Myanmar Military Commercial Complex ျမန္မာ့...

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3/27/2017 Myanmar: the militarycommercial complex https://www.ft.com/content/c6fe7dced26a11e6b06b680c49b4b4c0 1/16 By continuing to use this site you consent to the use of cookies on your device as described in our cookie policy unless you have disabled them. You can change your cookie settings at any time but parts of our site will not function correctly without them. Myanmar Myanmar: the military-commercial complex The emerging market tempts multinationals but groups with links to the army loom large The Big Read Corporate might: the jade and ruby industries are an important source of revenue while investment in leisure pursuits such as golf and beverages, including by Japan’s Kirin, is gathering pace FEBRUARY 2, 2017 by: Michael Peel The surprise US decision to lift economic sanctions (http://next.ft.com/content/39ca35a2 7acb11e6ae24f193b105145e) on Myanmar in October was hailed as a landmark step in the march from decades of nearisolation — and as a boon for American companies seeking to tap a big market (http://next.ft.com/content/f7bda5bce15011e684059e5580d6e5fb) where many had feared to tread. But critics say the move also had a darker side: it freed up the sprawling commercial interests of a military that ruled for almost 50 years. These companies include Myanmar Economic Corporation (http://www.mecwebsite.com/), a secretive conglomerate owned by the defence ministry

Transcript of Myanmar Military Commercial Complex ျမန္မာ့...

Page 1: Myanmar Military Commercial Complex ျမန္မာ့ စစ္ဘက္စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားကို အနီးကပ္ၾကည့္ရွုျခင္း

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Myanmar

Myanmar: the military-commercial complex

The emerging market tempts multinationals but groups with links to the army loom large

The Big Read

Corporate might: the jade and ruby industries are an important source of revenue while investment in leisure pursuitssuch as golf and beverages, including by Japan’s Kirin, is gathering pace

FEBRUARY 2, 2017 by: Michael Peel

The surprise US decision to lift economic sanctions (http://next.ft.com/content/39ca35a2­

7acb­11e6­ae24­f193b105145e) on Myanmar in October was hailed as a landmark step in

the march from decades of near­isolation — and as a boon for American companies seeking

to tap a big market (http://next.ft.com/content/f7bda5bc­e150­11e6­8405­9e5580d6e5fb)

where many had feared to tread. But critics say the move also had a darker side: it freed up

the sprawling commercial interests of a military that ruled for almost 50 years.

These companies include Myanmar Economic Corporation

(http://www.mecwebsite.com/), a secretive conglomerate owned by the defence ministry

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that operates in strategic sectors ranging from ports to telecommunications. Another is

Myanmar Economic Holdings Limited, which enriches military officers and veterans with

proceeds from lucrative businesses including cigarettes and petroleum imports.

The enterprises project themselves as potential partners for foreign multinationals tempted

by the economic prospects under Aung San Suu Kyi’s civilian­led administration (http://ne

xt.ft.com/content/bca71e4e­6442­11e6­8310­ecf0bddad227). But while they have made a

public effort at reinvention, for many analysts they have not shaken off associations with an

era of authoritarianism during which thousands were killed.

Foreign companies in sectors from beer to steel have decided that taking on partners linked

to a military accused for years of corruption, land­grabbing and human rights abuses is

better than not doing business at all. That commercial dilemma reflects the bigger question

of how much has changed in the nation’s power structure since the current government

took office almost a year ago.

Coca-Cola's disclosed in 2015 that its main business partner in Myanmar had links to the jade trade. Neither company hasbeen accused of wrongdoing

“It’s hard to think about the future of military­owned companies without thinking about the

army’s future place in Myanmar (https://www.ft.com/topics/places/Myanmar),” says

Thant Myint­U, a Yangon historian and analyst. “Like it or not the army has been at the

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very core of the state — and these companies have been an adjunct to its state­building for

decades.”

These businesses want to follow similar reinventions that have allowed military­connected

companies in countries from Pakistan to Indonesia to profit after the return of civilian

government. MEC’s website pledges the company’s support for economic development,

higher living standards and the eradication of poverty in Myanmar, where growth rates are

among the highest in Asia.

Hla Myo, a former army major who is a general manager at MEHL, enthuses that he and his

colleagues are “very passionate” about working with US and European companies. MEHL

officials are already “seeking opportunities in the west”, to add to joint ventures with Asian

partners.

Doors to the wider world that were shut during the sanctions era are now ajar. Anthony

Nelson, a director at the US­Asean Business Council in Washington says there are

“potential positives” in exposing the military conglomerates to international norms.

“US multinationals in particular will bring higher standards for rule of law, accounting,

labour and respect for the environment than they are used to,” he says. “Multinationals will

need to look at opportunities and weigh the reputational risk that comes with engaging with

military­linked companies on a case­by­case basis.”

‘Closed to public scrutiny’

The attractions for big business are obvious in resource­rich Myanmar. The arrival of

international companies, many in consumer industries, has brought in approved foreign

investment of more than $30bn since 2011, the year the military formally stepped down,

according to official figures.

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Myanmar's garment making industry is expanding fast as the country pins its hopes on industrialisation

Equally apparent are the reputational risks posed by doing deals with those who prospered

during the junta and the military­backed government that followed. Coca­Cola disclosed in

2015 that its main business partner in the country had links to the jade trade (http://next.f

t.com/content/cf46e086­6909­11e6­a0b1­d87a9fea034f). The industry was then under US

sanctions and has been plagued by allegations of corruption and rights abuses. Microsoft (h

ttp://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/summary?s=us:MSFT) struck a software and

services deal in the same year with the Shwe Taung (http://www.shwetaunggroup.com/)

conglomerate, whose founder has denied (http://next.ft.com/content/768f2de4­929b­11e5­

9e3e­eb48769cecab) US Treasury suspicions, outlined in a leaked 2007 diplomatic cable,

that he was involved in the drugs business. Neither the multinationals nor their partners

have been accused of any wrongdoing.

Enterprises with close military ties present an even greater possible hazard. They are

suspected of being the main beneficiaries of a wave of crony privatisations of state assets

just before the junta stepped down, according to a 2015 report by Transparency

International. Yeshua Moser­Puangsuwan, the report’s author, says the military’s modus

operandi has always been to “insert themselves in various parts of the economy and use this

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to enrich their shareholders. Despite the political changes in Myanmar, the military

remains solidly in control — and its books are still closed to public scrutiny”.

A worker in the jade industry. The jade trade is worth $31bn a year to Myanmar

The military­linked companies highlight the power the armed forces retain in this regional

trading hub wedged between China and India. Aung San Suu Kyi’s National League for

Democracy might have won the November 2015 election with a landslide, but the military

holds a quarter of parliamentary seats — giving it an effective veto on constitutional change.

It also holds important ministerial posts and a majority on a special security committee

with powers to overrule parliament.

MEC and, in particular, MEHL are woven into the country’s political architecture. A 2009

US diplomatic cable published by WikiLeaks said “[MEHL’s] influence and holdings are key

components of the elaborate system of patronage the regime uses to maintain power”. The

cable also quoted a local businessman who alleged MEHL officials took bribes from foreign

companies seeking contracts, licences and permits. MEHL did not respond to a request for

comment.

The two conglomerates’ size and importance to the state is confirmed by the official list of

the largest domestic taxpayers. MEHL and its subsidiaries Myawaddy Bank and Myawaddy

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Trading accounted for three of the top five income taxpayers in 2015­16. Myawaddy

Trading and MEC’s Dagon Beverages subsidiary are both in the top five sales taxpayers.

