¸n¡pIbpw sImÃpIbpw hsc sN¿p¶ ØnXnbnte¡v tbip{InkvXphnsâ k` ss]imNnI NnÍfmÂ \bn¡s¸«p.

16

X§Ä IpSn¡p¶ ape¸mensâ cmkLS\sb¸Án A½bpsS amdnÂ InS¶p c−v Cc«¡pªp§Ä hg¡Sn¡p¶Xv H¶p `mh\bnÂ I−pt\m¡pI. XÀ¡waq¯q ]ckv]cw ISn¨p Iodphm³ t\m¡pIbmsW¦ntem AXv GÁhpw `b¦cw Xs¶btÃ? {InkvXphnsâ k`bnÂ DÛhn¨ kz`mh hg¡pIfpw GXm−nXpt]mse Xs¶. Ipªp§Ä¡v AarXXpeyamb ape¸mensâ cpNn BkzZn¨mÂ t]msc? aXt\Xm¡Ä¡v tbip{InkvXphnsâ kvt\lmarXw cpNn¨mÂ t]mtc?

tIm¬Ì³ssS³ N{IhÀ¯nbpsS a\wamÁw aqew cmPIob k`bmbn \memw

\qÁm−nÂ cq]amÁw kw`hn¨ tbip{InkvXphnsâ k`bv¡v cq]hpw N«§fpw N«¡qSpw D−mbn F¶Xv XÀ¡aÁ ImcyamWv. ]s£ AanXm[nImc¯nsâ tZmjhi§fmb ss]imNnI NnÍsf XSªp \nÀ¯p¶XnÂ D−mb hogvNIfmWv, AXnsâ XpSÀ¨bmWv, AXnsâ ]cnWnX ê§fmWv temI¯nsâ \m\m`mK¯pw k` C¶\p`hn¡p¶ ZpcnX§

fpsS DdhnSw. C¶p \½Ä t\cn«\p`hn¡p¶ _mh-sa{Xm³ hg¡pIfpsSbpw ASnØm\ ImcWhpw thsdm¶paÃ. tPm¬t]mÄ c−ma³ amÀ]m¸ Ing¡nsâ k`bpsS (timjn¨v

GXm−v \mamhtijamb) Xeh\mbncp¶ (Dinka-IV) AtýmJym, AÀao\nb, {Ko¡v, djy³ XpS§nb HmÀ¯tUmIvkv k`m Xeh·mÀ FÃmhcpw Xs¶ Ccp]Xmw \qÁm−n\ptijw kvt\l¯nepw klhÀ¯nXz¯nepw hcm³ B{Kln¡p¶p−v. tbip{InkvXphnsâ ssZhnI, am\pjnI kz`mh§sf¸ÁnbpÅ XÀ¡§Ä Dt]£n¨v AhchcnÂ DÅ IÀ¯mhnsâ kz`mh¯nsâ Afhpw hym]vXnbpw ]T\ hnjbam¡pt¼mÄ B kz`mhw hÀ²n¸n¡phm³ bXv\n¡pt¼mÄ {]iv\§Ä ]qÀ®ambpw ]cnlcn¡s¸Spw. tbip{InkvXphnsâ kz`mhw \½fnte¡v Bhmln¡pt¼mÄ tImSXn hn[nIÄ \ap¡mhiyap−mInÃ.

bmt¡m_p _pÀZm\ hmgn¨ AluZ½m F¶ BZys¯ Ing¡nsâ 'ImtXmen¡m'

(Tigrit sâbpw Ings¡ms¡bpsSbpw) Hcp ]cnip²\pw alm ]ÞnX\pambncp¶p. s\kvtXm dnb³ hnizmks¯ XÅn AtýmJybnse kndnb³ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv k`bpsS `mKambn ]pkvXI§Ä FgpXpIbpw Xo{hamb kphntijthe sN¿pIbpw At\Isc anb^nknÁv

(HmdnbâÂ) hnizmk¯nÂ Dd¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. 575Â t]Àjy³ cmPmhv Ct±ls¯ inctOZw sNbvXp sIm¶pIfªp. cmPIpSpw_¯nse Nnesc {InkvXym\nIfm¡nbXmWv CXn\p ImcWw.

578Â amÀ Izm aotjm F¶bmÄ ]Icw ImtXmen¡bmbn (Ing¡nsâ sa{Xm³).

Ct±lw 609Â acn¨p. 614Â amÀ imapthÂ ]Icw ImtXmen¡bmbn. 630Â aqke (t]Àjy³)enÂ h¨p AtýmJym k`bpsS kp¶ltZmkp \S¶p. ChnsS h¨mWv

ImtXmen¡mbv¡p ]Icw Ing¡nsâ a{]nbm\ F¶ Øm\w Øm]n¨Xv. 640Â adu¯m

( 628 - 649) F¶bmÄ BZys¯ a{]nbm\ Bbn. Tigrit Bbncp¶p BØm\w.

1089Â XnÀ¡nXnsâ KhÀWÀ kndnb³ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv k`sb B{Ian¨p. ]oU\hpw samWmkv{SnIÄ \in¸n¡epw kln¡h¿msX a{]nbm\bpsS BØm\w apkente

¡p amÁn. CS¡v ho−pw Tigrit te¡pw ]ns¶bpw apkente¡pw amÁn. Cu a{]nbm\m ]c¼cbnÂs]« taÂ]«¡mcmWv tImXawKe¯p h¶ FÂtZm

_mhbpw I−\m«v I_dS§nbncn¡p¶ ip{IÅm _mhbpw. FÂtZm _mh 1685Â

tIcf¯nÂ h¶p 13-mw Znhkw Imew sNbvXp. At±lw hmgn¨[nImcs¸Sp¯nb Cuhm\n

tbmkpw tIcf¯nÂ h¶ hntZi sa{Xm³ Xs¶. 1859 hscbpw a{]nbm\amÀ D−mbncp¶p. ]n¶oSv Cu Øm\w \nÀ¯em¡s¸«p. Ing¡³ k` timjn¨Xmbncn¡mw ImcWw.

1498 apXÂ t]mÀ«pKokvImÀ tIcf¯nÂ h¶p. 1599Â sas\Êokv sa{Xm³ \S¯nb DZbwt]cqÀ kp¶ltZmknÂ h¨v D−mbncp¶Xpw In«mhp¶Xpamb kIe ae¦c k`m tcJIfpw Np«p \in¸n¨p Nmcam¡n¡fªp. tIcf¯nse k`sb ]oUn¸n¨v _e{]tbmKw \S¯n tdmanse t]m¸n\p Iognem¡n. ae¦c {InkvXym\nIfpsS

17

`qXImet¯¸Ánbp−mbncp¶ tcJIsfÃmw CÃmXmbn. Hmtcmcp¯cpw tXm¶nb {]Imcw Ncn{Xw hfs¨mSn¡m³ kuIcyambn.

hnhchpw hnZym`ymkhpw Ipdhmb I¨hS¡mÀ¡pw IqsSh¶ anj\dnamÀ¡pw

tIcf¯nÂ Hcp ss{IkvXh kaqlw D−v F¶p t]mepw AdnbnÃmbncp¶p. AXnÂ k`sb¸Án Ipsd Adnbmhp¶hÀ \½Ä {InkvXym\nIÄ sN¿p¶Xp apgph\pw sXÁmsW¶pw thZ hn]coXamsW¶pw s\kvtXmdnb³ hnizmknIfmsW¶psams¡ sXÁn²cn¨p.

`qanbnÂ ssZh¯nsâ 'hnImcn'bmbn tdmanse t]m¸p am{Xta DÅpsh¶pw t]m¸ns\

Adnbm¯hÀ {InkvXym\nIfÃ F¶pw hnizkn¨ncp¶ AhÀ \nÀºÔn¨v \m«nse cmPm¡·mcpsS ]n´pWtbmsS kÀÆtcbpw t]m¸p Xeh\mbpÅ emÁn³ {InkvXym\nIfm¡n amÁn.

]d¦nIfpsS ASnaXzw kln¡h¿mXmbt¸mÄ ae¦cbnse \{kmWnIÄ FXnÀ¯p.

X§fpambn _Ôap−mbncp¶ Ing¡nsâ k`bnse taÂ]«¡msc CýbnÂ hcm³ k½Xn¡msX t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ XSªp. IjvSs¸«p ChnsS hcm³ {ian¨hscsbÃmw XSªp hbv¡pItbm ]oUn¸n¡pItbm sNbvXp. Ahkm\ambn ChnsS h¶ Al¯pÅ F¶ _mh(sa{Xm³?)sb XÃns¡m¶p ISenÂ sI«n¯mgv¯n. CXdnª Bbnc¡W¡n \mfpIÄ a«mt©cnbnÂ H¯pIqSn IpcninÂ Bem¯p sI«n Bem¯nÂ ]nSn¨p \½psS k`bpsS kzmX{ý¯n\p th−n i_vZapbÀ¯pIbpw ]d¦nIfpambn bmsXmcp _Ôhpw ]peÀ¯nÃ F¶pw tdmabpambn _Ôs¸SnÃm F¶pw kXyw sN¿pIbpw sNbvXp. tIcf¯nse It¯men¡À am{Xw tdmabpambpÅ _Ôsa¶Ã emÁn³ _Ô§Ä

XÅn¡fbpsa¶mbncp¶p {]XnÚ F¶p ]dbp¶p. 1500 \pw 1653\pw CSbv¡p \S¶ IYbmWv taÂ]dªXv.

C¶v tIcf¯nse kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nIfnÂ At\Iw hn`mK§fp−v. CXnÂ

A¸kvtXmenI ]mc¼cyw AhImis¸Sp¶ kÌÄ am{Xw t\m¡mw. 1. It¯men¡m k` (kotdm ae_mÀ) 2. It¯men¡m k` (ae¦c do¯v)

3. bmt¡m_mb k` (West Syrian ) 4. It¯men¡m k` (emÁn³ do¯v)

5. Cý³ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv (West Syrian )

6. amÀt¯ma k` (West Syrian )

7. Ing¡nsâ k` (East Syrian)

8. sXmgnbqÀ k` (West Syrian ) IqSpXembn ]n¶oSv {]Xn]mZn¡mw. t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ sIm¶ Al¯pÅ AtýmJym

]m{XnbÀ¡okmbncp¶p F¶v ]m{XnbÀ¡m I£n ]dbp¶p. It¯men¡m hnizmk¯nte¡p h¶ Hcp kpdnbm\n¡mc\mbncp¶p F¶pw hmZap−v. amÀt¯mam H¶masâ At]£b\pkcn¨v tIm]vÁn¡v k`bpsS t]m¸v Ab¨XmsW¶pw Nne Ncn{XImc·mÀ ]dbp¶p. amÀt¯mam ÇolbpsS knwlmk\¯n³ IognÂ ]cn]qÀ® kzX{´bmbncp¶ ae¦ck` Fń\v klmb¯ns\gpXn F¶Xn\v ImtXmen¡m hn`mK¯n\v hniZoIcWanÃ.

II

\½Ä Adnªncnt¡− Imcy§Ä

ae¦c k`bnse \{kmWnIÄ ]pcmX\ Imew apXÂ _Ôs¸«ncp¶Xv t]Àjybnse Ing¡nsâ k`bpambn«mbncp¶p. Cu Ing¡nsâ k`, Ing¡nsâ k` F¶p ]dbp¶Xv F´mWv F¶mbncp¶p F¶dnbp¶Xv hfsc BhiyamWv. sXfnthmSpIqSnb tcJIÄ

18

Npcp¡w. ]ns¶ ]ebnS¯p \n¶pw In«p¶ hnhc§Ä h¨mWv Hcp GItZi cq]w \ap¡p e`n¡p¶Xv.

\½Ä P\n¨ I£n¡p th−ntbm, k`bv¡p th−ntbm At\zjn¨mÂ \½ptS

At\zjWw kzX{ámhpIbnÃ. AXpsIm−v tIcf¯nse ]mc¼cy At¸mkvXmenI

kÌfmb It¯men¡, bmt¡m_mb, HmÀ¯tUmIvkv hn`mK§fpsS “Ncn{X” ]pkvXI

§fnÂ \nt¶m websiteIfnÂ \nt¶m kXyw \ap¡p a\Ênem¡m\mhnÃ. Xm´m§fpsS k`bpsS ]Xn¸p icnbmsW¶p kvYm]ns¨Sp¡phm\mWhÀ {ian¡p¶Xv. ss{IkvXh

Ncn{X§sf¸Án ]Tn¡p¶ aÁp ]ecpw D−v. AhcpsSsbms¡ Ncn{X ]pkvXI§fnepw web

site Ifnepw ChnSs¯ I£nItfmSp ]£]mXXzw D−mInÃ. Ah ]Tn¡p¶Xn\p ]pdta

ChnsS hg¡Sn¡p¶ FÃm hn`mK§fpsSbpw hmZ§sfbpw AhcpsS “Ncn{X

ho£W§tfbpw” FÃmw \njv]£ambn ]Tn¨mÂ, kzX{ámbn ]cntim[n¨mÂ \ap¡v kXys¯¸Án Hcp GItZi cq]w e`n¡pw.

1 Cu Ing¡nsâ k` Church of the East, Assyrian Church, Nesthorian Church, IÂZmb k` F¶ ]e t]cpIfnÂ Adnbs¸Sp¶p.

2 Cu k` A.D.33Â ].tXmamÇolbpsS kphntij thebpsS `mKambn Øm]n¡s¸«p.

3 tdmam km{amPy¯nsâ ]cn[nbnÂ D−mbncp¶ {InkvXob kÌsf¸ÁnbmWv IqSpXepw ]mÝmXyÀ a\Ênem¡nbncp¶Xpw IqSpXÂ {]Xn]mZn¨n«pÅXpw

4 Ing¡nsâ k` t]Àjy³ km{amPy¯nemWv Øm]n¡s¸«Xpw AhnSw ASnkvYm\am¡nbmWv hfÀ¶Xpw ]c¶Xpw.

5 tdmam km{amPyhpw t]Àjym km{amPyhpw ]c¼cbmbn _² sshcy¯nembncp¶p. ae¦ck`¡v {][m\s¸« FtUk t]mepÅ \Kc§Ä amdn amdn tdmambpsSbpw t]ÀjybpsSbpw Ingnembncp¶n«p−v.

6 tdmam km{amPy¯nse kÌsf (tdmam, AtýmJy, AeIvkm³{Snb, IpkvXót\mk vt]meokv, bdpitew) tdmam km{amPy kÌsf¶pw t]Àjybnse k`sb Ing¡nsâ k`sb¶pw hnfn¨ncp¶p. tdmam km{amPy¯nse t]m¸nsâ IognepÅ It¯men¡m k`sbmgnsIbpÅ tIm¬Ìmânt\m¸nÄ, {Ko¡v, djy³,

apXemb kÌsf Eastern Orothodox kÌsf¶dnbs¸Sp¶p.

7 A D 312Â tIm¬ÌâvssS³ N{IhÀ¯nbpw tdmam km{amPyhpw {InkvXpaXw kzoIcn¨tXmsS {InkvXpaXw cmPIob aXambn amdn.

8 tIm¬Ì³ssS³ XpS§nbpÅ tdma³ N{IhÀ¯namÀ temIamsIbpÅ {InkvXpaX¯n\p `cW kwhn[m\hpw N«¡qSpw hnizmk {]Jym]\§fpw D−m¡n. AXnsâ `mKambn kwLSn¡s¸«XmWv \½psS k`bpsS ASnØm\ hnizmk {]Jym]\§fnÂ ]dbp¶ aq¶p kp¶ltZmkpIfmb. \nJy, IpkvXót\mkv t]meokv, Ft^kqkv F¶nh.

9 tdmabpw t]Àjybpw sshcnIfbncp¶p. F¦nepw Ing¡pw ]Snªmdpw kÌÄ X½nÂ kulrZambncp¶p.

10 tdmam¡msc kwibt¯msS ho£n¨ncp¶ t]Àjy³ `cWm[nImcnIÄ tdmam¡mcpsS aXw, hnizkn¡p¶ {InkvXym\nIsfbpw i{Xphnsâ A\p`mhn Ifmbncp¡ptam F¶v kwibn¨ncp¶p. F¦nepw Ing¡³ k`bnse {InkvXym\nIÄ ]Snªmd³ kÌfnÂ \S¡p¶ Imcy§Ä AdnbpIbpw klIcn¡pIbpw

19

sNbvXncp¶p (kp¶ltZmkpIfnÂ AhÀ ]s¦Sp¯ncp¶p F¶pw ]s¦Sp¯nÃ,

]s£ \S]SnIÄ endorse sN¿pI am{XamWv sNbvXXv F¶pw c−`n{]mbap−v).

11 \nJy kp¶ltZmkv AtýmJym ]m{XnbÀ¡okn\p AtýmJybpsSbpw

“Ings¡ms¡”bpsSbpw IqSn tae[nImcw kvYm]n¨p sImSp¯p (Canon 6). c−mas¯ kp¶ltZmknÂ (tIm¬Ìmânt\m¸nÄ) CXv Hcp \nbaambn ho−pw FgpXntNÀ¯p F¶pw ImWmw. Ct¸mgpw ]mÀ{XnbÀ¡oknsâ IÂ]\IfnseÃmw

AtýmJybpsSbpw “Ings¡ms¡”bpsS bpsa¶p tcJs¸Sp¯p¶Xmbn ImWp¶Xv CXnsâ ASnØm\¯nemWv.

12 AtýmJymsb X§fpsS tae[nImcnbmbn Ing¡³ k` k½Xnt¨m, AwKoIcnt¨m F¶pw AtýmJy¡v Ings¡ms¡bpsSbpwtaÂ A[nImcw sImSp¯Xv AhcpsSbpw AwKoImct¯mSp IqSnbmbncp¶p F¶Xn\p sXfnhnÃ. \nJy kp¶ltZmkv Xocpam\§Ä AhÀ AwKoIcn¨XpsIm−v AtýmJy taÂt¡mbvabpw AwKoIcn¨Xmbn IW¡m¡mw.

13 \memw \qÁm−nsâ BZyw apXÂt¡ apdpapdp¸pIÄ D−mbncp¶p. AD.410Â Ing¡³ kÌfnse sa{Xm·mscÃmw IqSn X§fpsS Xeh\mbn ImtXmen¡m F¶ Øm\t¸tcmSpIqSn amÀ sFk¡v F¶ Hcp taÂ]«¡mcs\ \ntbmKn¨p.

14 AD.424Â Ing¡nsâ k`bpsS taÂ ]Snªmd³ kÌÄ¡v bmsXmcp A[nImc

hpansÃ¶p AhÀ {]Jym]n¨p. ImtXmen¡m F¶ Øm\t¸cv ImtXmen¡-]m{XnbÀ ¡okv F¶m¡n. Cu Øm\¯n\p apIfnÂ IÀ¯mhmb tbip{InkvXphÃmsX thsdbmcpanÃ F¶p hnfw_cw sNbvXp. C§s\ ]Snªmd³ kÌfnsem¶mb AtýmJybpsS tae[nImcs¯ Ing¡nsâ k` tNmZyw sNbvXncp¶p F¶Xp hyàamhpIbmWv.

15 s\mkvtXmdntbmkv F¶ ]Snªmd³ kÌfnÂ H¶mb IpkvXńt\mkv k`bpsS ]m{XnbÀ¡okv sIm−ph¶ tbip{InkvXphnsâ BfXzs¯¸Ánbpw kz`mhs¯¸ÁnbpapÅ thZimkv{Xhpw XpSÀ¶pÅ XÀ¡§fpw adnbansâ ssZhamXmhv F¶ Øm\s¯¸ÁnbpÅ XÀ¡§fpw {InkvXob k`sb BsI

De¨p. Cu XÀ¡§fpsS êambn AD431Â Ft^kqkv kp¶ltZmkp IqSn skkvtXmdntbmknsâ ssZhimkv{Xw thZhn]coXambn {]Jym]n¡s¸«p. AXpsIm−pw Xocm¯ XÀ¡§fpsS XpSÀ¨bmbn ]ns¶bpw kp¶ltZmkpIÄ

AD449epw 451epw IqSn (]ns¶bpap−mbncp¶p kp¶ltZmkpIÄ. BXnte¡v

IS¡p¶nÃ) AD431sebpw 449tebpw 451tebpw kp¶ltZmkpItfmSpIqSn k` aq¶p hnLSnX hn`mK§fmbn. Ing¡nsâ k`sb s\kvtXmdnb³ F¶p ap{ZIp¯n. Hcp kz`mhhmZnIfmb AtýmJy DÄs¸sSbpÅ A©p kÌÄ Hcp kz`mhw F¶ anbm^nknÁv, HmdnbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv kÌfmbn. aq¶masXmcp hn`mKw

AD451se IÂ¡Zntbm³ kp¶ltZmkpImÀ tdma³ It¯men¡mbpw ss_k³ssS³ HmÀ¯tUmIvkpImcpambn amdn. tIcf¯nse \½psS C¶s¯ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv, HmÀ¯tUmIvkv hn`mK§Ä HmdnsbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv hnizmk¡mcmWv.

16 thZimkv{X]camb XÀ¡§fmbncp¶p F¦nepw `cWm[nImcnIfpsS ({][m\ambn tdmam N{IhÀ¯ntbm IpSpw_mwK§tfm) ]n´pW BÀ¡v e`n¨pthm AhÀ X§fpsS FXncmfnIsf Øm\`rjvScm¡pI,\mSpIS¯pI,imcocnIambn¯s¶ ]oUn¸n¡pI apXemb ]oU\ apdIÄ \S¯nbncp¶p.

17 CXnÂ AtýmJym, CuPn]vjy³ XpS§nb HmdnbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv kÌÄ AXnITn\ambn ]oUn¸n¡s¸« hn`mKambncp¶p. Fhp¯nt¡mkv, ZobkvtImdmkv,

20

tkthdntbmkv apXemb {]KÛ·mÀ \bn¨ncp¶ Cu hn`mKw \mamhtij amhpIbpw \in¸n¡s¸SpIbpw sN¿psa¶ \ne h¶p. ChtcmSv klXm]hpw A\pI¼bpap−mbncp¶ Hcp tdmam N{IhÀ¯n\nbpsS (XntbmUd) klmbt¯msS bmt¡m_v _pÀZm\ F¶ Hcp Zbdm¡mcs\ ChcpsS _nj¸mbn \nban¨p. tIm]vÁnIv k`bpsS XntbmtZmkv, tIm¬Ìm³ssS³ k`bpsS Ańtamkv F¶nhcpw ethmZn¡mbpsS _nj¸v tIm¬Ìmânb³kpwIqSn (FÃmhcpw ho«p

XS¦enembncp¶t¸mÄ)bmWv hmgn¨Xv. At¸mÄ AtýmJym k`¡v 3sa{Xm·mÀ am{Xta D−mbncp¶pÅp. _m¡n FÃmhscbpw H¶pInÂ \mSpIS¯pItbm

sImÃpItbm sNbvXncp¶p. Ct±l¯nsâ 35 hÀjs¯ {]hÀ¯\Ime¯v c−v

_mhamscbpw 87 sa{Xm·mscbpw (27 F¶p thsdmcp IW¡pw D−v). F¬]Xn \mbncw ]«¡mscbpw AtýmJym AeIvkm³{Unb HmdnbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv

hn`mK¯n\pth−n hmgn¨p. bmt¡m_v _pÀZm\sb \½Ä 5-mw Xp_tZ\nÂ HmÀ¡p¶p−v.

18 IÂ¡Zntbm³ kp¶ltZmkv AwKoIcn¨ kÌÄ ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ AtýmJym knwlmk\w ]nSns¨Sp¯p. cmP`cWw AhcpsS ssI¿nÂ Bbncp¶tÃm. CXn\p ]Icw skÀKnbkv Hm^v sÌÃm F¶ ]m{XnbÀ¡okns\ hmgn¨Xv bmt¡m_v _pÀZm\ Bbncp¶p. \mSpIS¯s¸«, \½psS Xp_tZ\pIfnÂ ]dbp¶, amÀ

tkthdntbmkn\p ]Icambncp¶p CXv. (amÀ tkthdntbmkv 20 hÀjs¯ A\ytZi hmk¯n\p tijw Aćn¨p). HmdnbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv hnizmkw

Dd¸n¨ k`bpsS “XqWpw” aÂ]m\p”ambn, Ct±ls¯ k` _lpam\n¡p¶p. A©mw Xp_tZ\nÂ Ct±ls¯ t]scSp¯p {]kvXmhn¡p¶p.

19 bmt¡m_v _pÀZm\ ]p\ÀPohn¸n¨ HmdnbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv hn`mK¯n\p hnizmknIfpsSbnSbnÂ \Ã ]n´pWbp−mbncp¶p. tdmam km{amPy¯nsâ ]cn[nbnÂ DÅ FXnÀ HmÀ¯tUmIvkpImsc cmPmhnsâ BfpIÄ F¶À°apÅ saÂssIÁvkv F¶dnbs¸«p. AhÀ \yq\]£ambncp¶p. F¦nepw N{IhÀ¯nbp sSbpw `cWIqS¯nsâbpw ]n´pW D−mbncp¶p.

20 t]Àjy³ `cWm[nImcnIfpsS AXnÀ¯nbnÂs¸« [mcmfw {InkvXym\nIÄ (s\kvtXmdnb³ hnizmk¯nÂs]« Ing¡³ k`bnÂ Xs¶) AtýmJy k`bvs¡m¸w HmdnbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv hnizmk¯nÂ D−mbncp¶p. IÀ¯mhnsâ BfXzt¯¸Ánbpw kz`mh§sf¸ÁnbpapÅ Kl\amb Imcy§Ä km[mcW¡mÀ¡v a\Ênem¡phm³ hnjaap−mbncp¶p. F¦nepw adnbmansâ ssZh amXmhv F¶ Øm\s¯ tNmZyw sN¿p¶ s\kvtXmdnb³ hnizmks¯ AwKoIcn¨ Ing¡nsâ k`m t\XrXzt¯mSp hntbmPn¸pÅ [mcmfw ]«¡mcpw hnizmknIfpw Ing¡nsâ k`bnep−mbncp¶p. Cu k`bnÂ BZyIme§fnÂ Øm]n¨ncp¶ ]ÅnIsfms¡ hn. adnbmansâ \ma¯nembncp¶p F¶pw Nne Ncn{X Imc·mÀ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p. tXmam Çol Xs¶ adnbmans\ Xsâ IÀ¯mhpw Xsâ ssZhhpamb tbipaninlmbpsS ssZhamXmhmbn IW¡m¡nbncp¶p F¶pw tXmamÇolbpsS ]n³KmanIfnepw adnbw ssZh amXmhv Xs¶ Bbncp¶p F¶pw A\pam\n¡mw. amXmhns\ XÅn¸dª Hcp hmZs¯ (s\kvtXmdnb³) FXnÀ¯ Hcp kz`mh¡mcmb [mcmfamfpIÄ Ing¡³ k`bnÂ D−mbncp¶p. amXmhv tXmamÇol¡p {]Xy£s¸«Xpw DdpamÂ tXmamÇol¡p In«nbXpsams¡ IYIfmbn \½Ä tI«n«pÅXmWv.

21 X§fpsS sshcnIfmbncp¶ tdma³ N{IhÀ¯n ]oUn¸n¡p¶ bmt¡m_v _pÀZm \mbpsS HmdnbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkpImsc, Nne t]Àjy³ `cWm[nImcnIÄ A\pI¼tbmsS ho£n¨ncp¶p. ChnSs¯ Nne {]mtZinI cmPm¡·mÀ Xs¶ {InkvXp k`bnÂ hnizkn¨ncp¶hcpambncp¶p. bmt¡m_p _pÀZm\ Ing¡³ k`m {]tZi§fnepw [mcmfw bm{X sNbvXncp¶Xmbpw cmPkZÊpIfnÂ HmdnbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkpImÀ¡p th−n {]Xy£s¸«ncp¶Xmbpw, hmZn¨Xmbpw Ncn{Xap−v.

21

22 CtX bmt¡m_v _pÀZm\ AD.559(?)Â Ing¡³ k`bpsS (s\kvtXmdnb³) Xeh\mb ImtXment¡mkv ]m{XnbÀ¡okn\p _Zembn Hcp ImtXmen¡msb hmgn¨p. Ing¡nsâ ImtXmen¡m F¶pt]cn«p. ]n¶oSv a{]nbm\ F¶pw Adnbs¸«p.

1912Â Øm]nXamb Cý³ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv k`bpw ae¦cbpsS ImtXmen¡m F¶psams¡ Adnbs¸Sp¶ Øm\¯n\p ASnØm\an«Xv ChnsSbmbncp¶p. IÂ¡Zntbm³Imcpw HmdnbâepIfpambn kÔnkw`mjW§Ä N{IhÀ¯nbpsS k¶n[nbnepÄs¸sS \S¶Xmbn IYIfp−v.

23 Ime{ItaW tdmanse amÀ]m¸bpw It¯men¡m k`bpw hfÀ¶p iàn {]m]n¨p temI¯nse Xs¶ GÁhpw P\kwJybpÅ k`bmbn. temI¯nepÅ FÃm {InkvXym\nIfpsSbpw Xeh³ amÀ]m¸bmsW¶ hmZhpw s]m§nh¶p. asÁÃm kÌsfbpw amÀ]m¸bpsS IognÂ sIm−phcnI, hcm³ k½Xn¡m¯ kÌfnÂ amÀ]m¸tbmSp hnt[bXzw k½Xn¡p¶ _ZÂ tae[nImcnIsf hmgn¡pI XpS§nb {]hÀ¯\§Ä aqew aÁp [mcmfw D]/FXnÀ hn`mK§Ä FÃm HmÀ¯tUmIvkv kÌfnepw D−mbn. apgph\pw ChnsS hnkvXcn¡qhm\mInÃ. CXn\p ]pdsabmWv CÉmw aXw hfÀ¶t¸mÄ HmÀ¯tUmIvkp kÌÄ XfÀ¶Xv. IÂ¡Zntbm¡cpw AÃm¯hcpw XfÀ¶p.

24 AD.1552 hscbpÅ Ing¡nsâ k`bnsebpw AtýmJybnse bmt¡m_mb (kndnb³ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv) k`bnsebpw Imcy§Ä H¶p t\m¡nbn«p \ap¡p tIcf¯nte¡p hcmw.

25 s\kvtXmdnb³ hnizmks¯ XÅn¸dbm³ Iq«m¡m¯ ImtXment¡mkv-]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ Ing¡nsâ k` hfsc hfsc hfÀ¶p kzX{ćmbn ssN\, P¸m³, Cý apXemb Ing¡³ {]tZi§Ä apgph\pw hym]n¨p. AhcpsS

kphntij {]hÀ¯\§sf¸Án ]dbp¶Xv 12-mw \qÁm−nÂ asÁÃm {InkvXym\n Ifpw tNÀ¶mepÅXnepa[nIt]À AhcpsS k`bnep−mbncp¶p F¶mWv. awtKmfnb, sImdnb, ^nenss¸³kv, {ioe¦ F¶o cmPy§fnseÃmw AhÀ hym]n¨p. ]e Øe§fntebpw `cWw amdp¶X\pkcn¨p ChÀ hfcpIbpw XfcpIbpw ]oUn¸n¡s¸SpIbpw XoÀ¯pw CÃmXmhpIbpw sNbvXXmbn ]dbs¸Sp¶p. CýbnÂ tIcf¯n\p hS¡pÅ ]Snªmd³ {]tZi§fnepw C¶s¯ ]mInØm\nepw A^vKm\nØm\nepw Ing¡nsâ k`bpw {InkvXym\nIfpw D−mbncp¶Xmbn hnizkn¡s¸Sp¶p. Ieym¬ tI{µamb Hcp `{Zmk\w Xs¶ D−mbncp¶p. tIcf¯nse k`sb¸Án ]n¶mse {]tXyIw ]dbmw.

26 Ing¡nsâ k`bnÂ bmt¡m_v _pÀZm\ kvYm]n¨ “_ZÂ” ImtXmen¡mbpsS Iognep−mbncp¶ hnizmknIsf¸Ánbpw AhcpsS kwJybsb¸Ánbpw IrXyamb

Ncn{XtcJIfnÃ. ]s£ ap³]v {]Ømhn¨ (20,21,22) ImcW§Ä aqew \sÃmcp hn`mKw Cu _ZÂ ImtXmen¡mbpsS IognÂ t]Àjy³ k`bnÂ D−mbncp¶p F¶p thWw A\pam\n¡m³.

27 A.D.424Â ImtXmen¡m ]m{XnbÀ¡okv AtýmJymbpsS ]m{XnbÀ¡nknsâ taÂtImbvasb XÅnbXpt]mse Cu ImtXmen¡m/ a{]nbm\amcpw ]m{XnbÀ ¡oknsâ `cW tae[nImcw k½Xn¨ncp¶nÃ. CtX¸Án XpSÀ¨bmbn XÀ¡§fpw

D−mbns¡mt−bncp¶p. 7-mw \qÁm−nÂ Cu Øm\t¸cv a{]nbm\ F¶m¡n amÁn. H¼Xmw \qÁm−nÂ Hcp DS¼Sn F¶h®w ]m{XnbÀ¡okpw ImtXmen¡bpw

(a{]nbm\) X½nepÅ _Ô§Ä \nÀÆNn¨p h¨p. 19-mw \qÁm−p apXÂ a{]nbm\ Øm\w CÃmsXbpambn.

28 amÀ]m¸bpsS H¶mw Øm\ hmZs¯¸Án ap¼p ]dªtÃm. `qanbnse kÀÆ {InkvXym\nIfpsSbpw Xeh³ tdmanse ]m¸bmsW¶pw _m¡nbpÅ kÀÆ kÌfpw

22

tae[nImcnIfpw CXwKoIcn¡Wsa¶pambncp¶p Cu hmZ¯nsâ s]mcpÄ. CXnsâ `mKambn Ing¡³ k`bnÂ \n¶p ASÀ¯nsbSp¯p amÀ]m¸bpsS

Iognem¡nb Hcp k`bmWv IÂZmb k`. CXp kw`hn¨Xp 1552 emWv. Ing¡³

k`bpsS ImtXmen¡-]m{XnbÀ¡m Øm\w Hcp IpSpw_ ]n´pSÀ¨mhImiw

t]msebmbncp¶p \ne\nÀ¯n t]m¶ncp¶Xv. Imew sN¿p¶ ImtXmen¡m-]m{XnbÀ¡nknsâ ktlmZco]p{X\mbncp¶p ASp¯ AhImin. Cu ]n´pSÀ¨mhImiw tNmZywsNbvX Hcp taÂ¸«¡mc³ k`bnÂ \n¶pw A\pbmbnIsfbpw Iq«n tdmanse amÀ]m¸bpsS ]n´pWtbmsS Øm]n¨XmWv IÂZmb k`.

tIcf¯nÂ

29 1498Â BWv ae¦cbnÂ t]mÀ¨pKokp I¨hS¡mÀ hcp¶Xv. C¡mes¯ t]Àjybnse Ing¡nsâ k`bnÂ c−v hn`mK§Ä D−mbncp¶p.

a. s\kvtXmdnb³ hnizmks¯ AwKoIcn¨ Ing¡nsâ k`

Xeh³ ImtXmen¡-]m{XnbÀ¡okv.

b. HmdnbâÂ (anb^nknÁv) hnizmkapÅ bmt¡m_mb F¶ CÃt¸cpÅ k`. Cu k`bpsS Xeh³ Ing¡nsâ ImtXmen¡ F¶ Øm\t¸cnÂ

(AD.559apXÂ Ggmw \qÁm−v hscbpw ]n¶oSv a{]nbm\m F¶ t]cnÂ 19-mw \qÁm−phscbpw) Adnbs¸«ncp¶ taÂ]«¡mc\mbncp¶p. AtýmJymbnse kndnb³ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv k`mXeh\mb ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ IogvØm\nbmbncp¶p Ing¡nsâ ImtXmen¡m(a{]nbm\)F¶p AtýmJym k` AhImis¸Sp¶p. ]s£ a{]nbm\bpsS k` AtýmJybpsS `cWm[nImcw AwKoIcn¨nÃ. c−p Øm\§fpw XpeyamWv F¶pw F¶mÂ Htc thZnbnÂ hcpt¼mÄ XpeycnÂ H¶ma³ F¶ Øm\w am{Xw ]m{XnbÀ¡okn\mbncn¡psa¶pw ]ckv]cw Øm\mtcmlW NS§pw hmgn¡epw \S¯m³ c−p taÂ¸«¡mÀ¡pw A[nImchpw ISabpw D−v F¶pw XpS§n F«p Imcy§Ä ChÀ ]ckv]cw k½Xn¨n«pÅXmbmWv Ncn{X tcJIÄ ]cntim[n¡pt¼mÄ a\Ênem¡p¶Xv.

30. tIcf¯nÂ t]mÀ¨vKokpImÀ h¶v (1498) 54 hÀjw Ignªt¸mÄ Ing¡nsâ

HdnPn\Â k` ho−pw ]nfÀ¶p (1552). amÀ]m¸sb Xeh\mbn AwKoIcn¡p¶

IÂZmb k` Dfhmbn. DZbwt]cqÀ kp¶ltZmkp \S¶ 1599Â A§s\ ae¦c k`bnse \{kmWnIÄ AYhm {InkvXym\nIÄ F¶dnbs¸«ncp¶ \½Ä Hcp amXrk`bmbn (AsÃ¦nÂ XpSÀ¨bmbn _Ôw ]peÀ¯nbncp¶ tPjvT k`bmbn) F¡mehpw FÃmhcmepw k½Xn¡p¶ Ing¡nsâ k`bnÂ aq¶p {]_e hn`mK§fp−mbncp¶p.

a. km£mÂ Ing¡nsâ k` F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ s\kvtXmdnb³ hnizmknIfmb

AÊndnb³ k` Øm]\w AD 33Â, Xeh³ ImtXmen¡ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv.

b. AtýmJym, tIm]vÁn¡v, FtXym]y, AÀao\nb apXemb 451se IÂ¡Zn tbm³ kp¶ltZmkv AwKoIcn¡m¯, IÀ¯mhnsâ GI kz`mh¯nÂ hnizkn¡p¶ HmdnbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv, bmt¡m_mb kndnb³ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv apXemb t]cnÂ Adnbs¸Sp\ bmt¡m_mb k`bpsS `mKw.

Øm]\w 559Â, Xeh³ Ing¡nsâ ImtXmen¡ (a{]nbm\).

c. Ing¡nsâ k`bnÂ \n¶pw ]ncnªv tdmanse amÀ]m¸ Xeh\mb It¯men¡m

k`bnte¡p tNÀ¶ IÂZmb k` Øm]\w 1552, Xeh³ _ZÂ ImtXmen¡ (IÂZmb³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv ).

t]Àjybnse {InkvXym\nIfnÂ F{X iXam\w hoXw Cu aq¶p kÌfnÂs¸«

hcmbncp¶p F¶Xn\p hnizkn¡mhp¶ IW¡pIÄ CÃ F¦nepw (a)hn`mK¯n

23

epÅhÀ Xs¶bmbncp¶ncn¡Ww `qcn]£w (IpdªXp 13-mw \qÁm−p hscsb

¦nepw). c−mat¯Xv (b) bnÂ ]dbp¶ AtýmJybnse kndnb³ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv k`bpsS Iognse¶v AhÀ AhImis¸Sp¶p. aq¶mat¯Xv IpSpw_ ]mc¼cyambn Ing¡nsâ ImtXmen¡m ]m{XnbÀ¡nkpamsc hmgn¡p¶Xv sXÁv F¶p hmZn¨p, ImtXmen¡m ]m{XnbÀ¡okn\p _Zembn Hcp ImtXmen¡msb tdmanse amÀ]m¸bpsS

BinÀhmZt¯msS hmgn¨ IÂZmb k`¡mcpw. Cu k`bv¡v 1599Â 47 hÀjs¯ ]g¡ta DÅp.

31 ae¦ck` 1498hsc GXp k`bpambmWv _Ôw ]peÀ¯nbncp¶Xv ? Cu tNmZy¯n\p¯cw HtcHcp adp]SnbmWv. Hmtcmcp¯cpsSbpw `mh\bpw

Bhiyhpakcn¨p Ncn{Xw amÁnadn¡mhp¶XmWv. History¡v]Icw His story Hmtcm

Ncn{XImc\pw FgpXp¶p. AXn\p {][m\ ImcWw 1599Â \S¶ DZbwt]cqÀ kp¶ltZmknÂ h¨pw sat\knkv F¶ t]mÀ¨pKokp sa{Xm¨\pw {]XnÌfpw kp¶ltZmkn\p ap¼pw ]n¼pambn kµÀin¨ At\Iw ]ÅnIfnÂ h¨pw AXphsc

ae¦cbnÂ D−mbncp¶ 99% tcJIfpw ]pkvXI§fpw Bcm[\m{Ia§fpw F¶pth− kÀÆhn[ dn¡mÀUpIfpw I¯n¨p \in¸n¨p Ifªp F¶XmWv. hfsc

[mcmfw Aán¡ncbm¡Â “IqZmiIÄ” ae¦cbnÂ \S¯s¸«p. Cu kw`h§ tf¸Án C¶p tIcf¯nepÅ Hmtcm {InkvXob hn`mKhpw Hmtcm IYbpambmWvv apt¼m«v hcp¶Xv. X§fpsS k`bmWv icn F¶p Øm]n¡pI F¶XmWv Dt±iw. Aán¡ncbm¡Â \S¶n«nÃ F¶v Bcpw ]dbp¶nÃ. A{Xbpw `mKyw. AXpsIm−v sas\knkv sa{Xmsâ ({Iqc) IrXy§sf¸Án H¶p a\Ênem¡mw. It¯men¡m k`bpsS kphntij ZuXyw amÀ]m¸ t]mÀ¨pKokp cmPmhns\ GÂ]n¨ncp¶p F¶v Hcp `mjyap−.v tIcf¯nsebpw Cýbnse aÁv \m«p cmPm¡·mscbpw ]Ww, k½m\w, sXmen shfp¸v apXembh ImWn¨pw ]mcntXmjnI §Ä sImSp¯pw A[nImcw ]¦nSpIbpw ]ns¶ ]ns¶ Iuiehpw ]oc¦n iànbpw D]tbmKn¨p ]qÀ®m[nImc¯ntedpIbpw sNbvXhcmWv t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ. AhcpsS

XWenÂ A[nImc¯nsâ ]¦p]Án “kphntijthe” sN¿phm³ h¶hcmWv

{InkvXy³ “anj\dnamÀ”. AhcpsS Xeh\mbncp¶p sat\knkv sa{Xm³. tKmh BØm\am¡n A[nImcw ssI¿mfnbXn\p ]pdta amÀ]m¸bpsS IognÂ At±l¯nsâ XeabnÂ tKmhbnÂ sa{Xmk\w D−mbncp¶p. AhÀ emÁn³ `mjbnÂ Bcm[\ \S¯nbncp¶hÀ Bbncp¶p.

Iiph−nbpw IpcpapfIpw XpS§nb \mWyhnfIfpw I¨hSw sNbvXncp¶ ChÀ¡v k`bpsSbpw P\§fpsS Ncn{Xt¯¸Ánbpw kwkv¡mc§sf¸Ánbpw henb Adnshm¶pap−mbncp¶ncn¡nÃ F¶Xp kzm`mhnIw. `mcXob kwkv¡mct¯mSp _lpam\w XoscbnÃmbncp¶p F¶Xpw AXntesd kXyw.

tIcf¯nÂ {InkvXym\nIÄ Ds−¶Xv Xs¶ AhÀ¡v AÛpXambncp¶p.

X§fpsSXnÂ \n¶pw hfsc hyXyØamb PohnX coXnIfpw Bcm[\m ]mc¼cyhpw `mjbpw DÅ Chsc {InkvXym\nIfmbn Xs¶ IW¡m¡phm³ AhÀ X¿mdmbnÃ. ]n¶oSv At\zjn¨t¸mgmbncn¡Ww ChÀ s\kvtXmdnb³ Bcm[\m¡mcmbncn¡mw F¶p ChÀ kwibn¨Xv.

CýbnÂ X§Ä¡p kzm[o\apÅ Øe§fnse FÃmhscbpw amÀ]m¸bpsS

IognÂ emÁn³ `mjbnÂ Bcm[n¡p¶ It¯men¡cm¡pI F¶ X§fpsS ZuXyw ]qÀ¯oIcn¡p¶Xnsâ `mKambn ae¦cbnse {InkvXym\nIsf ChÀ ]oUn¸n¡phm³ XpS§n.

24

“C³Izknj³” F¶ AXn{Iqcamb kphntij amÀKw ]n´pScp¶ Imeambncp¶p AXv. A[nImc¯nsâ a¯p]nSn¨ t]m¸pamcpsSbpw It¯men¡m

aXta[mhnXz¯nsâbpw Al¦mc¯nÂ \n¶pw DSseSp¯XmWv “C³Izknj³” amÀKw. FgpXm\pw ]dbm\pw sImÅm¯ Xc¯nÂ lo\hpw {Iqchpamb ]oU\apdIÄ D]tbmKn¨p aX¯ns\Xncmbhscbpw aXwamdm³ k½Xn¡m¯ hscbpw ]oUn¸n¡pItbm Nnet¸mÄ sImÃpItbmhsc sNbvXncp¶ Hcp {]{Inb

Bbncp¶p “C³Izknj³”. ae¦c {InkvXym\nIsf C³Izknj³ sNbvXXmbn tcJIfnÃ. tKmhbnÂ sNbvXXmbn Ncn{XImc·mcmb lnµp¡Ä Btcm]n¡p¶p−v.

Ipcnipbp²¯nsâ t]cnepw C³Izknj³ XpS§nb ]oU\§fpsS t]cnepw

(IÀ¯mhv IpcninÂ h¨p Xs¶ £an¨) blqZ·msc shdp¡pIbpw ]oUn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXXnsâ t]cnepw blqZ PmXntbmSpw ssZht¯mSpw temIt¯mSpw am¸p ]dª tPm¬ t]mÄ amÀ]m¸, C¶s¯ {^m³knkv amÀ]m¸ apXemb ]nXm¡·mÀ {InkvXob k`sb hgnsXÁenÂ \n¶pw t\Àhgn¡p Xncn¨p sIm−phcp¶p F¶Xv \ap¡v Bizmkhpw Bibpw \ÂIp¶p. \qdp IW¡n\v hn`mK§fpw D]hn`mK§fpambn On¶`n¶amb k`m Xeh·mÀ Ct¸mÄ ]ckv]cw kwkmcn¡m\pw ]e Imcy§fnepw H¶n¨p {]hÀ¯n¡m\pw XpS§nbncn¡p¶p. ]s£ Cu amÁw ae¦cbnse ss{IkvXh kÌfnÂ C¶pw \S¶n«nÃ. cmjv{Sob sshcnIÄ AWnIsf ]ckv]cw XÃphm\pw sImÃphm\pw hn«Xn\p tijw CSbv¡nSbv¡p kÀÆI£n tbmKw tNcp¶ emLht¯msS \½psS {InkvXob ]nXm¡·mÀ FIyqsa\n¡Â thZnIsfmcp¡p¶ps−¶Xp Im]Syw \ndª {InkvXobXzw {]kwKn¡p¶psh¶Xpw am{Xw hmkvXhw.

32 1498 se ae¦c k`

t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ ae¦c k`tbmSpw tIcf¯nse {InkvXym\n IfpsS Ncn{Xt¯mSpw sNbvX {IqcX F¡mehpw Hcp Ncn{X kXyambn temImhkm\w hsc Ahtijn¡pw. FÃm Ncn{X kw_Ôamb GSpIfpw (GXm\pw hncense®mhp¶ sN¼pXInSpIÄ t]msebpÅh HgnsI) \in¸n¡s¸«XpsIm−v In«mhp¶ Npcp¡w tcJIfnÂ \n¶pw ASbmf§fnÂ \n¶pw hcsamgnbmbn XeapdIÄ ssIamdn h¶ IYIfnÂ \n¶pw \mS³ ]m«pIfnÂ \n¶psaÃmw tIcf¯nse \{kmWnIÄ Bcmbncp¶p F¶ Hcp GItZi cq]w \nÀ½ns¨Sp¡phmt\ km[n¡pIbpÅp. ]ckv]cw FXnÀ¡p¶ kÌfpsSbpw tIcf kÌfnÂ GXnt\mSpw {]tXyI XmÂ]cyanÃm¯ hntZi \ncq]IcptSbpw hmZKXnIfpw ]Tn¨n«v AtXmsSm¸w \½psS kXymt\zjW¯n\pÅ BßmÀ°Xbpw Iq«ntNÀ¯mÂ \ap¡p \{kmWn k`sb ¸Án Hcp GItZi cq]w hmÀs¯Sp¡mw. \½sf ]ckv]cw X½neSn¸n¡phm³ {ian¡p¶ iànIfpsS hebnÂs¸«p t]mImXncn¡phm³ {i²nt¡−Xv {]tXyIw AXymhiyamWv.

33 C\nbpw 1498 hsc ae¦c k`sb Bcp `cn¨ncp¶p, Bcp klmbn¨ncp¶p, BcpamsbÃmw k` _Ôs¸«ncp¶p F¶p t\m¡mw.

ap¼p ]dªXpt]mse Ing¡nsâ k`bpambn«mbncp¶p _Ôsa¶Xv GXm−v

XoÀ¨bmWv. ]s£ 1498Â t]mÀ¨vKokpImÀ hcp¶ kab¯v Ing¡nsâ k`bnÂ

ItXmen¡m ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ “IognepÅ” s\kvtXmdnb³ k`bpw AtýmJym

]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ IognepÅ a{]nbm\ `cn¡p¶ “bmt¡m_mb” k`bpw D−mbncp¶Xmbn \½Ä I−pIgnªp.

25

s\kvtXmdnb³ k` kphntij taJebnÂ GÁhpw ap³]ńbnembncp¶p. At\I cmPy§fnÂ AhÀ¡v sa{Xm·mcpw k`mwK§fpw D−mbncp¶p. Cýbnepw Ieym¬ BØm\ambn sa{Xm\p−mbncp¶p. XoÀ¨bmbpw s\kvtXmdnb³ k` tIcf¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶p F¶p \ymbambpw hnizkn¡mw. AXp Hcp Iogv k`tbmSpÅ _Ôambncpt¶m, Hcp ka k`tbmSpÅ _Ôambncpt¶m F¶p XoÀ¯p ]dbpI hnjaamWv. bmt¡m_mb k` AtýmJybnepw Ing¡nsâ k`bnÂ a{]nbm\bpsS t\XrXz¯nepw iàambn {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶p. ss_k³ssS³ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv kÌ sft¸mse N{IhÀ¯nbpsS emf\hpw ]cnc£bpw e`n¡msX, ]et¸mgpw ]oU\w

kln¨p “hfÀ¶”hcmWv bmt¡m_mb (anbm^nknÁv) hnizmknIÄ. ss_k³ ssS³ `cWw amdn apÉow `cWw h¶t¸mÄ (awtKmfnbÀ hcp¶Xp hscbpw) ChÀ¡v

`cW¡mcpsS FXnÀ¸v t\cntS−n h¶n«nÃ-- {]tXyIw Icw sImSpt¡−n h¶ncp¶p F¦nepw. Hcp kz`mh (anbm^nknÁv)¡mcmb kÌÄ iàambncp¶ AeIvkm³{Unb

bpambn ISÂ amÀKhpw t]Àjybpambn Ic-Pe amÀK§Ä hgnbmbpw tIcf¯n\p _Ôap−mbncp¶p F¶Xv XÀ¡aÁ hkvXpXbmWv. tXmamÇol tIcf¯nÂ h¶t¸mgpw Iv\m\mbn sXm½sâ t\XrXz¯nÂ

A.D.345Â \S¶ IpSntbÁ kab¯phscbpw {InkvXob k`bnÂ ]fÀ¸pIÄ

H¶pap−mbn«nÃ. Ing¡nsâ k` “AtýmJybpsSbpw Ings¡ms¡bpsSbpw”

Xeh\mb AtýmJym-]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ IognemsW¶ H¶pw c−pw kp¶ltZm kpIfnse [cWbpw (hmZw)AÃ F¶ Ing¡nsâ k`bpsS \ne]mSpw HmÀt¡−Xp−v. Iv\m\mbn sXm½sâ t\XrXz¯nÂ kndnb³ IpSntbÁ¡msc ae¦c¡b¨Xv

]m{XnbÀ¡okv BsW¶pw A.D.52 apXÂ C¶phsc ae¦c k` ]m{XnbÀ¡okp _mh

Ab¨XmsW¶pw A.D.52apXÂ tXmamÇol apXÂ kÀÆ k`mXeh·mcpw hn. ]t{Xm knsâ knwlmk\¯n³ Iognembncp¶p F¶pw H¼Xmw \qÁm−nÂ sImÃ¯p IpSntbdnb sa{Xm·mcpw bmt¡m_mb kndnb³ HmÀ¯tUmIvkpImcmbncp¶p Fs¶ms¡bmWv ]m{XnbÀ¡okp hn`mK¯nse Ncn{XImc·mÀ ]dbp¶Xv. ]s£ CXv Ipsd IS¶ Bibpw hmZhpamWv F¶Xv ]£]mX]caÃmsX Nnń¨mÂ a\Ênem¡m hp¶tXbpÅp. ImtXmen¡m hn`mKhpw aÁv ]e hn`mK¡mcpw ]dbpwt]mse

A.D.1655Â hS¡³ ]dhqÀ ]ÅnbnÂ I_dS§nbncn¡p¶ PeoÂ _mh h¶Xn\p tijw am{XamWv AtýmJym _Ôap−mbsX¶ hmZhpw apJhnes¡Sp¡m\mhnÃ.

Ing¡nsâ k`¡v Hcp _ZÂ hn`mKw A.D.559apXÂ D−mbncp¶p. AXv AtýmJy³ k`bpsS bmt¡m_mb F¶p hnfn¡s¸Sp¶ hnizmk¯nepÅ Xmbncp¶p F¶ hkvXpX IW¡nseSp¯mÂ Ing¡nsâ k`bnÂ \n¶pw ae¦cbnÂ h¶hcnÂ s\kvtXmdnb³ k`bnse ]nXm¡·mÀ¡p ]pdta bmt¡m_mb (a{]nbm\) k`bnse ]nXm¡·mÀ D−mbncp¶p F¶p am{Xta hnizkn¡m\mhpIbpÅp. GsX¦nepw Hcp ]nXmhp h¶Xp Xs¶ hÃt¸mgpw, GXm\pw hÀj§Ä Xs¶ CShn«pw Bbncp¶ncn¡m\mWv km²yX. thj`qjmZnIfnseÃmw s\kvtXmdnbcpw bmt¡m _mb¡mcpw Hcpt]msebmbncp¶ncn¡pw. henb thZimkv{X]camb Imcy§fn sem¶nepw ae¦cbnse {InkvXym\nItfm AhcpsS t\Xm¡tfm CSs]«ncp¶Xmtbm AhÀ¡v A¯cw Imcy§sf¸Án Kl\amb Adnhp−mbncp¶Xmtbm bmsXmcp tcJItfm sXfnthm CÃ. Hcp ]«¯zhpw ]ZhnbpanÃm¯ I¨hS¡mÀt]mepw sa{Xm·mcmbn Naªp ae¦cbnse¯n hnizmknIsf Ifn¸n¨ IYIfpw \m«nep−v.

26

itemtamsâ Imew apXÂ tIcfhpambn I¨hS _Ôap−mbncp¶Xp hgn tIcf¯nse¯nbhcnepw, tdmam km{amPy¯nsâ ]oU\¯nÂ \n¶pw c£s]Sm³ Cýbnte¡p IpSntbdnbhcnepw blqZcp−mbncp¶p. blqZ\mb tXmamÇol h¶p aninlmsb¸Án kphntijw ]dªt¸mÄ AhcnÂ ]ecpw hnizkn¨p

{InkvXym\nIfmbn F¶Xv hnizkn¡mhp¶ IYbmWv. Cýbnse “D¶X” PmXnbnÂs¸« Ipsd BfpIÄ Hcp ]pXnb c£bpsS ssZhimkv{X¯nepw GIssZh hnizmk¯nepw BIrjvScmbn {InkvXym\nIfmbn. tXmamÇolmbpsS hnizmkhpw Bcm[\bpw {]mÀ°\mcoXnIfpambncp¶ncn¡Ww ChscÃmw ]n´pSÀ¶Xv. tXmamÇol t]mb Øe§fnseÃmw knwlmk\§Ä Øm]n¨p F¶v HcnS¯pw ]dbp¶nÃ. tXmamÇolbpsS k`sb¶p kÀÆcpw k½Xn¡p¶ Ing¡nsâ k` Xs¶ BZyw Øm]n¨Xp tXmamÇol \ntbmKn¨b¨ injy·mcmbncp¶p. knwlmk\§sf ¸Án AÂ]wIqSn Nn´\w ]n¶oSv sN¿mw. A¶s¯ {InkvXym\nIÄ IpÀºm\ sNmÃnbncpt¶m F¶v \ap¡dnbnÃ. sNmÃnbncps¶¦nÂ AXv BZmbn/amdn F¶nhÀ Øm]n¨ XIvkbmbncpt¶m? injy·mcnÂ Hcmfmb bmt¡m_nsâ XIvkbmbncpt¶m F¶p \ap¡dnbnÃ. temI¯nemZyap−mbXv bmt¡m_p ÇolmbpsS XIvkbmbn cp¶p F¶XmWv IqSpXÂ hnizmktbmKyw. Çol·mÀ IqSn AXph¨v IpÀºm\ sNmÃn Bcm[\ \S¯nbncp¶p F¶p ]c¼cyw D−v. Iv\m\mbn sXm½\pw Iq«cpw kpdnbm\n k`mwK§fmbncp¶XpsIm−pw AhcpsSXpw bmt¡m_nsâ XIvk Bbncp¶ncn¡mw. ]n¶oSv sIm−ph¶ncn¡mw. XÀ¡¯n\p t]mImsX BZmbn/amdn XIvkbpw bmt¡m_nsâ XIvkbpw s\kvtXmdnb³ hnizmkhpw anbm^nknÁv (bmt¡m_mb) hnizmkhpw ae¦c {InkvXym\nIfpsS ]mc¼cy Bcm[\Ifmbncp¶p F¶p hnizkn¡pIbmWv \ymbw. Ing¡nsâ k`bnÂ \n¶pw h¶ s\kvtXmdnb³ ]nXm¡·mÀ Ing¡³ kpdnbm\nbpw BZmbn/amdn XIvkbpw ioabnÂ \n¶p h¶ a{]nbm\¡mÀ ]Snªmd³ kpdnbm\nbpw bmt¡m_nsâ XIvkbpw D]tbmKn¨ncp¶ncn¡mw F¶\pam\n¡p¶Xmbncn¡pw icn.

“\o Poh\pÅ ssZh¯nsâ ]p{X\mb aninlm” F¶p ]t{Xmkv

ÇolmtbmsSm¸w GÁp]dbpIbpw, “Fsâ IÀ¯mhpw Fsâ ssZhhpta” F¶v tXmamÇolmtbmsSm¸w hnfn¨t]£n¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶hcmWv \½psS ]qÀÆnIcmb ae¦c {InkvXym\nIÄ F¶dnbp¶Xv, A§s\ hnizkn¡p¶Xv, F{Xtbm t{ijvTamWv, F{Xtbm {InkvXobamWv, F´pam{Xw IÀ¯mhn\p \nc¡p¶ {]hr¯nbmWv F¶mtemNn¨p t\m¡pI. tbip{InkvXp; km£mÂ ssZhhpw ssZh]p{X\pambh³ a\pjy\mbn kzÀK¯nÂ \n¶nd§n X§tfmsSm¸w hkn¨Xv t\cnÂ I− tXmamÇol, IÀ¯m hnsâ A½sb Xsâ ssZhhpw IÀ¯mhpamb tbiphnsâ A½bmbn _lpam\n¨ tXmamÇol XoÀ¨bmbpw IÀ¯mhn\v Cc« BfXzhpw c−p kz`mhhpsa¶ hnizmkw AdnªpsIm−v hnizkn¡phmt\m ]Tn¸n¨ncn¡phmt\m bmsXmcp km²yXbpanÃ. Fsâ k`, \nsâ k` F¶ Hcp XÀ¡w tXmamÇolbpw ]t{Xmkp Çolmbpambn D−mbncp¶ncn¡m\pÅ km²yX AXnhncfw. Poh³ ]Wbw h¨p Ahkm\w Poh³ _enbÀ¸n¨p kphntijthe sNbvXhcmWv injy·mscÃmw (kzm`mhnI acWw kw`hn¨ tbml¶m³ Çol At\IImew acW Xpeyamb GIm´ hmkw A\p`hn¨

bmfmWv). Iv\m\mbn sXm½³ h¶ AD.345epw ]ns¶bpw Ft^kqkv kp¶ltZmkv

\S¶ AD.431hscbpw ÇolamÀ ]Tn¸n¨ hnizmk§fnepd¨p kÌÄ GIambn

carXbnÂ hkn¨p. AcntbmknsâXpt]msebpÅ “thZhn]coX”§Ä XebpbÀ¯n sb¦nepw AhsbÃmw XÅs¸«p.

34 AD.451Â \S¶ IÂ¡Zntbm³ kp¶ltZmknemWv ]m{XnbÀ¡okpamcnÂ Bcv H¶ma³ c−ma³ F¶ hnjbw DbÀ¶p h¶Xv. AXn\p ap¼p−mbncp¶ Hcp A`n{]mb hyXymkw Ing¡nsâ k`bpsS taÂ AtýmJym k`bv¡v A[nImcapt−m

27

F¶Xp am{Xambncp¶p (AD.410;424). AXphscbp−mbncp¶ k`m Xeh·mÀ ]ckv]cw ka·mcmbn hÀ¯n¨p. CuPn]vXnse sIm]vÁn¡v ]m{XnbÀ¡okpamÀ kp¶ltZmkpIfnÂ apJyØm\hpw A²y£Øm\whscbpw hln¨ncp¶Xmbn ImWmw. bdpiteansâ {]m[m\yw ]cnKWn¨p AhnSs¯ sa{Xm\v ]m{XnbÀ¡okv F¶p Øm\w sImSp¯p _lpam\n¨p.

CuPn]vXnse tIm]vÁn¡v k`bpsS Øm]I³ aÀt¡mkv Bbncp¶p. tIm¬Ìm\nt\m¸nfnse ]m{XnbÀ¡okp At{´tbmknsâ ]n³Kman F¶mW dnbs¸Sp¶Xv. `qanbnepÅ kÀÆ kÌfpw ]t{Xmkv ÇolmbpsS IognemsW¶pÅ hmZhpw aÁpÅ k`m Xeh·mscÃmw ]t{Xmknsâ ]n³Kmanbmb ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ Iognembncn¡Wsa¶papÅ AhImihpw A©mw \qÁm−phsc D−mbn«nÃ. AtýmJy³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv BtWm tdmanse t]m¸mtWm ]t{Xmknsâ ]n³Kman F¶ XÀ¡hpw CÃmbncp¶p. AtýmJybnemWv k`bp−mbXpw {InkvXym\n F¶

hnfnt¸cp−mbXpw. tdmanse t]m¸ns\ tdmanse sa{Xm³ (Bishop of Rome) F¶mWv BZyw Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv. GÁhpw iàamb km{amPy¯nsâ tI{µw tdmambncp¶XpsIm−pw ]t{Xmkv Çol tdmanÂ càkm£n bmbXpsIm−pw tdmanse sa{Xm³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okpw t]m¸pamhpIbmbncp¶p. C¶v hn.]t{Xmknsâ knwlmk\¯nsâ ]n³KmanIÄ F¶ AhImis¸Sp¶ AcUk³ k`m Xeh·mcp−v. C¯c¯nepÅ XÀ¡§fnÂ \½Ä km[mcW¡mÀ Xe ]p®mt¡− ImcyanÃ. kphntijadnbn¨p càkm£nIfmb Çol·mcpsS ]n³KmanIÄ hgn tbip{InkvXphnsâ k` hfÀ¶p. BZysams¡ AhÀ kvt\l¯nepw kmtlmZcy ¯nepw Ignªp. A[nImcs¡mXn aq¯t¸mÄ X½nÂ hg¡Sn¨p. C{XbpamWv \½Ä

Adnªncnt¡−Xpw, 34se `cWLS\ Fs¶Ãmw ]dªp C¶pw XpScp¶ Cu hg¡nÂ \½Ä ]¦ptNcnÃ F¶v Xocpam\nt¡−Xpw.

35. kndnb³ (Iv\m\mbn sXm½³) IpSntbÁs¯¸Án ho−pw

AD.72Â tXmamÇol càkm£nbmb tijw ae¦cbnse k{kmWnk` £bn¨psIm−ncp¶p F¶ hmÀ¯tI«p ]m{XnbÀ¡okp _mhbpsS \nÀt±i {]Imcw

AD.345Â IpSntbdnbhcmWv Iv\m\mbn tXmam kwLw F¶p bmt¡m_mb ]m{XnbÀ¡okpImÀ AhImis¸Sp¶p. AXÃ, Ing¡nsâ ImtXmen¡bmbncp¶p F¶pw AXpaÃ, ]oU\w t]Sn¨p HmSnbhcmbncp¶p, shdpw I¨hS¡mcmbncp¶p F¶psams¡ XnbdnIÄ D−v.

GXmbmepw AD 345Â AhcpsS hnizmkhpw AtýmJym hnizmkhpw H¶mbncp¶p. asÁÃm kÌfpw AtX hnizmk¯nembncp¶p F¶p \½Ä I−pIgnªp. A¶v s\kvtXmdnb³kv CÃmbncp¶p. Iv\m\mbn sXm½³ h¶tXmSp IqSn ae¦c k` iàn{]m]n¨p. AhcpsS IqsS sa{Xm\p−mbncp¶p F¶Xn\pw XÀ¡anÃ. AhÀ hcpt¼mÄ tIcf¯nep−mbncp¶ \{kmWnIÄ¡v Hcp sa{Xm\pw A¨·mcpw knwlmk\hpw D−mbncps¶m F¶pw \ap¡dnbnÃ. D−mbncp¶Xmbn hnizkn¡pI hnjaIcw. ae¦c HmÀ¯tUmIvkv (sa{Xm³ I£n)¡mÀ AhImi s¸Sp¶X\pkcn¨v tXmamÇol knwlmk\w Øm]n¨ncp¶psh¦nÂ, AXn\p ]n³KmanIÄ D−mbncp¶psh¦nÂ, GÁhpw IpdªXv Hcp sa{Xms\¦nepw ae¦c \{kmWnIfpsSbnSbnÂ A¶v D−mbncp¶ncn¡Ww Iv\m\mbn sXm½\pw kwLhpw h¶v \m«pcmPm¡·mcpsS {]oXn k¼mZn¨p sN¼pXInSpIfnÂ AhImi§Ä FgpXn hm§n¨p. ae¦cbnepÅ \{kmWnIsf klmbn¨p F¦nepw Ahcpambn CS]gImsX, thÀs]«p Pohn¨p. sX¡pw `mKÀ F¶pw hS¡pw `mKÀ F¶pw c−mbn X§fnÂ thÀXncn¨p. hwiip²n \in¨pt]mImXncn¡m³ c−p Iq«cpw X½nÂ hnhml_Ôw ]mSnÃ F¶p \nbaap−m¡n. AXv C¶pw XpScp¶p. AsÃ¦nÂ AhÀ A§s\ AhImis¸Sp¶p.

28

ae¦cbnse \{kmWnIfmIs« AhÀ {_mÒW kapZmb¯nÂ \n¶pw aXwamdn h¶hcmWv F¶hImis¸Sp¶p. X§Ä tbip{InkvXphnsâ A\pbmbnIÄ F¶p ]dbp¶Xnt\¡mÄ AhÀ¡v A`nam\w X§fpsS ]qÀÆnIÀ {_mÒWcmbncp¶p F¶p Øm]n¡p¶XnemWv. C¡mcy¯nÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkvImcpw bmt¡m_mb¡mcpw ]qÀ® tbmPn¸nemWv. kpdnbm\n It¯men¡cpw amÀt¯ma¡mcpw FÃmw C¡mcy¯nÂ H¶mWv. C¶v heXp]£ hÀ¤obhmZnIfmb {_mÒWcpw £{Xnbcpw

Cu hmZ§sf ]pOn¨p XÅp¶p. 8-mw \qÁm−nemWv {_mÒWÀ tIcf¯nÂ h¶Xv F¶p ]dbp¶ Ncn{XImc·mcp−v. AÀ°anÃm¯, kXy{InkvXym\nIÄ \mWn¨p XeIp\nt¡−, Hcp AhImihmZamWv Cu {_mÒW ]mc¼cyw. Cu hmZ{]XnhmZ§fnte¡p IS¡p¶Xv hyÀYhpamWv. Cu NÀ¨¡p CXv {]kàhpaÃ. {]kàamb Hcp Imcyw tbip{InkvXp ]Tn¸n¨, {]hÀ¯n¨p ImWn¨ a\pjyscÃmw XpeycmsW¶ ]mTw, taÂ]dª hwiip²n, PmXn hyhØbnÂ X§Ä D¶Xcm

sW¶l¦cn¨p {InkvXym\nIÄ ad¶p t]mbn F¶XmWv. “]pdPmX”¡mcnbmb Iv\m\mb¡mcnbnÂ \n¶pw ZmlPew hm§n Ign¨p amXrI ImWn¨, thsdmcp

“]pdPmXn¡mcn”bpsS hnizmkw C{kmtbensâ hnizmkt¯¡mÄ D¶Xw F¶p {]Ømhn¨ tbiphnsâ A\pbmbnIsf¶p A`nam\n¡p¶ \½Ä, A§s\ {InkvXym\nIsf¶v Adnbs¸Sm³ AÀlcmtWm F¶p BtemNnt¡−XmWv. atlm¯c§fmb _p², ssP\, thZnIv k\mX\ [À½ aX§Ä XÅn]dª F¶mÂ k\mX\ [À½w If¦s¸«p−mbn lnµpXzambn amdnb lnµpaXw \nbaam¡nb P·mSnØm\]camb PmXnhyhØ ae¦c kndnb³ {InkvXym\nIfpw Iv\m\mb¡mcpw ]n´pSÀ¶p F¶XmWv \ap¡v \mWt¡Smbn tXmt¶−Xv. \{kmWnIÄ sIm«ntLm

jn¡p¶ sN¼pXInSpIfnepw e`n¨ AhImi§fnepw Nne “DbÀ¶” PmXnIÄ¡p Xpeycmbn \½sf IW¡m¡n F¶XnÂ ImcyamWv FSp¯p ]dbp¶Xv. \½fmIs« XmW PmXnIfnÂ \n¶pw {InkvXpaXw kzoIcn¨p h¶hÀ¡mbn ]peb]ÅnIfpw ]db]ÅnIfpw ]WnXXv HmÀ¡pI. AtXmÀ¯p eÖn¡pI. PmXn]nimNv Xp¸p¶ hnjw F{Xtbm ITn\amWv. AXpaqew \in¡s¸« F{Xtbm cmPy§Ä, F{Xtbm P\§Ä!

36. AD.1599se AhØbpw IÂZmb _Ôhpw. Npcp¡w Nne It¯men¡m Ncn{XImc·mÀ temI¯nse asÁÃm k`Isfbpw t]mse BZn apXÂt¡ ae¦cbnse k`bpw tdmanse t]m¸nsâ IognÂ Bbncp¶p F¶v hmZn¡p¶p−v. CXv XnI¨pw sXÁmb, ASnØm\clnXamb Hcp hmZamWv.