Aung San Suu Kyi, de facto leader of Myanmar, meets Barack Obama, then US president, in 2016

Other than these details, MEHL and MEC remain opaque. They publish little about their

ownership, management or finances. MEC’s impulse for privacy is ironic because one of its

specialities is communications. It is part of a consortium, including Viettel (http://internati

onal.viettel.vn/), itself owned by Vietnam’s defence ministry, that was announced in

January as the winner of Myanmar’s fourth telecoms licence.

MEC’s website lists more than 30 other subsidiaries and affiliates. Some are longstanding

manufacturing ventures, such as a ship­breaking yard and a disposable syringe factory.

Others target new markets such as mobile payments. Still more are pitched at an emerging

wealthy elite in the country: a promotional video shows a young couple hitting golf balls at

MEC’s Okkala Golf Resort in Yangon before refreshing themselves with MEC­made canned

drinks.

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That is a sharp contrast to the face the company presented at its vast grey Yangon

headquarters when the Financial Times visited. “You guys should not be here,” scolded a

staff member, as he gestured frantically to the exit. “Just go back before our seniors see you.

Leave quickly. Go, go!”

MEC did not respond to written questions the FT submitted later at its office. The main

phone or email contacts on the company’s website either did not work or were not

answered.

Building up the wealth

MEHL, MEC’s more prominent cousin, is officially a source of welfare to serving and

former armed forces personnel and their families, according to company documents seen

by the FT. Some of its joint ventures have a strategic edge: it is in business with China’s

state­owned Wanbao in the country’s largest copper mine complex, which has long been

dogged by land disputes and allegations of violence by the security forces. The companies

have denied wrongdoing.

Other MEHL subsidiaries and affiliates have partnerships with Kirin (http://markets.ft.co

m/data/equities/tearsheet/summary?s=jp:2503), the Japanese brewer, and Posco (http://

markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/summary?s=kr:A005490), the South Korean

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steelmaker. Korea’s Inno Group has joined MEHL to develop a $120m Yangon scheme that

will include apartment buildings and a convention centre.

Supporters in Yangon carry the coffin of Ko Ni, who was murdered on Sunday © Reuters

None of the foreign companies directly addressed the question of what assurances, if any,

they had been given over their partner’s military ties. Kirin says it has “no concerns at the

moment” about MEHL, which it described as a “pension fund for military veterans”. Posco,

which declined to give ownership details of its joint venture, says it was “not involved in any

abuses or illegal actions” in Myanmar. Inno Group did not respond to a request for

comment.

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MEHL insists it has changed to become more like a normal company. The defence ministry

no longer has a stake, according to Hla Myo. More than 320,000 individual shareholders —

ranging from veterans to serving officers and military institutions — now own the group, he

says. It made a pre­tax profit of 102bn kyat (about $75m) in 2015­16, of which just under a

third was paid back to the shareholders, he adds. Hla Myo says MEHL is seeking partners

to revive moribund industries and is in talks with an unnamed western partner about

reviving its paint business.

Critics say MEHL’s wealth may be much greater than publicly acknowledged. It has a

prominent position in a jade trade estimated by Global Witness (https://www.globalwitnes

s.org/en/campaigns/oil­gas­and­mining/myanmarjade/), the UK­based campaign group,

to have been worth as much as $31bn to Myanmar in 2014 as it supplied the world’s largest

market in China. At the 2014 Myanmar gems emporium, the official government auction,

MEHL’s Myanmar Imperial Jade subsidiary recorded the second­highest sales figures of

any company, with private and joint venture lots totalling almost $150m, Global Witness

claims.

Mike Davis, a Global Witness campaigner, said : “Army companies are the tip of very large

iceberg: hidden networks of firms run by families of former generals that dominate

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Myanmar’s most lucrative businesses, notably jade.”

This is why some observers are far from convinced by the companies’ story of civilian­era

reform. MEHL’s top 10 directors all hold military ranks, according to company documents

seen by the FT. The board is overseen by a “supreme group” of seven of the country’s top

officers, headed by the armed forces’ commander­in­chief.

A foreign government official who has met MEHL representatives describes the encounter

as “out of a wholly different world”, conducted by “a bunch of retired military old guys. I

didn’t see any serious attempt at reinvention”.

Vicky Bowman, a former British ambassador to Myanmar who heads the Myanmar Centre

for Responsible Business, says the companies need to “change their game” on corporate

governance, transparency and compliance with laws such as pollution controls.

“Previously they were seen as untouchable,” she says. “We don’t know how far Aung San

Suu Kyi’s government will push them to comply.”

Southeast Asia

Investors in Myanmar wait to reap the fruits of democracy (http://next.ft.com/content/e8fb107e-cdbd-11e6-864f-20dcb35cede2)

New government’s reforms hold promise but investors are on hold pending clarification

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There is little sign that Myanmar’s overstretched administration has the appetite — or

political clout — to take greater control. The information minister’s office did not respond

to a request for comment.

Sean Turnell, an Australian academic and unpaid economic adviser to the Myanmar

government, says officials want to eliminate the privileged access enjoyed by the “crony”

conglomerates, including the military­linked companies. But he stresses that there will be

no “vendettas”, reflecting caution on Aung San Suu Kyi’s side.

Eric Rose, a US corporate lawyer specialising in Myanmar, expects the Trump

administration’s “less ideological approach to business” to enable more US investment —

including possible deals with companies that were linked to the notorious junta, if they

prove serious about change.

“The opportunities for growth are enormous,” Mr Rose says. “And US companies are best

placed to help the old military businesses reform.”

Rohingya crisis: Violence is a reminder of military’s autonomy

The crisis in Myanmar’s western state of Rakhine is a reminder of the military’s

enduring power in the country despite the transition to Aung San Suu Kyi’s

civilian­led government.

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The armed forces have shrugged off an international outcry over allegations that

troops have committed murder, rape and arson in Muslim Rohingya communities

in the region. The Rakhine campaign (http://next.ft.com/content/4c4051c0­d7e7­1

1e6­944b­e7eb37a6aa8e) has fed fears about the fragility of a transition in

Myanmar that was hailed around the world as Aung San Suu Kyi’s National League

for Democracy won a landslide election victory in November 2015. The killing on

Sunday of Ko Ni (http://next.ft.com/content/27f209da­e6bf­11e6­893c­082c54a7f

539), a prominent NLD legal adviser and Muslim rights campaigner, triggered

worries about the potential for rising political violence.

Page 13: Myanmar Military Commercial Complex ျမန္မာ့ စစ္ဘက္စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားကို အနီးကပ္ၾကည့္ရွုျခင္း

3/27/2017 Myanmar: the military­commercial complex

https://www.ft.com/content/c6fe7dce­d26a­11e6­b06b­680c49b4b4c0 13/16

The military launched (http://next.ft.com/content/ba7ea5f0­c843­11e6­8f29­9445

cac8966f) its campaign in Rakhine after the October killings of nine border police

by what authorities claimed were Rohingya militias. Since then, at least 65,000

people have fled to neighbouring Bangladesh and allegations of atrocities

committed by soldiers have emerged.

Parts of Rakhine remain under a security lockdown, blocking efforts to

independently investigate the claims. It is the latest outbreak of deadly violence to

embroil the Rohingya, who are branded immigrants by Buddhist nationalists and

have been excluded from citizenship and other civil rights.