AD.1552hsc Ing¡nsâ k`tbm bmt¡m_mb k`tbm t]m¸nsâ IognÂ

Bbncp¶nÃ. ]s£ AD.1552Â Ing¡nsâ k`bnse Hcp ]nfÀ¸nsâ ^eambn AhnsS t]m¸nsâ IognepÅ Hcp It¯men¡ hn`mKap−mbn F¶Xp Ncn{X hkvXpXbmWv (IÂZmb Im¯en¡v). Cu hn`mK¯nÂs¸« ]nXm¡·mÀ tIcf¯nÂ hcp¶Xn\p ap¼pXs¶ ChnsS h¶ t]mÀ¨p KokpImcpsS sa{Xm\mb sat\Ênsâ t\XrXz¯nÂ ae¦c \{kmWnIsf emÁn³ It¯men¡cm¡n amÁp¶ {]{Inb Bcw`n¨ncp¶p.

AD.1558Â Ing¡nsâ ]pXnb IÂZmb It¯men¡ hn`mK¯nsâ Hcp sa{Xm³ ChnsS h¶ncp¶Xmbpw t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS k½À±¯nÂ At±ls¯ Xncn¨b¨Xmbpw IYbp−v. c−pw It¯men¡cmbncp¶p F¦nepw H¶p emÁn\pw asÁm¶p kndnb¡pw Bbncp¶p. A[nImcw emÁn³ImÀ¡pw Bbncp¶p. AhÀ (sXÁn)²cn¨ncp¶Xp kndnb³ {]mÀ°\Ifpw Bcm[\Ifpw sXÁmsW¶pw thZhn]coXamsW¶pambncp¶p. A[nImc¯nsâ Al´bpw \m«pcmPm¡·mcpsS ]n´pWbpw IqSn D]tbmKn¨t¸mÄ Iv\m\mb, ae¦c \{kmWn apXepÅ FÃmh

scbpw t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ It¯men¡cm¡n amÁn. AD.1599Â \S¶ DZbwt]cqÀ

29

kp¶ltZmknsâ Imcyw ap¼p {]Ømhn¨p Ignªp. AD.1553Â t]m¸nsâ

A[nImckoa AwKoIcn¨ tbml¶m³ keqIym F¶ “IÂZmb” k`m Xehs\

original Ing¡nsâ k`bpsS FXnÀ¸p aqew ]oUn¸n¡s¸SpIbpw AD.1555Â cà km£ns¸SpIbpw sNbvXp.

apÉoapIfpsS {InkvXym\n ]oU\w hÀ²n¨p h¶ Imew (13-14 \qÁm−pIÄ apXÂ) ]e ]uckvXy kÌsfbpw klmbn¡m³ tdmanse t]m¸nsâ It¯men¡m k` apt¶m«p hcnIbpw F¶mÂ {]Xnêambn t]m¸nsâ tae[nImcw AwKoIcn¸n ¡pIbpw sNbvXp. XÂêambn AÀao\nb³, {Ko¡v, tIm]vÁnIv, s\kvtXmdnb³ XpS§nb FÃm kÌfnepw bqWntbÁv F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ t]m¸n\p hnt[bamb _ZÂ kÌfp−mbn. tXmamÇol h¶ Imew apXÂ ae¦c k` tdmanse t]m¸nsâ Iognembncp¶p F¶pw IÂZmb k`bpambmWv _Ôs¸«ncp¶Xp F¶papÅ It¯men¡cpsS hmZw XnI¨pw

sXÁmWv. IÂZmb k` D−mbXp Xs¶ AD1552-53emWv. AXnsâ BZy Xeh³

sImÃs¸« tijw s\kvtXmdnb³-It¯men¡m Nm©m«w At§m«pant§m«pw \S¯nb Cu hnLSnX hn`mKw Hcp Dd¨ IÂZmbbmbn hfÀ¶p h¶Xv GXm−vv aq¶p

\qÁm−pIÄ¡p tijw AD1830Â BWv. bqWntbÁv kÌsfÃmw It¯men¡m t]m¸nsâ tae[nImcw k½Xn¨p amXrkÌfnÂ \n¶pw ]ncnªpsh¦nepw AhcpsS Bcm[\m coXnIfpw ss]XrIhpw `mjbpw Dt]£n¡phm³ It¯men¡m k` \nÀºÔn¨nÃ. ]s£ ae¦c k`sb {Kkn¨ t]mÀ v̈KokpImÀ AXn\p k½Xn¨nÃ. `mjbpw thjhpw DÄs¸sS kÀÆ BNmc§fpw A¡an«p amÁphm³ AhÀ ae¦c \{kmWnIsf \nÀºÔn¨p. emÁn³ \nÀºÔam¡n. \{kmWnIfpsS PmXn Xeh\mbncp¶ AÀ¡Zntbm¡·mcpsS A[nImc§Ä apgph\pw CÃmXm¡n. CXns\¸Án ]n¶mse ho−pw NÀ¨ sN¿mw.

37. Npcp¡n ]dªmÂ {InkvXob k`bnÂ thZ imkv{X¯nsâ t]cnÂ Bcw`n¨ hmZ{]XnhmZ§Ä hfÀ¶p A[nImc¯nsâbpw H¶ma³ Øm\s¯¸ÁnbpÅ XÀ¡§fmbn. tbip{InkvXp hnsâ kz`mhw kz´w a\ÊpIfntesÁSp¡msX {]hÀ¯n¨v X½nÂ XÃnbt¸mÄ Bßobambpw ùXnIambpw kÌÄ XfÀ¶p. t]Àjybnepw ss_k³ssS³ {]tZi§fnepw CÉmw aXØm]\hpw apÉow `cWhpw h¶tXmsS {InkvXym\nIÄ ]pXnb `cWm[nImcnIfpsS ZbbnÂ {]hÀ¯nt¡−n h¶p. apÉoapIfpsS `cWw awtKmfnbcptSbpw Ht«ma³ N{IhÀ¯namcpsSbpw ssIIfnembt¸mÄ (]uckvXy, t]Àjy³ kÌÄ {]tXyIn¨pw) {InkvXym\nIÄ AXnITn\ambn ]oUn¸n¡s¸«p. bqtdm¸nte¡p hym]n¨ It¯men¡m k` s{]m«Ìâv ]nfÀ¸p−msb¦nepw iàambncp¶p. ]oU\taÁ ]uckvXy kÌÄ ]ns¶bpw ]nfÀ¡s¸«p, NnXds¸«p. ae¦cbpambn _Ôs¸«ncn¡m³ km²yXbpÅ bmt¡m_mb kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\n k`bpw s\kvtXmdnb³ F¶p hntijn¡s¸Sp¶ Ing¡nsâ k`bpw Ing¡nsâ k` ]nfÀ¶p−mb IÂZmb k`bpw Cu kw`h§fpsSsbÃmw êambn s]m«n¨nXdn sIm−ncp¶ kab¯mWv t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ ae¦cbnÂ h¶Xpw H¶padnbmsX kpJkpjp]vXnbnembncp¶ ae¦ck`bnÂ CSnapg¡§fp−mbXpw.

30

38. AD1599 apXÂ 1653 hsc

t]mÀ¨pKokpImc\mb emÁn³ It¯men¡m sa{Xm³ sas\Ênknsâ A[nImc¯n\p

IognÂ, A²y£XbnÂ, \m«pcmPmhnsâ ]n´pWtbmsS AD1599Â \S¶ DZbwt]cqÀ kp¶ltZmknÂ h¨mWv ae¦c k`bv¡v CSnsht«ÁXv. AXphsc AÀ¡Zntbm ¡·mÀ F¶ Øm\t¸cnÂ (IpSpw_ ]mc¼cy]cambn ]n´pSÀ¶ph¶ A[nImcØm\ambncp¶p CXv) ae¦cbnse {InkvXym\nIÄ \bn¡s¸«ncp¶p F¶Xv Bcpw \ntj[n¡m¯ Hcp Ncn{X kXyamWv. t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS ]nSnbnÂ k` AaÀ¶Xn\ptijw AÀ¡Zntbm¡·mcpsS A[nImcw Ipdªp Ipdªp h¶p sIm−ncp¶p. AÂ¡Zntbm¡·mÀ sa{Xm³amÀ¡v Xpeyamb Bßobm[nImcnIfmbn cpt¶m, AhÀ¡p knwlmk\ap−mbncpt¶m, ChÀ ]qPmZnImcy§Ä sNbvXncpt¶m, Bcm[\m{Ia§Ä F§s\sbms¡bmbncp¶p F¶ Imcy§Ä hyàaÃ. ChÀ¡v km[mcW A¨·mÀ¡pÅ Bßobm[nImcw D−mbncp¶p. ]s£ \{kmWnIÄ F¶ PmXnbpsS Xeh·mcmbncp¶p ChÀ F¶Xv XoÀ¨bmWv. P\\mSnØm\¯nÂ PmXnIfmbn a\pjysc Xncn¨ncp¶ {_mÒW, £{Xnb PmXnIÄ ]qÀ®m[nImcw ssI¡em¡nb, sslµh kaql¯nÂ \{kmWnIÄ, blqZÀ, apkÂam·mÀ XpS§nb Alnµp¡Ä¡v PmXn hyhØbnÂ ]e AhImi§fpw Øm\am\§fpw \nÀÆNn¨p \ÂIs¸«ncp¶p. ]gb B[mc§Ä t\m¡nbmÂ `qan hnÂ¡p¶hsâbpw hm§p¶hsâbpw PmXnbpw tNÀ¯mWv Xncn¨dnbÂ \S¯nbncp¶Xv. {InkvXym\nIÄ DÄs¸«ncp¶ B[mc§fnÂ

“\{kmWn sXm½³”, “\{kmWn am¯³” XpS§nb {]tbmK§Ä ImWmw. \{kmWnI

fpsS PmXn hyhØbnepÅ Øm\w “D¶X” ambncp¶p. £{Xnb sct¸mse ]SbmfnI fmbpw `qan ssIhiw hbv¡phm\[nImcapÅhcmbpw F¶pth−, D¶X PmXnIÄ ¡pÅ At\Iw AhImi§Ä \{kmWnIÄ¡p−mbncp¶p. Xo−epw sXmSoepw F¶

{]tbmK¯nse “sXmSoen\p” D]tbmKn¨ncp¶Xv \{kmWnIsf Bbncp¶p. F¶p]d

ªmÂ ]pebÀ, ]dbÀ XpS§nb Xo−epÅ “t¾NvO (Abn¯)”PmXn¡msc sXmSp

Itbm ImWpItbm aqew “Aip²cmb” {_mÒWsc t¸mse “AXyp¶X” PmXn¡m sctbm, Aip²amb AhcpsS hkvXp¡sftbm \{kmWn sXm«mÂ Abn¯w amdn¡n«p

ambncp¶pt]mepw. AXn\pth−n “AXyp¶X” PmXn¡mÀ Xmakn¡p¶ sXcphpI fnepw \m«n³]pds¯ \¼qXncn a\IÄ¡p kao]hpw \{kmWnIsf IpSnbncp ¯nbncp¶p. X§fnÂ ]ecpw Cu AXyp¶X PmXnIfnÂ \n¶pw amÀKw IqSnbhcmsW¶pw Abn¯w amÁm\pÅ sXmSoÂ IÀ½w X§Ä \S¯nbncp¶p F¶pw ho¼nf¡p¶ \{kmWnIfpsS a¡Ä C¶pw \m«nÂ [mcmfap−v. Nne adp\mS³ {InkvXym\n aebmfnIÄ IpSpw_ alnabmbn C§s\ ]dbpw. F¦nepw IÀ¯mhnsâ Xncpicoc cà§Ä BtLmjn¡p¶ \{kmWnIfpsS GÁhpw ]pWyamb IÀ½w F§s\bmWv, GXp coXnbneWv \½psS ]qÀÆnIÀ sNbvXncp¶Xp F¶p tNmZn¨mÂ hyàamb D¯cw ]dbphm³ Bcpap−mhnÃ. Npcp¡n ]dªmÂ F´p IpÀºm\bmWv sNmÃnbncp¶Xv,. amtamZok, IeymWw, ihaS¡v apXemb IÀ½§Ä F§s\ \nÀÆln¨ncp¶p F¶Xnt\¸Án AhImi§fnÃ, hmbvsamgnItfm tI«dnhpItfm CÃ. Ahsb¸Án KthjW§fpw FSp¯p ]db¯¡Xmbn H¶panÃ. tZmjw ]dbcpXtÃm, {]tXyI Øm\am\§Ä A\p`hn¨v Hcp {]tXyI PmXnbmbn Pohn¨ \{kmWnIÄ hfsc am\y·mcmbn aÁp PmXnIfpambn hfsc kvt\l¯nepw cayXbnepw Ignªp t]m¶p. X§fpsS \{kmWn hnizmk¯nÂs¸« sa{Xm·mtcm, _mhamtcm hntZi¯p \n¶pw hcpt¼mÄ Ahsc kzoIcn¡pIbpw Bcm[\m]qÀÆw

31

s]cpamdpIbpw A\pkcn¡pIbpw sNbvXpt]m¶p. AhcpsS Bcm[\IfnÂ D]tbmKn¨ncp¶Xv Ing¡³ kpdnbm\nbmbncp¶ncn¡mw, ]Snªmd³ kpdnbm\nbm

bncp¶ncn¡mw. icn¡pw ]dªmÂ Ch c−pw X½nÂ XriqÀ-aebmfhpw I®qÀ-

aebmfhpw X½ntem, Xncph\´]pcw-aebmfhpw XriqÀ-aebmfhpw X½nepÅ hyXymktam am{XtabpÅq. GÁhpw IqSnbmÂ Xangpw aebmfhpw t]msebpÅ hyXymkw. AhÀ bmt¡m_nsâ XIvktbm, BZmbn amcnamcpsS XIvktbm D]tbmKn¨p IpÀºm\ sNmÃnbncn¡mw. ChnSs¯ \{kmWnIÄ¡p a\Ênemhm¯ `mjIfnembXpsIm−v GXmWv, F´mWv sN¿p¶sX¶ henb {Kmlysam¶pw km[mcW¡mÀ¡p−mbncp¶ncn¡nÃ. AXnÂ A\ymbamtbm Akzm`mhnIamtbm H¶papÅXmbn AhÀ¡p tXm¶nbncn¡m\pw hgnbnÃ. X§fpsS lnµp ktlmZc§fpsS A¼e§fnepw t£{X§fnepw AhÀ¡dnbm¯ kwkvIrX `mjbnÂ ]qPmZn IÀ½§Ä sN¿p¶Xv I−pw tI«pamWtÃm AhÀ hfÀ¶Xpw. H¶pw a\ÊnemIm¯ Imcyw tNmZyw sN¿msX hnizkn¡pIsb¶Xv kXyhnizmk ¯nsâ kz`mhamWtÃm. GXmbmepw {][m\ambn ssZhamXmhnsâbpw ]ns¶ ]cnip²³amcpsSbpw \ma¯nÂ ]ÅnIfp−mbncp¶Xn\mÂ \{kmWnIÄ hn.I\yI adnbmans\bpw ]cnip²³amscbpw _lpam\n¡pIbpw Bcm[n¡pIbpw {]mÀ°n¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p F¶\pam\n¡mw. H¼Xmw \qÁm−nÂ tIcf¯nÂ sImSp§ÃqÀ h¶v DZbwt]cqcnte¡v Xmakw amÁn ]ns¶ sImÃ¯p t]mbn Pohn¨p acn¨ kt^mÀ, t{^m¯p F¶ hntZi sa{Xm³amcpsS t]cnÂ ]ÅnIfp−mbncp

¶Xmbpw B ]ÅnIsfÃmw t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS \nÀt±i{]Imcw “All Saints” sâ t]cnepÅ ]ÅnIfm¡n amÁn F¶pw Ncn{Xap−v. t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ ae¦cbnÂ I−Xv s\kvtXmdnb³ hnizmkw am{Xambncp¶p F¶Xv hnizkn¡pI hnjaw. X§Ä¡dnbm¯ kpdnbm\n `mj GtXm ]nimNnsâ `mjbmsW¶v AhÀ IcpXnbncn¡Ww. ssZhaXmhns\ tXmamÉolbpsS Imew apXÂ Xs¶, Iv\m\mb¡mÀ h¶t¸mÄ apXÂ IqSpXÂ iàambn, hW§nbncp¶ ae¦c \{kmWnIÄ AdnªpsIm−v ssZhamXmhns\ XcwXmgv¯nbpÅ s\kvtXmdn b³ hnizmks¯ hcthÁp F¶p hnizkn¡p¶Xv Xosc bpàn¡p \nc¡p¶XÃ. ssZhimkv{X]cambn Kl\ambn Nnń¡msX, hntZi¯p \n¶pw h¶ sa{Xm³amsc AhÀ ]dbp¶sXs´¶v icn¡pw a\ÊnemImsX A\pkcn¨p F¶p IcpXp¶Xmhpw icn. ae¦c \{kmWnIfpsS D−mbncp¶ kÀÆ Ncn{XtcJIfpw sas\Ênkv sa{Xm³

Xobn«p \in¸n¨ 1599s\ HmÀ¯v ae¦c \{kmWnIÄ F¶pw Zp:Jn¡pw. \in¸n¨ ]e tcJIfpw s\kvtXmdnb³ F¶p apZIp¯nbmWv \in¸n¨sX¦nepw s\kvtXmdnb³ hnizmkw F{Xam{Xw Bg¯nÂ ae¦cbnÂ thcq¶nbncp¶p F¶Xv tNmZyambn Ahtijn¡pw. AXn\p Hcp ImcWw Hcp kz`mh hnizmk¡mcmb Ing¡³ k`bnse Xs¶ ImtXmen¡m/a{]nbm\amcpsS IognepÅ ]nXm¡³amcpsS ae¦c k`bpambpÅ k¼À¡ambncp ¶ncn¡Ww. Ing¡nsâ k`bnÂ \n¶pw h¶hcnÂ Hcp kz`mh¡mcmb bmt¡m_mb sa{Xm³amcpw D−mbncp¶ncn¡Ww. Ing¡nsâ ImtXmen¡bmbpw (Ime{ItaW Ing¡nsâ

a{]nbm\bmbpw) “hmWncp¶” A[nImctI{µ¯n\p Ing¡nsâ k`bnÂ Hcp Ime¯p

12sa{Xm³amcp−mbncp¶p F¶pw AhnsS kp¶ltZmkp hsc \S¯nbn«ps−¶pw AhÀ AhImis¸Sp¶p. At¸mÄ bmt¡m_mb sa{Xm³amcpw t]ÀjybnÂ \n¶pw ImemIme§fnÂ tIcf¯nÂ F¯nbncp¶ncn¡mw F¶\p am\n¡p¶XnÂ

sXsÁm¶panÃ. “FÂtZm _mh”bpw “ip{IÅm _mh”bpw Cu ]c¼cbnÂs¸«hcmbncp¶p.

39. ]m{XnbÀ¡m I£n¡mÀ ]dbpt¼mseae¦c k` ImtXmen¡/ a{]nbm\ hgn AtýmJym ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ IognepÅ Hcp almbnShIbmbn BZyImew apXÂ \ne\n¶ncp¶p F¶pw ]qÀ®ambn hnizkn¡m\mInÃ. kphntij k`mhnIk\ {]hÀ¯\§fnÂ ap¶n«p \n¶ncp¶Xv HdnPn\Â s\kvtXmdnb³ k`bmbncp¶p F¶XmWv icn. aÁt\Iw cmPy§fntebv¡p hym]n¨ k` Cýbnte¡pw hfÀ¶p.

32

AXnsâ `mKambn tIcf¯nse k`bpambpw s\kvtXmdnb³ k` _Ôs¸«ncp¶p F¶p thWw hnizkn¡phm³. DZbwt]cqcnÂ h¨p Nmcamb Ncn{X tcJIfnÂ \n¶pw hnizmkmNmc§sf¸Án IrXyambn a\Ênem¡phm\mInÃ. It¯men¡m k`sb¸Ánt¸mepw icnbmb hnhcanÃm¯hcmbncp¶p Cýbnep−mbncp¶

t]m¨pKokpImÀ. ImcWw AD.1552Â Ing¡nsâ k`bnse bqWnbÁp hn`mKap−m

btijw AD.1558Â h¶ sa{Xm¨t\bpw (.At±lw t]m¸nsâ BtKmfm[nImcw AwKoIcn¨ Bfmbncp¶n«pt]mepw) AhÀ B«ntbmSn¨p-. tbip{InkvXphnsâ amÀK ¯nÂ \n¶pw hfsc hyXnNen¨v AÚXbpw Al´bpw A[nImc¯nsâ a¯pw _m[n¨, tIcf¯nse \m«pcmPm¡·msc Gdm³ aqfnIfm¡n \ndp¯nb Hcp hntZi iànbmbncp¶p t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ. AhtcmsSm¸w h¶ anjWdnamcpw H«pw hyXyØcmbncp¶nÃ. AhcpsS Bhiy {]Imcw DZbwt]cqÀ kp¶ltZmknt\mSp klIcn¡m¯ ]ÅnItfbpw \{kmWnItfbpw tZit{ZmlnIfm¡n in£n¡phm³ t]mepw sIm¨n almcmPmhp X¿mdmbncp¶p. Cý bqtdm]y³ hntZim[n]Xy¯n³ IognÂ Aacp¶Xn\p hgnacp¶n« kw`h§fnÂ Cu kp¶ltZmkv Ncn{Xw H«pw

A{][m\aÃ. X\n \mS³ ssÌenÂ kpc£nXhpw “PmXn hyhØbnÂ” “D¶X”hpw Bb PohnXw \bn¨ncp¶hcmbncp¶p ae¦c \{kmWnIÄ. X§fpsS hnizmk Øm]I\mb tbip{InkvXphnsâ t{]jnX ZuXys¯ GXm−v ad¶p ChnSs¯

“D¶X” PmXnIfmb {_mÒWcpsS H¸asÃ¦nepw GXm−p sXm«p Xmsg, am¸nfamcmbn sXmSoÂ hnZKv[cpw ssk\nIcpw, I¨hS¡mcpw `qhpSaIÄ t]mepambn GXm−v kpJhmkw sNbvXncp¶ \{kmWnIÄ, HmÀ¡m¸pd¯v ASntbÁXpt]mse t]mÀ¨pKokv iànIÄ¡v A[o\cmbn XoÀ¶p.

40. 1653

]qÀ®ambpw t]mÀ¨pKokv sa{Xm³ sas\Ênknsâ I¿neaÀ¶ ae¦c \{kmWn k` H¶S¦w tdmam ]m{XnbÀ¡okmb amÀ]m¸bpsS IognepÅ (emÁn³) It¯men¡m k`bmbn amdn. DZbwt]cqcnÂ sIm−ph¶p I¯n¨pIfª \{kmWn tcJIÄ¡p ]pdta sas\Ênkv sa{Xm¨\pw A\pbmbnIfpw ]ÅnIÄ Ibdnbnd§n I¯n¡Â IÀ½w \S¯n. A¡Zntbm¡sâ Øm\w \mamhtijambn. X§fpsS ]mc¼cy Bcm[\Ifpw BNmc§fpw, {]tXyIn¨pw cmPXpeyamb A[nImchpw, hne¡s¸«XnÂ \{kmWnIÄ thZ\s¸SpIbpw AaÀjs¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. tXmakv AÀ¡Zntbm¡sâbpw klsshZnIcpsSbpw t\XrXz¯nÂ sas\Ênkp sa{Xm\p hntcm[ambn FXnÀ]£w DSseSp¯p. AhÀ aÁp kÌfpsS, {][m\ambpw Ing¡³ kÌfpsS, klmbw A`yÀ°n¨p. GsXms¡ kÌfpsS klmbw A`yÀ°n¨p F¶Xns\¸Án ]e A`n{]mb§fp−v. F¦nepw t]Àjybnse HdnPn\Â (s\kvtXmdnb³) k`bpw AtýmJym ]m{XnbÀ¡okv/ a{]nbm\ \bn¡p¶ Ing¡nsâ

ImtXmen¡mbpsS k`bpw CuPn]vXnse tIm]vÁn¡v k`bpw S.O.S.kzoIcn¨ kÌfnep−mbncp¶p. t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS A[o\XbnÂ Bbncp¶ XpdapJ§Ä hgn Cu kÌfnse sa{Xm³amÀ¡v h¶ptNcphm³ an¡hmdpw Akm²yambncp¶p. \{kmWnIÄ X§sf c£n¡phm³ hcWsa¶v ]pd¯pÅ k`¡mtcmtSm GsX¦nepw k`tbmsSm kÌtfmtSm A`yÀ°n¨Xv ]«mfs¯ Ab¨p t]mÀ¨pKokpImsc tXmÂ¸n¨p X§sf c£n¡phm³ B kÌÄ¡p Ignhp−v F¶ Nn´bmembncp¶nÃ F¶Xp hfsc hyàw. X§fpsS hnizmk§sfbpw BNmc\pjvSm\§sfbpw Bcm[\m coXnIsfbpw

Dt]£n¡phm³ \nÀºÔn¡p¶ “]d¦n”IfnÂ \n¶pw c£n¨p hnizmkmNmc§Ä

]p\:Øm]n¡phm\pÅ B{Klambncp¶ncn¡Ww Cu S.O.S.ktµi§fpsS ]n¶nÂ. AXnepw {][m\ambn Hcp {]tXyI D¶X PmXnbmbn, X§Ä¡v Hcp]s£ sImÃn\pw

33

sImebv¡pt]mepw A[nImcap−mbncp¶ X§fpsS PmXn¯ehØm\¯n\p ]pÃphne sImSp¡m¯ t]mÀ¨pKokp sa{Xmsâ `cW¯nÂ \n¶pw tamN\w t\SpI F¶Xpw e£yambncp¶ncn¡Ww. \m«pcmPm¡·mcpsS ]SbmfnIfpw ]S¯ehcpambn XcI³, Xcy³ apXemfn, ]Wn¡À apXemb Øm\am\§Ä A\p`hn¨pt]m¶ GXm−v £{XnbÀ¡p Xpeycmbncp¶ \{kmWnIÄ ImbnItijnbnÂ X§fpsS Xs¶ iànsb B{ibn¨ncp¶ncn¡mw. sIm¨n cmPmhv ]d¦nIÄ¡p koa´ cmPmhmbn amdnsb¦nepw F§s\sb¦nepw t]mÀ¨pKokp ]d¦nIfpsS ASnaIÄ F¶ ØnXn¡p amÁw hcpsa¶pw Bin¨ncn¡mw.

S.O.S.kzoIcn¨ kÌfnÂ AtýmJym k`bpw tIm]vÁn¡v k`bpw X½nÂ ]−papXÂt¡ kvt\l¯nepw kulrZ¯nepw Bbncp¶p. AhÀ Hmtc hnizmk ¯nepw Bbncp¶p. am{XaÃ AtýmJym knwlmk\w ss_k³ssS³ k` ]nSns¨Sp ¯v AhnSs¯ ]m{XnbÀ¡okmbncp¶ tkthdntbmkns\ \mSpIS¯nbt¸mÄ

(AD.518) A`bw \ÂInbXv tIm]vÁn¡v k`bmbncp¶p. ]Icambn ss_k³ssS³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okn\p _Zembn sÌÃmbnse skÀKnbkv F¶ sa{Xms\ ]m{XnbÀ¡o kmbn hmgn¨ bmt¡m_p _pÀZm\sb hmgn¨Xpw tIm]vÁnIv k`bpsS klIcW ¯nepw t\XrXz¯nepambncp¶p. AXpsIm−v ae¦cbnte¡v sa{Xms\ Abs¨¦nÂ AXv AhÀ X½nÂ Btem Nn¨mbncn¡pw sNbvXXv. s\kvtXmdnb³ k` apÉow `cW¯n³ IognÂ sImSnb ]oU\§Ä A\p`hn¡p¶ Imeambncp¶XpsIm−v ae¦csb¸Án Nnń¡mt\m, c£n¡m³ sa{Xms\ Abbv¡phmt\m AhÀ {]m]vXcmbncp¶nÃ. AXp sIm−v t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS ]oU\Ime¯v ae¦cbnte¡p hcm³ {ian¨ sa{Xm³amÀ tIm]vÁnIv AtýmJym, Ing¡nsâ ImtXmen¡(a{]nbm\){Kq¸nÂ \n¶mbncp¶p F¶p hnizkn¡p¶XmWv bpàn¡p tNÀ¶Xv. IÂZmb k`bnÂ \n¶pw Hcp sa{Xm³

AD.1558Â h¶Xpw t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ At±ls¯ Xncn¨b¨Xpw I−pIgnªp.

AD.1595Â At±lw ]pds¯hnsStbm h¨p ImewsNbvXp. AD.1599 DZbwt]cqÀ kp¶ltZmkmbt¸mtgbv¡pw X§Ä c−p Iq«cpw amÀ]m¸bpsS IognepÅhcmsW¶p a\Ênem¡pIbpw sNbvXp. AXpsIm−v t]m¸nsâ Iognemb

ae¦c \{kmWnIsf “c£n¡m³” IÂZmb k`¡mÀ h¶p F¶ Nn´bv¡v ASnØm\anÃ. t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ ]qÀ®ambn IogS¡nb ae¦c k`sb c£n¡m³

h¶ “Al¯pÅ” F¶ sa{Xms\ sIm¶p F¶ hmÀ¯bmWv k`bnse AXn{][m\amb Iq\³Iqcnip kXy¯ntebv¡p hgn sXfn¨Xv. Al¯pÅ FhnsS \n¶v, GXp k`bnÂ \n¶v h¶p F¶Xv F¶pw XÀ¡ hnjbambn Ahtijn¡pw. t]Àjybnse s\kvtXmdnb³ F¶pw IÂZmbs\¶pw AtýmJybnÂ \n¶pw h¶bmsf¶pw AtýmJym ]m{XnbÀ¡okp Xs¶bmbncp¶p F¶pw XÀ¡§fp−v. ]t£ C¶s¯ HmÀ¯tUmIvkpImÀ ]dbpw t]mse hntZi taÂt¡mbva s¡XncmbÃmbncp¶p Iq\³Ipcniv kXyw. ImcWw kXy{]XnÚ¡v {]tIm]\w Xs¶ hntZi¯p \n¶pw h¶ Al¯pÅ _mhsb ]d¦nIÄ sIm¶p F¶ hmÀ¯bmbncp¶p. ]s£ ap³]dª ImcW§ÄsIm−v tIm]vÁnIv / AtýmJy/ AtýmJybpsS IognepÅ Ing¡nsâ a{]nbm³ kÌfnÂ GsX¦nepw \n¶papÅ Hcp tae²y£ \mbncp¶ncn¡Ww Al¯pÅ F¶\pam\n¡p¶Xmbncn¡pw icn. tIm]vÁnIv k` aÁp kÌsf ]et¸mgpw klmbn¨ncp¶p F¦nepw B kÌfpsStaÂ B[n]Xyw Øm]n¡m³ {ian¨n«nÃ F¶Xv FSp¯p ]dtb− ImcyamWv. AtýmJy, FtXym]y³ kÌsfsbms¡ AhÀ ]et¸mgpw klmbn¨ncp¶p. F¦nepw B kÌfpsS apIfnÂ X§Ä¡pw A[nImcw Øm]n¨nÃ. Adnbn¸pImcnÂ Hcmfmbncp¶

aÀt¡mkv Øm]n¨ k` Fs¶¦nepw ]t{XmkvÇolbpsS “knwlmk\§fmb” AtýmJybpsStbm tdmansâtbm Iognembncp¶Xmbpw Ncn{XanÃ. AtýmJy k`sbXs¶ hngp§phm³ Ahkcap−mbn«pw AXn\p {ian¨n«panÃ. ae¦cbnÂ AtýmJybpsS ]cam[nImc¯n\p th−n sXcphnend§p¶hÀ CXp

34

a\Ênemt¡−XmWv. tdmansâbpw t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsSbpw ]oU\§sf t\cnSphm³ Bßob t\XrXz¯n\mbn klmba`yÀ°n¨v aÁv kÌÄs¡gpXnb ae¦c k`bnse Xeh·mÀ X§Ä H¶pInÂ s\kvtXmdnb³, AsÃ¦nÂ bmt¡m_mb k`bpsS, AsÃ¦nÂ AhÀ X½nepÅ hyXymkadnbmsX c−pIq«cptSbpw Bßob t\XrXzw AwKoIcn¨ncp¶p AsÃ¦nÂ Imw£n¨ncp¶p F¶Xp kzX{ámbn Nnń¡p¶ BÀ¡pw t_m²yamIpw. ae¦c k`bpsS ssZ\wZn\ `cWImcy§fnÂ GXm−v ]qÀ®kzm{X{ýapÅ CShI ]ÅnIfmbncp¶p. A§s\bpÅ ]ÅnIfpsS Iq«¯eh\mb AÀ¡Zntbm¡\mbncp¶p. ChnsSbp−mbncp¶Xv F¶XmWv hnizmktbmKyw. AÀ¡Zntbm¡³ F¶ Øm\w Hcp tI{µoIrX A[nImc tI{µambncpt¶m, Hcp knwlmk\ambncpt¶m F¶Xpw Nn´mhnjbamWv. ]−v lnµp A¼e§fpw t£{X§fpw IpSpw_ t£{X§fpw kzX{ám bncp¶Xpt]mse F¶mÂ AhsbÃmw i¦cmNmcyÀ, k\ymknamÀ XpS§nbhsc kzoIcn¨v Bßnbambn AhcmÂ `cn¡s¸«ncp¶Xpt]mse ae¦cbnse \{kmWnIÄ IqSn]mÀ¯ncp¶ Øe§fnÂ AhÀ klIcn¨pw IpSpw_ ]ÅnIfpw kaql ]ÅnIfpw Øm]n¨p. CShIbnÂ \n¶p Xs¶ XncsªSp¡s¸«hsc sa{Xm·mcpsS Bßob taÂt¡mbvabnÂ A¨·mcm¡n. X§fpsS {InkvXob hnizmk¯nsâ Cýbnse Øm]I\mb tXmamÇolmbpsS IYIfpw ]mc¼cy§fpw ]dªpw tI«pw Fgpt¯meIfnÂ FgpXnbpw Xeapd Xeapd ssIamdn Pohn¨p t]m¶p. {InkvXob hnizmknIfmb IpSntbÁ¡mscbpw {]tXyIn¨pw AhcpsS IqsS h¶ taÂ¸«¡m scbpw ]«¡mscbpw kzoIcn¨mZcn¨p, klIcn¨p Pohn¨p ae¦c \{kmWnIfmbn cq]mćs¸«p.