Aung San Suu Kyi, who is constitutionally barred from the presidency but is the

country’s de facto leader, has called for more time to deal with the Rakhine crisis.

Some government officials have dismissed the allegations as fabrications.

Aung San Suu Kyi’s stance has drawn criticism from rights campaigners and a

group of her fellow Nobel Peace Prize winners. Supporters say her cautious

response is in part a reflection of the military’s autonomy from civilian control.

Page 14: Myanmar Military Commercial Complex ျမန္မာ့ စစ္ဘက္စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားကို အနီးကပ္ၾကည့္ရွုျခင္း

3/27/2017 Myanmar: the military­commercial complex

https://www.ft.com/content/c6fe7dce­d26a­11e6­b06b­680c49b4b4c0 14/16

Print a single copy of this article for personal use. Contact us if you wish to print more to

distribute to others. © The Financial Times Ltd.

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3/27/2017 ြမနမ်ာ့ စစဘ်က်စးီပာွးေရးလĀပ်ငနး်များကိĀ အနးီကပ်Āကည့藀်�钀�ြခငး်

https://burma.irrawaddy.com/article/2017/03/26/132515.html 1/9

26 March 2017Michael Peel

�ဆꌁင靀�埏�ပ鞲�埏�

ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀ စစ靀�ဘက靀�စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က址�Ā အန址�埏�ကပ靀�ꈀကညĀ靀�㈂Āꈀခင靀�埏�

လ址�န靀�ခ흀�Ā�သꌁ│址�စ靀� �အꌁက靀�တ址�Āဘꌁလက ꈀမန靀�မꌁ│址�Āင靀�င靀�အ�ပ鞝� စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ပ址�တ靀�ဆ址�Āខ�မĀမ垣�ꌁ埏� ㈂Āပ靀�သ址�မ靀�埏�ရန靀� အ�မရ址�ကန靀�│址�Āင靀�င靀�၏㈂Āတ靀�တရက靀� ဆĀ靀�埏�ꈀဖတ靀�ခ垣�က靀�သည靀� ဆယ靀�စĀ│址�စ靀�မ垣�ꌁ埏�စ址�ꌁ အထ址�埏�က垣�န靀�န址�埏�ပ鞲�埏� �နထ址�Āင靀�ခ흀�Āရꌁမ址� စတင靀�လꌁ�သꌁ မဟꌁ�ꈀခလ址�မ靀�埏�တခĀ အꈀဖစ靀� အꈀခꌁ埏�သ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏� �ꈀခမခ垣�ရ흀��သꌁ �ဈ埏�က址�က靀�ꈀက址�埏�တခĀက址�Ā ရယ址�ရန靀� အခ垣�址�န靀��ကꌁင靀�埏� အꈀဖစ靀� အ�မရ址�ကန靀�ကĀမĀဏ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က ꈀက址�쌀ဆ址�Āခ흀�Āꈀကသည靀�။

�ဒ鞝��အꌁင靀�ဆန靀�埏�စĀꈀကည靀� ဦ埏��ဆꌁင靀��သꌁ အရပ靀�သꌁ埏�အစ址�Ā埏�ရ�အꌁက靀� စစ靀�ဘက靀�စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က ꈀပည靀�ပ│址�Āင靀�င靀�စĀ靀� လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�ꈀက址�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�│址�ငĀ靀�စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� လĀပ靀��ဖꌁ靀�က址�Āင靀�ဖက靀� ꈀဖစ靀�လꌁရန靀� ရည靀�မ址�န靀�埏�လꌁꈀကသည靀�။ / သ㈂Āပ靀��ဖꌁ靀� - Financial Time

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3/27/2017 ြမနမ်ာ့ စစဘ်က်စးီပာွးေရးလĀပ်ငနး်များကိĀ အနးီကပ်Āကည့藀်�钀�ြခငး်

https://burma.irrawaddy.com/article/2017/03/26/132515.html 2/9

သ址�Āខ��သꌁ靀� �ဝဖန靀�ဆန靀�埏�စစ靀�သ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က ထ址�Ā စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ပ址�တ靀�ဆ址�Āខ�မĀ၏ အ�မ址�ꌁင靀�ဘက靀�ꈀခမ靀�埏� ꈀဖစ靀��သꌁ │址�စ靀��ပ鞲�င靀�埏� ၅၀ │址�Āင靀�င靀�က址�ĀအĀပ靀�ခ垣�쌀ပ靀�ခ흀�ĀသညĀ靀� စစ靀�တပ靀�၏ က垣�ယ靀�ꈀပနខ�靀�လ址��သꌁ စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�│址�ငĀ靀� ၎င靀�埏�တ址�Āខ�၏ အက垣�址�쌀埏�စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏�က址�Āပ鞲�လ址�တ靀�လပ靀�ခ址�ငĀ靀� �ပ埏�ရꌁ�ရꌁက靀��ꈀကꌁင靀�埏� �ထꌁက靀�ꈀပခ흀�Āꈀကသည靀�။

စစ靀�ဘက靀� စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ကĀမĀဏ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�တ址�င靀� ဆ址�ပ靀�ကမ靀�埏�မ址�သည靀� ဆက靀�သ址�ယ靀��ရ埏�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�အထ址� က垣�ယ靀�ꈀပနខ�靀� အ�ရ埏�ပ鞲��သꌁလĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က址�Ā လĀပ靀�က址�Āင靀��နသညĀ靀� ကꌁက址�ယ靀��ရ埏�ဝန靀�ꈀက址�埏�ဌꌁနပ址�Āင靀� ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� �ကꌁ靀�ပ址�Ā�ရ埏�ရ址�င靀�埏� MEC လည靀�埏�ပ鞲�ဝင靀�သည靀�။ အꈀခꌁ埏��သꌁ လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�တခĀမ址�ꌁ စ址�埏�ကရက靀�မ址� �ရန靀�တင靀�သ址�င靀�埏�ခ址�ငĀ靀�အထ址� ပ鞲��သꌁ အက垣�址�쌀埏�အꈀမတ靀�မ垣�ꌁ埏�လ址�သညĀ靀�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�မ址� အꈀမတ靀��င址�ꈀဖငĀ靀� စစ靀�အရꌁရ址�址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�│址�ငĀ靀� စစ靀�မĀထမ靀�埏��ဟꌁင靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က址�Ā ခ垣�မ靀�埏�သꌁ�စ�သꌁ ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဦ埏�ပ址�Āင靀�လ址�မ址�တက靀� MEHL ꈀဖစ靀�သည靀�။

�ဒ鞝��အꌁင靀�ဆန靀�埏�စĀꈀကည靀� ဦ埏��ဆꌁင靀��သꌁ အရပ靀�သꌁ埏�အစ址�Ā埏�ရ�အꌁက靀� စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� အလꌁ埏�အလꌁမ垣�ꌁ埏�၏ ဆ址�흀��ဆꌁင靀�ခ靀�ရ�သꌁ ꈀပည靀�ပ│址�Āင靀�င靀�စĀ靀� လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�ꈀက址�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏� အတ址�က靀� စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� လĀပ靀��ဖꌁ靀�က址�Āင靀�ဖက靀�သဖ址�ယ靀� ထ址�ĀလĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က ၎င靀�埏�တ址�Āខ�က址�Āယ靀�၎င靀�埏�တ址�Āខ� ရည靀�မ址�န靀�埏�လꌁꈀကသည靀�။ ထ址�ĀလĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�တ址�Āខ�သည靀� အသစ靀�တဖန靀� ꈀပန靀�လည靀� တည靀�ထ址�င靀�ရန靀� လ址�သ址�ရ址�င靀�ꈀကꌁ埏� အꌁ埏�ထĀတ靀�ꈀက �သꌁ靀�လည靀�埏� ထ址�ĀလĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�သည靀� အꌁဏꌁရ址�င靀�စနစ靀�│址�ငĀ靀� ဆက靀�စပ靀�မĀက址�Ā မပယ靀�ဖ垣�က靀�│址�Āင靀��သ埏�ဟĀ သĀ�တသ址� အမ垣�ꌁ埏�အꈀပꌁ埏�က ꈀမင靀�ꈀကသည靀�။