A§s\ h¶hcnÂ GÁhpw {]apJcmbncp¶hÀ AD.345Â h¶ Iv\m\mbn sXm½\pw Iq«cpambncp¶p. Ime{ItaW AhscÃmw X\n Cým¡mcmbn. ]ns¶bpw sNdnb AfhnÂ IpSntbÁw kw`hn¨n«p−v. H¼Xmw \qÁm−nÂ h¶ kt^mÀ, {]m¯v F¶ c−v sa{Xm³amcpw kwLhpamWv AXnÂ {][m\am bn«pÅXv

lnZmb¯pÅ F¶bmÄ AtýmJybnÂ AD.1639hsc ]m{XnbÀ¡okmbncp¶p F¶p

H¶nÂ IqSpXÂ tcJIfnÂ ImWmw. Al¯pÅ F¶ “sa{Xm³”, Ct±lambncp¶p

F¦nÂ AD1652Â CýbnÂ hcpt¼mÄ Ct±lw ]m{XnbÀ¡okv AÃmbncp¶p. A¶s¯ ]m{XnbÀ¡okmbncp¶bmfpsS t]cv sska¬ F¶mWv. Al¯pÅ bmt¡m_mb k`bnÂ \n¶pw Iqdpamdn Hcn¡Â It¯men¡m aXw kzoIcn¨mbmfmsW¶pw ]s£ Xncn¨p bmt¡m_mbbnte¡p h¶psh¶pw tIcf¯nte¡v t]mcp¶Xn\p sXm«pap¼v Ct±lw tIm]vÁnIv k`bpsS BØm\¯v AhnSs¯ t]m¸nsâbSp¯mbncp¶p F¶pw tIm]vÁnIv t]m¸mWv ae¦cbnte¡p t]mIphm³ At±ls¯ t{]cn¸n¨sX¶pw thsd thsd `mjy§Ä D−v. Al¯pÅ F¶ Hcp sa{Xm³ (_mh?) kqdÁp hgn ssaem¸qÀ h¶p. t]mÀ¨p KokpImÀ At±ls¯ _Ô\Ø\m¡n sIm¨n hgn tKmhbv¡v Abbv¡p¶ hgn ae¦c \{kmWnIÄ AÀ¡Zntbm¡sâ t\XrXz¯nÂ At±ls¯ ImWWsa¶v t]mÀ¨pKokpImtcmSp Bhiys¸«p. AXn\v AhÀ k½Xn¨nÃ. Al¯pÅsb ISenÂ sI«n¯mgv¯n sIm¶p F¶v {ipXn ]c¶p. k¦Shpw tZjyhpw kln¡h¿msX ae¦c \{kmWnIÄ, GXm−v ap¸Xn\mbncw BfpIÄ Iq\³ Ipcniv F¶p ]n¶oSdnbs¸« IpcninÂ Hcp Bem¯p sI«n X§fpw X§fpsS k´Xn ]c¼cIfpw tdmanse t]m¸nsâbpw ]d¦n(t]mÀ¨pKokv)IfpsSbpw taÂt¡mbva kzoIcn¡nÃ F¶p i]Yw sNbvXp. XpSÀ¶v X§fpsS t\Xmhmb tXmakv F¶ AÀ¡Zntbm¡s\ sa{Xm\mbn hmgn¨p. ]{´−v I¯\mc·mÀ IqSn XebnÂ ssIh¨mWv X§sft¸mse Hcp I¯\mcmbncp¶ AÀ¡Zntbm¡s\ hmgn¨Xv.

35

Bem¯nÂ ]nSn¨p sNbvX kXy{]XnÚbpsS icnbmb cq]w Ct¸mgpw XÀ¡hnjbamWv. t]m¸ns\Xncmbn Bbncp¶nÃ, emÁn³ Bcm[\bv¡v am{Xw FXncmbncp¶p {]XnÚsb¶p C¶s¯ It¯men¡m k` ]dbp¶p. t]m¸n\pw ]d¦nIÄ¡psaXncmbn am{XaÃ X§fpsS amXrk`bqw knwlmk\hpw ØnXnsN¿p¶ AtýmJym hnizmkw A`wKpcw XpScpsa¶mbncp¶p F¶v tIcf ¯nse bmt¡m_mb hn`mKw ]dbp¶p. ae¦c HmÀ¯tUmIvkv k` ]dbp¶Xv ae¦cbnse FÃm skâv tXmakv {InkvXym \nIfpw tdma³ It¯men¡m k`bnÂ \n¶pw t]m¸nsâ IognÂ \n¶pw thÀs]Sp hm\pw kzX{ćmIphm\pw ]gb HmdnbâÂ k`bpsS hnizmk§fpw `mcXob ]mc¼cy§fpw ]p\:Øm]n¡phm\pw hntZi taÂt¡mbva A\phZn¡pIbnÃsb¶v {]XnÚsbSp¯p F¶mWv. s\kvtXmdnb³ hnizmkw ]p\:Øm]n¡psa¶p ]dªnÃ F¶Xv t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ hcp¶Xphsc ae¦cbnep−mbncp¶Xv s\kvtXmdnb³ hnizmkt¯¡mf[nIw HmdnsbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv hnizmkambncp¶p F¶Xnte¡v hncÂ Nq−p¶p. ssZhamXmhns\ ssZhamXmhmbn¯s¶ hW§pIbpw _lpam\n ¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶ hnizmkambncp¶p F¶Xv hnizkn¡p¶XmWv icn. s\kvtXmdn b³ sa{Xm³amÀ h¶ncps¶¦nÂ Xs¶ B hnizmkw ChnsS thcq¶nbncp¶nÃ.

AD350Â amÀ At{]w Cýsb¸Án FgpXnbXnÂ \n¶v A\pam\n¡mhp¶Xv, hÃ

t¸mgpw “ioa” sa{Xm³ h¶pt]mbncp¶, X]mepw Fgp¯pIp¯psams¡ Npcp¡am bncp¶ Ime¯,v tXmamÇol ]Tn¸n¨Xpw, k`bnÂ `n¶n¸pIsfm¶pw XpS§p¶Xn\p

ap¼v AD.345Â h¶ Iv\m\mbn sXm½³ {Kq¸p sIm−ph¶Xpamb {]mÀ°\Ifpw BNmc§fpw hnizmk§fpw hmsamgnbmbn ]n´pSÀ¶ k`bmbncn¡Ww ae¦c k` F¶mWv. AXv \nJym kp¶ltZmknseXp t]msebpÅ {XntbI ssZhw, ssZhamXmhv ]cnip². Ip¼kmcaS¡apÅ GI kz`mhambncp¶ncn¡Ww aÁp kz`mh§fpw

hnizmk§fpw AD345Â CÃmbncp¶p.

kmµÀ`nIambn ]dtb− Hcp Imcyw 25000¯n\pw 30000¯n\pw CSbv¡pÅ Hcp \{kmWn kwLw Iq\³Ipcnip kXy¯n\mbn sIm¨nbnÂ kwLSn¨p F¶XmWv. AXnÂ `qcn`mKhpw \m«pcmPm¡·msc tkhn¨ncp¶ ssk\nI ]cnioe\w e`n¨n«pÅ

]SbmfnIfmbncp¶ncn¡Ww. At¸mÄ 300 t]mÀ¨vKokpImÀ am{Xta sIm¨nbnep −mbncp¶pÅp. C{Xbpw BfpIfpsS Bßob ]nXmhns\ hn«psImSp¡Wsa¶p

sIm¨n cmPmhv AhtcmSv “At]£n”¡pIbpw sNbvXp F¶mWv ]dbs¸Sp¶Xv. F¦nepw CsXm¶pw hIhbv¡msX AhÀ Al¯pÅsb ISenÂ sI«nXmgv¯n sIm¶p Ifªp. F{X `b¦cw!

41. bqtdm]y³ iIvXnIÄs¡Xnsc \S¶ BZys¯ P\ apt¶Áw

Cý hntZinIfpsS IognembsX§s\ F¶Xnsâ Hcp sNdnb km¼nfmWv Ct¸mÄ \½Ä hmbn¨Xvv. Cým almcmPyw H¶S¦w `cn¨ncp¶t¸mÄ {_n«njpImcmbn

15000t]À am{XamWv Cýbnep−mbncp¶Xv. Cým¡mcmIs« 35 tImSnbpw.

F´psIm−v C{Xbpw BÄ_ehpw Xn®anSp¡pw D−mbncp¶n«pw 30000 ssk\nI

Xpeycmb {InkvXym\nIsf 300 kmbn¸·mÀ IogS¡n. t]mÀ¨vKokpImscs¡m−v C{X sNdnb Hcp Imcyw (Al¯pÅsb tamNn¸n¡m³) sN¿ns¨Sp¡phm³ sIm¨n cmPmhn\p IgnªnÃ, ]SbmfnIfmb \m«p{InkvXym\nIfpsS Bhiyw \S¯ns¡mSp¡phm³ BÚm]n¡m³ ss[cyap−mbncp¶nÃ F¶Xv Bcnepw AÛpXhpw \m«pcmPm¡·msçÁn AhÚbpw D−m¡pw. Bßm`nam\hpw tZikvt\lhpw ssk\nI ]mShhpw D−mbncp¶ inhmPn, Qm³kn dmWn, tIcf¯nse thep¯¼n Zfh, Ipªmen acbv¡mÀ t]mepÅ hyànXz§Ä \½fnÂ tcmam©apWÀ¯p¶p−v F¶ kXyw FSp¯p ]dtb−Xp Xs¶. ]s£ \½Ä k½Xnt¡− Hcp Imcyw CýbpsS A[:]X\¯n\pw \qÁm−pIÄ \o−

36

ASnaXz¯n\p ImcWw ChnSs¯ _lp`qcn]£w \m«pcmPm¡·mcpw X§fpsS [À½w ad¶p kpJtemep]XbnÂ ebn¨v, kmbn¸³amcpsS BÚm\phÀ¯nIfmbn Pohn¨p F¶XmWv. _lp`qcn]£w km[mcW ]uc·msc Iuiew sIm−v Zmkycpw

Abn¯PmXn¡mcpam¡nb, \oNcmbn F®nb, “D¶X” PmXn¡mcmb I]S £{Xnbcpw htcWycpambncp¶p CýbpsS ASnaXz¯n\p ImcWw F¶XmWv. X§fpsS {_mÒW, £{Xnb, D¶X PmXn ]mc¼cyw sIm«ntLmjn¨p \S¡p¶ \{kmWnIÄ AXne`nam\n¡p¶Xv henb hntcm[m`mkamWv. ]mh§Ä¡pw ASnäÀ¯s¸« hÀ¡pambn h¶ tbip{InkvXphnsâ A\pbmbnXzhpw Cu BVyNn´bpw H¶n¨p t]mInÃ. an¡hmdpw apgph³ \{kmWnIfpw ]mXncnamcpw I¯\mc·mcpw Iq\³ Ipcnip kXyw GÁp]dªv tdmam k`bpsS A[nImcs¯ XÅn¸dªp. tXmakv AÀ¡Zntbm ¡s\ sa{Xm\mbn hmgn¨ ]{´−v I¯\mÀamcpsS Xeh·mcmbn {]hÀ¯n¨Xv IShnÂ Nm−n, ]d¼nÂ Nm−n, Bªnenaq«nÂ C«nsXm½³, sh−qÀ KohÀKokv F¶o \mev I¯\mÀamÀ Bbncp¶p. AÀ¡Zntbm¡sâ XebnÂ IncoSw h¨Xpw \mep I¯\mÀamcnepw {]KÛ\pw Úm\nbpambncp¶ IShnÂ Nm−n I¯\mcmbncp¶p F¶v B IpSpw_]mc¼cyw AhImis¸Sp¶ sN¼c¯n IpSpw_ Ncn{X¯nÂ ]dbp¶p−v. s]mXpP\tcmjw a\Ênem¡nb tdmanse A[nImcnIÄ s]s«¶p \b§Ä amÁn, AShpIÄ amÁn, I¯\mc·mscbpw P\§sfbpw XncnsI ]nSn¡phm\pÅ \o¡§Ä {ZpXKXnbnÂ \S¯n. P\§Ä shdp¯ Pkyq«pIsf amÁn IÀaeo¯m anj\dnamsc sIm−ph¶p. CXphscbpw sa{Xms\¶p ]dªmÂ ioa¡mc³, shfp¯h³ F¶p [cn¨ncp¶ P\§sf tXmakv AÀ¡Zntbm¡³ ssIshfp¸pÅ sa{Xm\Ã F¶p

]dªp ên¸n¡phm³ hfsc Ffp¸ambncp¶p. “tXm½m sa{Xm³ Np½m sa{Xm³” F¶p P\§Ä¡nSbnÂ hnizmkw ]c¯m³ AhÀ¡mbn. cmjv{Sob IjnIfmbmepw k`bmbmepw ]nfÀ¸n\pw IpXnc¡¨hS¯n\pw GXm−v Htc kz`mhamWv. I®qÀ ASnØm\ambn It¯men¡ CShIbpw tPmk^v sk_mÌ\n F¶ Hcp kmbn¸v _nj¸ns\ AXnsâ sa{Xm\mbpw Øm]n¨p. emÁn³ Bcm[\m{Iaw

amÁnbnÃ. 1709Â CXv hcm¸pg CShIbmbn amdn. h¯n¡m\nÂ \n¶pw h¶ Hcp ZuXy kwL¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\hpw kÀtÆm]cn hntZinIsf A\pkcn¡p¶ \m«pcmPm¡·mcpw IqSnbmbt¸mÄ \bw sIm−pw `bs¸Sp¯nbpw {][m\ I¯\mc·mscbpw ]ÅnIsfbpw Xncn¨p ]nSn¡phm³ t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ¡mbn. tXmakv AÀ¡Zntbm¡s\ IncoSaWnbn¨ IShnÂ Nm−n, ]d¼nÂ Nm−n F¶ c−p

I¯\mc·mÀ tdmam k`bnte¡v Xncn¨p Imepamdn. Npcp§nb Ime¯n\nSbnÂ 116

]ÅnIfnÂ 86Dw tdmam k`bnte¡v Xncn¨pt]mbn. tdmam¡mÀ cmPmhnsâ AwKoImcapÅhcmbn DZbwt]cqÀ ]Ån tI{µam¡n `cn¨p. ipjv¡n¨pt]mb

amÀtXm½I F¶ tXm½m AÀ¡Zntbm¡³ Np½msa{Xms\¶ CÃt¸cpw tI«p apf´pcp¯n ]Ån tI{µambn Hfnhnse¶Xpt]mse `cn¨p. At±ls¯ kÀÆmß\m ]n´pW¨p sIm−v Bªnenaq«nÂ C«nsXm½³ I¯\mÀ hewssI¿mbn IqsS\n¶p.

C«ns¯m½³ I¯\mÀ 345Â IpSntbdnb Iv\m\mbn sXm½³ {Kq¸nsâ ]n³Kman bmbncp¶p F¶Xv {]tXyIw HmÀ¡Ww. amÀt¯matbbpw C«nsXm½³ I¯\mscbpw XShnem¡Wsa¶v t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ sIm¨n cmPmhnt\mSmhiys¸«p. AXp \S¶p F¶pw CÃ F¶pw c−v `mjy§fp−v. apf´pcp¯n ]ÅnbpsS ]pdwhmXnenÂ¡qSn c−pt]cpw thjwamdn c£s]«p F¶ IYbmWv IqSpXÂ {]_ew. t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ Ahsc sImÃm³ {ian¨p F¶Xp kXyamWv. AtýmJymbnse k`bpambn ae¦c k`bv¡v t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ hcp¶Xp hsc Hcp _Ôhpw CÃmbncp¶p F¶p hmZn¡p¶hÀ H¶pIqSn Nnń¡m³ ChnsS hnjbap−v. C«nsXm½³ I¯\mcpsS ap³Kmanbmbncp¶ Iv\m\mbn sXm½³ hcpt¼mÄ Ing¡nsâ k`bpw AtýmJym k`bpw Htc hnizmk¯nembncp¶p F¶p \½Ä t\cs¯ I−XmWv. Ing¡nsâ k`

37

AtýmJymbpsS IognemtWm AÃtbm F¶ XÀ¡ap−mbncp s¶¦nepw hnizmk ¯nÂ hyXymkap−mbncp¶nÃ. At¸mÄ AtýmJybpsS hnizmkambncp¶ncn¡Ww. AhcpsS Bcm[\m{Ia§fpw coXnbpambncp¶ncn¡Ww ChnsS XeapdIÄ ssIamdn XpSÀ¶psIm−ncp¶Xv. C«ns¯m½s\t¸msebpÅ A¨·mÀ AtýmJy k`tbmSp klmbw A`yÀ°n¨Xpw PeoÂ _mhsbt¸msebpÅ ]m{XnbÀ¡okpamcpw FÂtZm _mhsbt¸msebpÅ a{]nbm\amcpw ChnsS h¶Xv ChnsSbpÅ apXseÃmw sImÅbSn¡m\mbncp¶p F¶p XÀ¡n¡p¶Xn\p ap¼v Ipsd¡qSn kzX{ámbn Nnń¡p¶Xp hfsc KpWw sN¿pw. AtýmJy k`bpsS Hcp CShI t]mse Iogvs]«p Pohn¡m\mhnÃ F¶p ]dbp¶Xpw AtýmJym¡mÀ hntZi¯p \n¶p h¶ sImÅkwLamWv F¶p ]dbp¶Xpw X½nÂ henb Aćap−v. tdmam k`bntebv¡v Xncn¨pt]mb IShnÂ Nm−n I¯\mÀ kpdnbm\n `mjbnepw aÁp k`mImcy§fnepw AKm[ ]mÞnXyapÅ Bfmbncp¶p. At±ls¯ Xs¶ Xncªp]nSn¨p X§fpsS `mKt¯bv¡p Xncn¨p sIm−phmcm\mbXv tdmam k`bv¡v henb KpWw sNbvXp. kpdnbm\nbnepÅ Bcm[\Ifpw ]ns¶ XpSÀ¶p h¶ncp¶ Cý³ kwkv¡mc¯nÂ \n¶pap−mb ]e BNmc§fpw amÁnsbSp¡phm³ {][m\ Icphmbn D]tbmKn¨Xv IShnÂ Nm−n I¯\mscbmbncp¶p.

42. t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS ae¦cbpÅ kzm[o\w U¨pImcpsS hcthmsS CÃmXmbn. s{]m«Ìâv hn`mK¯nÂs¸« U¨pImÀ amÀtXma AÀ¡Zntbm¡³ (Ct¸mÄ F¸nkvt¡m¸) hn`mK¯ns\ ]n´pW¨p. t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ ]qÀ®ambpw ]n³hm§n tKmhbv¡p t]mbn. amÀ]m¸bpsS {]Xn\n[nbmbncp¶ sk_m kvÁ\ntbmkv sa{Xmt\mSv tIcfw hnSphm³ IÂ]n¨p. sk_mÌn\ntbmkv t]mIp¶Xn\p ap¼v IShnÂ Nm−n I¯\msc sa{Xm\m¡n hmgn¡Wsa¶p At±lw Xocpam\n¨p. Nm−n I¯\mÀ AXn\p k½Xn¨nÃ F¶pw Xsâbpw IqSn k½Xt¯mSpw klIcWt¯mSpw IqSn ]d¼nÂ Nm−n I¯\msc _nj¸mbn hmgn¡pIbpw sNbvXp F¶mWv ]dbs¸

Sp¶Xv. ‘]d¼nÂ’ F¶ hm¡nsâ t]mÀ¨pKokv `mjyamb “De Campo”F¶v AtZl s¯ \maIcWw sNbvXp. F{X Kwòcamb IpXnc¡¨hSw!

hnaÀiIÀ “Np½m sa{Xm³”F¶mt£]n¨ncp¶ amÀtXm½³I s\ 1665Â ae¦cbnÂ h¶ A_vZpÄ PeoÂ {KntKmdntbmkv F¶ tae²y£³ ho−pw (taÂ)]«w sImSp¯p icn¡pw sa{Xm\m¡n.

A§s\ 1613 hÀjw H¶mbncp¶ ae¦ck` c−v sa{Xm·mcpsS IognÂ c−v k`bmbn ]ncnªp. temI¯nse amt\Pvsaâv hnZKv[scsbÃmw AÛpXs¸Sp¯p¶ Hcp kwLS\m kwhn[m\amWv tdma³ It¯men¡ k`bv¡pÅXv. AXnsâ Iognemb ae¦c k`bpsS (`qcn)`mKw hfsc Akqbmhlamb hfÀ¨bmWv {]m]n¨Xv. Xg¨p sImgp¯p hfÀ¶, hfÀ¶psIm−ncn¡p¶ Cu k` C¶v Cýbnse {InkvXym\nIfpsS apJy apJhpw i_vZhpamWv. ae¦ck`sb IogS¡nb t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS {]hÀ¯nsb {]IoÀ¯n¡p¶ It¯men¡cpw [mcmfap−.v c−mbn ]ncnªXnÂ It¯men¡À ]gb IqÁpImcpw bmt¡m_mb¡mÀ ]pXnb IqÁpImcpambn Adnbs¸Sp¶p C¶pw. CXnÂ A]mIXbp−v. ]s£ Cu NÀ¨bv¡v AXp {]kàaÃ.

Cu ]ncnben\p tijamWv “bmt¡m_mb”, “tdma³ It¯men¡”, “emÁn³

It¯men¡” F¶ hn`mK§Ä ae¦cbnep−mbXv. PmXnt¸cmbn ]ecpsSbpw

S.S.L.C. _p¡nÂ Cu kwÚIÄ ImWmw. HmÀ¯tUmIvkv F¶ Hcp PmXnt¸À CubnsSbmWv D−mbXv.

38

43. Bcm[\ BNmc§Ä `mj, kw{Klw

]e Ncn{XImc·mcpw ae¦c k` Ing¡nsâ k`bpambmWv AD1500hsc _Ôs¸«ncp¶Xv F¶pw ChnsS s\kvtXmdnb³ hnizmkambncp¶p F¶pw Ing¡³ kpdnbm\nbmbncp¶p Bcm[\ `mjsb¶pw ]dbp¶p. ]s£ CsXÃmw ]qÀ®ambpw icnbmsW¶p hnizkn ¡m\mhnÃ. t]mÀ¨pKo kpImcmWv IÂ¡Zntbm³ ssZhimkv{Xt¯bpw amXmhnt\mSpÅ {]mÀ°\bp

sams¡ “ASnt¨Â¸n¨Xv” F¶p hnizkn¡p¶Xp hnjaw. kndnb³ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv k`bv¡v Ing¡nsâ k`bv¡p _Zembn t]ÀjybnÂ Hcp ImtXmen¡/a{]nbm\bpsS IognÂ klsa{Xm·mcpw hnizmknIfpap−mbncp¶p F¶pw Ing¡nsâ k` s\kvtXmdnb\mIp¶Xn\p ap¼v B k` apgph\pw Atým JymbpsSbpw Ings¡ms¡bpsSbpw Xeh\mb AtýmJym ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ IognemsW¶v ]Snªmd³ kÌfmb AtýmJybpw, tdmapw, AeIvkm³{Unbbpw, tIm¬Ìmân t\m¸nÄ Xeh·mÀ X½nÂ [mcWbmbncp¶p F¶p \½Ä I−p. kÀÆ kÌfpsSbpw Xeh³ t]m¸msW¶ It¯men¡m hmZw hcp¶Xn\v ap¼v Ing¡nsâv k` X§fpsS Xeh³ AtýmJybmsW¶p ]qÀ®ambn k½Xn¨nÃ. Ing¡³ k` s\kvtXmdnb\mbt¸mÄ thsd c−v kÌÄt]mse Ing¡nsâ k`bpw ]Snªmd³ kÌfpambn. Ing¡³ k`bpsS Hcp \Ã Awiw Ing¡nsâ ImtXmen¡m/ a{]nbm\bpsS IognÂ AtýmJy k`bpsS hn`mKambn XpSÀ¶p. `cWImcy§Ä kzX{ámbpw Bßob Imcy§fnÂ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv H¶ma\pambncp¶p. Cu ImtXmen¡/a{]nbm\bpw AtýmJym ]m{XnbÀ¡okpw X½nepw IogvØm\n, taÂØm\n XÀ¡ap−mbncp¶p. F¦nepw ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ XpeycnÂ H¶mas\¶ kvYm\w AwKoIcn¨ncp¶p. CXmWv Npcp¡¯nÂ \½Ä \nKa\¯nset¯− kXyw. s\kvtXmdnb³ k`m Xeh·mcpw ImtXmen¡m/a{]nbm\ Xeh·mcpw ae¦cbnÂ hcnIbpw sa{Xm·msc Abbv¡pIbpw hnizmkw ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXn«p−mIWw. AtýmJybpw AeIvkm³{Unbbpw Htc hnizmk¯nepw klIcW¯nepam bncp¶p. AhÀ¡v ISÂ hgn ae¦cbnte¡v KXmKX amÀKap−mbncp¶p. Ing¡nsâ k`mXeh·mÀ kqdÁv hgn h¶p ]ns¶ Ic hgn htc−nbncp¶p. am{XhpaÃ, kvss]kkv hym]mcw tIcfhpambn«mWv IqSpXep−mbncp¶Xpw. AXpsIm−pXs¶ HmdnbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv hnizmk§fmb GIkz`mhw, I\yIadnbw, ssZhamXmhv apXemb Imcy§Ä ae¦cbnÂ t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ¡p apt¼ D−mbncp¶p F¶Xv XÀ¡n¡msX hnizkn¡mhp¶ ImcyamWv. AhcpsS `mj ]Snªmd³ kpdnbm\nbmbncp¶p. t]mÀ¨vKokpImcpsS ]oU\ Ime¯v AÀ¡Zntbm¡t\m, A\pbmbnItfm X§sf ]d¦nIÄ hnizmk Imcy§Ä ASnt¨Â]n¨Xmbn ]dbp¶nÃ. Bcm[\mcoXn, BNmcm\pjvTm\§Ä, Bcm[\m e¯o³ `mjbm¡nbXv, AÀ¡Zntbm¡·msc A[nImcanÃm¯hcm¡nbXv C§s\bpÅ Imcy§fnembncp¶p ]cmXnbpw {]Xntj[hpw. tdmam k`bpsSbpw t]m¸nsâbpw Iognemb tdma³ It¯men¡ F¶dnbs¸« hn`mKw Xs¶ kndnb³ ]mc¼cy §fpw Bcm[\m coXnIfpw ]n´pScphm³ B{Kln¨p. t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ t]mbn«pw X§fpsS B{Kl§Ä¡p kmêyamImsX At\Iw \mfpIÄ AhÀ IgnªpIqSn. GXm−v \m\qdv sImÃ§Ä¡ptijw Ccp]Xmw \qÁm−nemWv Hcp kzX{´ k`bv¡v Xpeyamb ]ZhntbmsS kotdm ae_mÀ k`

hfÀ¶p h¶Xv. AD.1498Â h¶ t]mÀ¨vKokpImÀ ]nSn¨S¡n emÁn³ do¯nse It¯men¡m k`bm¡nbXn\p tijw At\Iamb sImSp¦mÁpIfnÂs]«peªp thZ\IÄ A\p`hn¨ k`bpsS `qcn]£ hn`mKw C¶s¯ kotdm ae_mÀ k`bmbn

39

amdnbXv tPm¬ t]mÄ amÀ]m¸ AXns\ BÀ¨v F¸nkvt¡m¸Â k`bmbn DbÀ¯nbt¸mgmWv. ap¼p I−Xp t]mse Iq\³ Ipcnip kXys¯ XpSÀ¶p ae¦c k` apgph\mbpw

Xs¶ t]mÀ¨pKoknsâ B[n]Xy¯nÂ \n¶pw apàambn (1653). tdmansâ Ahktcm

NnXhpw X{´]chpw s]s«¶papÅ CSs]SÂ hgn ap¡mÂ ]¦v (116 ]ÅnIfnÂ 84 ]ÅnIÄ) ae¦ck`¡mscbpw Xncn¨p tdmansâ taÂt¡mbvabnte¡p XncnsI sIm−pt]mbn. Pkyq«pIÄ¡p ]Icw IÀaeo¯ anj\dnamsc sIm−ph¶p {]tXyIw hntZi sa{Xms\ hmgn¨p. t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ U¨pImtcmSp tXmÁt¸mÄ ImÀasseÁpItfmsSm¸w \mSphntS−nh¶ hntZi sa{Xm³, kztZinbmb ]d¼nÂ

Nm−n sa{Xms\ hmgn¨p(1659). ImÀasseÁpIÄ ]ns¶bpw kmh[m\w ]d¼nÂ

sa{Xmsâ A\pbmbnIÄ F¶ hymtP\ Xncns¨¯n (1675). ]d¼nÂ sa{Xmsâ

Imetijw (1687) ho−pw Hcp hntZinsb taemfmbn {]Jym]n¨p (1700). kotdm ae_mÀ k` Htckabw sImSp§ÃqÀ {]t{ZmhmtUm sa{Xmsâbpw {]mtZinI sa{Xmsâbpw IognÂ Igntb−nh¶p. kzbw`cW¯n\p th−nbpÅ \n¡§Ä [mcmfambn \S¶p. km£mÂ Ing¡nsâ k`bnÂ \n¶pw ]ncnª IÂZmb k`bpsS

Xeh³ t]m¸nsâ FXnÀ¸vv AhKWn¨p ae¦cbnte¡v sa{Xm³amsc Ab¨p. 1861;

1974 (?) c−maXv h¶ anÃkv sa{Xm³ km£mÂ Ing¡³ k`bmb AÊndnb³

k`bnÂ tNÀ¶p. ]n³KmanIÄ Ct¸mÄ 25000t¯mfap−v, Hcp sa{Xm\pap−v. 1887Â kotdm ae_mdn\p th−n {]tXyIw sa{Xmk\§Ä A\phZn¨p. Xt±i sa{Xm·sc

hmgn¨p. 1923Â IqSpXÂ kzmX{ýhpw ]n¶oSv tPm¬ t]mÄ c−ma³ amÀ]m¸ BÀ¨v F¸nkvt¡m¸³ ÌmÁkpw \ÂIn. tIcf It¯men¡m k`bpsS hfÀ¨ GÁhpw \¶mbn \S¶p F¶Xv FÃmhcpw k½Xnt¡− ImcyamWv.

44. Iq\³ Ipcnip kXy¯n\p tijw tdmw \S¯nb \bamÁ§fpsS êambn `qcn]£w ]ÅnIfpsS It¯men¡ k`bnte¡p Xncn¨p t]m¡n\p tijw D−mbncp¶

32]ÅnIfpw BfpIfpw (kndnb³ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv) bmt¡m_mb k`bmbn amdn. AXpw ]ns¶bpw ]ns¶bpw ]nfÀ¶p. bmt¡m_mb (kndnb³ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv) k` ae¦cbpsS taÂk`bmsW¶ hmZhpw AsÃ¶ hmZhpamWv {][m\ambp−mbncp¶Xv. CXnsâ êambn BZys¯ hn`P\w sXmgnbqÀ k`bpsS DÛhambn.

{_n«ojpImcpsS A[o\XbnÂ cmPyw AaÀ¶t¸mÄ Bw¥n¡³ k`¡mcpsS \hoIcW {]hÀ¯\êambn amÀt¯mam k` D−mbn. k`bpsS ASnØm\ hnizmk§fnÂ t`ZKXnsNbvX amÀt¯mam k`bpsS Øm]I t\Xm¡Ä ssZh amXmhnsâ Øm\w, ]cnip²·mtcmSpÅ {]mÀ°\ XpS§nb Imcy§fnÂ hnizmkw \hoIcn¨p. GXm−v s\kvtXmdnb³ hnizmk§Ä¡v Xpeyamb hnizmk§fmWv AhcptSXv. ae¦c k`bnse tXmamÇolbpsS ]n³KmanIfmb icnamÀtXmaamÀ X§fmsW¶XmWv AhcpsS AhImiw. bmt¡m_mb k`bnse hg¡pIÄ I−p

aSp¯ns«¶t]mse thsdmcp hn`mKw 1930Â ]ncnªp ]p\sscIysa¶ ]pXnb hmZhpambn t]m¸nsâ IognÂ ae¦c do¯v F¶ t]cnÂ amdn. Cu ]ncnhv A¶v GÁhpw ]ÞnX\mbncp¶ Cuhm\ntbmkv sa{Xms\ ae¦c k`bpsS ImtXmen¡ B¡m¯XpsIm−mbncp¶p F¶pw ]dbp¶p−v. B k`bpsS Ct¸mgs¯ Xehsâ Øm\t¸cv Ct¸mÄ ImtXmen¡ _mh F¶pw Adnbs¸Sp¶p. AhÀ kzbw kzoIcn¨XmWv Cu Øm\t¸cv. HmÀ¯tUmIvkv k` CXns\ FXnÀ¯p.

45. tbip{InkvXphnsâ icocsa¶v injy·mÀ apXÂ hntijn¡s¸Sp¶ k`, ssZh¯nsâ cq]hpw kmZriyhpw {]Xnênt¡− I®mSn, s]m«n, ]ns¶bpw s]m«n, s]m«ns¡mt− bncn¡p¶p F¶XmWv GÁhpw k¦SIcamb Imcyw. Cu ]nfÀ¸pIfpw s]m«epIfpsaÃmw cmPyw hntZinIÄ ssI¿S¡nbXnsâ êambp−mbXmsW¶ bmYmÀ°yw \½Ä a\Ênemt¡− kXyamWv. Cu s]m«n¨nXdpIsfÃmw euInIm[n

40

Imc¯n\pth−n Bßob tae²y£·mÀ \S¯nb t]mcpIfpsS êamsW¶XmWv GÁhpw thZ\mP\Iamb kXyw.