လ址�ខ�အခ址�ငĀ靀�အ�ရ埏�ခ垣�址�쌀埏��ဖꌁက靀�မĀ၊ �ꈀမယꌁအဓမĀ သ址�မ靀�埏�ယ址�မĀ၊ အဂတ址�လ址�Āက靀�စꌁ埏�မĀတ址�Āខ�│址�ငĀ靀� │址�စ靀��ပ鞲�င靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�စ址�ꌁ အမည靀�ပ垣�က靀�စꌁရင靀�埏�အသ址�င靀�埏�ခ靀�ရသ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�│址�ငĀ靀� စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏�ဖက靀�လĀပ靀�ꈀခင靀�埏�သည靀� မည靀�သညĀ靀� စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏�မ踀 မလĀပ靀�ဘ흀��နꈀခင靀�埏�ထက靀� ပ址�Ā�ကꌁင靀�埏�သည靀�ဟĀဘ址�ယꌁလĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ址� စ၍ သ靀�မဏ址�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�အဆĀ靀�埏� ပ鞲�ဝင靀��သꌁ ꈀပည靀�ပကĀမĀဏ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က ဆĀ靀�埏�ꈀဖတ靀�ခ흀�Āꈀကသည靀�။ ထ址�Āစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏��လꌁကမ址� အက垣�ပ靀�အတည靀�埏�သည靀� လ址�န靀�ခ흀�Ā�သꌁ တ│址�စ靀�က လက靀�ရ址�址�အစ址�Ā埏�ရ အꌁဏꌁရခ垣�址�န靀�မ址�စ၍ │址�Āင靀�င靀�၏အꌁဏꌁတည靀��ဆꌁက靀�ပĀ靀� မည靀�မ踀�ꈀပꌁင靀�埏�လ흀�သ址�ꌁ埏�သနည靀�埏� ဟ址�သညĀ靀� ပ址�Āမ址�Āအ�ရ埏�ပ鞲��သꌁ �မ埏�ခ址�န靀�埏�က址�Ā ထင靀�ဟပ靀��နသည靀�။

“ꈀမန靀�မꌁ│址�Āင靀�င靀�ရ흀�搀 အနꌁဂတ靀�မ址�ꌁ စစ靀�တပ靀�ရ흀�搀 အခန靀�埏�ကሄက址�Ā မစ│靀�埏�စꌁ埏�ဘ흀� စစ靀�တပ靀�ပ址�Āင靀�ကĀမĀဏ址��တ址�ရ흀�搀 အနꌁဂတ靀�က址�Ā စ│靀�埏�စꌁ埏�ဖ址�Āខ� ခက靀�တယ靀�။ သ�ဘꌁက垣�သည靀�ꈀဖစ靀��စ၊ သ�ဘꌁမက垣�သည靀� ꈀဖစ靀��စ စစ靀�တပ靀�က�တꌁĀ │址�Āင靀�င靀��တꌁ靀�ရ흀�搀 တကယĀ靀�ဗဟ址�Āခ垣�က靀�မ址�ꌁရ址�址��နတယ靀�။ ဒ址�ကĀမĀဏ址��တ址�ဟꌁ │址�Āင靀�င靀��တꌁ靀�တည靀��ဆꌁက靀��ရ埏�ရ흀�搀 ဖ址�ꌁ埏�ဘက靀��တꌁ靀� ꈀဖစ靀��နတꌁ ဆယ靀�စĀ│址�စ靀�န흀�ខ� ခ垣�址��နပ鞲�ꈀပ址�” ဟĀရန靀�ကĀန靀� သမ址�Āင靀�埏�ပညꌁရ址�င靀�│址�ငĀ靀� သĀ�တသ址� ဦ埏�သနខ�靀�ꈀမငĀ靀�ဦ埏�က �ꈀပꌁသည靀�။

ထ址�Āစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�သည靀� ပ鞲�ကစĀတန靀�│址�ငĀ靀� အင靀�ဒ址�Āန址�埏�ရ址�ꌁ埏�မ址� စစ靀�တပ靀�│址�ငĀ靀� အဆက靀�အသ址�ယ靀�ရ址�址��သꌁ ကĀမĀဏ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က흀�Āသ址�Āខ�ပင靀� အရပ靀�သꌁ埏�အစ址�Ā埏�ရ ꈀပန靀�လည靀�ထ址��ထꌁင靀�ꈀပ址�埏��သꌁ အခ鞲�တ址�င靀� အꈀမတ靀�ရရ址�址��စရန靀� လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�အသစ靀� သဖ址�ယ靀�ꈀပန靀�လည靀�ဖန靀�တ址�埏�ယ址� လ址�Āꈀကသည靀�။ စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဖ址�靀�搀ꈀဖ址�쌀埏�တ址�Ā埏�တက靀�မĀ၊ လ址��နမĀအဆငĀ靀�အတန靀�埏� ပ址�Āမ址�ĀꈀမငĀ靀�မꌁ埏��ရ埏�၊ ဆင靀�埏�ရ흀�│址�မ靀�埏�ပ鞲�埏�မĀ တ址�Āက靀�ဖ垣�က靀��ရ埏�တ址�Āខ�က址�Ā �ထꌁက靀�ခ靀�မည靀�ဟĀ ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� �ကꌁ靀�ပ址�Ā�ရ埏�ရ址�င靀�埏�၏ အင靀�တꌁနက靀� စꌁမ垣�က靀�│址�ꌁတ址�င靀� �ဖꌁ靀�ꈀပထꌁ埏�သည靀�။ ꈀမန靀�မꌁ│址�Āင靀�င靀�၏ ဖ址�靀�搀ꈀဖ址�쌀埏�မĀ│Āန靀�埏�မ址�ꌁ အꌁရ址�တ址�င靀� အꈀမငĀ靀�မꌁ埏�ဆĀ靀�埏� ꈀဖစ靀��နသည靀�။

သ址�│址�ငĀ靀� သ址�၏ လĀပ靀��ဖꌁ靀�က址�Āင靀�ဖက靀�မ垣�ꌁ埏�သည靀� အ�မရ址�ကန靀� အပ鞲�အဝင靀� ဥ�ရꌁပကĀမĀဏ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�│址�ငĀ靀� ပ址�埏��ပ鞲�င靀�埏�လĀပ靀�က址�Āင靀�ရန靀�လ址�န靀�စ址�ꌁ လ址�Āလꌁ埏�ꈀကသည靀� ဟĀ ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဦ埏�ပ址�Āင靀�လ址�မ址�တက靀�၏ အ�ထ址��ထ址�မန靀��နဂ垣�ꌁ ဗ址�Āလ靀�မ址�币埏��ဟꌁင靀�埏�ဦ埏�လ址�မ垣�址�쌀埏�ကအꌁ埏�တက靀�သ�ရꌁ �ꈀပꌁသည靀�။ ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဦ埏�ပ址�Āင靀�လ址�မ址�တက靀� အရꌁရ址�址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�သည靀� ဖက靀�စပ靀�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က址�Ā အင靀�အꌁ埏�ꈀဖညĀ靀�ရန靀� အ�နꌁက靀�ကမ휀�ꌁတ址�င靀� စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏�အခ址�ငĀ靀�အလမ靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏� ရ址�ꌁ�ဖ址��နꈀပ址� ꈀဖစ靀�သည靀�။