Cu ]nfÀ¸pIfpsS 21-mw \qÁm−nse ]Xn¸mWv Ct¸mÄ bmt¡m_mb/ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv ]ÅnIfnÂ \S¡p¶, tImSXnIfnte¡pw cmjv{Sob¯nte¡pw \ndsªmgpIp¶ XÀ¡§fpw hg¡pIfpw Iq«¯ÃpIfpw. Cu hg¡pIfpsS cq]hpw `mhhpw A\pZn\w òIchpw eÖmIchpambns¡m−ncn¡pIbmWv. CXnÂ Hmtcm I£nbpsSbpw AWnIfmbn \n¶p ]ckv]cw XÃp¶Xv Hcp {InkvXm\nbpsS ISabmtWm F¶Xv \mw Hmtcmcp¯cpw Nnń¡Ww.

kotdm ae_mdpImcpsSbpw HmÀ¯tUmIvkpImcpsSbpw hmZa\pkcn¨v 1500hsc AhcpsS Bcm[\m coXnIÄ Ing¡nsâ k`bqsSXmbncp¶p. `mj Ing¡³ kpdnbm \nbmbncp¶p. ]s£ Ing¡nsâ k` s\kvtXmdnb\mbncp\p F¶Xv a\Ênem¡p t¼mÄ, t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ hcp¶ kabw, ae¦ck` s\kvtXmdnb\mbncpt¶m AÃtbm F¶Xns\¸Ánbpw IqSn AhÀ ]dtb−XmWv. A§ns\bmbncps¶¦nÂ I\yIamXmhv ssZhamXmhÃ, {InkvXphnsâ am\pjnI kz`mh¯nsâ amXmhp am{Xambncp¶p F¶ s\kvtXmdnb³ hmZw ae¦cbpsS ]mc¼cy hnizmkambncpt¶m F¶pIqSn kotdm ae_mÀ k`bpw GXm−v CtX hmZ§Ä D¶bn¡p¶ Cý³ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv k`bpw shfns¸Spt¯−Xp−v. Hmtcm k`¡mcpw Hmtcm I£nbpw Ncn{Xs¯ X§fpsS kuIcya\pkcn v̈ hfs¨mSn¡p¶XmWv {]iv\w. ]mhs¸« a\pjysc sXÁn²cn¸n¡pI, X½nÂ hg¡Sn¸n¡pI F¶ ZpjvSê§Ä am{XamWv Cu hI hfs¨mSn¡epIfpsS êw. I\ymadnbman\v ssZhamXmhv F¶ Øm\w sImSp¡p¶ GI kz`mh hnizmkw t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ ae¦cbnÂ hcp¶Xn\p ap¼v ChnsS D−mbncps¶¦nÂ AXnsâ DdhnSw AtýmJymbpambpÅ AsÃ¦nÂ Ing¡nsâ k`bv¡p _Zembn Bdmw \qÁm−nÂ bmt¡m_p _pÀZm\ Øm]n¨ Ing¡nsâ ImtXmen¡/a{]nbm\ hgnbmbncp¶ncn¡Ww F¶ÃmsX hnizkn¡m\mhnÃ. Ing¡nsâ k`bnÂ \n¶pw

]ncnªv “IÂZmb” F¶dnbs¸Sp¶, t]m¸nsâ tae[nImcw AwKoIcn¨, k` D−mXp

Xs¶ 1552Â BWv. AXn\pw ap¼v Hcp hfsc sNdnb hn`mKw t]m¸ns\ AwKoI cn¨Xmbn ]dbs¸Sp¶p. ]s£ km£mÂ Ing¡nsâ k`bv¡v Hcp shÃphnfnbm Iphm\pw ae¦cbnÂ kzm[o\w sNep¯phm\pw X¡ tijn AhÀ¡nÃmbncp¶p. AtýmJy³ _Ôw ChnsS D−mbncp¶ncn¡mw F¶p ]dbp¶XpsIm−v ae¦c k` AtýmJy³ k`bpsS Hcp CShI t]mse `cn¡s¸«ncp¶p F¶À°amt¡−XnÃ. AtýmJy ChnsS CSn¨p Ibdn h¶p ChnSw sImÅbnSphm³ h¶ Hcp k`bmWv F¶ hmZhpw icnbÃ F¶XmWv kXyw. CÃm¯ Ncn{X§sf D−m¡pI, hyàambpw Adnbm¯ Ncn{XImcy§Ä X§fpsS C¶s¯ Øm\am\§Ä¡p th−n Ncn{Xam¡pI, X·qeap−mIp¶ XÀ¡§ fnÂ\n¶pw hg¡nÂ \n¶pw apXseSp¡pI XpS§nb Imcy§Ä kÌfpsS t\XrXz§Ä ImWn¡pt¼mÄ AhÀ¡v IosPbv hnfn¨p kz´w PohnXhpw IpSpw_ kam[m\hpw XIcmdnem¡mXncn¡m³ hnizmknIÄ {i²n¡Ww. kXy¯n\p km£n \nÂ¡phm³ Rm³ temI¯nte¡v h¶ncn¡p¶p F¶p {]Ømhn¨ tbip{InkvXphnsâv A\pbmbnIÄ¡v Ncn{X kXy§Ä hfs¨mSn¡m Xncn¡m\pÅ ISabp−v. hyàaÃm¯h A§s\ Xs¶ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶XmWv D¯aw. amÀ]m¸amcpw ]m{XnbÀ¡okpamcpw ImtXmen¡mamcpw AXn]cnip²cpw, ]m] anÃmsX P\n¨hcpw Hcn¡epw sXÁp sN¿m¯hcpamsW¶p hnizmknIsf hnizkn¸n¨v Ahsc AÔambn hnizkn¡p¶ Hcp am\knI ØnXnbnÂ B¡nXoÀ ¡pI, A§ns\ B¡nXoÀ¡p¶hsc AhcpsS \ne\nÂ]n\p th−n NmthdpIfm¡n

41

amÁpI. ssZh¯n\pw a\:Êm£n¡pw \nc¡m¯ Cu hI {]hÀ¯nIfneqsS X§fpsS Øm\am\§fpw \ne\nÂ]pw `{Zam¡phm\pÅ {]hr¯nIÄ sN¿pt¼m gmWv kam[m\w \jvSs¸Sp¶Xv. a\:¸qÀÆw C§s\ P\§sf hgnsXÁn¡p¶ t\Xm¡·msc¡mf[nIw kXyØnXn sXÁmbn a\Ênem¡nbn«pÅ t\Xm¡·mcmWv Ct¸mÄ DÅXv. X§fpsS Adnhpw hnizmkhpw ]qÀ®hpw ssZhoIhpw kXyhpamsW¶v AhÀ [cn¨phbv¡p¶p. X§fpsS \ne]mSpambn tbmPn¡m¯hÀ ssZh¯n\pw kaql¯n\pw \nc¡m¯ hcmWv F¶pw Ahsc FXnÀ¯p tXmÂ¸nt¡−Xpw CÃmbva sNt¿−Xpw X§fpsS ISabmWv F¶pw AhÀ ZrVambn hnizkn¡p¶p. AXn\p th−n X§fpsS kÀÆ kzhpw kaÀ¸n¨p ]n¶WnIsfbpw Iq«n t]mcmSp¶p. C§s\bpÅ t\Xm¡·mcmWv AhcpsSbpw kaql¯nsâbpw A[:]X\¯n\p ImcWw. Pbn¡phm³ th−n F´p IpÕnX amÀKhpw D]tbmKn¡msa¶p AhÀ hnizkn¡p¶p. icnbmWv sN¿p¶Xv F¶ D¯a t_m²yt¯mSpIqSn sXÁmbXp sN¿pI. Hcp a\pjy\v sNs¶¯mhp¶ GÁhpw A]ISIcamb am\knI ØnXnbmWv CXv. aÁp a\pjysc X§fpsS am\knI ØnXnbnte¡p sIm−phcphm³ X¡ hnZym`ymkhpw hmIvNmXpcyhpw IqSn ChÀ¡v e`n¡pt¼mÄ ChÀ kaqls¯ t{Zmln¡phm\pw kam[m\w sISp¯phm\pw IgnhpÅ tXXm¡·mcmIp¶p. C¯cw Nn´mKXn¡mcmWv Xo{hhmZnIfpw Nnet¸mÄ òIc·mcpambn amdp¶Xv. kzX{ámbn Nnń¡phm³ km[mcW¡mcmb \½Ä iànt\SpI F¶Xp am{XamWv Cu hn]s¯mgnhm¡phm\pÅ hgn. FSp¯pNmSn t\Xmhp BÚm]n¡p¶Xp sN¿p¶Xn\p ap¼v AXv \ymbamtWm \oXnbmtWm F¶p BtemNn¡pI. AXn\pÅ amÀKw tbip ]Tn¸n¨n«p−v.

“Fsâ hN\¯nÂ \ne \nÂ¡p¶p F¦nÂ \n§Ä hmkvXh¯nÂ Fsâ injy·m

cmbn; kXyw Adnbpw. kXyw \n§sf kzX{ćm¡pIbpw sN¿pw” (tbml. 8:32). Nnń¡phm\pÅ kzmX{ýw ssZh¯nsâ Zm\amWv. AXp e`n¡phm³ \½psS hm¡pIfnepw {]hÀ¯nIfnepw Ffna \nd¨p sIm−v ssZh k¶n[nbnÂ kaÀ¸

Wt¯msS {]mÀ°n¡pI..

III

Iq\³IpcninÂ \n¶pw 2017 hsc

Iq\³Ipcnip kXy¯n\p tijw `qcn`mKw ae¦c \{kmWnItfbpw tdmamk`

BIÀjn¨p Xncn¨p sIm−pt]mbXp \½Ä I−p. “tdmam\pIw” F¶mWv ]d¦nIsf FXnÀ¯hÀ ]dªncp¶Xv.

“\pI”¯n\p Iognte¡p Xncn¨p t]msb¦nepw AXniàambncp¶ t]m¸nsâ k`bmb It¯men¡m k`bpsS kwLS\m_ehpw ]cnc£bpw It¯men¡ hnizmk¯nte¡v

Xncn¨pt]mb ae¦c \{kmWnIÄ¡v e`n¨p. GXm−v 300e[nIw hÀj§Ä AkzX{´ cmbn Ignªp F¦nepw Ct¸mÄ GXm−v kzX{´ k`¡p Xpeyamb, F¶mÂ t]m¸nsâ A[nImc¯n\pÅnÂ Xs¶bmbn Ignbp¶ kotdmae_mÀ k` A`qX]qÀÆamb hfÀ¨bmWv {]m]n¨Xv F¶Xv XÀ¡aÁ hkvXpXbmWv. t]m¸nsâ ]cam[nImcs¯ GsX¦nepw It¯men¡ hn`mKw tNmZywsN¿p¶nÃ. t]m¸nsâ IognÂ \n¶pw ]ncnªp t]mbhcmWv asÁÃm ae¦c \{kmWn hn`mK§fpsa¶mWv AhÀ hnizkn¡pIbpw {]Ncn¸n¡pIbpw ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶Xv. ae¦ck` _e{]tbmKw hgn tdmansâ Iognem¡s¸«ncp¶p F¶pw ]qÀ®ambpw A§s\

42

Bbncp¶Xv 1599 apXÂ 1653 hsc (54 hÀjw) am{Xambncp¶p F¶Xp ]eÀ¡pw AdnbnÃ. Iq\³Iqcnip hgn kzX{ćmbhsc ]p¯³ IqÁpImsc¶pw t]m¸nsâ Iognte¡p Xncn¨p t]mbhsc ]gb IqÁpImsc¶pw AhÀ t]cn«p. amÀt¯mambpsS knwlmk\hpw ]mc¼cyhpw AhImis¸Sm³X¡ FÃm kuIcy §fpw, F¶ph¨mÂ t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsSbpw AhcpsS AÚm\phÀ¯nIfm¡s¸« Xt±i `cWm[nImcnIfpsSbpw ]n´pW D−mbncp¶n«pw, AhÀ AXn\p Xp\nªnÃ.

GXm−v 75 iXam\w ]ÅnIfpw AhcpsS ssI¿nembncp¶n«pw, amÀt¯mam H¶ma\p _Zembn hmgn¡s¸« ]d¼nÂ sa{Xm\v IpSpw_]mc¼cy ap−mbncp¶n«pw (amÀt¯mam H¶mas\t¸mse) AhÀ A§s\ Hcp knwlmk\ hmZw D¶bn¨nÃ F¶Xv {]tXyIw {i²nt¡−XmWv. C¶s¯ HmÀ¯tUmIvkpImÀ amÀt¯mambpsS knwlmk\¯n\p th−n Pnh³ sImSp¡m³ bphXeapdsb t{]cn¸n¡pt¼mÄ CtXmÀt¡−XmWv. kp{]owtImSXn amÀt¯mabpsS knwlmk\w Ae¦mcnIamWv F¶v hn[n¨Xv F{X AÀ°hÀ¯mWv. BtemNn¨mÂ FÃm knwlmk\§fpw Be¦mcnIamWv. bYmÀ° knwlmk\¯ntedm³ tbip{InkvXphnsâ kvt\lw \ndbWw, a\Êp \ndsb.

47. kzX{ćmb ae¦c \{kmWnIsf c£n¡m\mbn AtýmJy ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâbpw

(tIm]vÁn¡v ]m{XnbÀ¡nknsâbpw AdnthmsS F¶p ]dbs¸Sp¶p) _nj¸pamÀ hcm³ {ian¨p. A§s\ h¶ Hcp Al¯pÅ F¶ _nj¸n(_mh ?)s\ sIm¶p F¶ hmÀ¯bmWv Iq\³Ipcnip kXy¯nte¡v hgn sXfn¨Xv. Iq\³ Ipcnip kXy¯n\p c−v hÀj¯n\ptijw PeoÂ F¶ bdpitew ]{XnbÀ¡okp h¶p{]hÀ¯n¨p. A¶p \yq\]£ambncp¶ It¯men¡sc kwLSn¸n¨p. aÀt¯ma H¶ma³ ]«w ØncoIcn¨p. Np½msa{Xm³ F¶p It¯men¡À \ÂInb hnfnt¸cp amÁnsbSp¯p. amÀt¯ma c−mas\bpw Cu PeoÂ _mhbpsS Ime¯p hmgn¨p.

AtýmJy _Ôw XpS§nbXp Xs¶ PeoÂ _mh h¶Xp apXÂ¡msW¶pw s]mcnshbnenÂ \n¶pw hdN«nbntes¡¶Xp t]mse ae¦ck` tdmam\pI¯nÂ \n¶pw AtýmJybpsS Iognte¡p t]mbn F¶pamWv C¶s¯ HmÀ¯tUmIvkpImÀ

]dbp¶Xv. ]s£ AtýmJy-Ing¡nsâ ImtXmen¡m-a{]nbm\ hgn AXn]pcmX\ Imew apXte ae¦ck` AtýmJybpambn _Ôs¸«ncp¶p F¶mWv C¶s¯ ]m{XnbmÀ¡m `mKw ]dbp¶Xv. GXm−v ]qÀ®icn, sXÁv F¶p XoÀ¯p ]dbphm³ hgnbnÃ. sXfnthmsS Ncn{XtcJIÄ D²cn¨p ]dbphm³ am{Xw H¶panÃ. km²yXIsf¸Án \½Ä ap³]p I−p Ignªp. \ap¡p sN¿mhp¶Xpw icnbpamb GI hgn tbip{InkvXphneq¶n {]hÀ¯n¡pI F¶Xp am{XamWv. \n§Ä sN¿p¶ FÃm {]hÀ¯nIfpw tbiphnsâ \ma¯nÂ sN¿phn³ F¶p−tÃm. kz´w `mcysb XÃnb Hcp tIknÂ Hcp ]ca`às\¶p ]cs¡ Adnbs¸Sp¶ Hcp ]Ån{]amWntbmSp

_ÀWºmkv Xncpta\n D]tZin¨Xv Rmt\mÀ¡p¶p. “FÃm {]hÀ¯nIfpw ssZh

(tbip) \ma¯nÂ sN¿pI”. `mcysb XÃm³ tXm¶pt¼mgpw, IÅ¯cw sN¿W sa¶p tXm¶pt¼mgpw Al¦cn¡phm\pw ho¼nf¡phm\pw XpS§pt¼mgpw AXv tbiphnsâ \ma¯nÂ sN¿mhp¶XmtWm F¶v Nnń¡pI. F¶nÂ Pohn¡p¶Xp {InkvXp F¶ t_m[w a\ÊnÂ _es¸«p IgnªmÂ ]ns¶ Zpjv{]hÀ¯nIÄ sN¿m\mhnÃ. ]ckv]cw sNfnhmcnsbdnbp¶ knwlmk\¯nsâ t]cnÂ sXcphpbp²w sN¿p¶ {]hÀ¯nIÄ {InkvXphnemb {InkvXym\nIÄ¡v sN¿m\mhnÃ. k`m hg¡n\p am{XaÃ, hyànPohnX¯nepw IpSpw_PohnX¯nepw t\cnSp¶ {]iv\§fpsS ]cnlmcw \½psS Hmtcm {]hÀ¯n tbip{InkvXphneq¶n sN¿pI F¶Xp am{XamWv.

1653se Iq\³Ipcnip kXy¯n\ptijw 12 I¯\mc·mÀ IqSn sa{Xm\mbn hmgn¡

s¸« amÀt¯ma H¶ma\v 1665Â bdpitew ]m{XnbÀ¡okmbncp¶ PeoÂ _mh tIcf¯nÂ h¨v ]ns¶bpw hmgn¨p. ChÀ c−pt]cpw IqSn amÀt¯mam c−mat\bpw

hmgn¨p. amÀt¯mam H¶ma³ 1670Â Imew sNbvXp.

43

It¯men¡cmbn t]m¸nsâ IognÂ iàcmbn hfÀ¶p sIm−ncp¶hcpw amÀt¯m

am¡mcpsS IognÂ AtýmJymbpsS ]n´pWtbmsS \ne\n¶ncp¶ “bmt¡m_mb” ¡mcpw X½nÂ hg¡pw Bfp]nSp¯hpw, ]Ån]nSp¯hpsams¡ \S¶ncp¶p. iàn¡pdhv bmt¡m_mb¡mÀ¡mbncp¶p. {KntKmdntbmkv PeoÂ _mhbv¡p tijw tIcf¯nte¡v bmt¡m_mb¡msc klmbn¡m³ (amÀt¯mam c−masâ At]£ {]Imcw?) h¶Xv bÂtZm amÀ _tÊentbmkv _mhbpw Iq«cpambncp¶p. Ggpt]cS §nb Hcp kwLw ]pds¸«n«v c−pt]À am{XamWv tIcf¯nÂ (tImXawKew) F¯nbXv. t]mÀ¨pKokpImsc t]Sn¨v HfnhnÂ h\¯nÂIqSn ImÂ\Sbmbn«mWv

F¯nbXv. 93 hbÊp−mbncp¶ bÂtZm _mh h¶Xnsâ 13-mw Znhkw Imew sNbvXp. acn¡p¶Xn\p ap¼v IqsSh¶ d¼ms\ Cuhm\ntbmsk¶ t]cnÂ _nj¸mbn Øm\mtcmlWw sNbvXp.

amÀt¯mam c−ma³ 1686Â Imew sNbvXp. H³]Xp hÀjw am{Xw tIcf¯nÂ Pohn¨ Cuhm\ntbmkv AtýmJymbpsS Bcm[\ A\pjvTm\ {Ia§fpw hnizmk §fpw ae¦cbnepd¸n¡m³ (]p\:kvYm]n¡ms\¶v ]m{XnbÀ¡okp I£nIfpsS ]£w) ImcW`qX\mbn amÀt¯mam aq¶mas\ hmgn¨Xpw amÀ Cuhm¶ntbmkv BWv. amÀt¯mam aq¶ma³ Hcp hÀj¯n\p tijw ImewsNbvXp. amÀt¯mam \mema t\bpw hmgn¨Xv amÀ Cuhm\ntbmkv Bbncp¶p.

amÀt¯mam \mema³ \mÂ]Xp hÀjw k`sb \bn¨p. Ct±l¯nsâ Ime¯v Church

of the Eaast (s\kvtXmdnb³) _nj¸mbncp¶p K{_ntbÂ. ae¦cbnte¡v s\kvtXmdn

b³ _nj¸pamcpw AtýmJym-ImtXmen¡m-a{]nbm\ hgnbpÅ HmdnbâÂ HmÀ¯ tUmIvkv _nj¸pamcpw Bßobm[nImcnIfmbn h¶ncp¶p F¶Xpw. ]s£ Xt±i`cWImcy§fnÂ ChnsSbpÅ AÀ¡Zntbm¡³/amÀt¯mamÀ¡mbncp¶p F¶Xpw kzX{ámbn Nnń¡p¶ BÀ¡pw t_m²yamIp¶XmWv. \memw amÀt¯mabpsS AýIme¯v At±lw A©mw amÀt¯masb hmgn¨p. A©mw amÀt¯mabpsS taÂ]«Øm\w km[pXbpÅXmbncp¶nÃ F¶ Hcp hmZw DSseSp¯p. \memw amÀt¯ma Bk¶acW\mbn At_m[mhØbnembncp¶t¸mÄ

aÁpÅhÀ At±l¯nsâ ssI amÀt¯mam A©masâ XebnÂ h¨v “hmgn¨p” F¶mWv bmt¡m_mb Ncn{XImc·mÀ ]dbp¶Xv. CXn\pw ]pdta It¯men¡cmbn amdnb kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nIÄ amÀt¯mam¡mÀ ssIsh¸nÃm¯ sa{Xm·mcmWv,

“Np½m” sa{Xm·mcmWv F¶ {]NcWw iàns¸Sp¯ns¡m−ncp¶p. X·qew X§Ä

hnizkn¡p¶ kXyhnizmk¯nÂ iàns¸Sphm\pw ssIsh¸nepÅ “\yq\X” ]cnlcn ¡phm\pambn AtýmJybnte¡v FgpXns¡mØncp¶p F¶pw Hcp]£w hmZn¡p¶p. CXn\pth−n A¶p `cWhpw hym]mchpw \nb{ń¨ncp¶ U¨pI¼\nsb kao]n ¡pIbpw AhcpsS I¸enÂ sIm−phcp¶ AtýmJy³ ]nXm¡fpsS bm{XmNnehv amÀt¯mam A©ma³ sImSp¯psImÅmsa¶v hm¡psImSp¡pIbpw sNbvXncp ¶pht{X!

AD 1757Â ip{IÅm(_tÊentbmkv), {KntKmdntbmkv, Cuhm\ntbmkv C§s\ aq¶p sa{Xm·mcpw (HcmÄ a{]nbm\m) A¨·mcpw si½mi·mcpw AS§p¶ Hcp kwLw Xs¶ sIm¨nbnÂ h¶p. ssk¯pw aqtdm\pw Acm[\m ]pkvXI§fpambmWv kwLw h¶Xv.

U¨pI¼\n¡mÀ 12000 cq]bpsS _nÃp sImSp¡msX Cu kwLs¯ Cd¡nhnSnÃ F¶ \ne]msSSp¯p. ]Ww hkqem¡phm³ tIkpw sImSp¯p. F§s\tbm Ahsc kuars¸Sp¯n ]pd¯nd§nb kwLs¯ kzoIcn¡msX amÀt¯m½ A©ma³ Hgnªpamdnsb¶pw c−pIq«cpw ]ckv]cw ImWmsX ]ÅnIfnÂ amdnamdn Xmakn¨p F¶pw ]dbs¸Sp¶p.

44

Cu kw`h§Ä AtýmJbpsS tae[nImcs¯ amÀt¯m½ AwKoIcn¡m³ hnk½Xn¨Xnsâ êambncp¶p F¶v HmÀ¯tUmIvkv ]£hpw AÃ £Wn¨p hcp¯nbn«p bm{X¨nehpt]mepw sImSp¡mXncp¶Xv IrXyhntem]hpw hmKvZm\ ewL\hpambn ]m{XnbÀ¡m ]£hpw hymJym\n¡p¶p. CXn\nSbnÂ amÀ _tÊentbmkv Xsâ IqsS h¶ Hcp d¼ms\ amÀ Cuhm\ntbmkv F¶ t]cnÂ amÀt¯ma A©ma\v _ZembnÂ hmgn¨p. ]ckv]cw kvt\l¯nepw

kam[m\¯nepw hÀ¯n¡msX _tÊentbmkpw amÀt¯ma A©ma\pw 1764Â \ncymXcmbn.

amÀt¯mam Bdma³

1761Â amÀt¯mam Bdmas\, amÀt¯mam A©ma³ hmgn¨p. AtýmJymbnÂ \n¶pw Ab¡s¸« aq¶p sa{Xm·mÀ ae¦cbnep−mbncp¶p F¦nepw Ahcnemscbpw £Wn¡pItbm ]s¦Sp¸n¡pItbm sNbvXnÃ. AtýmJymbpsS taÂt¡mbvasb amÀt¯mam A©ma³ AwKoIcn¨ncp¶nÃ F¶pthWw \ymbambpw A\pam\nt¡−Xv.

Iq\³Ipcnip kXy¯n\p tijw D−mb ]nfÀ¸pIfnÂ BZyt¯Xn\v XpS¡an«Xv

ChnsSbmWv. amÀt¯mam H¶ma\pw c−ma\p taÂ¸«Øm\w sImSp¯t¸mÄ X§fpsS ]n³KmanIsf hmgn¡m\pÅ A[nImcwIqSn amÀt¯maamÀ¡pw \ÂInbncps¶¦nÂ Hcp ]nfÀ¸nsâ Bhiyap−mInÃmbncp¶p.

amÀt¯maamcpsS sa{Xm³Øm\§Ä¡v \yq\Xbps−¶pÅ FXnÀ (]gb IqÁpImsc

¶dnbs¸« It¯men¡m)hn`mK¯osâ(Ip){]NcWambncp\ncn¡Ww AtýmJym/a{]nbm \bpw DÄs¸« Ing¡³ k`bpsS Bßobt\XrXzhpw ]utcmlnXy \Âhchpw Bhiy s¸Sm³ ae¦ck`sb t{]cn¸n¨Xv. CXn\pw ]pdta ]pcmX\ Imew apXÂXs¶ euInIm

[nImc]camb Imcy§fnÂ ]qÀ® kzmX{ýw A\p`hn¨ “ae¦caq¸³”, “AÀ¡Zntbm¡³

“apXÂt]cnednbs¸«ncp¶ A[nImcnbpsS Iognembncp¶ kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nIÄ Bßob Imcy§fnepw hnizmk kXy§fnepw ssIsh¸nsâ Imcy¯nepw Ing¡³ k`sb B{ibn¨ncp¶p F¶Xpw \ntj[n¡phm\mIm¯ bmYmÀ°yambncp¶p.

kzX{´ Nn´bnÂ IqSn F¯nt¨cmhp¶ thsdmcp {][m\ A\pam\w ae¦cbnÂ

]pcmX\Imew apXte _eh¯mbn D−mbncp¶ hnizmk ]mc¼cyw tbip{InkvXphnsâ GIkz`mhw, hn.I\ymadnbmansâ ssZhamXmsh¶ Øm\w, hnip²cpsS a²yØXbnepÅ hnizmkw apXemb HmdnsbâÂ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv hnizmkambncp¶p F¶XmWv. s\kvtXmdnb\mbn amdnb HdnPn\Â Ing¡nsâ k`bnse tae²y£·mcpw ae¦cbnse

¯nbncp¶p F¦nepw B hnizmk¯n\p ChnsS thcq¶m\mbnÃ. CXn\À°w AtýmJym-

]m{XnbÀ¡okv-a{]nbm\ hgnbpÅ _Ôw ae¦cbpambn t\cs¯ D−mbncp¶p F¶XmWv. Bdmw amÀt¯mambnte¡p Xncn¨p hcmw. A¡me¯v ae¦cbnep−mbncp¶hcnÂ

{][m\n (amÀt¯ma A©ma\p _Zembn ip{IÅm _mh hmgn¨) Cuhm\ntbmkpambn

amÀt¯ma Bdma³ carXbnse¯n. 1770Â Cuhm\ntbmkpw IqsSh¶ {KntKmdntbmkpw IqSn amÀt¯mam Bdmas\ ho−pw hmgn¨p F¶p bmt¡m_mb¡mÀ AhImis¸Sp¶p. GXmbmepw hensbmcp ]nfÀ¸v Hgnhm¡s¸«p. amÀt¯mam Bdma³ Zohm¶ntbmkv (H¶ma³) F¶dnbs¸«p. amÀ Cuhm¶ntbmkv ]pXnbImhnepw amÀ Zohm¶ntbmkv HmaÃqcpw Xmakn¨p.

{KntKmdntbmkv Imb¦pf¯p Xmakn¨p. c−p hÀjw am{Xw \o−p\n¶ Cu tbmPn¸v 1772Â ]ns¶bpw Ahkm\n¨p. Im«pam§m«p d¼m³ F¶dnbs¸«ncp¶ Hcp ]«¡mc³ {KotKmdntbmkns\ I®pNnInÕ¡mWv F¶p]dªv a«mt©cnbnÂ sIm−pt]mbn

Xmakn¸n¨p. d¼m\nÂ “{]kmZn”¨ {KotKmdntbmkv At±ls¯ Iqdntemkv F¶t]cnÂ sa{Xm\mbn hmgn¨p. amÀ Cuhm\ntbmknsâtbm Zoh¶mtkymknsâtbm Adnthm

A\phmZtam hm§msXbmWv CXp sNbvXXv. 72000cq] hneaXn¡p¶ kzÀ®apÄs¸sS

45

(C¶msW¦nÂ 720 e£sa¦nepw hcpw) Xsâ kz¯p¡Ä h¨n«v GXm\pw amk§Ä¡v tijw {KotKmdntbmkv Imew sNbvXp.

IqdntemkmIs« sIm¨ncmPmhnsâ A\phmZw k¼mZn¨v ]ÅnIfnÂ sa{Xm\mbn

k©cn¨p. Cuhm\ntbmkpw Zoh¶mtkymkpw (amÀt¯mam)IqSn ]ÅntbmKw IqSn cmPmhnt\bpw cmP\nÀt±i {]Imcw U¨pImscbpw kao]n¨v Iqdntemkns\ d¼m\mbn XcwXmgv¯n. ]s£ cmbv¡pcmam\w c£s]« Iqdntemkv sXmgnbqÀ F¶ Ø v̄ (kmaqXncnbpsS A[nImc ]cn[n) t]mbn Xmakn¨v sXmgnbqÀ k` Øm]n¨p.

Iq\³Ipcnin\p tijw ae¦ck`bnÂ \S¶ BZys¯ `n¶n¸mbncp¶p sXmgnbqÀ

k`. hnizmk]camb bmsXmcp ImcWhpw CXn\nÃmbncp¶p. AtýmJymbnÂ \n¶p h¶ c−p sa{Xm·mÀ ({KotKmdntbmkpw Cuhm¶ntbmkpw) X½nÂt¸mepw H¶ptNÀ¶p {]hÀ¯n¡phm\pÅ a\ÊnÃmbncp¶p. HcmÄ asÁmcmÄ¡pw amÀt¯ma¡psaXnsc ]mch¨p. Xsâ hÕ\mbncp¶ Hcmsf clkyambn taÂ¸«¡mc\mbn DbÀ¯nbXmbncp¶p Cu `n¶XbpsS ASnØm\w.

AtýmJy-]m{XnbÀ¡okpamcpw sa{Xm·mcpw ae¦csb sImÅ sN¿m³ h¶hcmsW¶p hmZn¡p¶hÀ {i²nt¡− Hcp Imcyw Cu {KotKmdntbmknsâ ssIhiap−mbncp¶ k¼¯p hnhc§fmWv. ChnsS ]ncnhp \S¯n apXÂ sIm−pt]mb IYIfpw D−mbncn¡mw. ]s£ _lp`qcn]£w AtýmJy³ taÂ]«¡mcpw h¶Xv k`tbmSpÅ kvt\lhpw X§fptSXv F¶v ]qÀ®ambn hnizkn¨ ae¦csb Xm§n kwc£n¡m\pambncp¶p F¶ kXyw FÃmhcpw a\Ênemt¡−Xv BhiyamWv. hyànKX amb A[nImctamlhpw [mÀjvSyhpw t]mepw ]ecpw {]ISn¸n¨ncp¶p F¶Xpw icnbmbncn¡mw. h¶hscÃmw Xs¶ X§fpsS ssI¿nÂ kzÀ®apÄ¸sSbpÅ [\hpambmWv h¶Xpw. Cýsb¡mÄ kzÀ®w t]ÀjybnÂ BZmb hne¡p e`n¨ncp¶p F¶Xp Ncn{X kXyamWv. Ad_ns¸m¶v, t]Àjy³ kzÀ®sa¶sXÃmw ChnS¯pImcpsS kz]v\ambncp¶p.

Iq\³Ipcnip hgn ]d¦nIfpsS “tdmam\pI”¯n\p IognÂ \n¶p c£s]«hcpw Xncn¨p tdmam t]m¸nsâ k`bnte¡p t]mbhcpw X½nepw c−p Iq«cpsSbpw DÄ`cW§Ä¡I¯pw `n¶Xbpw ]ncnhpw hg¡pIfpw Hcp]mSp−mbn. Ct¸mgpw XpScp¶p. sXmgnbqÀ ]ncnhmWv {][m\ambpw BZyambpw \S¶Xv.

amÀt¯mam Bdmasâ Ime¯pXs¶ tdmam hn`mK¯nÂs]« Hcp am¯p XcI³ henb

_nkn\ÊpImc\pw cmPmhnÂ kzm[o\w DÅh\pambp−mbncp¶p. hntZi sa{Xm·mcpsS IognÂ AaÀ¶ncp¶, F¶mÂ hfsctbsd kwLS\m]cambn apt¶dns¡m−ncp¶ It¯men

¡tcbpw “]p¯³ IqÁp”ImcmbhscbpÄ]sS t]m¸nsâ IognÂ H¶m¡phm³ hfsctbsc iànbpw k½À±hpw At±lw {]tbmKn¨p. amÀt¯mam Bdmas\ _e{]tbmK¯neqsS t]mepw t]m¸nsâ IognÂ hcphm³ \nÀ_Ôn¨Xmbn IYbp−v. GXm−v Ac\qÁm−pImew

Bdmw amÀt¯mam ae¦c k`sb \bn¨p. 1808Â At±lw Aćn¨p. Ggmw amÀt¯masb Bdmw amÀt¯ma hmgn¨p. hmgvNbv¡p tijw ]t¯mfw

hÀj§Ä IgnªmWv Bdmw amÀt¯ma Imew sNbvXXv. AXn\ptijw Øm\tasÁSp¯

Ggmw amÀt¯ma 15 amk§Ä¡ptijw Aćn¨p. acW¡nS¡bnÂh¨p Xsâ ]n³Kmanbmbn F«mw amÀt¯masb hmgn¨p.

F«mw amÀt¯mabpsS Ime¯mWv k`bpsS hIbmbn kÀ¡mcnÂ sUt¸mknÁp

sNbvXncp¶ h«n¸W¯nsâ ]eni kÀ¡mÀ amÀt¯mabv¡p sImSp¡p¶Xn\p ]Icw amÀt¯mabpsS D]tZiIcmbncp¶ ]pent¡m«nÂ C«q¸v d¼m\p sImSp¯Xv. AXv XÀ¡¯nemhpIbpw ]cnlcn¡phm\mbn d¼ms\ ae¦c sa{Xm\mbn sXmgnbqÀ k`bpsS Xeh³ hmgn¨p hn«p (kÀ¡mcnsâ H¯mitbmsS ?). amÀt¯ma F«ma³ ]cmXns¸s«¦nepw êap−mbnÃ.

46

F«mw amÀt¯ma 1816Â Aćn¨p. AXn\p ap¼v ISaÁwImc³ Hc¨s\ H¼Xmw amÀt¯mabmbn hmgn¨p. ]s£ Kh¬saâv CXwKoIcn¨nÃ. amÀt¯ma H¼Xnt\mSpw Øm\samgnbm\pw kÀ¡mc\phmZt¯msS sXmgnbqÀ k`mXeh³ hmgn¨ ]pent¡m«nÂ tPmk^v amÀ Zoh¶mtkymkn\p kÀÆ A[nImc§fpw ssIamdphm\pw kÀ¡mÀ D¯chmbn.

I®p\otcmsS A[nImcsamgnª amÀt¯ma H¼Xma³ 1817Â ISaÁw ]ÅnbnÂ h¨v Imew sNbvXp. CtXmsS ]ItemaÁw IpSpw_¯nÂ \n¶p ]c¼cbmbn ae¦c \{kmWnIfpsS Xehs\ XncsªSp¡p¶ ]Xnhn\p hncmaambn. F«mw amÀt¯mabpsS D]tZjvSmhmbncp¶ ]pent¡m«nÂ tPmk^v d¼m³ kÀ¡mcns\ kzm[o\n¨p sXmgnbqÀ k`m[n]\nÂ \n¶pw ]«taÁpw Xsâ tae[nImcn F«mw amÀt¯ma hmgn¨ amÀt¯ma H¼Xmas\ Øm\`rjvS\m¡n ae¦cbpsS `cWtaÁbmfmbncp¶p. ]s£ At±lw henb IgnhpIfpÅ `cWm[n]\pw hmÜnbpw ]ÞnX\pw _p²nimenbpsams¡ Bbncp¶p. tIm«bs¯ C¶s¯ ]gb skan\mcn Øm]n¨XpÄ¸sSbpÅ At\Iw henbImcy§Ä sNbvXv k`sb hfÀ¯nb Hcp

`cWm[nImcnbmbncp¶ Ct±lw ]pent¡m«v tPmk^v amÀ Zoh¶mtkymkv (amÀt¯ma 8) k` tPymXnkv F¶p hnfn¡s¸Sp¶p.

ae¦c k`bv¡v [mcmfw klmb§Ä sN¿pIbpw X§Ä D]tZjvSm¡fmb

XncphnXmwIqÀ cmP/dmWnamscs¡m−v k`bv¡v klmb§Ä \ÂIpIbpw sNbvXXv {_n«njp `cWm[nImcnIfmbncp¶p. tIWÂ a¬tdmbpw anj\dnamcmb s_bven XpS§nbhcpw FSp¯p]dtb−hcmWv.

]s£ Bw¥n¡³ k`¡mcmb {_n«njpImcpambpÅ N§m¯w ae¦ck`sb sam¯w

hngp§m\pÅ Hcp DZyaambn amdn. ae¦cbnse hnizmk§fpw Bcm[\bpw BNmc§fpw {InkvXobaÃ F¶p k`m tae[nImcnIsfbpw P\§sfbpw t_m²ys¸Sp¯n Bw¥n¡³ k`tbmSp tNÀ¡pItbm AXnsâ Hcp kamć k`bmbn cq]s¸Sp¯pItbm sN¿pI F¶

(AhcpsS Nn´bnÂ) “kZpt±iw” Bbncp¶p ImcWw. t]mÀ¨pKokpImsct¸mse _e{]tbm Khpw tcJIÄ I¯n¡epw H¶pw ChÀ \S¯nbnÃ F¶Xv BizmkIcw.

Zoh¶mtkymkv II 1818Â Imew sNbvXp. {_n«ojpImcpsS ]cnjv¡mc {ia§sf ]camh[n sNdp¯p F¦nepw skan\mcnbpw AXnse Nne A²ym]Icpw FÃmw {_n«ojv anj\dnamcpsS kzm[o\¯nembn. ae¦ck` ]e AÔhnizmk§ÄsIm−v hnIrXam¡s ¸«ncn¡p¶p F¶ \nKa\¯nemWv Bw¥n¡³ anj\dnamÀ F¯ntNÀ¶Xv. A§s\Xs¶

skan\mcnbnepw kÌfnepw ]Tn¸n¡phm\pw k`sb “\thm°m\w” sN¿n¡phm\pambn AhÀ skan\mcnbpw ]ÅnIfpw `cWtI{µ§fnÂ X§Ä¡pÅ kzm[o\hpw D]tbmKn¡p hm³ XpS§n. ae¦csb klmbn¨pw kvt\ln¨pw sam¯w hngp§phm\pÅ DZya¯nÂs]«v

“a[pcn¨n«v Xp¸m\pw Ibv¨n«nd¡m\pw h¿” F¶ ØnXnhntijw ae¦c k`bnep−mbn. Znh¶mtkymkv c−ma\ptijw, Npcp§nb Imew sXmgnbqÀ amÀ ]neIvknt\mkns\ ae¦c sa{Xmt¸meo¯bmbn kÀ¡mÀ NmÀÖv sImSp¯p. amÀ ]neIvknt\mkmWv Zohm¶mtkymkv

aq¶mas\ hmgn¨Xv (1817). 1825Â Ct±lw Imew sNbvXp. Bw¥n¡³ anj\dnamtcmSv kvt\lambncp¶psh¦nepw hnizmkImcy§fnÂ hn«phogvN sNbvXnÃ. hnizmkImcy§Ä¡p

]n³_ew Bhiys¸«psIm−v AtýmJym-]m{XnbÀ¡okn\v FgpXnbncp¶p F¶pw Hcp hmZap−v. sNdp¸¯nÂ Xs¶ tImfd ]nSn¨v acn¨pt]mb Zoh¶ymtkymknsâ ]n³Kmanbmbn tN¸m«v amÀ Zoh¶ymtkymkv F¶v ]n¶oSdnbs¸« ôent¸mkv d¼ms\ Ipdnbn«v Xncsª Sp¯p. anj\dnamcpambn tNÀ¶p hnizmk hyXymk§Ä hcp¯phm³ X¿mdpÅ Hcmsf XncsªSp¡phm³ AhÀ¡mbnÃ.

Ct±l¯nsâ Ime¯pw Hcp AtýmJym sa{Xm³ hcnIbpw A[nImc XÀ¡§sfbpw

ssIsh¸p {]iv\§sfbpw sNmÃn XÀ¡ap−mhpIbpw sNbvXp. kÀ¡mcnsâ ]n³_e ¯nÂ Cu AtýmJy¡msc \nÀ_Ôambn ]dªb¨p.

Zoh¶mtkymkv c−masâ Ime¯b¨ At]£ {]ImcamWv AtýmJy¡mÀ

(A¯m\mtkymkv) h¶sX¶mWv ]m{XnbÀ¡m hn`mKw ]dbp¶Xv. \mept]cmWv

47

ae¦cbnte¡p ]pds¸«Xv. c−p hÀjw \o− bm{Xbv¡nS¡v CuPn]vXnÂ X§n. c−pt]À

AhnsSh¨p \ncymXcmbn. c−pt]À 1825Â ae¦csb¯n. k`sb \thm°m\w sN¿m³ {ian¡p¶ anj\dnamÀ¡pw AtýmJy¡mÀ

h¶XnjvSambnÃ. IqSmsX ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ icnbmb ssIsh¸nÃ F¶ kwibw ]dªv sXmgnbqÀ sa{Xms\bpw Zoh¶mtkymkns\bpw taÂ]« Øm\IÀ½§Ä sN¿p¶XnÂ \n¶pw A¯m\mtkymkv hne¡n. AhcmIs« kÀ¡mcnÂ kzm[o\n¨v AtýmJy¡msc \mSpIS¯n.

anj\dnamcpsS \ho\hÂ¡cW {]hÀ¯nIÄ iànbmbn XpSÀ¶p sIm−ncp¶p.

amXmhnsâ a²yØXbnepÅ aWÀImSv ]ÅnbnÂ Ibdn amXmhnsâ a²yØX AÔhnizmkamsW¶p {]kwKn¨ Hcp anj\dnsb P\§Ä XSªXmbpw IYbp−v. t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS Ime¯v It¯men¡m sa{Xm³ sas\tÊkv ae¦c k`sb sRcp¡n

bXp t]mse, A{Xbpw {IqcambÃmbncps¶¦nÂt]mepw, anj\dnamÀ k`sb “]oUn¸n¨p.”

GXm−v c−mw Iq\³Ipcnip kXyw t]msesbmcp kw`hambncp¶p “amthen¡c

]Sntbme”. tN¸mSv amÀ Zoh¶mtkymkv hnfn¨p Iq«nb ]Ån {]Xn]pcpjtbmK¯nÂ ae¦c k`bpsS hnizmkw ]m{XnbÀ¡okv BßobXeh\mb AtýmJym k`bpsSXmsW¶pw AXnÂ \n¶pw hyXnNen¡nsÃ¶pw Ak¶nKv[ambn {]Jym]n¨p.

ae¦c k`bnÂ Iq\³Ipcnin\ptijap−mb c−mas¯ ]nfÀ¸nte¡mWv Cu

hzg¡pIÄ hgnsXfn¨Xv. anj\dn `mKw (CMS)Imcpw (A¶v) bmt¡m_mb¡mcpambp−mb hkvXpXÀ¡§fnÂ skan\mcnbpw aÁp s]mXphkvXp¡fpw bmt¡m_mb¡mÀ¡v e`n¨p.

tN¸m«v amÀ Zoh¶mtkymkv 1855Â Aćn¨p. AtýmJybnÂ \n¶pw sa{Xm·msc Ab¨p XcWsa¶p ]dªv tN¸m«p Xncpta\n ]e{]mhiyw FgpXnsb¶mWv ]m{XnbÀ¡m]£w ]dbp¶Xv. A¯m\mtkymkns\ \mSpIS¯nb kw`h¯nsâ shfn¨¯nÂ C\ntaÂ ae¦cbnÂ\n¶pw XncsªSp¯b¡p¶ Bsf hmgn¨p hn«mÂ aXnsb¶v ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhm Xocpam\n¨p. anj\dnamtcmsSm¸w k`sb \hoIcn¡Wsa¶p hmZn¨ncp¶ ]ÞnX\pw skan\mcn A²ym]I\pambncp¶ ]me¡p¶¯v F{_lmw aÂ]m³ Xsâ ktlmZc ]p{X\mb amXyqkv si½mis\ AtýmJy¡b¨v ]m{XnbÀ¡nkns\s¡m−v sa{Xm\mbn hmgn¨p. P\§fmÂ XncsªSp¡s¸«v Ab¨ Bsf¶v sXÁn²cn¨mWv amXyqkv amÀ A¯m\mtkymkv F¶ t]cnÂ hmgn¨phn«Xv F¶mWv Hcp `mjyw. amXyqkv A¯m\tkymkv \hoIcWhmZnbmsW¶dnªv ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh bqbm¡ow amÀ Iqdntemkv F¶ thsdmcp sa{Xms\ ae¦cbnte¡b¨p.

A¯m\mtkymkns\ apS¡n Iqdntemkns\ `cWtaÂ¸n¨ \S]Sn ]s£ {_n«ojv

dknUâpw kÀ¡mcpw AwKoIcn¨nÃ. BÀ¡mW[nImcw F¶Xv \nivNbn¡m³ \nban¨ I½oj³ A¯m\mtkymkn\p A\pIqeambn hn[n¨p.

]m{XnbÀ¡okv thsdmcp {]Xn\n[nsb Abs¨¦nepw At±lhpw Iqdntemkpw

XncpsIm¨n {]tZi¯p Xmakn¡pIt]mepw ]mSnÃ F¶p \ntcm[\mÚ h¶p. A¯m\m tkymkns\ FXnÀ¯ncp¶ BfpIÄ Ip¶wIpfwImc³ ]pent¡m«nÂ tPmk^v I¯\msc AtýmJy¡v Ab¨p. Zoh¶mtkymkv A©ma³ F¶ Øm\t¸cnÂ hmgn¨p sIm−ph¶p. F¦nepw amÀ A¯\mtkymkn\p kÀ¡mcnepÅ _Ôhpw AXpaqeapÅ kt¸mÀ«pw D−mbncp¶XpsIm−v ae¦c sa{Xmt¸meo¯m Øm\w At±l¯n\p e`n¨nÃ. ]Xns\m¶p hÀjw IgnªmWv At±lw sa{Xmt¸meo¯ BbXv.

Ahkm\w km£mÂ ]m{XnbÀ¡nkp Xs¶ (]t{Xmkv aq¶ma³) h¶p (1875). CuÌmw_qÄ, e−³, a{Zmkv FÃmw t]mbn henb A[nImcnIsf¡−v ae¦cbnse {_n«ojv dknUânsâ amÀ A¯m\mtkymkn\p A\pIqeamb D¯chv ]n³hen¸n¡m³ X¿mdmbmWv

At±lw h¶Xv. F¦nÂt]mepw A¯m\mtkymkv acn¡pwhscbpw (1877) ae¦c sa{Xmt¸m eo¯m F¶dnbs¸«p. At±lw Hcp FenISn sIm−Xp aqeamWv Aćn¨Xv. hfsctbsd

48

]ptcmKa\ Imcy§Ä \S¸m¡nb amÀ A¯m\mtkymkv, tXmakv amÀ A¯\mtkymkv F¶

\ma¯nÂ Hcp ]n³Kmansb hmgn¨p. C¡q«À amÀt¯mam k`bmbn ]n¶oSv amdn. 1875Â h¶ ]t{Xmkv ]m{XnbÀ¡okmWv apf´pcp¯n kp¶ltZmkv hnfn¨pIq«nbXv. ae¦c kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\n Atkmkntbj³ Fs¶mcp kwLS\ D−m¡nbXpw ae¦c k`sb Bdv CShIIfm¡n Xncn¨p Bcm[\, ]Ån, `{Zmk\w XpS§nbhbpsS `cWw kq£nt¡− dn¡mÀUpIÄ apXembhsb¸Án \nbamhenIÄ D−m¡n. ]m{XnbÀ¡okv k`bpsS Xeh\msW¶p ho−pw {]Jym]n¡pIbpw AtýmJytbmSpÅ hnt[bXzw ImWn¨v Hmtcm ]Ån¡mcpw ]SntbmeIÄ FgpXns¡mSp¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

ae¦c k` kÀ¡mcnÂ \nt£]n¨ncp¶ h«n¸W¯nsâ ]eni kzoIcn¡phm³

A[nImcs¸« ae¦c sa{Xms¸meo¯ Bcv F¶Xnt\¸Án tIkp \S¶ncp¶Xv 1889Â tdmbÂ tImSXn bmt¡m_mb¡mÀ¡v A\pIqeambn hn[n¨p. CtX XpSÀ¶p tXmakv amÀ A¯m\mkntbmknsâ hn`mKw ]ncnªv amÀt¯ma k`bmbn amdn.

km£mÂ ae¦c k` 1498\p ap¼v F´pXcw {IntÌmfPnbmWv hnizkn¨ncp¶Xv F¶v Cu ]nfÀ¸pIfpsS shfn¨¯nÂ Hcp A\pam\¯nse¯m³ {ian¡mw. t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ k`sb hngp§n tdmanse t]m¸nsâ Iognem¡m³ {ian¨t¸mÄ hnizmk]camb Hcp XÀ¡w D−mbXmbn henb tcJIÄ H¶panÃ. k`bpsS Xeh\mcv F¶Xns\sNmÃnbmbncp¶p XÀ¡w. Bcm[\m `mjsb¸Ánbmbncp¶p XÀ¡w. AÀ¡Zntbm¡·msc A[nImc`rjvS cm¡nbXnt\¸Ánbmbncp¶p tcmjw. k`bnÂ s\kvtXmdnb³ hnizmkambncp¶p F¶p t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ ]dªp F¦nepw AXv ]qÀ®ambpw icnbÃmbncp¶p. Iq\³Ipcnip kXyw \S¶ ]ÅnXs¶ amXmhnsâ \ma¯nembncp¶p. aÁt\Iw ]ÅnIfpw hnip²·mcpsS \ma¯nepw amXmhnsâ \ma¯nepambncp¶p. amXmhnt\mtSm, ]cnip²³amtcmsSm {]mÀ°n¡p¶ It¯men¡m hnizmks¯ ae¦cbnse {InkvXym\nIÄ FXnÀ¯Xmbn Hcp sXfnhpanÃ. Iq\³Ipcnip kXy¯n\p tijw c−mbn ]ncnª tijhpw c−p Iq«cpw GXm−v Htc hnizmkamWv ]n´pSÀ¶Xv. X§fpsS k`m Xeh\mcv F¶ XÀ¡amWv tijn¨Xv. Bcm[\m `mjbpw, coXnIfpamWv c−mbXv.

AtXkabw Bw¥n¡³ anj\dnamÀ bmt¡m_mb¡msc \hoIcn¡m³ {ian¨t¸mÄ

hnizmkkXy§sf¸Án henb `n¶n¸p−mbn. I\yI adnbmans\ ssZhamXmhv F¶p hnfn¡cpXv F¶v AhÀ ]Tn¸n¨p. ]cnip²·mtcmSp {]mÀ°n¡cpXv, acn¨hÀ¡pth−n {]mÀ°n¡cpXv XpS§nb ]Tn¸ocpIsf `qcn]£w ]ptcmlnXcpw P\§fpw FXnÀ¯ncp¶p F¶p ImWmw. amcma¬ ]Ånbnse FÂtZm amÀ _tÊentbmknsâ cq]w \hoIcW¡mÀ InWÁnsednªXmbn IYbp−v. \hoIcW k`¡mÀ¡v (amÀt¯mam) GXm−v Xpeyamb

s\kvtXmdnb³ hnizmkamWv 11 \qÁm−pIÄ ae¦cbnÂ \ne\n¶ncp¶sX¦nÂ amXmhv, ]cnip²À, ]tcXÀ XpS§nbhtçÁn hncp² hnizmkapÅ tdmam hnizmkw ASnt¨Â¸n ¡s¸« Ncn{XtcJIfnÂ Ah apJyØm\w ]nSn¡pambncp¶p. IqSmsX \hoIcW anj\dnacpsS ]Tn¸ocpIÄ h¶t¸mÄ t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ X§fnÂ ASnt¨Â¸n¨ hnizmk ¯nÂ \n¶pw tamN\w t\Sphm³ Ahkcap−mbXnÂ ae¦c k`m hnizmknIÄ kt´mjn ¡pambncp¶p.

{IntÌmfPnbnse GIkz`mhw, Ccpkz`mhw, IÂ¡Zntbm³ \Spkz`mhw apXemb

hsb¸Án ChnsS ae¦cbntem ChnsSh¶ tdmam anj\dnamÀt¡m, Bw¥n¡³ anj\dn amÀt¡m henb {Kmlysam¶pap−mbncp¶ncn¡m³ km²yXbnÃ. AsÃ¦nÂ A¯cw Imcy§Ä AhcpsS ASnbńc ]cnKW\bnep−mbncp¶nÃ F¶v A\pam\n¡p¶Xmhpw icn. Hcp km[mcmW hnizmknsb kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw \ymbambpw hnizkn¡mhp¶Xpw hnizknt¡−Xpamb Imcyw AtýmJymbpsSbpw, Ing¡nsâ k`bpsSbpw hfsc Npcp¡ambn tIm]vÁn¡v, tdmam kÌfpsSbpw ]nXm¡·mÀ ae¦cbnÂ h¶ncn¡msa¶XmWv. AsXÃmw sXfnbn¡s¸Smhp¶ Ncn{XtcJIfnÃ F¦nepw ae¦c kpdnbm\n k`bpsS ]mc¼cy§fnÂ Ah DÄs¸Sp¯n AXnsâ t]cnÂ XÀ¡hpw X½nÂXÃpw IqSmsX ]ckv]c kvt\l¯nÂ Ignbphm\m{Kln¡pI F¶XmWv GÁhpw Imcyamb hgn. hg¡pIfpsSbpw ]nfÀ¸pIfpsSbpw thZ\Ifnte¡v ho−pw t\m¡mw.

49

_mhm sa{Xm³ ]nfÀ¸v ]t{Xmkv ]m{XnbÀ¡okp _mh h¶v apf´pcp¯n kp¶ltZmkp IqSn, e−³, a{Zmkv

apXepÅ {_n«ojv A[nImcnIsf t_m²ys¸Sp¯n ae¦ck`sb c£n¨p F¶v _mhm (]m{XnbÀ¡m) I£n¡mÀ ]dbp¶p. AÃmbncps¶¦nÂ FÃmhcpw amÀt¯mam ¡mcmIpambncp¶pt]mepw.

ae¦c k`bnep−mbncp¶ At\Iw A\mNmc§Ä CÃmXm¡n \hoIcn¨v

k`mhnizmknIsf t\cmb {InkvXpamÀK¯nÂ sIm−ph¶Xnsâ êamWv amÀt¯mam k` F¶v amÀt¯mam k`¡mÀ ]dbp¶p. X§fpsS k`¡mcmWv tXmamÇol Øm]n¨ ae¦c k`bpsS bYmÀ° ]n³KmanIsf¶p AhÀ hnizkn¡p¶p. amÀt¯mam k`bpsS Xehs\

AhÀ amÀt¯ma F¶ Øm\t¸cn«mWv hnfn¡p¶Xv. Ct¸mgs¯ Xeh³ 21-mw amÀt¯mabmWv.

AtýmJybnÂ \n¶pw h¶ ]nXm¡·mscÃmw ae¦c k`bnÂ \n¶pw ]ncnhp

\S¯m\pw sImÅbSn¡m\pw h¶hcmWv F¶pw ]t{Xmkv ]m{XnbÀ¡okpw h¶v Hcp sa{Xmsâ Iognembncp¶ k`sb Bdmbn hn`Pn¨v ]qÀ®ambpw AtýmJym k`bpsS `mKam¡n ASnas¸Sp¯n F¶pamWv (Xo{hhmZnIfmb) sa{Xm³ (HmÀ¯tUmIvkv) I£n¡mÀ ]dbp¶Xv. X§fmWv kXy¯nÂ amÀt¯mamÇol Øm]n¨ k`bpsS a¡sf¶pw amÀt¯ma Øm]n¨ knwlmk\¯nÂ hmWcpfp¶Xv X§fpsS Xeh\mb ImtXmen¡m BsW¶pamWv AhÀ hnizkn¡p¶Xv. Ipd¨pIqSn anXhmZnIfmbhÀ t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS It¿Á¯nÂ \n¶pw c£n¡phm³ h¶hcmWv AtýmJym¡msc¶p k½Xn¡p¶p. ]s£ AXnsâ t]cnÂ ae¦csb AtýmJymbpsS tIhew Hcp `{Zmk\hpw `mKhpam¡n Xmgv¯ns¡«m \mInÃ F¶mWv AhcpsS ]£w.

_mhmI£n¡mcmIs« BZnImew apXte ae¦c k` AtýmJymbpsS `mKambncp¶p

F¶pw ]mXnbÀ¡okn\p am{XamWv knwlmk\apÅXv F¶pw ImtXmen¡m ]m{XnbÀ ¡oknsâ IogvØm\nbmsW¶pw AhÀ ]dbp¶p. ]t{Xmkv ]m{XnbÀ¡okn\p tijw an¡hmdpw AtýmJybpsS {]Xn\n[ntbm Nnet¸mÄ ]m{XnbÀ¡okp Xs¶tbm ae¦cbnÂ D−mbncp¶p.

A_vZÂ ainl F¶ ]m{XnbÀ¡okmWv ]t{Xmkv ]m{XnbÀ¡okn\p tijw

Øm\taÁXv. At±lw AhnSs¯ `cWm[nImcnIfmÂ Øm\`rjvS\m¡s¸«p. apÉow `cW {]tZi¯v aÁp aX¡mÀ {]tXyI Icw sImSp¡pI F¶Xpw AhcpsS Xeh³ Øm\w

“^nÀam³” F¶ AwKoImcw hm§n am{Xw Xeh³Øm\¯ncn¡pI F¶Xpw \nbaambncp¶p. A_vZÂ ainlm ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ ^nÀam³ AhÀ ]n³hen¨Xp sIm−v At±l¯n\p ]m{XnbÀ¡mØm\w \jvSs¸«p. A_vZpÅ F¶ t]cnÂ thsdmcp taÂ]«¡mc³ BØm\tasÁSp¯p.

F´psIm−mWv A_vZÂ ainlmsb Øm\`rjvS\m¡nbXv F¶v I£n]£w

tNcmsX Nnń¡p¶hÀ¡v I−p]nSn¡pI ZpjvIcamWv. c−p hÀjt¯mfw ]m{XnbÀ¡m Øm\w Hgnhmbn InS¶p. AXn\ptijamWv A_vZpÅ F¶ {KotKmdntbmkns\ ]m{XnbÀ

¡okmbn hmgn¨Xv. ae¦cbnÂ \n¶pw “tImPm At´m³” F¶ HcmÄ Cu hmgn¡enÂ

{]Xn\n[nbmbn kw_Ôn¨p F¶mWv ]dbp¶Xv. CXv 1906 Nn§w 15--mw XobXnbmbncp¶p. Cu Øm\mt\mlWw \S¡p¶ kab¯v ae¦c k`bpsS Xeh³ ]pent¡m«nÂ

tPmk^v amÀ Zoh¶ymtkymkv Bbncp¶p. ]m{XnbÀ¡okp hn`mK¡mcpsS Ncn{XImc·mÀ ]dbp¶X\pkcn¨v A_vZÂ ainlmsb Øm\`rjvS\m¡nbXns\Xnsc ae¦cbnse Bcpw kwkmcn¨nÃ. A_vZpÅm ]m{XnbÀ¡okns\ hmgn¨Xv ae¦c k` AwKoIcn¨p.

]cnip²\mb h«tÈcnÂ Xncpta\n F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ KohÀKokv Zoh¶ym

tkymkns\bpw ]utemkv amÀ Iqdotemkn (]n¶oSv h«tÈcn Xncpta\nbpsS FXnÀI£n)

50

t\bpw hmgn¨Xv A_vZpÅm ]m{XnbÀ¡okmbncp¶p. amÀ Zoh¶ymtkymkns\ ]pent¡m«nÂ Xncpta\nsb klmbn¡m³ AknÌâv ae¦c sa{Xms¸meo¯bmbn \nban¨Xpw A_vZpÅm

]m{XnbÀ¡okp Xs¶. CXv 1908 sabv 31\mbncp¶p.

]n¶oSp−mb kw`h hnImk§fmWv C¶v ae¦ck` A\p`hn¡p¶ ImtXmen¡m-

]m{XnbÀ¡okv ]ncnhn\pw Ahkm\anÃm¯ hg¡n\pw XpS¡an«Xv. CXn\pw ]pdta 1930Â ae¦c (Pmt¡m ss_Áv/ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv) {Kq¸nÂ \n¶pw ae¦c Im¯enIv F¶ t]cnÂ Hcp

hn`mKw tdmanse t]m¸nsâ Iognte¡v amdn thsdmcp k` Xs¶ Øm]n¨p (1930). Cu kw`hhnImk§Ä Npcp¡n ]dªmÂ

a) 1909Â ]pent¡m«nÂ tPmk^v amÀ Zoh¶ymtkymkv (henb _mh) \ncymX\mbn. h«tÈcnÂ Xncpta\n KohÀKokv Zoh¶mtkymkv ae¦c sa{Xmt¸meo¯bmbn Øm\taÁp.

b) h«tÈcnÂ Xncpta\nsb ae¦c sa{Xmt¸meo¯bmbn \nban¨Xv A_vZpÅm ]m{XnbÀ¡okmbncp¶p. A\phmZw hm§n Øm\mtcmlWw sNbvXXv AtýmJym sa{Xm³ HkvXm¯ntbmkpw I−\mSnsâ Cuhm\ntbmkpw h«tÈcn Xncpta\n tbmsSm¸w ]«taÁ Iqdntemkpw IqSnbmbncp¶p. tIm\m«p aÂ]m³ sshZnI {SÌnbmbpw kn. sP. Ipcy³ BXvamb {SÌnbmbpw XpSÀ¶p.

c) apf´pcp¯n kp¶ltZmkn\p tijw ae¦c k` AtýmJym k`bpsS Hcp `mKsat¶mWw, Hcp BÀ¨v Utbmknkv F¶h®w {]hÀ¯n¡Wsa¶Xv Hcp \nbasa¶Xpt]msebmbn amdn. ]t{Xmkv ]m{XnbÀ¡okn\ptijw h¶ A_vZÂ ainlm ae¦c kµÀin¨p Xncn¨pt]mbn. At±lw Øm\`rjvS\m¡s¸«tijw ]{XnbÀ¡okmb A_vZpÅm ]m{XnbÀ¡okpw ae¦cbnte¡p h¶p.

d) A_vZpÅm ]m{XnbÀ¡okv ae¦cbnse kÀÆ euInIm[nImc§fpw thWsa¶pw ae¦cbpsS kz¯p¡Ä ]m{XnbÀ¡okn\p FgpXn \ÂIWsa¶pw Bhiys¸«p F¶pw AXns\ FXnÀ¯ h«tÈcn Xncpta\nbpw Xncpta\nsb ]n´m§p¶hcpw Hcp `mK¯pw ]m{XnbÀ¡okns\ ]n´m§nbhÀ tIm\m«p aÂ]m³, kn.sP Ipcy³ XpS§nbhcpsS t\XrXz¯nÂ adp`mK¯pambn ]ncnªp−mb hg¡mWv C¶p \½Ä A\p`hn¡p¶ I£nhg¡nsâ {][m\ ImcWw.

e) h«tÈcn Xncpta\nbpw tIm\m«p aÂ]m\pambpw kn.sP.Ipcy\pambpw Øm\taÁ A¶papXÂt¡ Xmt¡mÂ ssIhimhImsis¯¸Án hg¡mbn F¶pw, Xncpta \nbpsS A\pkcWanÃmbvabpw AXnIuie _p²nbpw D]tbmKn¨pÅ X{´§fp amWv k`sb ]ncnhnte¡v \bn¨sX¶pamWv ]m{XnbÀ¡okp`mKw ]dbp¶Xv.

f) A_vZpÅm ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ A[nImcs¡mXnbpw ]Ws¡mXnbpw ae¦ck`sb ASnas¸Sp¯phm\pÅ ]cn]mSnIfpamWv hg¡n\pw kzmX{ýkac¯n\pw ImcW sa¶mWv ImtXmen¡m ]£w ]dbp¶Xv.

g) ae¦c k`bpsS kz¯phIIÄ IpSnInS¸mbpw AÃmsXbpw A\p`hn¨psIm−ncp¶ GXm\pw henb IpSpw_¡mÀ tNcnXncnªp ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhbpsSbpw h«tÈcn Xncpta\nbpsSbpw `mKwtNÀ¶p henb hg¡m¡n amÁnbXmWv F¶v AS¡w ]dbp¶ At\Iw ]ga¡mcpw D−v.

“Cu (ae¦c) k`bnt·epw kz¯p¡fnt·epw Xncpa\Ênte¡v (]m{XnbÀ¡okn\p) Bßobambpw euInIambpw DÅ kÀÆ A[nImc§fpapÅXpw B

taem[nImc§Ä¡v Rm³ acW]cy´w Iogvs]«ncn¡p¶Xpw BIp¶p” F¶ {]Ømh\ Øm\mtcmlWw sN¿s¸« sa{Xm·mÀ ]m{XnbÀ¡okn\p

51

FgpXns¡mSp¡Wsa¶ Bhiyw A_vZpÅm ]m{XnbÀ¡okp Bhiys¸«ncp¶p F¶Xpw, A§s\ NneÀ FgpXns¡mSp¯ncp¶p F¶Xpw ]m{XnbÀ¡okp Ncn{XImc·mÀ Xs¶ ]dbp¶p−v. F´mbmepw shdp¸nsâbpw hntZzj¯nsâbpw A[nImc hSwhenbpsSbpw hn¯v apf¨p sImgp¯p hfcm³ XpS§n. DS¼Sn FgpXns¡mSp¡m³ hnk½Xn¨ h«tÈcn Xncpta\nsb A_vZpÅm ]{XnbÀ¡okv

1911Â apS¡n. ]m{XobÀ¡okv _mh ]Ån{]Xn]pcpj tbmKw Iq«n ]pXnb ae¦c sa{Xms¸m

eo¯bmbn ]utemkv amÀ Iqdntemkns\ \nban¡pIbpw tIm\m«p aÂ]m³, kn.sP.Ipcy³ F¶nhsc sshZnI {SÌnbmbpw BÂamb {SÌnbmbpw XpScm³ A\phZn¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

h«tÈcnÂ Xncpta\n DSs\ thsdmcp tbmKw hnfn¨pIq«n ]m{XnbÀ¡okv

_mhbpsS apS¡p IÂ]\ \ntj[n¡pIbpw ]pXnb ae¦c sa{Xms¸meo¯m \nba\w Akm[p F¶p {]Jym]n¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

Iq\³Ipcnip kXys¯ XpSÀ¶v ae¦ck` ]nfÀ¶Xpw It¯men¡

k`bnte¡v `qcn]£w BfpIsfbpw \nÀ_Ôambpw ]ns¶ amÀt¯maamÀ¡v taÂ¸«Xz ssIsh¸nÃ F¶ {]NcW¯nsâ êambpw amÁnbXpw BZys¯ ]nfÀ¸v. ]n¶oSv A©mw amÀt¯mambpw AtýmJymbnÂ \n¶p h¶ sa{Xm·mcp ambp−mb hSwhenIfpsS êambp−mb sXmgnbqÀ k`bpsS DÛhw. ]n¶oSv

Bw¥n¡³ anj\dnamcpsS ‘\thm°m\’ {]Øm\§fnÂ BIrjvScmbn ]ncnªp t]mb amÀt¯ma k`. ]n¶oSp−mb GÁhpw henb `n¶XbmWv A_vZpÅm ]m{XnbÀ¡okpw h«tÈcn Xncpta\nbpambpÅ A[nImc hSwhenaqew D−mbXv.

116 hÀj§fmbn AXv Ct¸mgpw XpScp¶p. Cu ]nfÀ¸nÂ h«tÈcn Xncpta\ntbm sSm¯p {]hÀ¯n¨ Hcp kp{][m\ hyànbmbncp¶p ]n¶oSv amÀ Cuhm¶ntbmkv F¶ t]cnÂ saXm¨\mb ]n.Sn.hÀKokv A¨³ (Xncph\´]pcw amÀ Cuhm¶n tbmkv tImtfPv Ct±l¯nsâ t]cnemWv).

A_vZpÅ ]m{XnbÀ¡okns\ ]n´m§nbhÀ _mhmI£n F¶pw h«tÈcn

Xncpta\nsb ]n´m§nbhÀ sa{Xm³ I£nsb¶pw Adnbs¸«p.

P.T.hÀKokv A¨³ A¶v ae¦cbnep−mbncp¶ ]ptcmlnX·mcnÂ GÁhpw

apńb hnZym`ymkapÅbmfpw henb kwLmSI\pambncp¶p. M.A.A¿³ F¶dn bs¸« At±lw h«tÈcn Xncpta\ntbmsSm¸w {]hÀ¯n¨p. XpÀ¡n Kh¬saâv Øm\`rjvS\m¡nbncp¶ A_vZÂ aiolm ]m{XnbÀ¡okns\ ChÀ kao]n¡p Ibpw ae¦cbnÂ £Wn¨phcp¯n ae¦c¡p th−n taÂ]«¡msc hmgn¡m\pw aqtdm³ IqZmi sN¿phm\papÄ¸sSbpÅ Bßobm[nImc§tfmSpIqSn Hcp ImtXm

en¡msb hmgn¡phm³ At]£n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. 1912Â I−\mSv `{Zmk\ ¯nsâ Cuhm\ntbmkv F¶ sa{Xm¨s\ A_vZÂ aiolm ]m{XnbÀ¡okv Ing¡nsâ ImtXmen¡bmbn hmgn¨p. Øm\`rjvS\m¡s¸« ]m{XnbÀ¡okv hmgn¨ ImtXmen¡sb _mhI£n¡mÀ AwKoIcn¨nÃ. apS¡s¸« h«tÈcn Xncpta\nbpw A_vZpÅm ]m{XnbÀ¡okpambpÅ hSwhenIÄ¡pw bmt¡m_mb ]p¯³IqÁp ImÀ Fs¶ms¡ Adnbs¸«ncp¶ k`bnÂ Xocm¯ XÀ¡¯n\pw, `n¶X¡pw, tIkpIÄ¡pw AtXmsS XpS¡ambn.

ae¦c k`bpsS {]mtZinI `cWImcy§Ä DÄ¸sS FÃm Imcy§fpw

t\m¡n\S¯nbncp¶Xv AtýmJym ]m{XnbÀ¡okmbncpt¶m? ae¦ck` Øm]n¨ tXmamÇol ChnsS Hcp kzX{´ k`bpw knwlmk\hpw Øm]n¨ncpt¶m? ae¦ck` temIsa§papÅ kIeam\ {InkvXym\nIfpsSbpw Xeh\mb tdmanse t]m¸nsâ Iognembncpt¶m? C§s\ Hmtcm k`¡mcpsSbpw AhImihmZ§Ä

52

¡\pkrXambn Ncn{XsagpXp¶Xv ]mhw P\§sf Ifn¸n¡phm\pw kXys¯ hfs¨mSn¡phm\pw am{Xta DXIpIbpÅp.

Hmtcm Ime¯pap−mbn«pÅ XÀ¡§fpsSbpw `n¶n¸pIfpsSbpw

tIkpIfpsSbpw ]ndInÂ BßobXbpsSbpw ]ckv]c kvt\lhpw _lpam\hpw £abpw CÃmbncp¶p F¶XmWv kXyw. PVcà taml§fpw hnImc§fpw hnt£m`§fpw A[nImctamlhpw ]ckv]cw ]mchbv¡m\pÅ IpÕnX _p²nbpamWv Cu ]nfÀ¸pIfpsSsbÃmw ]n¶nep−mbncp¶Xv.

ae¦cbnÂ ImtXmen¡sb hmgn¨ A_vZÂ ainl ]m{XnbÀ¡okv icnbmb

]m{XnbÀ¡okÃmbncp¶p F¶ _mhm I£n hmZw tImSXnIÄ AwKoIcn¨nÃ. Ahkm\w kp{]ow tImSXnbpw AXp icnbmb \nba\ambncp¶p F¶v hn[n¨p. h«tÈcn Xncpta\nsb A_vZpÅ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv apS¡nbXpw sXÁmbncp¶p F¶v

hn[n¨p. Due process \S¶nÃ F¶mbncp¶p ImcWw. H¶mw ImtXmen¡bmb apdnaÁw Xncpta\n Ggpamk¯n\p tijw

\ncymX\mbn. h«tÈcn Xncpta\nsb apS¡nb {]hÀ¯nsb BZyw AwKoIcn ¡pIbpw A_vZpÅm ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâIqsS \nÂ¡pIbpw _mh \S¯nb aqtdm³ IqZmibnÂ kw_Ôn¡pIbpw sNbvXbmfmbncp¶p apdnaÁw Xncpta\n. ]s£ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv Xsâ A[nImc ]cn[nbnÂ sNbvX Nne amÁ§sfXpSÀ¶v At±lw ImepamdpIbmbncp¶p.

apdnaÁw Xncpta\n ImewsNbvXtijw 12 hÀjw ImtXmen¡sb hmgn¡msX B Øm\w Hgnªp InS¶p. h«tÈcn Xncpta\n apdnaÁw _mhmbpsS Imetijw

ho−pw AtýmJym ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ ASp¡Â t]mhpIbpw (1923) apS¡v ]n³hen¡Wsa¶v At]£n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. ae¦cbnÂ ImtXmen¡msb hmgn¨ A_vZÂ ainl ]m{XnbÀ¡okpw, h«tÈcn Xncpta\nsb sa{Xm\mbn hmgn¡pIbpw

]n¶oSv apS¡pIbpw sNbvX A_vZpÅ ]m{XnbÀ¡okpw 1915Â Imew sNbvXp. apS¡v XoÀ¯p XcWsa¶v Bhiys¸«v Xncpta\n t]mbXv Genbmkv ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ ASp¡emWv. apS¡v ]n³hen¡phm³ Genbmkv ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh k½Xns¨¦nepw IÂ]\ ]pds¸Sphn¡phm³ ]n¶oSmImsa¶p ]dªp. Genbmkv _mh {_n«ojv `cWm[nImcnIfmhiys¸«X\pkcn¨v ae¦cbnÂ kam[m\w ]p\:Øm]n¡phm\mbn h¶p. CXn¶nSbnÂ _mhmI£nbpw sa{Xm³ I£nbpw X½nep−mbncp¶ h«n¸Wt¡knÂ Pbn¡m\mbn ]m{XnbÀ¡okn\mÂ AwKoIcn¡s¸« ae¦c sa{Xms¸meo¯mbv¡p am{Xta km[n¡q F¶ \neh¶p. ae¦cbnÂ h¶ Genbmkv ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ ASp¡Â h«tÈcn Xncpta\n ho−pw t]mbn apS¡v XoÀ¯Xnsâ êambn h«n¸Wt¡kv sa{Xm³ I£n Pbn¨p F¶mWv FXncmfnIÄ (_mh I£n) ]dbp¶Xv. \njv¡f¦\pw ip²\pambncp¶ Fenbmkv _mhsb h«tÈcn Xncpta\n `àn \Sn¨v Ifn¸n¨p Imcyw ImWpIbmbncp¶p F¶v ]m{XnbÀ¡okv `mKw Btcm]n¡p¶p.