Page 19: Myanmar Military Commercial Complex ျမန္မာ့ စစ္ဘက္စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားကို အနီးကပ္ၾကည့္ရွုျခင္း

3/27/2017 ြမနမ်ာ့ စစဘ်က်စးီပာွးေရးလĀပ်ငနး်များကိĀ အနးီကပ်Āကည့藀်�钀�ြခငး်

https://burma.irrawaddy.com/article/2017/03/26/132515.html 3/9

အ�ရ埏�ယ址�ပ址�တ靀�ဆ址�Āខ�မĀ �ခတ靀�က ပ址�တ靀�ထꌁ埏�ခ흀�Ā�သꌁ တ靀�ခ鞲�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�မ址�ꌁ ပ址�Āမ址�Āက垣�ယ靀�ꈀပနខ�靀�သညĀ靀� ꈀပင靀�ပကမ휀�ꌁသ址�Āខ� အနည靀�埏�ငယ靀�ပ址�ငĀ靀�လꌁꈀပ址�ꈀဖစ靀�သည靀�။ စစ靀�ဘက靀� လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�စĀꈀက址�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က址�Ā │址�Āင靀�င靀�တကꌁစ靀�│Āန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�│址�ငĀ靀� ထ址��တ址�搀�စရꌁတ址�င靀� �ကꌁင靀�埏�မ址�န靀��သꌁအလꌁ埏�အလꌁ မ垣�ꌁ埏� ရ址�址�│址�Āင靀�သည靀�ဟĀ ဝ鞲�ရ址�င靀�တန靀�မ址� အ�မရ址�ကန靀� အꌁဆ址�ယ靀� စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏��ကꌁင靀�စ址� ဒ鞲�㈂址�Āက靀�တꌁ အန靀��ထꌁ靀�န址�နယ靀�လ靀�ဆင靀� (Anthony Nelson) က �ꈀပꌁသည靀�။

“အထ址�埏�သꈀဖငĀ靀� အ�မရ址�ကန靀�│址�Āင靀�င靀�စĀ靀� လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�ꈀက址�埏��တ址�ဟꌁ တရꌁ埏�ဥပ�ဒစ址�Ā埏�မ址�Ā埏��ရ埏�၊ စꌁရင靀�埏�အင靀�埏�၊ လĀပ靀�အꌁ埏�၊ သဘꌁ၀ဝန靀�埏�က垣�င靀� အ�ပ鞝� အ�လ埏�ထꌁ埏�မĀ�တ址�န흀�ខ� ပတ靀�သက靀�ရင靀� ပ址�Āမ址�ĀꈀမငĀ靀�မꌁ埏�တ흀�Ā စ靀�│Āန靀�埏��တ址� �ဆꌁင靀�ယ址�လꌁ�ပ埏�│址�Āင靀�တယ靀�။ │址�Āင靀�င靀�စĀ靀�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�ꈀက址�埏��တ址�ဟꌁ စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� အခ址�ငĀ靀�အလမ靀�埏�န흀�ខ� စစ靀�ဘက靀�အခ垣�址�တ靀�အဆက靀� ရ址�址�တ흀�Ā လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏��တ址�န흀�ខ� ပ址�埏��ပ鞲�င靀�埏�လĀပ靀�လ址�Āខ�ဂĀဏ靀�သ址�ကĀꌁ ထ址�ခ址�Āက靀�│址�Āင靀�တꌁ�တ址�က址�Āလည靀�埏� က址�စĀတခĀခ垣�င靀�埏� အလ址�Āက靀� ခ垣�址�န靀�ဆဖ址�Āខ� လ址�Āပ鞲�တယ靀�” ဟĀလည靀�埏� သ址�က �ꈀပꌁသည靀�။

စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�ꈀက址�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�အꌁ埏� သယ靀�ဇꌁတꈀကယ靀�ဝ�သꌁ ꈀမန靀�မꌁ│址�Āင靀�င靀�၏ ဆ址�흀��ဆꌁင靀�မĀမ址�ꌁ ထင靀�ရ址�ꌁ埏�လ址�သည靀�။ စစ靀�တပ靀�က │址�Āင靀�င靀��တꌁ靀�အꌁဏꌁက址�Ā တရꌁ埏�ဝင靀� စ址�နខ�靀�လĀတ靀�သညĀ靀� ၂၀၁၁ ခĀ│址�စ靀� �နꌁက靀�ပ址�Āင靀�埏� ခ址�ငĀ靀�ꈀပ쌀ꈀပ址�埏� လ址�သĀ靀�埏�ကĀန靀� ပစĀည靀�埏� ထĀတ靀�လĀပ靀��ရ埏� လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�အမ垣�ꌁ埏�အꈀပꌁ埏� ပ鞲�ဝင靀��သꌁ စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�ꈀက址�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏� ဝင靀��ရꌁက靀�လꌁꈀခင靀�埏��ꈀကꌁငĀ靀� │址�Āင靀�င靀�ꈀခꌁ埏�ရင靀�埏�│址�址�埏�ꈀမ址�쌀ပ靀�│址�靀�မĀမ址�ꌁ အ�မရ址�ကန靀��ဒ鞝�လꌁ ၃၀ ဘ址�လ址�ယ靀� အထ址� ရ址�址�သည靀�ဟĀ တရꌁ埏�ဝင靀� ထĀတ靀�ꈀပန靀��သꌁ စꌁရင靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏� အရ သ址�ရသည靀�။

အလꌁ埏�တ址� သ址�သꌁထင靀�ရ址�ꌁ埏��သꌁ က址�စĀတခĀမ址�ꌁ စစ靀�အစ址�Ā埏�ရ�ခတ靀�အတ址�င靀�埏� ꈀက址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏�ခ垣�မ靀�埏�သꌁလꌁသ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�│址�ငĀ靀� ပ址�埏��ပ鞲�င靀�埏��ဆꌁင靀�ရ址�က靀�ꈀခင靀�埏��ꈀကꌁငĀ靀� ဂĀဏ靀�သ址�ကĀꌁ ထ址�ခ址�Āက靀�မညĀ靀� အ�ရ埏� ꈀဖစ靀�သည靀�။ ꈀမန靀�မꌁ │址�Āင靀�င靀�မ址� ၎င靀�埏�တ址�Āខ�၏ စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏�ဘက靀�သည靀��က垣�ꌁက靀�စ址�မ靀�埏�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏� အခ垣�址�တ靀�အဆက靀� ရ址�址�သည靀�ဟĀ က址�Āကꌁက址�Āလꌁက ၂၀၁၅ ခĀ│址�စ靀�က ဖ址�ငĀ靀�ဟ �ꈀကညꌁသည靀�။�က垣�ꌁက靀�စ址�မ靀�埏�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ址�ꌁ ထ址�Āစ│靀�က အ�မရ址�ကန靀� ပ址�တ靀�ဆ址�Āខ�အ�ရ埏�ယ址�မĀထ흀� ပ鞲�ဝင靀��နꈀပ址�埏� အဂတ址� လ址�Āက靀�စꌁ埏�မĀ│址�ငĀ靀� လ址�ខ�အခ址�ငĀ靀�အ�ရ埏� ခ垣�址�쌀埏��ဖ鞲�က靀�မĀ စ址�ပ靀�စ址�흀�ခ垣�က靀�မ垣�ꌁ埏��ꈀကꌁငĀ靀� အꈀကပ靀�အတည靀�埏� ꈀဖစ靀��နသည靀�။