Genbmkv _mhbpw h«tÈcn Xncpta\nbpw 1933Â \ncymXcmbn. ]s£ AXn\p ap¼pXs¶ ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ ae¦cbnepÅ A[nImcw \maam{Xam¡ns¡m−pÅ

(1934 `cWLS\ F¶p hnJymXamb) `cWLS\ h«tÈcn Xncpta\n FgpXnbp

−m¡n. Genbmkv ]m{XnbÀ¡okp _mhbpsS hm¡mepÅ A\phmZw 1934Â ]mÊm¡nb Cu `cWLS\bv¡p−mbncp¶p F¶mWv ]dbs¸Sp¶Xv.

h«tÈcn Xncpta\ntbmsSm¸w sa{Xm³ I£nbnÂ \n¶ncp¶ M.A.A¨³ Xncpta\nbpsS klmbnbmbn hÀj§tfmfw D−mbncp¶p. AtýmJybnte¡p h«tÈcn Xncpta\ntbmsSm¸w t]mbXv, A_vZÂ ainlm ]m{XnbÀ¡okns\ A\pKan v̈ t_mws_ hsc t]mbXv, IÂ¡«¡v Xncpta\nbpsS IqsS t]mbXv

apXemb ]eImcy§fnepw M.A.A¨sâ ssI¿p−mbncp¶p. _mh sa{Xm³

53

hgn¡nÂ a\waSp¯ncp¶ At±lw h«tÈcn Xncpta\nbpsS apS¡v ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh amÁWsa¶pw ae¦c k`¡v kzIobX e`n¡Wsa¶pw B{Kln¨ncp¶ncn¡Ww. AXp km[n¡nÃmsb¦nÂ It¯men¡m k`bnÂ tNcWsa¶v At±lhpw h«tÈcn Xncpta\nbpw clky¯nÂ Xocpam\n¨ncp¶p F¶pamWv NneÀ hnizkn¡p¶Xv. ]m{XnbÀ¡okpambn AhÀ B{Kln¨Xp t]mse

Hcp tbmPn¸p \S¡nÃ F¶ kwibw aqeamWv 1925Â 12hÀj¯n\p tijw

KohÀKokv H¶mas\ ImtXmen¡bmbn hmgn¨Xv(1925). aq¶p hÀj§Ä¡p tijw KohÀKokv H¶ma³ Imew sNbvXt¸mÄ KohÀKokv c−mas\ ImtXmen¡bmbn

hmgn¨p. KohÀKokv H¶ma³ sa{Xm\mbn hmgn¨ M.A.A¨\mbncp¶p A¶v ae¦c

bnse GÁhpw hnZym`ymkapÅ BÄ(amÀ Cuhm\ntbmkv). IqSmsX 1926Â sa{Xm³ I£n¡mÀ KohÀKokv H¶masâ A²y£XbnÂ IqSn AtýmJmsb hn«v It¯men¡m k`bnte¡p amdphm³ Xocpam\n¨p F¶pw A¡mcy§Ä t]m¸pambn NÀ¨sN¿m³ amÀ Cuhm\ntbmkns\ NpaXes¸Sp¯nbncp¶p F¶pw Hcp

`mjyap−v. 1928Â amÀ Cuhm\ntbmkns\ ImtXmen¡bmbn hmgn¨ncps¶¦nÂ ae¦c do¯v F¶ Hcp k`tb D−mIpambncp¶nÃ F¶p Nnń¡p¶hcpw D−v. h«tÈcn Xncpta\nbpsS apS¡v Genbmkv ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh XoÀ¯Xp sIm−mbncn¡Ww sa{Xm³ I£n tIkp Pbn¨p. `cWLS\bpw {Um^vÁv sN¿s¸«p. AtXmSpIqSn amÀ Cuhm\ntbmkv Hgn¨pÅ sa{Xm·mscÃmw t]m¸nsâ Iognte¡v It¯men¡cmbn amdWsa¶pÅ Nn´ Dt]£n¨p F¶v ae¦c do¯pImÀ ]dbp¶p.

1908Â sa{Xm³ Øm\t¯¡p DbÀ¯s¸« h«tÈcn Xncpta\n ae¦c

sa{Xms¸meo¯bmbncp¶ 22 hÀj¯nÂ aq¶p ImtXmen¡amÀ hmgn¡s¸«p. aq¶p ]m{XnbÀ¡okpamÀ ae¦c kµÀin¨p. Xncpta\n c−p {]mhiyw ioabv¡p t]mbn. ae¦ck` s\SpsI ]nfÀ¶p c−v I£nIfmbn hg¡nteÀs¸«p. thsdmcp `mKw ]nfÀ¶p It¯men¡m k`bnte¡p t]mbn ae¦c do¯v F¶ It¯men¡m hn`mKw D−mbn.

h«tÈcn Xncpta\nbpsS Ime¯v AXncq£amb hg¡p \S¶p. Xncpta\n

“B\¸m¸n” F¶dnbs¸«ncp¶ Hcp AwKc£It\bpw Iq«nbmWv k©cncn¨ncp¶Xv. B\¸m¸nsb Xncpta\nsb FXnÀ¡p¶ hn`mKw XÃns¡mÃpIbmbncp¶p F¶ Btcm]Whpw D−v.

{InkvXobaÃm¯ FÃm¯cw ss]imNnI NnÍfpw {]hÀ¯nIfpw c−p

I£nIfpw \S¯nbncp¶p. k`bpsS kzmX{ý¯n\pth−n Pohn¨ ]cnip²\mbn sa{Xm³ I£n¡mÀ h«tÈcn Xncpta\nsb _lpam\n¡p¶p. FXnÀ hn`mK¡mcmIs« k`bpsS ]cam²y£\mb ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhsb A\pkcn¡msX k`sb ]nfÀ¯nb Bfmbn Xncpta\nsb ap{ZbSn¡p¶p. I£n, k`m NnÍÄ¡XoXambn \njv]£ambn Nnń¡p¶ Hcp km[mcW¡mc³ F´mWv A\pam\n¡m\mhpI.

_mhm I£nbpw sa{Xm³ I£nbpw X½nepÅ t]mcv A\pZn\w iàn {]m]n¨p

t]m¶p. c−p Iq«cpw H¶mb Hcp 12 sImÃ¡mesamgn¨mÂ (1958 1970) Cu hg¡pw aqÀOn¨pw knwlmk\t¸mcmbn hfÀ¶p \m«n\pXs¶ Hcp kmaqly {]iv\ambn, Hcp {Iakam[m\ {]iv\ambn C¶p amdnbncn¡p¶p.

h«n¸Wt¡kv, kapZmbt¡kv, Hmtcm ]Ån¡papÅ {]tXyI tIkpIÄ

C§s\ hg¡pw h¡mWhpw IpSpw_ Iel§fpambn ae¦c k`bnse “{InkvXob

km£nXzw” A[:]Xn¨ncn¡p¶p. I¿m¦fnIfpw sIme¡pÁmtcm]W§fpw hsc Cu hg¡pIfpsS êambp−mbn«p−v/ D−mhp¶pap−v.

54

]ckv]cw kz¯p¡Ä¡p th−nbpw ]ÅnIÄ¡p th−nbpw \S¶

tIkpIfnÂ kp{]ow tImSXnbpsS Ańahn[n D−mbXv 1958Â Bbncp¶p. AXv ]qÀ®ambpw ImtXmen¡m (HmÀ¯tUmIvkv) ]£¯n\p A\pIqeamb hn[nbmbn cp¶p. tIkp \S¯n¸nsâ Nnehpt]mepw ]m{XnbÀ¡okp ]£w sImSp¡Wsa¶m bncp¶p hn[n.

CtX XpSmÀ¶v c−p `mK¡mcpw tIkpIÄ H¶pw th− F¶p Xocpam\n¨v

]ckv]cw kzoIcn¨p. ImtXmen¡m hn`mKw 1934se `cWLS\¡v hnt[bambmWv ]m{XnbÀ¡okns\bpw sa{Xm·mscbpw kzoIcn¨Xv. Cu `cWLS\ h«tÈcn

Xncpta\n(Genbmkv ]m{XnbÀ¡nkp _mhbpsS A\phmZt¯mSp IqSn ?) Draft

sNbvXXpw 1934Â(Xncpta\nbpsS Imetijw) ae¦c Atkmkntbj³ AwKoIcn¨ XpamWv. CXn³{]Imcw ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh¡v ae¦ck`bpÄ]sSbpÅ BIam\ k`bpsS Xeh³ F¶ _lpaXnbmWpÅXv. ae¦cbpsS euIoIm[nImc§Ä apgph\pw IqSmsX hntZi klmbanÃmsX Xs¶ ImtXmen¡mtbbpw sa{Xm·mscbpw hmgn¡phm\pw aqtdm³ IqZmi sN¿phm\pw A[nImcap−v. Cý bnse tImSXnIsfÃmw Xs¶ Cu `cWLS\ km[phmsW¶v hn[nsbgp Xnbn«pÅXmWv. ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhbpw B ]£s¯ sa{Xm·mcpw Cu `cW

LS\ AwKoIcn¨psIm−mWv 1958Â tbmPn¸n\p X¿mdmbXv. H¶mbn XoÀ¶ k`

12 hÀjwsIm−v A`qX]qÀÆamb hfÀ¨bmWv {]m]n¨Xv. kam[m\¯osâbpw kar²nbpsSbpw AeIÄ At§mfant§mfw ASn¨p.

]ns¶bpw `n¶XbpsS Xo\mf§Ä apf¨ps]m§n k` c−mbn ]ncnªp. 1975 HmsS c−p ImtXmen¡mamcpw c−p I£nbpambn amdn. tXmamÇolbpsS knwlmk\s¯¸Ánbpw ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ ae¦c k`¡ptaepÅ A[nImcs¯ ¸ÁnbpapÅ XÀ¡§fmbncp¶p ImcWsa¶v ]dbp¶p. F¦nepw Bcpw Xpd¶p k½Xn¡m¯ ASnsbmgp¡pIÄ Cu ]nfÀ¸nsâ ]n¶nep−mbncp¶p.

1928Â ImtXmen¡bmbn hmgn¡s¸« KohÀKokv ZznXob³ ImtXmen¡mbpsS ZiI§Ä \o− kmcYy¯nsâ \mfpIfnemWv Cu tIkpIÄs¡Ãmw Ahkm\ambXv F¶v FSp¯p]dtb−XmWv. At±l¯nsâ Imetijw HutK³ {]Ya³ _mhsb hmgn¡phm\mbn bmt¡m_v XrXob³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh h¶

(1964)Xv tbmPn¨ k`bpsS kphÀ® \nanj§fmbncp¶p. ae¦c k`bnÂ ImtXmen¡m I£nbnepw ]m{XnbÀ¡m I£nbnepw Hmtcm Xo{hhmZn {Kq¸p−v F¶Xv Hcp kXyamWv. ImtXmen¡m Xo{hhmZnIÄ ]m{XnbÀ¡okns\bpw AtýmJymk`tbbpw shdp¡pIbpw AhÀ¡v ae¦cbnÂ bmsXmcp Øm\hpanÃ F¶p hnizkn¡pIbpw sNbp¶hcmWv. ]m{XnbÀ¡okpImÀ ae¦ck`sb NqjWw sN¿phm\mbn am{Xw h¶hcmWv F¶v ChÀ hnizkn¡p¶Xv. ]m{XnbÀ¡okv Xo{hhmZnIfmIs« H¶mw \qÁm−p apXÂ ae¦ck` AtýmJym k`bpsS `mKambncp¶p F¶pw BImi§fnepÅ _mh IgnªmÂ ]ns¶ ]m{XnbÀ¡nkv _mhbmsW¶pw hnizkn¡p¶hcmWv. hntZi sa{Xm·mcmbn ImemIme§fnÂ h¶hscÃmw AtýmJy³ k`¡mcmbncp¶p F¶pamWv ChÀ hnizkn¡p¶Xv.

A§s\ h¶ sa{Xm·mscÃmwXs¶ sIm¨nbnepw NpÁp]mSpIfnepamWv

h¶ncp¶Xv. Iq\³Ipcnip kXyw t]mepÅ Imcy§sfÃmw sIm¨nbnepw ]cnkc§fnepw Bbncp¶p. C¡mcW§fmembncn¡Ww ]m{XnbÀ¡okpImÀ A[nIw hS¡³ `{Zmk\§fnepw ImtXmen¡m]£¡mÀ A[nIw sX¡³ `{Zmk§fnepw BbXv. CXns\ms¡ ]pdtabmWv A[nImctamlapÅ t\Xm¡ ·mcpsS hSwhenIfpw Øm\taml§fpwaqew k` ho−pw `n¶n¡phm³ ImcWambXv.

55

tIknÂ tXmÁhcpw tIknÂ Pbn¨hcpwIqSn tbmPn¨t¸mÄ tXmÁhsc XcwXmgv¯n ImWpIbpw D¯chmZnXzapÅ NpaXeIÄ sImSp¡mXncn¡pIbpw sNbvXXmbn tXmÁhÀ¡v tXm¶nbmÂ kam[m\w D−mInÃ. AXmWv kw`hn¨Xv.

C\nbpw ImWm³ t]mIp¶Xp t]mse 1995se kp{]ow tImSXn hn[n¡p

tijhpw Ct¸mÄ 2017se hn[n¡ptijhpw ae¦c k`bnse km[mcW¡mcmb ]mhw a\pjysc kam[m\ambn ]ÅnbnÂ t]mIm\pw {]mÀ°n¡phm\pw IpSpw_§fnÂ sskzcyambn Pohn¡phm\pw IgnbmsXbm¡p¶Xv ImtXmen¡m `mK¯pw ]m{XnbÀ¡m `mK¯papÅ Xo{hhmZnIfmWv.

]ckv]cw kzoIcn¨psIm−pÅ IÂ]\IÄ ]pds¸Sphn¨v GXm\pw Znhk§Ä

¡IwXs¶ \S¶ XncsªSp¸pIfnÂ A]kzc§Ä DSseSp¯p. 1934se `cW LS\¡p hnt[bambn tbmPn¡p¶p F¶ ImtXmen¡ hn`mK¯nsâ \ne]mSns\ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv hn`mKw FXnÀs¯¦nepw thsd hgnbnÃmbncp¶XpsIm−v H¶pw sN¿m\mbnÃ. ]m{XnbÀ¡okv H¶paÃ BcpaÃ F¶ Nn´mKXn¡mÀ ImtXmen¡m _mhtbbpw, ]m{XnbÀ¡okv FÃmamWv ImtXmen¡m ]{XnbÀ¡oknsâ IogvØm\nbmWv F¶p Nnń¡p¶hÀ ]m{XnbÀ¡okp _mhtbbpw kzm[o\n¨p. AtýmJy³ aqhvsaâv, kXyhnizmk kwc£Ww XpS§nb {]Øm\§Ä DSseSp¯p.

1964Â ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh (bmt¡m_v III) h¶t¸mÄ `n¶XIÄ HXp§n F¶p IcpXnsb¦nepw GXm\pw hÀj§Ä¡Iw kwib§fpw ]ckv]cw Btcm]W§fpw DSseSp¯p.

tXmamÇolbv¡v knwlmk\ap−mbncp¶nÃ, “knwlmk\¯nÂ BcqV\mbncn

¡p¶” F¶ hntijWw ImtXmen¡m _mh D]tbmKn¡m³ ]mSnÃ F¶ Xo{hhmZn ]m{XnbÀ¡okpImcpsS \ne]mSmWv ho−pw `n¶Xbnte¡p \bn¨ Hcp {][m\ LSIw. k`bpsS sa{Xmk\ CShIIÄ hn`Pn¡p¶Xnepw `mchmlnIsf XncsªSp¡p¶Xnepw ImtXmen¡m hn`mKw ]gb ]m{XnbÀ¡m hn`mK¡msc amÁn\nÀ¯n ]£t`Zw ImWn¨p F¶Xv AXpt]mse Xs¶ {][m\amb ImcWamWv.

Hcpan¨pw hn`Pn¨pw apt¶m«p \o§nb k` HutK³ {]Ya³ ImtXmen¡m

_mhbpsS Øm\XymK¯nepw hncan¡enepw hsc F¯n¨p. _mhsb \nÀºÔn¨p Øm\samgn¸n¨XmsW¶p ]m{XnbÀ¡m Xo{hhmZnIÄ hnizkn¨p. amXyqkv {]Ya³ _mh ImtXmen¡bmbn Øm\taÂ¡pIbpw ]m{XnbÀ¡okp _mh ]utemkvv amÀ ]oeIvknt\mkns\ t{ijvT ImtXmen¡bmbn hmgn¡pIbpw sNbvXtXmsS ]nfÀ¸p ]qÀ®amhpIbpw ]ns¶bpw tImSXnIfpw tIkpIfpambn ]gbXnepw ITn\amb Aćo£ap−mhpIbpw sNbvXp.

]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh ae¦c Atkmkntbjsâ AwKoImcanÃmsX sa{Xm·msc

hmgn¨b¡m³ XpS§n. tKmfSn¡pt¼mse sa{Xm·mcpsS F®w c−p `mK¯pw s]cpIn.

ae¦c Atkmkntbj\nÂ FÃm ]ÅnIÄ¡pw c−p I£nIfnepapÅ

kÀÆÀ¡pw {]mXn\n²yw Dd¸m¡m³ th−n 1934se `cWLS\ Aa³Uv sN¿Wsa¶pw A§s\ ]p\:kwLSn¸n¡p¶ Atkmkntbj³ XncsªSp¡p¶ Bfmbncn¡Ww ImtXmen¡m F¶pw hn[n¨p.

56

Cu XncsªSp¸p \S]SnIÄ ]qÀ¯nbm¡phm³ Ggp hÀj§Ä c−p I£n¡mtcmSpw H¯v tImSXn taÂt\m«w \ÂIn.

C{Xb[nIw \njv]£ambn cmPys¯ AXyp¶X \oXn]oTw IÂ]n¨p

{]hÀ¯n¨p F¦nepw c−p I£nIfnepapÅ Xo{hhmZnIÄ B Ahkchpw ]mgm¡n. AhÀ sNbvXXv kzÀK¯n\pw `qan¡pw ssZh¯n\pw a\pjy\psaXncmb ]m]ambn F¶t¶¡pambn ap{ZbnSs¸Spw. ]m{XnbÀ¡okp I£nbnÂ \n¶pw ImtXmen¡m I£nbnÂ \n¶pw hfsctbsd BfpIÄ kt´mjt¯msS, {]Xo£tbmsS k` H¶mIphm\m{Kln¨p. AXn\pth−n {]hÀ¯n¨p. ]m{XnbÀ ¡okv `mK¯p \n¶pw tbmPn¸n\p X¿mdmbhsc c−p ssI¿pw \o«n ktlmZc kvt\lt¯msS kzoIcn¨Xv amXyqkv ZznXob³ ImtXmen¡m _mhbmbncp¶p. F´p XymK¯n\pw hn«phogvNbv¡pw At±lw X¿mdmbncp¶p F¶pÅXv At±ls¯ ASp¯dnbp¶ FÃmhÀ¡pw Adnbp¶ ImcyamWv.

]s£ At±ls¯ NpÁn¸Án \n¶ Xo{hhmZnIfmb D]Pm]I kwLw

ImtXmen¡m `mK¯pw, A[nImc tamlw aq¯ Xo{hhmZnIfmb HcpIq«w ]m{XnbÀ¡m `mK¯pw Imcy§Ä \nb{ń¡m³ XpS§nbtXmsS ]ckv]c hn«phogvNtbmsSbpÅ tbmPn¸v Akm²yambn. tbmPn¸n\mbn X¿msdSp¯

]m{XnbÀ¡okv ]£¡msc “tXmÁph¶hÀ” F¶p ap{Zbn«p Xo{hhmZn ImtXmen ¡ImÀ AhKWn¡phm³ XpS§n. ]ecpw ]n³hm§phm³ CXv ImcWambn.

ap³]dªXpt]mse ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhtbbpw AtýmJym

knwlmk\t¯bpw GÁhpw `b`àntbmsS ho£n¡pIbpw _lpam\n¡pIbpw Bcm[n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ hensbmcp P\kaqlw ae¦cbnÂ D−v F¶Xv Hcp \á kXyamWv. ]pcmX\Imew apXte AtýmJy³ k`bpambp−bncp¶ _ÔamtWm, Iq\³Ipcnip kXy¯n\p tijw XpS§nb _ÔamtWm Cu `àn¡pw Bcm[\bv¡pw ImcWw F¶XÃ, e£¡W¡n\v BfpIÄ A§s\ `àn _lpam\§Ä DÅhcmWv F¶XmWv kXyw.

adp`mK¯v amÀt¯ma Çol ‘amt½mZok ap¡nb ]mc¼cy¯nepw ae¦cbnÂ

‘Øm]n¨’ knwlmk\¯nepw X§fpsS ]mc¼cy alna Is−¯p¶ hn`mKamWv. Xo{hhmZnIfpsS X½neSnbpsSbpw ]ckv]cmtcm]W§fpsSbpw AhKW\I fpsSbpw êambn Hcp ImtXmen¡mbpw Hcp t{ijvT ImtXmen¡mbpambn ]ns¶bpw ]ncnªp. kp{]owtImSXnbpsS \nco£I³ P.afoaTnsâ a²yØ {]hÀ¯\§fsfbpw ae¦c AtÊmkntbjt\bpw `qcn]£w ]m{XnbÀ¡okp Imcpw _lnjv¡cn¨p.

ImtXmen¡m Xo{hhmZnIfpsS ISpw]nSp¯hpw ]Ån {]Xn]pcpjtbmK

¯nte¡v Hmtcm ]ÅnIfnÂ \n¶pw XncsªSp¯hcpÄ¸sSbpÅhÀ ISpw

ImtXmen¡m hmZnIÄ BI¯¡h®apÅ undergrounnd {]hÀ¯\§fpw ]m{Xn bÀ¡okns\ kvt\ln¡pIbpw _lpam\n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ `qcn]£w _mhmI£n¡msc ]m{XnbÀ¡m Xo{hzmZnIfpsS Iym¼nte¡v XÅnhn«p. bmt¡m_mb k` F¶ ]pXnb t]cnÂ skmsskÁn D−m¡n AhÀ ae¦ck`sb c−mbn ho−pw ]nfÀ¶p. AhÀ¡v CXp km²yam¡ns¡mSp¯Xv ImtXmen¡m ]£s¯ Xo{hhmZnIfmWv F¶ Imcy¯nÂ bmsXmcp kwibhpw CÃ.

c−p I£nIfpw tIkpIfpambn ho−pw tImSXn hcmÍÄ \nc§n. tImSXn

\ÂInb kphÀ®mhkcw ]mgm¡nbXv ]m{XnbÀ¡m hn`mKamsW¶

hnizmk¯nÂIqSnbmbncn¡Ww 2017Â kp{]ow tImSXn kÀÆ ]gpXpIfpw AS v̈ ImtXmen¡m hn`mK¯n\v A\pIqeambn ho−pw hn[n {]Ømhn¨p.

57

AtXmsS ImtXmen¡m Xo{hhmZnIÄ ]Ån]nSn¡m\pw ]m{XnbÀ¡m Xo{hhmZnIÄ ]ÅnIÄ kwc£n¡m\pw ap¶n«nd§n. ]Ånb¦W§fpw \nc¯pw sk{It«dntbÁp ]Snbpw kac§fpsSbpw X½neSnbpsSbpw cwK§fmbn amdn.

{InkvXob km£y¯nsâ 21-mw \qÁm−nsâ ]Xn¸v Act§dns¡m−ncn¡p¶p. A´tÊmSpw A`nam\t¯mSpw IqSn ]dbm³ Ignbp¶ Hcp ]mc¼cyapÅ ae¦c

\{kmWn kapZmb¯nÂ P\n¨p hfcp¶ Hcp km[mcW {InkvXym\n¡v a\:Êam[m\t¯mSpIqSn t]mIms\mcp ]Ånbpw Bcm[n¡phm\pÅ kzmX{ýhpw Dd¸m¡p¶sX§s\? AXn\p C\n km[n¡p¶sX§s\?

Fsâ `mcyho«pImÀ henb _mhmI£n¡mcmWv. Rm³ I−n«pÅXnÂ

GÁhpw ip²cmbn Pohn¡p¶ B IpSpw_¯nÂs¸« Hcp _Ôp Zp:JshÅnbmgvN

Fsâ IqsS R§fpsS ]ÅnbnÂ IqSn. 2002Imew _mhm sa{Xm³ hg¡v sImSp¼ncnsIm−ncp¶ kabw. Hcp ImtXmen¡m Xo{hhmZn t\Xmhmb R§fpsS

A¨³ ]t{Xmkv Çolsb Hcp 15 an\n«q t\cw No¯]dªp {]kwKn¨p. km¯m³ F¶p hnfn¨p. Fsâ _Ôphnsâ hnjaw I−p Rm³ F´p sN¿Wsa¶dnbmsX hnjan¨p. ]ÅnbnÂ\n¶pw Iªnt]mepw IpSn¡msX ho«nÂ h¶n«pw H¶pw Ign¡msX At±lw H¶pw an−msX Øew hn«p. ]−v amÀt¯ma Çolbv¡p ]«XzanÃ, si½mi³ t]mepambncp¶nÃ F¶ IÂ]\ ]ÅnbnÂ hmbn¨Xp tI«n«p hnjan¨v ho«nÂ h¶ Fsâ A¸s\ Rmt\mÀ¡p¶p.

C§s\ F{Xtbm IYIÄ \½tfmtcmcp¯À¡pw ]dbm\p−mIpw.

{]tXyIn¨pw _mhm I£n¡mcpw sa{Xm³ I£n¡mcpw Xn§n¸mÀ¡p¶ CShIfnepw hoSpIfnÂt]mepw.

k`m t\XrXz§fmIs« Ncn{XkXy§Ä X§Ä¡p tNÀ¶ Xc¯nÂ

hfs¨mSn¨p Ipªp§sf ]Tn¸n¡p¶p. bphm¡sfbpw bphXnIsfbpw CÃm¯ càkm£nIsf krjvSn¨v tNmc¡p tNmc F¶pw sImehnfn hnfn¡phm³ AWnIsf ]Tn¸n¡p¶p. ]Ån¡I¯pw IpÀ_m\ at²ybpw {]mÀ°\¡p ]Icw ap{ZmhmIyw hnfn¡p¶p. aq¶mwInS cmjv{Sob¡msct¸mse kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nIÄ s]cpamdp¶p. CXnsâsbÃmw \SphnÂs¸«v ]mhw hnizmknbpsS {]mW³ ]nSbp¶p.

amÀ]m¸bpsS It¯men¡m k`bnse A¨t\bpw, ]t{Xmkv Çolsbbpw

]m{XnbÀ¡okp _mhsbbpw No¯]dbp¶Xp tIÄ¡pt¼mÄ thZ\n¡p¶ ]m{XnbÀ¡okpImscbpw tXmamÇolsb Xmgv̄ ns¡«p¶Xp ImWpt¼mÄ Dd¡w \jvSs¸Sp¶ ImtXmen¡m I£n¡mscbpw amÀt¯mabpsS ]n³KmanIÄ X§fmsW¶hImis¸Sp¶ amÀt¯ma k`¡mscbpw FÃmw ae¦c \{kmWn ]mc¼cy¯n\v AhIminIfmbn ImWm³ IgnbntÃ? XoÀ¨bmbpw Ignbpw. {InkvXphnsâ kvt\l¯nÂ tI{µoIcn¡p¶ {InkvXym\n¡Xv XoÀ¨bmbpw Ignbpw. hnhn[ k`mXeh·mÀ AXn\v A\phZn¨mÂ am{Xw aXn.

ImtXmen¡m ]m{XnbÀ¡okv hg¡p−mbncn¡p¶ ØnXnbnÂ kam[m\¯n\p

th−n GÁhpw {][m\amb \S]Sn ImtXmen¡m]£amWv sNt¿−Xv.

Magnanumity in victory F¶ kz`mhKpWw AhÀ ImWn¡Ww. e£¡W¡n\p hnizmknItfmSv ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhsbbpw AtýmJymsbbpw ad¡Ww,

hnizmk {]amWs¯¡mÄ 1934Â hnizkn¡p¶p F¶v FgpXn XcWw Fs¶Ãmw ]dªp Hcp lnÁveÀ ssÌenÂ `cWw \S¯nbmÂ F§s\ kam[m\ap−mIpw?

1958\p tijap−mb tbmK§fntem, 1995\p tijw IqSnb ]cpae AtÊmkntb j\ntem AtýmJym k`tbmSpw ]m{XnbÀ¡nkv _mhtbmSpapÅ kvt\l_lpam\ §fdnbn¡pIbpw At\Iw hnja kÔnIfnÂ ae¦ck`sb ssI ]nSn¨p klmbn¨XnepÅ \µn {]ISn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXncps¶¦nÂ C¶s¯ X½nÂXÃnsâ

58

ImTn\yw F{Xtbm Ipdbpambncp¶p. _mh I£n¡mtcmSpw ]Ån¡mtcmSpw 1934 AwKoIcn¡m³ ]dbpt¼mÄ kzbw AXv AwKoIcn¡p¶p F¶p sXfnhmbn

]dbm³ aSn¡p¶sXń\mWv? 1934sâ H¶mw JÞnI {]Imcw k`bpsS Bßob Xeh³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okmWv F¶pw ae¦ck` BIam\ kpdnbm\n k`bpsS Hcp hn`mKamsW¶pw Hcp kn\Untem AtÊmkntbj\ntem Ak¶nKv[ambn {]Jym]n¡m³ hnjaapt−m? Ds−¦nÂ AXv Hfn¨ph¨ncn¡p¶ I]SXbtÃ! ae¦cbpsS ]qÀ®amb `cW kzmX{ý¯n\pÅ AhImihpw AXnÂ Du¶n¸dbmhp¶XmWv.

Hcp \qÁm−ne[nIw tIkp ]dªp tImSn¡W¡n\p t\À¨¸Ww tImSXn

IfnÂ apSn¨p. F¶n«pw an¡hmdpw FÃm tIkpIfnepw tXmÁp. 1934 `cWLS\ ImtXmen¡m hmgvN, k`bpsS ]qÀ®Xbv¡p Xpeyamb kzmX{ýw, ]m{XnbÀ¡o knsâ Bßobtae[nImcw CsXÃmw IogvtImSXnIfpw kp{]ow tImSXnbpw H¶ne[nIw {]mhiyw hyàamb hn[nIfneqsS km[phmbn {]Jym]n¨p. A\mZnImew apXÂt¡ ae¦ck` ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhbpsS Iognembncp¶p. C\nbpw F¶t¶¡pw A§s\ XpScWsa¶v ]m{XnbÀ¡ntkm, ]m{XnbÀ¡nkv I£nImtcm \nÀºÔw ]dªmÂ AXv \nba]caÃ, {]mtbmKnIaÃ, H¶pIqSn ]dªmÂ \oXnbpaÃ. Iq\³Ipcnip kXy¯n\ptijw PeoÂ _mh h¶t¸mÄ

apXemWv AtýmJym ]m{XnbÀ¡okpambn hyàamb _Ôw D−mbXv. AD.52

apXÂ 1600 hscbpw A§s\ Bbncp¶p F¶pw AÃmbncp¶p F¶pw ]dbp¶hÀ

D−v. \njv]£ aXnIfmb Ncn{XImc·mÀ 1665 apXepÅ _Ôw am{XamWv Dd¸n¨p ]dbp¶Xv.

F¡mehpw _Ôap−mbncp¶p F¶v XÂ¡mew k½Xn¨mÂ Xs¶bpw

ae¦cbpsS ssZ\wZn\ `cWw kzbw \S¯n sIm−pt]mIphm³ DÅ {]m]vXn ChnsSbp−v. AXpam{XaÃ ]ehn[ ]oU\§f\p`hn¨p timjn¨pt]mb AtýmJy³ k`sb¡mfpw, Ing¡nsâ k`tb¡mfpw IÂZmb k`tb¡mfpsaÃmw BÄ_ew sIm−pw AÀ°w sIm−pw ae¦ck` ap¶nemWv. timjn¨pt]mb Cu

]pcmX\ k`tbbpw IjvSX A\p`hn¡p¶ AwK§sfbpw (Refugees) klmbn ¡m³t]mepw ae¦ck`bv¡p {]m]vXnbp−v. icn¡pw Nnń¨mÂ A§s\ sNt¿− ISabpw D−v.

Bßob tae[nImcaÃmsX euIoIm[nImc§Ä th− F¶v ]m{XnbÀ¡okv

_mh hyàambn {]Jym]n¨mÂ, ae¦cbpsS ip]mÀibnÃmsX taÂ]«¡msctbm, ]«¡msctbm hmgn¡nÃ F¶p {]Jym]n¨mÂ ISpw]nSp¯¡mcmb Xo{hhmZnIÄ c−pI£nIfnepw HÁs¸Spw. _lp`qcn]£w hnizmknIfpw kam[m\ambn klIcn¨p Pohn¡m³ CSbmIpw.

temIsa§papÅ {InkvXob kÌfpsS Xeh³ ]m{XnbÀ ¡nkmbncn¡W

sa¶pw ssÇlnl ssIsh¸v ]t{Xmkv ÇolbnÂIqSn am{XamsW¶pw hmin]nSn¡p ¶Xv hnip² {KÙ§Ät¡m Ncn{X kw`h§Ät¡m A\pkrXambÃ. ]t{Xmknsâ

“knwlmk\” ]mc¼cyw AhImis¸Sp¶ Ac Uk\ne[nIw k`m tae²y£·mÀ C¶p−v. AXnÂ GÁhpw _eh¯mbXv tdmanse amÀ]m¸bmWv. tdmam km{amPy¯nsâ ]n³_e¯nemWv CXp kw`hn¨Xv F¶v Ncn{Xw hmbn¡p¶ BÀ¡pw a\ÊnemIpw. tdmansâ {]YaXzw Bhiys¸«p aÁp kÌfnseÃmw Xs¶ _ZÂ kwhn[m\§fp−m¡nbXp aqeamWv {InkvXob k`bnÂ C{X am{Xw hn`mK§fp−mbXv. \nJym kp¶ltZmknsâ Ime¯p Xs¶ k`bpsS hnhn[ (A©v) Xeh·mcnÂ BÀs¡¦nepw H¶mw Øm\sa¶p ]dªv k½Xn¨n«nÃ. ]n¶oSv tdmanteXv H¶maXp IpkvXót\mkv t]meokv c−maXv Fs¶ms¡ ]dbm³ XpS§n. A§s\ H¶maXv F¶p]dbWambncps¶¦nÂ ss__nÄ {]Imcw H¶maXv htc−nbncp¶Xv AtýmJybmbncp¶p. ]s£ `cWm[n]·mcpsS

59

]n³_ew tdman\mWv e`n¨Xv. PmXnIfpsS cmPm¡·msct¸mse \n§Ä BIcpXv. \n§fnÂ H¶ma\mIp¶h³ Zmks\t¸mse tkh sN¿p¶h\mbncn¡Wsa¶v IÂ]\ X¶ IÀ¯mhnsâ k`m t\Xm¡·mÀ¡v H¶mw Øm\¯nsâ t]cnÂ XÀ¡n¡m³ bmsXmcp AhImihpw CÃ. A§s\ XÀ¡n¨p hg¡Sn¡p¶hsc

“Fsâ cmPyw sFlnIaÃ” F¶p {]Ømhn¨ IÀ¯mhv ssIhnSpsa¶ Imcy¯nÂ kwibnt¡−.