ထ址�Ā│址�စ靀�မ址�ꌁပင靀� မ址�Āက靀�ခ㈂址�Ā�ဆꌁĀသည靀� �ရĀ�တꌁင靀�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�စĀ│址�ငĀ靀� �ဆꌁĀဖ靀�ဝ흀�ဆ址�Āင靀�ရꌁ စꌁခ垣�쌀ပ靀�တခĀ ခ垣�쌀ပ靀�ဆ址�Āသည靀�။ �ရĀ�တꌁင靀�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�စĀက址�Ā တည靀��ထꌁင靀�သ址�မ址�ꌁ မ址�埏�ယစ靀��ဆ埏�ဝ鞲�埏�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�တ址�င靀� ပ鞲�ဝင靀�ပတ靀�သက靀��နသည靀�ဟĀ ၂၀၀၇ ခĀ│址�စ靀�က �ပ鞲�က靀�ꈀကꌁ埏�ခ흀�Ā�သꌁ အ�မရ址�ကန靀�ဘሄꌁ�ရ埏�ဌꌁန၏ သ靀�တမန靀��ꈀက埏�နန靀�埏�စꌁတ址�င靀� �ဖꌁ靀�ꈀပခ흀�Āသည靀�။ သ址�Āខ��သꌁ靀� │址�စ靀�ဘက靀�စလĀ靀�埏�က ထ址�Āသ靀�သယက址�Ā ꈀငင靀�埏�ဆ址�Āခ흀�Āꈀကသည靀�။ ထ址�Ā│址�Āင靀�င靀�စĀ靀� လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�│址�ငĀ靀� ၎င靀�埏�စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏�ဘက靀�မ垣�ꌁ埏�မ址�ꌁ တစĀ靀�တရꌁ အမ址�ꌁ埏�က垣�币埏�လ址�န靀�သည靀�ဟĀစ址�ပ靀�စ址�흀�ခ靀�ရꈀခင靀�埏�လည靀�埏� မရ址�址��ပ။

စစ靀�တပ靀�│址�ငĀ靀� န址�埏�ကပ靀��သꌁ ဆက靀�ဆ靀��ရ埏�ရ址�址�သညĀ靀� လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�သည靀� ပ址�Āမ址�Āꈀက址�埏�မꌁ埏�သညĀ靀� အ│ᜀ�ရꌁယ靀�က址�Ā ꈀဖစ靀��စ│址�Āင靀�သည靀�။၂၁၀၅ ခĀ│址�စ靀�တ址�င靀� │址�Āင靀�င靀�တကꌁပ址�ငĀ靀�လင靀�埏�ꈀမင靀�သꌁမĀအဖ址�흀�搀 (Transparency International) က ထĀတ靀�ꈀပန靀��သꌁအစ址�ရင靀�ခ靀�စꌁ အရ ယင靀�埏�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�သည靀� စစ靀�တပ靀�က အĀပ靀�ခ垣�쌀ပ靀��ရ埏�အꌁဏꌁက址�Ā မစ址�နខ�靀�လĀတ靀�မ址� │址�Āင靀�င靀�ပ址�Āင靀�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က址�Ā ခ㈂址�Āန址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�ထ靀�တ址�င靀� ပĀဂĀလ址�ကပ址�Āင靀� ꈀပ쌀လĀပ靀��သꌁအခ鞲� အꈀက址�埏�အက垣�ယ靀� အꈀမတ靀�ထ址�က靀�ခ흀�Āသ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�ဟĀ သ靀�သယရ址�址�သည靀�။ စစ靀�တပ靀�၏လĀပ靀�နည靀�埏� လĀပ靀�ဟန靀�မ址�ꌁ ၎င靀�埏�တ址�Āខ�က址�Ā၎င靀�埏�တ址�Āខ� စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏�၏ အစ址�တ靀�အပ址�Āင靀�埏� အသ址�埏�သ址�埏�တ址�င靀� ထညĀ靀�သ址�င靀�埏�ထꌁ埏�ꈀပ址�埏� ၎င靀�埏�တ址�Āខ�၏အဖ址�흀�搀ဝင靀�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က址�Ā ꈀကယ靀�ဝခ垣�မ靀�埏�သꌁ�စ�ရ埏� ꈀဖစ靀�သည靀�ဟĀ ထ址�Āအစ址�ရင靀�ခ靀�စꌁက址�Ā �ရ埏�သꌁ埏�သ址� Yeshua Moser-Puangsuwanက �ဖꌁ靀�ꈀပခ흀�Āသည靀�။ ꈀမန靀�မꌁ│址�Āင靀�င靀�တ址�င靀� │址�Āင靀�င靀��ရ埏� အ�ꈀပꌁင靀�埏�အလ흀� ꈀဖစ靀��ပ鞝��သꌁ靀�လည靀�埏� အခ址�Āင靀�အမꌁ ထ址�န靀�埏�ခ垣�쌀ပ靀�ထꌁ埏�ဆ흀� ꈀဖစ靀�ကꌁ ၎င靀�埏�တ址�Āខ�၏ စꌁရင靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က址�Ā အမ垣�ꌁ埏�ꈀပည靀�သ址� �လĀလꌁသ址�ရ址�址�ခ址�ငĀ靀� မ�ပ埏��ပ။

စစ靀�တပ靀�│址�ငĀ靀� အခ垣�址�တ靀�အဆက靀�ရ址�址��သꌁ ကĀမĀဏ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�သည靀� တ㈂Āတ靀�│址�ငĀ靀� အ址�│Ā址�ယ│址�Āင靀�င靀�တ址�Āខ�ꈀကꌁ埏� �ဒသတ址�င靀�埏� ကĀန靀�သ址�ယ靀��ရ埏�အခ垣�က靀�အꈀခꌁ │址�Āင靀�င靀�တ址�င靀� စစ靀�တပ靀�က ထ址�န靀�埏�ခ垣�쌀ပ靀�ထꌁ埏��သꌁ အꌁဏꌁက址�Ā မ址�埏��မꌁင靀�埏�ထ址�Ā埏�ꈀပ�နသည靀�။ �ဒ鞝��အꌁင靀�ဆန靀�埏�စĀꈀကည靀� ၏ အမ垣�址�쌀埏�သꌁ埏�ဒ址�မ址�Āက�ရစ址�အဖ址�흀�搀ခ垣�쌀ပ靀� ၂၀၁၅ ခĀ│址�စ靀� �ရ址�埏��ကꌁက靀�ပ址�흀�တ址�င靀� အꈀပတ靀�အသတ靀� အ│址�Āင靀�ရ�သꌁ靀�လည靀�埏�

Page 20: Myanmar Military Commercial Complex ျမန္မာ့ စစ္ဘက္စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားကို အနီးကပ္ၾကည့္ရွုျခင္း