BZnImew apXÂ Xs¶ aÁp injy·mcpsSbpw Adnbn¸pImcpsS t]cnÂ

t]mepw kÌÄ Adnbs¸«ncp¶p. aÀt¡mknsâ k`bmbn FÃmhcpw k½Xn¨n«pÅ AeIvkm{Þnb³ (tIm]vÁn¡v) k` Xs¶ H¶mas¯ DZmlcWw. Cu k` tdmansâtbm AtýmJybpsStbm Iognembncp¶nÃ. BtKmf kÌfpsS kp¶ltZmkpIfnÂ Cu k`bv¡p Xpeyamb Øm\ap−mbncp¶p F¶p am{XaÃ ]et¸mgpw kwLS\m t\XrØm\w Xs¶ D−mbncp¶p. ssZhnI, am\pjoI kz`mh§sf¸ÁnbpÅ XÀ¡§fnÂs¸«p AtýmJymk` taÂssIÁpIÄ ]nSns¨Sp¯t¸mgpw, Ing¡nsâ k` s\kvtXmdnb\mbn amdnbt¸mgpw _ZÂ

]m{XnbÀ¡nkns\bpw ImtXmen¡tbbpw hmgn¨p? “kXyhnizmkw kwc£n¨Xv” tIm]vÁn¡v k`bpsS A\p{KlminÊpItfmsS AhÀ hmgn¨ taÂ]«¡mc\mb bmt¡m_v _pÀZm\ BWv. ]t{Xmknsâ ssÇlnl knwlmk\¯nsâ t]cnÂ ae¦cbnÂ hg¡Sn¡p¶hÀ kzX{ámbn Ncn{X kXy§Ä ]Tn¡m³ aSn¡p¶XpsIm−mWv.

X§Ä klmbn¨ ktlmZc kÌsf AS¡n `cn¡phm³ tIm]vÁn¡v k`

Xp\nªnÃ F¶Xv ae¦c¡v amXrIbmtI−XmWv. FtXym¸³ k`bnÂ D−mbXp Xs¶ DZmlcWw. Fń\v, t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS ]oU\¯nÂ klmbn¡m\mbn Al¯pÅ _mhsb Ab¨Xp Xs¶ tIm]vÁn¡v ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâbpw AtýmJym ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâbpw AdnthmSpw BtemN\tbmSpw IqSnbmbncp¶p F¶ Hcp `mjyap−v. bYmÀ° Ncn{Xw sXfnbn¡m\pÅ tcJIÄ CÃ Xs¶.

AtýmJybnÂ AD.37Â k` Øm]n¨p F¦nÂ A.D.33Â Xs¶ tXmamÇol bpsS k`sb¶dnbs¸Sp¶ Ing¡nsâ k` Øm]n¡s¸«p F¶mWv AÊndnb³ Ncn{XImc·mÀ AhImis¸Sp¶Xv. C¶p Cu Ing¡nsâ tXmamÇolbpsS k`m ]mc¼cyw AhImis¸Sp¶ At\Iw k`m tae²y£·mcp−v. ae¦cbnse kotdm ae_mÀ, amÀt¯mam, HmÀ¯tUm Ivkv, ae¦c do¯v, IÂZmb FÃmw CXnÂs¸Spw.

km£mÂ Ing¡nsâ k`bpsS XeØm\w C¶v Atacn¡bnÂ

Nn¡mtKmbnemWv. anUnÂ CuÌnepw ]e thÀj\pIfp−v. FÃmw timjn¨p t]mbn.

]mc¼cy alna GÁhpw \Ã Hcp Imcyw. ]s£ AXv euIoIhpw sFlnI

t\«§fpsS IqsS ]dbm\pÅ \maamWv. BßobXbpw ]ckv]c kvt\lhpanÃm¯ ]mc¼cyw F{Xtbm \ncÀ°IamWv.

kXykÔXbpsS NcSnÂ \nbahpw \oXnbpw tImÀs¯Sp¯v H¶mbn InS¶mÂ

am{Xta kam[m\w D−mhpIbpÅp. ImtXmen¡m `mKw \nbabp²w hfsc anSpt¡msS \S¯nsb¶Xv hfsc hyàamWv. tIkv \S¯nbhcpw h¡oe·mcpw FÃmw A¡mcy¯nÂ A`n\µ\w AÀln¡p¶p. Ct¸mÄ am{XaÃ ]−v h«tÈcn

Xncpta\nbpsS Imew apXÂ, 1934se `cWLS\ D−m¡nbXv apXÂ, FÃmw Cu \nba]cambn {i²n¨Xp sIm−p−mb ap³Xq¡w FSp¯p]db¯¡h®w anIhpÁXmWv.

]s£ Xo{hhmZnIfmb D]Pm]I kwL§Ä aqehpw, A[nImc tamlw,

[\em`, _nkn\Êv XÂ]cy§Ä apXemb kzmÀYtaml§fpÅhÀ Imcy§fpsS

60

\nb{´Ww GsÁSp¡p¶Xphgnbpw kam[m\ \o¡§Ä Xpc¦w hbv¡s¸«p. c−p

I£nIfnepw CXp _m[IamWv. ]s£ 1958\p tijhpw 1995\ptijhpw Ct¸mÄ

2017\ptijhpw ImtXmen¡m `mK¯p \n¶pw Ipsd¡qSn kuarhpw kvt\l]c hpamb \o¡§fp−mbncp¶p F¦nÂ Imcy§Ä C{Xb[nIw hjfmhpIbn Ãmbncp¶p.

H¶mb k`bnse ]ÅnIfpsS {]mXn\n[yw Xs¶sbSp¡mw. aWÀImSv,

tImXawKew, ]ndhw t]mse h¼n¨ AwKkwJybpÅ ]ÅnIfpw (sX¡³

`{Zmk\§fnÂ {]tXyIn¨pw)50Â Xmsg AwK§ÄDÅ ]ÅnIfpw AtÊmkntb

j\nÂ hcpt¼mÄ Xpeyamb thm«v hmeyqhmWv D−mbncp¶Xv. 2002Â \S¶

AtÊmkntbj\p ap¼v kp{]ow tImSXn \nÀt±in¨ X\pkcn¨v 1934 `cWLS\ t`Zs¸Sp¯n CXv Ipsdsbms¡ ]cnlcn¨p. F¦nepw {]mb]qÀ¯nbmb HcmÄ¡v BWn\pw s]®n\pw Hcp thm«v F¶ \ne C\nbpw h¶n«nÃ. CXn\p ]pdta ]m{XnbÀ¡okpImÀ¡v _lp`qcn]£apÅ ]ÅnIfnÂ \n¶pw ImtXmen¡m]£]mXapÅhsc AtÊmkntbj\nÂ sIm−phcm\mb jmtUm hnImcnamscbpw ]Ån {]Xn\n[nIsfbpw t\mant\Áp sN¿pIbpw \nba¯nsâ I®nÂ FÃmw icnbmsW¶ Xc¯nÂ dn¡mÀUpIÄ D−m¡pIbpw sNbvXp. {]Xn]pcpj tbmK§fnÂ C¶C¶ BfpIsf XncsªSp¡Wsa¶mWv Fsâ B{Klw F¶v _mhsbs¡m−v ]dbn¨Xmbpw Btcm]W§Ä D−v. sa{Xm¨·mÀ¡v `{Zmk\w ]¦n«p sImSp¡p¶XnÂ _mhmI£nbnep−mbncp¶ sa{Xm·msc AhKWn¡pIbpw Xncn¨pt`Zw ImWn¡pIbpw sNbvXp F¶ Btcm]Ww XÅn¡fbm³ ]ÁnÃ. CXnsâ t]cnÂ ImtXmen¡m _mhs¡Xnsc tIkpsImSp¡psa¶pt]mepw kz´w I£nbnse Xo{hhmZnIÄ `ojWns¸Sp¯n. ]m{XnbÀ¡okv I£n¡mÀ _lp`qcn]£ambpÅ FdWmIpfw, Bephm, A¦amen, s]cp¼mhqÀ, tImXawKew, aWÀImSv, ]ndhw apXemb hS¡³ {]tZi§fnepÅhÀ c−mwXcw hnizmknIfmbn XcwXmgv¯s¸«p. sX¡À hS¡À tNcnXncnhv Cu

k`bnse hg¡nsâ ImcW§fnÂ Hcp {][m\ LSIamWv. 1995se hn[n¡v tijw k` H¶mIWsa¶v BßmÀ°ambn B{Kln¨v tbmPn¨p {]hÀ¯n¡m³ h¶ At\Iw t]À Cu AhKW\ I−v Xncn¨pt]mbn. ChcnÂ tae²y£·mcpw D¶X hnZym`ymkapÅ AXnImb·mcpap−mbncp¶p. kmam\y \oXnbpw kXykÔXbpw Dd¸p hcp¯m¯ \nba¯n\p \ne\nÂ¸nÃ. IÀ¯mhns\ IpcninÂ Xdbv¡phm\pw KmÔnsb PbnenÂ ASbv¡phm\pw, tkm{I«okn\p hnjw sImSp¯p sImÃphm\pw hn[n¨Xv AXmXv \mSpIfnse AXmXv Imes¯ D¶X \ymb]oT§fmWv. AXpt]mseXs¶ c−p I£nIfnepapÅ Xo{hhmZnIsf ]Sn¡p ]pd¯m¡msX, AhÀ tkmjyÂ aoUnbIfnÂ¡qSn \S¯p¶ sXdnb`ntjIw \nb{´n¡msX, kam[m\w ssIhcn¡pI Akm²yamWv.

AÛpX§Ä kw`hn¨n«pÅ, C¶pw kw`hn¨psIm−ncn¡p¶, Iq«amWv

{InkvXob k`. “kuJyamIphm³ \n\¡p a\Êpt−m” F¶ IÀ¯mhv Ct¸mgpw

tNmZn¡p¶p−v. “R§Ä¡p a\Êp−v” F¶p \½Ä ]dbpI am{Xw sNbvXmÂ AXn\mbn a\ÊpIsf Hcp¡n hnizkn¨mÂ kam[m\w kw`hn¡pw. CShIIÄ ]¦phbv¡phm\pw XÀ¡§Ä D−m¡phm\pw ]Ån ]nSn¡phm\pw ]ÅnIÄ kwc

£n¡phm\pw t]mtI−. ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhbpw ImtXmen¡m _mhbpw 1995se kp{]ow tImSXnbpsS hn[nbpw \nÀt±i§fpw AwKoIcn¨v ]ckv]cw kzoIcn¨mÂ aXn. `{Zmk\§fnepw ]ÅnIfnepw `cWamÁhpw Nm¡n«p]nSp¯hpw \S¯m³ t]mImXncp¶mÂ aXn. ae¦cbnse kzX{´ `cW¯n\hImiapÅ kzbw ioÀjI ¯apÅ Hcp ImtXmen¡mbpw Bßob Xeh\mbn Hcp ]m{XnbÀ¡okpw am{Xta bpÅpsh¶v FÃmhcpw k½Xn¡pIbpw A§s\ k½Xn¡p¶ sa{Xm·mcpw A¨·mcpw C¶v `cn¡p¶ ]ÅnIfpw Øm]\§fpw `cWLS\bv¡p hnt[bambn `cn¡pIbpw sNbvXmÂ aXn. FÃm ]ÅnIfnepw C§s\ H¶n¨p {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ A¨·mÀ¡pw sa{Xm¨·mÀ¡pw {]thin¡phm\pw {]mÀ°n¡phm\pw XSÊanÃmsX

61

Ahsc hcthÂ¡p¶ Hcp Aćo£ap−mbmÂ aXn. tbmPn¨p {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ FÃm {]mb]qÀ¯nbmb AwK§Ä¡pw kzX{ámbn thms«Sp¸nÂ ]s¦Sp¡phm³ ]Ån s]mXptbmK§fnepw ae¦c Atkmkntbj\nepw AhImiap−mbmÂ aXn. Ime{ItaW hg¡pIfpw shdp¸pw hntZzjhpw CÃmXmIpw.

C¶v kotdm ae_mÀ k`bnse HcmtfmSv 1600 hsc ae¦c k`bnÂ t]m¸v A[nImcnbÃmbncp¶p F¶pw amÀt¯mabpsS knwlmk\¯n³ Iognembncp¶p \n§sf¶pw AXpsIm−v amXrk`bnte¡v hcWw F¶pw ]dªmÂ \S¡p¶ ImcyamtWm? AhÀ B hmZs¯ ]mtS XÅn¡fbpw. AhÀ amÀ]m¸sb k`bpsS Xeh\mbn AwKoIcn¡p¶p. ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhsb Xeh\mbn AwKoIcn¡p¶hcpsS NnÍfpw GXm−nXpt]mse Xs¶bmWv. ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh AwKoIcn¡p¶ ae¦ck` kzX{ámbn XncsªSp¡p¶ Hcp ImtXmen¡sb AhÀ AwKoIcn¡pw. sSt¼mdÂ A[nImc§fnÂ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh ssIIS¯nÃ F¶ Dd¸p In«nbmÂ ]ns¶ AXne[nIambn ae¦ck`bv¡v \ÃXmbn H¶pw kw`hn¡m\nÃ. `{Zmk\§fnepw ]ÅnIfnepw DSs\ Hcp `cWamÁw D−m¡³ XnSp¡s¸SmXncp¶mÂ aXn. ]cpae ]Ånbnepw tImXawK¯pw ]ndh¯pw aWÀIm«psams¡ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh¡pw ImtXmen¡m _mh¡pw FÃm Xncpta\namÀ¡pw {]thin¡phm\pw {]mÀ°n¡phm\pw Ignbp¶ Hcp \mÄ hcp¶Xv HmÀ¯pt\m¡pI. _ÀW_mÊv Xncpta\nsb Icns¦mSn ImWn¨v HmSn¨phn« Atacn¡bnse Hcp ]Ån¡mÀ ]n¶oSv Xncpta\nsb Ipcnipw IpSbpw sagpIp Xncnbpw ]nSn¨v FXntcÁp sIm−pt]mbXv t]meokv s{]m«Ivjsâtbm tImSXnbp sStbm _e¯neÃ £an¡pIbpw kvt\ln¡pIbpw sN¿phm\pÅ Xncpta\nbpsS a\Ênsâ _e¯nembncp¶p. A\pIcn¡phm³ ]Ánb At\Iw ]nXm¡·mÀ ae¦cbnep−mbn«p−v. BIam\ {InkvXob kÌfnepw.

kam]\ NnÍÄ

Rm\mZyw FgpXnbXpt]mse Hcp ]pkvXIw FgpXm³ th−n Rm\m{Kln¨v

FgpXnbXÃ. FgpXmsX h¿, `hnjy¯pIÄ F´ph¶mepw F\n¡p ]dbm\pÅXp ]dbWw F¶v thZ\s¸«v FgpXnt¸mbXmWv. Bscbpw hyàn]camtbm Iq«amtbm hnaÀin¡phm\Ã. ]s£ Fsâ ss{IkvXh ho£W¯nepw hnizmk¯nepw I− sXÁv F¶v Fsâ a\Êm£n ]dbp¶ Nne {]hWXIsf, {]tXyIn¨pw Bßobm[nImcnIfpsS `mK¯p\n¶p−mIp¶ {]hÀ¯\§sf Nq−nImWn¡pI F¶ Dt±iamWv CsXgpXphm³ ImcWambXv.

kÌfpsS Ncn{X§Ä hmbn¨Xnsâ shfn¨¯nÂ Nne Ncn{X

kXy§sf¸Ánbpw anYyIsf¸Ánbpw FgpXn F¶XÃmsX Rms\mcp Ncn{XImct\m, Ncn{X hnZymÀ°n t]meptam AÃ. Fs¶t¸msebpÅ km[mcW {InkvXob hnizmknIsf kzmÀ° XmÂ]cyapÅhÀ FgpXp¶, ]Tn¸n¡p¶

“Ncn{X§sf” AÔambn hnizkn¡msX kzX{ámbn Nnń¡phm³ t{]cn¸n¡ Wsa¶ Dt±iamWv F\n¡pÅXv. tbip{InkvXp Pohn¨p amXrI ImWn¨p X¶, hfsc efnXamb `mjbnÂ ]Tn¸n¨pX¶, ASnØm\ aqeyt_m[w apdpsI¸nSn¨pw {InkvXphneq¶nbpÅ ktlmZc kvt\l¯nepw XymK¯nepw £abnepw hfÀ¶v, ê{]Zamb PohnXw sI«n¸Sp¡phm³ XSÊambn \nÂ¡p¶ {]t_m[\§sf, Ah F{X henb aX]ÞnX tI{µ§fnÂ \n¶p h¶mepw XÅn¡fbphm\pÅ Icp¯v \½Ä t\tS−Xp−v. Cu \ne]mSnÂ \n¶psIm−v \½psS ae¦c k`bpsS Imcy§Ä H¶p kw{Kln¨p t\m¡mw.

1. IÀ¯mhnsâ Ipcnip acW¯n\pw DbÀ¸n\pw tijw AXnITn\amb

]oU\§sfbpw AXnPnhn¨p k` Hfnhnepw KplIfnepambn hfÀ¶p. GÁhpw {InkvXobcmbn tbiphnsâ bYmÀ° A\pbmbnIfmbn AhÀ hfÀ¶p. tdmam km{amPy¯nepw t]Àjy³ km{amPy¯nepw ChnsS CýbnÂt¸mepw kphntij taJebpambn injy·mcpw Adnbn¸pImcpw k©cn¨p.

62

2. tdmam km{amPy¯nsâ HutZymKnI aXambn k` DbÀ¯s¸«tXmsS k`¡v cmPIob ]cnthjw e`n¨p. ià\mb tdmam N{IhÀ¯nbpsS XWenÂ temIamsIbpÅ {InkvXym\nIÄ kwLSn¡s¸«p.

3. \nJym kp¶ltZmknÂ h¨v kÌfpsS Xehcmbn A©p ]m{XnbÀ¡o

kpamsc(4+bdpitew)A[nImcs¸Sp¯n. ae¦ck`bpÄ¸sSbpÅ

Ing¡nsâ k` “AtýmJymbpsSbpw Ings¡ms¡bpsSbpw” Xeh\mb AtýmJym ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ Iognembn.

4. Ing¡nsâ k` t]Àjy³ km{amPy¯nepw t]Àjy³ km{amPyw tdmam

km{amPyhpambn i{XpXbnepambncp¶p. X§Ä tdmam¡mtcmSv hnt[bXz apÅhcÃ F¶v Øm]n¡p¶Xn\p ]pdta aÁp k`bpsS Iognembncn¡m³ CjvSanÃm¯Xpw sIm−pIqSnbmbncn¡Ww Ing¡nsâ k` AtýmJym bpsS A[nImckoasb tNmZyw sNbvXncp¶p. CXn\pw ]pdta hnizmkImcy

§fnÂ D−mb hyXymk§Ä aqew AD 431se Ft^kqkv kp¶ltZmkn\p tijw Ing¡nsâ k` s\kvtXmdnb \mbn ap{ZbSn¡s¸«v thÀs]«p.

5. ae¦c k` tXmamÇolbpsS kphntij thebpsS êambn AD 52 Â Øm]n¡s¸«p. Çol Xs¶ Øm]n¨ Ing¡³ (t]Àjy³) k`bpsS `mKamtbm, AhnsS \n¶pw h¶ taÂ]«¡mcmÂ Bßobambn \bn¡ s¸s«m BWv ae¦c k` hfÀ¶ph¶Xv. tXmamÇol ae¦cbnÂ Hcp knwlmk\w Øm]n¨p F¶Xn\p Ncn{XtcJIÄ H¶panÃ. kXy¯nÂ Hcp Çolbpw `qanbnÂ knwlmk\w Øm]n¨n«nÃ. kwLS\m]cambn NS¡qSpIÄ \nÀt±in¨ncp¶p, eoUÀamsc \ntbmKn¨ncp¶p F¶sXmgnsI `qanbnse cmPm¡·msct¸mse knwlmk\§fpw kÀÆm[nImc tI{µ§fpw

AhÀ Øm]n¨ncp¶nÃ. tbip ]Tn¸n¨Xp Xs¶ “\n§Ä `qanbnse cmPm¡

·msct¸mse BIcpXv” F¶mWv.

6. A.D.431Â t]Àjy³ k` AtýmJmbpsS tae[nImc ¯nÂ (Bßobm[n

Imc¯nÂ) \n¶pw ]ncnbp¶Xn\p ap¼v A.D.345emWv Iv\mbn sXm½\pw 72 IpSpw_§fpaS§p¶ kwLw ae¦cbnse¯p¶Xv. tXmamÇol Xs¶ Øm]n¨ t]Àjy³ k`bnÂs¸«hcmbXpsIm−pw B k` AtýmJymbpsS Iognembncp¶XpsIm−pw ae¦ck`¡v AtýmJymbpambn BZnImew apXte _Ôap−mbncp¶p F¶ A\pam\amWv icn. AtýmJymbpsS hnizmkhpw BNmc§fpw Bcm[\Ifpw ae¦cbnepw ]n´pSÀ¶p h¶ncp¶ncn¡Ww.

7. t]Àjy³ k`bpsSbpw AXphgn AtýmJymbpsSbpw

Bßobm[nImc¯n³ Iognembncp¶p F¦nepw euIoIambpw ssZ\wZn\ `cWImcy§fnepw ae¦ck` ]qÀ® kzmX{ýw A\p`hn¨ncp¶p.

8. t]Àjy³ k` AtýmJybpsS tae[nImc¯nÂ \n¶pw AD.431\ptijw s\kvtXmdnb·mcmbn ]ncnªpt]mbnsb¦nepw hnizmk]cambn Atým Jy³ k`tbmSv ASp¸apÅ k`mXeh·mcpw BÂambcpw Ing¡nsâ

k`bnÂ [mcmfap−mbncp¶p. AD.559Â bmt¡m_v _pÀZm\ AhÀ¡p th−n t]Àjy³ k`bnÂ Hcp _ZÂ ImtXmen¡msb (]n¶oSv a{]nbm\) hmgn¨p

. 9. A§s\ Bdmw \qÁm−papXÂ ae¦cbnÂ Bßob tae[nImcw

\ne\ndp¯m\mbn taÂ]«¡msc Ab¨XnÂ s\kvtXmdnbcmbhcpw

63

tamtWm^nknÌp (GI kz`mh) hnizmknIfmb AtýmJym-ImtXmen¡m-a{]nbm\m {Kq¸pImcpw D−mbncp¶ncn¡Ww.

10. kz`mh hnizmk XÀ¡§fnÂ ae¦c k`m t\XrXzw ]s¦Sp¯Xmbn

sXfnhpItfm tcJItfm CÃ. hntZi¯p \n¶pÅ sa{Xm·mscsbÃmw

VIPIfmbn kzoIcn¨mZcn¡pIbmbncn¡Ww ae¦ck` sNbvXncp¶Xv. H³]Xmw \qÁm−nÂ \S¶ c−mw t]Àjy³ IpSntbÁ¡mÀ s\kvtXmdn bcmbncp¶p F¶pw AÃ AtýmJy hnizmknIfmbncp¶p F¶pw

“Ncn{XImc·mÀ” AhchcpsS bpàn¡\pkcn¨v hmZn¡p¶p−v.

11. hntZi¯p \n¶p Bßob t\XrXzhpw kztZi¯v ]qÀ®

`cWkzmX{ýhpw A\p`hn¨v (“kpJn¨v”) hmWncp¶ ae¦ck` bqtdm]y³ I¨hS¡mcmb t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ h¶tXmsS ASnäÀ¯s¸«v

\nÀºÔambn tdmanse t]m¸nsâ Iognem¡s¸«p. 1599Â apgph³ ae¦c¡mcpw It¯men¡m aX¡mcmbn.

12. 1653Â ae¦c {InkvXym\nIÄ t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀs¡Xncmbn kwLSn¨p tdmabnse t]m¸nsâ IognÂ \n¶pw kzmX{ý {]Jym]\w \S¯n. ]s£ t]m¸mIs« AXnÂ `qcn]£s¯bpw A\p\bn¸n¨v ho−pw It¯men¡m aX¯nte¡v sIm−pt]mbn. AhÀ Ct¸mÄ kotdm ae_mÀ hn`mKambn Ignbp¶p.

13. t]m¸nsâ A[nImcs¯ tNmZyw sNbvXp \n¶hÀ Bßob

t\XrXz¯n\mbn t]Àjy³, AtýmJy³, AeIvkm³{Unb³ k`m t\XrXz§sf kao]n¨p. AtýmJym t\XrXz¯nÂ \n¶pw h¶ Bßob tae[nImcnIfpsS klmb¯mÂ AhÀ ]p\:kwLSn¨p. Ahsc ]p¯³ IqÁpImÀ F¶pw bmt¡m_mb¡mÀ F¶pw hnfn¨p.

14. ae¦c k`bv¡p am{Xambn Hcp knwlmk\tam B knwlmk\¯nÂ

BcqV\mbn ]m{XnbÀ¡oknt\m ImtXmen¡mt¡m Xpey\mbncp¶ Hcp ]nXmthm D−mbncp¶nÃ. D−mbncps¶¦nÂ Iq\³ Ipcnin\p ap¼v t]mÀ¨pKokv sa{Xmt\mSv kwhmZw sN¿phm³ At±l¯n\mhpambncp¶p. Iq\³Ipcniv kXy¯n\p tijw It¯men¡m k`mt\XrXzw FXnÀhn`mK ¯eh\mb amÀt¯maamÀ¡v ]«Xz¯nsâ ssIsh¸nÃ F¶ Btcm]Ww D¶bn¨mWv `qcn]£s¯ It¯men¡cm¡nsbSp¯Xv. amÀt¯maamÀ AtýmJybpsS Bßob t\XrXzw Bhiys¸«Xpw AwKoIcn¨Xpw shfnhm¡p¶Xv ae¦ck`¡v X\Xmb knwlmk\m[n]³ CÃmbn cp¶p F¶XmWv. amÀt¯mam knwlk\w Ae¦mcnIamsW¶ kp{]ow tImSXn hn[nbmWv kXyambn«pÅXv. Ncn{XkXyaÃ F¦nepw AXn]pcmX\ Ime¯p Xs¶ tbiphnsâ ktµiw sIm−ph¶ ÇolbpsS knwlmk\sa¶v hntijn¸n¡p¶Xv Be¦mcnIambn AwKoIcnt¡−XmWv.

15. bmt¡m_mb k`bnÂ \n¶pw amÀt¯mam k` ]ncnªp t]mIp¶Xn\p

ap¼p\S¶ tIkpIfnepw Bßob t\XrXz¯nsâbpw ssIsh¸nsâbpw Imcy§Ä apJy hnjb§fmbncp¶p. amÀt¯ma k`bnse amXyqkv amÀ A¯m\mtkymkv ]m{XnbÀ¡nkv _mh hmgn¨ BÄ F¶Xp ]cnKWn¨mWv At±l¯n\p ae¦c sa{Xmt¸meo¯bmbn XpScm³ {]mtZinI `cWIqSw

A\phmZw \ÂInbXv. ]m{XnbÀ¡okn\p ]Ánb Cu “A_²w” amÁnsbSp ¯Xv ]t{Xmkv ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh ae¦c bnÂ h¶tijamWv.

16. sa{Xm³ I£n (HmÀ¯tUmIvkv)¡mÀ AhImis¸Sp¶Xpt]mse ChnsS Hcp

knwlmk\w D−mbncp¶nÃ F¦nepw ae¦ck` Hcp kzX{´ k`bmbn Xs¶

64

BZnImew apXÂs¡ {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶p F¶p ImWmhp¶XmWv. k`bpsS ssZ\wZn\ `cWImcy§fnÂ Hcp hntZi k`bpw ssIIS¯nbncp¶nÃ. Bßob Imcy§fnÂ k`sb klmbn¨ncp¶hÀ Ing¡nsâ k`tbm AXnÂ \n¶pw ]ncnªpt]mb hn`mK§tfm Bbncp¶ncn¡mw. At¸mÄ Bdmw \qÁm−phsc AtýmJymbpsS tae[n Imcw k½Xn¨ncp¶ AÊndnb³/

Ing¡nsâ/ k`bpw Bdmw \qÁm−p apXÂ 16-mw \qÁm−p hsc ChÀ¡p ]pdta ChcnÂ \n¶pw bmt¡m_v _pÀZm\ hgn ]ncnª pt]mb

“bmt¡m_mb” /ImtXmen¡ a{]nbm\ k`bpw 1552\p tijw ChÀ¡p c−n\pw ]pdta tdmanse t]m¸nt\mSv hnt[bXzw {]Jym]n¨v Ing¡nsâ k`bnÂ \n¶pw ]ncnª IÂZmb k`bpambncp¶ncn¡mw. t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ h¶t¸mÄ \nÀ_Ôambn FÃmhscbpw It¯men¡mcm¡p¶Xphsc Cu ØnXnbmbncp¶ncn¡Ww XpSÀ¶p t]m¶Xv. AXphsc `cWImcy §fnÂ hntZi kÌÄ CSs]«ncp¶nÃ.

17. t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ ae¦csb IogS¡n kÀÆm[nImcw Øm]n¨p. AhcnÂ \n¶pw c£s]«hÀ AtýmJy³ ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ Bßobm[nImc¯n\v A`yÀ°n¨t¸mÄ AXp \ÂIp¶Xn\p ]pdta euIoI `cWm[nImc§ÄIqSn t\SnsbSp¯p. {_n«ojpImÀ h¶t¸mÄ B k`sb apgph\mbpw s{]m«Ì âm¡phm³ {ian¨p. AXnsâ êambn amÀt¯ma k` ]ncnªpt]mbn. amÀt¯mak`bnÂ \n¶pw ]ns¶bpw At\Iw ]ncnhpIÄ D−mbn F®anÃm¯ kÌfp−mbn. FÃmw Ignªp _m¡nbpÅhÀ ]m{XnbÀ¡m hn`mKsa¶pw ImtXmen¡m hn`mKsa¶pw ]dªp X§Ä¡nSbnÂ Ieln¨pw, tIkp ]dªpw, ]Ån ]nSn¨pw Pohn¡p¶p. ChscÃmw amÀt¯m amÇol

Øm]n¨ k`bpsSbpw “knwlmk\¯nsâbpw” AhIminIfmWv.

18. \t{k¯pImc\mb tbiphnsâ A\pbmbnIÄ F¶ AÀ°¯nÂ \{kmWnIÄ F¶p hnfn¡s¸«ncp¶ Hcp Iq«amWv ae¦cbnse kpdnbm\n {IokvXym\nIÄ. thsd Bscsb¦nepw A§s\ C¶p hnfn¡p¶pt−m F¶p tXm¶p¶nÃ. AtýmJym k`bntem tdmam emÁn³ kÌfntem {Ko¡p

kÌfntem “\{kmWnIÄ” F¶p hnfn¡s¸Sp¶hcpt−m F¶p kwib amWv. AXpt]mse Xs¶ ]ÅnIÄ¡pw Ømhc PwKakz¯p¡Ä¡pw th−n sXcphpIfnepw tImSXnIfnepw hg¡Sn¡p¶, BßlXym òjWn apg¡p¶ HcpIq«w {InkvXym\nIfpw Hcp]s£ C¶v ae¦cbnÂ am{Xta C¡me¯p ImWm³ IgnbpIbpÅp.

19. “\t{k¯nÂ \n¶pw hÃ \abpw hcptam” F¶v ss__nfnÂ tNmZn¡p¶ tNmZyw c−mbncw hÀj§Ä¡p tijw ae¦cbnÂ apg§p¶Xp \ap¡v

tIÄ¡m\mIpsa¦nÂ “\{kmWn”Ifmb ae¦cbnse {InkvXym\nIÄ \n¶pw \· ]pds¸Sphn¡m³ Ignbpw. AÀ°anÃm¯ Cu hg¡pIÄ Ahkm\n ¸n¨p ktlmZc kvt\l¯nÂ Ignbphm\pw kaql¯n\p amXrI ImWn¡p¶ Hcp Iq«ambn amdphm\pw Ignbpw.

20. AsX§s\sb¶mÂ ap³hn[nbnÃmsX kzmÀ°XbnÃmsX kzX{ámbn kzmÀ°aXnIÄ hfs¨mSn¨ Ncn{X¯nsâ ImSpIÄ sh«ns¯fn¨v ImÂhcn hsc F¯Ww. \{kmb\mb tbip FhnsS Xmakn¡p¶p F¶p

tNmZn¨ht\mSv “h¶p ImWpI” F¶p ]dªp tbip hnfn¡p¶nSt¯¡v, Ipcnin³ NphSphscsb¯Ww. kXy¯n\v km£n \n¶ B kvt\l ¯nsâbpw XymK¯nsâbpw \ngenÂ \nÂ¡pt¼mÄ kXyw \½fnÂ \ndbp Ibpw \½Ä kzX{ćmhpIbpw sN¿pw. Ah\hsâ kzmÀ°Xtb¡mÄ A]csâ thZ\ a\Ênem¡pt¼mÄ shdp¸pw hntZzjhpw amªpt]mIpw. c−mbn ]ncnbp¶ Hcp hgn¡hebnÂ \n¶ IhnbpsS Øm\¯mWv \½Ä. Hcp hgn hnimehpw \nçmbXpw amÀ_nÄ ]Xn¸n¨Xpw `qanbnse

65

knwlmk\§fnte¡v \bn¡p¶XpamWv. asÁhgn ZpÀLShpw ]ShpIÄ

Ibdn Ip¶n³ apIfnÂ \m«nbncn¡p¶ Ipcninte¡papÅXmWv. “The road

not taken”GXmsW¶p \½Ä Xocpam\n¡Ww. hnjaw ]nSn¨, XymK§Ä klnt¡− hgn XncsªSp¯mÂ hn«phogvNIfpw XymK§fpw kln¨mÂ AhnsS Hcp DbÀs¯gpt¶Â¸v \½sf Im¯ncn¡p¶p−v. IÀ¯mhnsâ

Ipcninsâ hgn XncsªSp¯mÂ “\nsâ D]tZjvSmhv adªncn¡pIbnÃ, \nsâ I®p \nsâ D]tZjvSmhns\ I−psIm−ncn¡pw. \n§Ä het¯mt«m CSt¯mt«m Xncnbpt¼mÄ hgn CXmIp¶p. CXnÂ \S¶p sImÅphn³ F¶v

Hcp hm¡v ]ndInÂ \n¶pw tIÄ¡pw.” \½sfÃmhscbpw ssZhw A\p{Kln¡s«

{]mÀ°\tbmsS

[email protected] \n§fpsS klhnizmkn

66

(ae¦c k`bnse _mhm-sa{Xm³ I£nIÄ X½nepÅ hg¡ns\¸Án Hcp hnizmknbpsS thZ\Ifpw

kzX{´amb AhtemI\hpw)

Nalla chinthakal -full - draft

Documents

Transcript of Nalla chinthakal -full - draft