3/27/2017 ြမနမ်ာ့ စစဘ်က်စးီပာွးေရးလĀပ်ငနး်များကိĀ အနးီကပ်Āကည့藀်�钀�ြခငး်

https://burma.irrawaddy.com/article/2017/03/26/132515.html 4/9

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ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� �ကꌁ靀�ပ址�Ā�ရ埏�ရ址�င靀�埏�│址�ငĀ靀� အထ址�埏�သꈀဖငĀ靀� ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဦ埏�ပ址�Āင靀�လ址�မ址�တက靀�တ址�Āខ�သည靀� │址�Āင靀�င靀�၏ │址�Āင靀�င靀��ရ埏�အ�ဆꌁက靀�အအĀ靀� အတ址�င靀�埏�က址�Āလည靀�埏� ယ址�က靀�│址�ယ靀��နသည靀�။ ဝ址�က址�လ址�က ထĀတ靀�ꈀပန靀��သꌁ ၂၀၀၉ ခĀ│址�စ靀� သ靀�တမန靀��ꈀက埏�နန靀�埏�အရꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဦ埏�ပ址�Āင靀�လ址�မ址�တက靀�၏ ꈀသဇꌁ│址�ငĀ靀� ပ址�Āင靀�ဆ址�Āင靀�မĀမ垣�ꌁ埏�သည靀� စစ靀�တပ靀�က အꌁဏꌁက址�Ā ထ址�န靀�埏�သ址�မ靀�埏�ထꌁ埏�│址�Āင靀�ရန靀�အသĀ靀�埏�ꈀပ쌀�သꌁ အဆငĀ靀�ꈀမငĀ靀� �ထꌁက靀�ပ靀�Ā�ꈀက埏��ပ埏�စနစ靀�၏ အဓ址�က အစ址�တ靀�အပ址�Āင靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏� ꈀဖစ靀�သည靀�ဟĀ သ址�ရသည靀�။

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│址�Āင靀�င靀��တꌁ靀� အတ址�က靀� ထ址�ĀလĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�စĀꈀက址�埏�│址�စ靀�ခĀ၏ အရ址�ယ靀�အစꌁ埏�│址�ငĀ靀� အ�ရ埏�ပ鞲�မĀက址�Āလည靀�埏� ꈀပည靀�တ址�င靀�埏�တ址�င靀� အခ址�န靀�အမ垣�ꌁ埏�ဆĀ靀�埏��ဆꌁင靀��သꌁ လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�၏ တရꌁ埏�ဝင靀�စꌁရင靀�埏�အရ သ址�ရသည靀�။ ꈀမန靀�မꌁစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဦ埏�ပ址�Āင靀�လ址�မ址�တက靀�│址�ငĀ靀� ၎င靀�埏�၏လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�ခ址�흀�မ垣�ꌁ埏� ꈀဖစ靀�ꈀက�သꌁ ꈀမဝတ址�ဘဏ靀�၊ ꈀမဝတ址�ကĀန靀�သ址�ယ靀��ရ埏�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�တ址�Āខ�သည靀� ၂၀၁၅-၂၀၁၆ ခĀ│址�စ靀� အတ址�က靀� ဝင靀��င址�ခ址�န靀� အမ垣�ꌁ埏�ဆĀ靀�埏� �ပ埏��ဆꌁင靀��သꌁ လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏� ၅ ခĀ အနက靀�မ址� လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏� ၃ ခĀ ꈀဖစ靀�သည靀�။ ꈀမဝတ址�ကĀန靀�သ址�ယ靀��ရ埏� လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�│址�ငĀ靀� ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� �ကꌁ靀�ပ址�Ā�ရ埏�ရ址�င靀�埏�၏ ဒဂĀ靀�အ�ဖ垣�ꌁ靀�ယမကꌁ လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�ခ址�흀�သည靀� ကĀန靀�သ址�ယ靀�ခ址�န靀� အမ垣�ꌁ埏�ဆĀ靀�埏� �ပ埏��ဆꌁင靀��သꌁ လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏� ၅ ခĀတ址�င靀� ပ鞲�ဝင靀�သည靀�။

ထ址�Āအခ垣�က靀�အလက靀�မ垣�ꌁ埏�မ址� အပ ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� �ကꌁ靀�ပ址�Ā�ရ埏�ရ址�င靀�埏�│址�ငĀ靀� ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဦ埏�ပ址�Āင靀�လ址�မ址�တက靀�│址�ငĀ靀� ပတ靀�သက靀��သꌁ အꈀခꌁ埏� အခ垣�က靀�အလက靀�မ垣�ꌁ埏�မ址�ꌁ မĀန靀�ဝ鞲�埏��နဆ흀�ꈀဖစ靀�သည靀�။ ၎င靀�埏�တ址�Āខ�၏ ပ址�Āင靀�ဆ址�Āင靀�မĀ၊ စ址�မ靀�ခနខ�靀�ခ址�흀�မĀ သ址�Āខ�မဟĀတ靀� ဘሄꌁ�ရ埏�အ�ꈀခအ�နတ址�Āខ�က址�Ā ထĀတ靀�ꈀပန靀�ꈀခင靀�埏� မရ址�址�သ�လꌁက靀�ပင靀� ꈀဖစ靀�သည靀�။ ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� �ကꌁ靀�ပ址�Ā�ရ埏�ရ址�င靀�埏�၏ အထ址�埏�ꈀပ쌀လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏� တခĀမ址�ꌁ ဆက靀�သ址�ယ靀��ရ埏� ꈀဖစ靀�ꈀပ址�埏� ၎င靀�埏�၏ ပ址�Āင靀�ဆ址�Āင靀�မĀ ပမꌁဏ│址�ငĀ靀� က垣�ယ靀�ꈀပနខ�靀�မĀက址�Ā လ踀址�쌀搀ဝ址�က靀�လ址�Āꈀခင靀�埏�မ址�ꌁ ဝ址��ရꌁဓ址�ꈀဖစ靀��နသည靀�။ ထ址�ĀလĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�သည靀� ꈀမန靀�မꌁ│址�Āင靀�င靀�တ址�င靀� စတĀတᜀ� �ꈀမꌁက靀� ဆက靀�သ址�ယ靀��ရ埏�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�လ址�Āင靀�စင靀� ရ�ꈀကꌁင靀�埏� ဇန靀�နဝ鞲�ရ址�လက �ꈀကညꌁခ흀�Ā သညĀ靀� ဗ址�ယက靀�နမ靀� ကꌁက址�ယ靀��ရ埏� ဝန靀�ꈀက址�埏�ဌꌁနပ址�Āင靀� Viettel အပ鞲�အဝင靀�ꈀဖစ靀��သꌁ လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�စĀꈀက址�埏�၏အစ址�တ靀�အပ址�Āင靀�埏�လည靀�埏� ꈀဖစ靀�သည靀�။

ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� �ကꌁ靀�ပ址�Ā�ရ埏�ရ址�င靀�埏�၏ အင靀�တꌁနက靀�စꌁမ垣�က靀�│址�ꌁတ址�င靀� လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�ခ址�흀�│址�ငĀ靀� လက靀��အꌁက靀�ခ靀�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏� ၃၀ �က垣�ꌁ靀�က址�Āစꌁရင靀�埏��ဖꌁ靀�ꈀပထꌁ埏�သည靀�။ အခ垣�址�쌀搀မ址�ꌁ သ�ဘ흀�ꌁဖ垣�က靀� သ�ဘ흀�ꌁက垣�င靀�埏�│址�ငĀ靀� �ဆ埏�ထ址�Ā埏�အပ靀� စက靀�㈂Ā靀�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က흀�Āသ址�Āខ� ကꌁလꈀကꌁရ址�ည靀�စ址�ꌁတည靀�ရ址�址�ꈀပ址�埏� ꈀဖစ靀��သꌁ ကĀန靀�ထĀတ靀�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏� ꈀဖစ靀�သည靀�။ အꈀခꌁ埏�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�တ址�င靀� မ址�Āဘ址�Āင靀�埏�ဖĀန靀�埏�ꈀဖငĀ靀� �င址��ပ埏��ခ垣�မĀက흀�Āသ址�Āខ��ဈ埏�က址�က靀�သစ靀�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က址�Ā ပစ靀�မ址�တ靀�ထꌁ埏��သꌁ လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�လည靀�埏� ပ鞲�ဝင靀�သည靀�။ က垣�န靀�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�မ址�ꌁ │址�Āင靀�င靀�တ址�င靀� �ပ鞝��ပ鞲�က靀�လꌁ �န�သꌁ ခ垣�မ靀�埏�သꌁꈀကယ靀�ဝသ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏� အတ址�က靀� ရည靀�ရ址�ယ靀�သည靀�။ �ꈀကꌁ靀�ꈀငꌁဗ址�ဒ址�ယ址�Ā တခĀတ址�င靀� ငယ靀�ရ址�ယ靀��သꌁ စĀ靀�တ址�흀�တတ址�흀�သည靀� ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� �ကꌁ靀�ပ址�Ā�ရ埏�ရ址�င靀�埏�ပ址�Āင靀� ရန靀�ကĀန靀�ရ址�址� ဥကĀလꌁ�ဂ鞲�က靀�က址�င靀�埏�တ址�င靀� �ဂ鞲�က靀�㈂址�Āက靀�ကစꌁ埏�ꈀပ址�埏� ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� �ကꌁ靀�ပ址�Ā�ရ埏�ရ址�င靀�埏�မ址� ထĀတ靀�လĀပ靀�သညĀ靀� သ靀�ဗ址�埏�အခ垣�址�쌀ရည靀� �သꌁက靀�သĀ靀�埏��နပĀ靀�က址�Ā ꈀပသထꌁ埏�သည靀�။

Page 21: Myanmar Military Commercial Complex ျမန္မာ့ စစ္ဘက္စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားကို အနီးကပ္ၾကည့္ရွုျခင္း

3/27/2017 ြမနမ်ာ့ စစဘ်က်စးီပာွးေရးလĀပ်ငနး်များကိĀ အနးီကပ်Āကည့藀်�钀�ြခငး်

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ထ址�Āဗ址�ဒ址�ယ址�Āမ址�ꌁ Financial Times က သ址�ꌁ埏��ရꌁက靀�ခ흀�Āသည靀� ရန靀�ကĀန靀�ရ址�址� ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� �ကꌁ靀�ပ址�Ā�ရ埏�ရ址�င靀�埏�၏ မ址�埏�ခ址�Ā埏��ရꌁင靀�㈂Ā靀�埏�ခ垣�쌀ပ靀�တ址�င靀� ထ址�ĀလĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�က ꈀပသသညĀ靀� သ址�င靀�ꈀပင靀�│址�ငĀ靀� လĀ靀�埏�ဝဆနខ�靀�က垣�င靀�ဘက靀�ꈀဖစ靀��နသည靀�။ “�ဟĀလ址��တ址� ထ址�က靀�သ址�ꌁ埏�ꈀက၊လ址�ꈀက址�埏��တ址� မꈀမင靀�ခင靀� ꈀမန靀�ꈀမန靀�သ址�ꌁ埏�ꈀက” ဟĀ ဝန靀�ထမ靀�埏�တဦ埏�က တĀန靀�လĀပ靀�စ址�ꌁ အ�ပ鞲�က靀�ဝဘက靀�သ址�Āខ� လက靀�ဟန靀��ꈀခဟန靀� ꈀပꈀပ址�埏��ꈀပꌁသည靀�။

ထ址��နខ�က ၎င靀�埏�တ址�Āខ�၏ ㈂Ā靀�埏�တ址�င靀� Financial Time က တင靀�ထꌁ埏�ခ흀�Ā�သꌁ စꌁꈀဖငĀ靀� �မ埏�ꈀမန靀�埏�သညĀ靀� �မ埏�ခ址�န靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က址�Āလည靀�埏� ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀ စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� �ကꌁ靀�ပ址�Ā�ရ埏�ရ址�င靀�埏�က တĀ靀�ខ�ꈀပန靀�ခ흀�Āꈀခင靀�埏� မရ址�址��ပ။ ကĀမĀဏ址�၏ အင靀�တꌁနက靀�စꌁမ垣�က靀�│址�ꌁတ址�င靀� �ဖꌁ靀�ꈀပထꌁ埏�သညĀ靀�အဓ址�က ဖĀန靀�埏�န靀�ပ鞲�တ靀�│址�ငĀ靀� အ址�埏��မ埏�လ靀�လ址�ပ靀�စꌁတ址�Āខ�ကလည靀�埏� အလĀပ靀�မလĀပ靀� သ址�Āខ�မဟĀတ靀� �ꈀဖꈀကꌁ埏�ꈀခင靀�埏� မရ址�址��ပ။

Financial Time က ꈀကညĀ靀�㈂Āခ흀�Ā�သꌁ စꌁရ址�က靀�စꌁတမ靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏� အရ ဆ址�Āလ踀င靀� ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� �ကꌁ靀�ပ址�Ā�ရ埏�ရ址�င靀�埏�၏ည址�အစ靀�က址�Ā ဝမ靀�埏�က址�흀�ꈀဖစ靀��သꌁ ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဦ埏�ပ址�Āင靀�လ址�မ址�တက靀�သည靀� လက靀�ရ址�址�တပ靀�ဖ址�흀�搀ဝင靀�မ垣�ꌁ埏�၊ တပ靀�ဖ址�흀�搀ဝင靀��ဟꌁင靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�│址�ငĀ靀�မ址�သꌁ埏�စĀဝင靀�မ垣�ꌁ埏� အတ址�က靀� လ址�မĀဖ址�လĀ靀��ရ埏� ရင靀�埏�ꈀမစ靀� ꈀဖစ靀�သည靀�။ ၎င靀�埏�၏ ဖက靀�စပ靀�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�အခ垣�址�쌀搀တ址�င靀� အ�ရ埏�ပ鞲��သꌁအက垣�址�쌀埏�အꈀမတ靀�မ垣�ꌁ埏� ရ址�址�သည靀�။ ၎င靀�埏�သည靀� �ꈀမပ址�Āင靀�ဆ址�Āင靀�မĀ အꈀငင靀�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏�မĀမ垣�ꌁ埏�၊ လĀ靀�ꈀခ쌀靀� �ရ埏� တပ靀�ဖ址�흀�搀မ垣�ꌁ埏�၏ အꈀကမ靀�埏�ဖက靀�မĀစ址�ပ靀�စ址�흀�ခ垣�က靀�မ垣�ꌁ埏��ꈀကꌁငĀ靀� ကꌁလꈀကꌁꈀမငĀ靀� စ址�ꌁ အခက靀�အခ흀� ꈀဖစ靀��နသညĀ靀� ꈀမန靀�မꌁ│址�Āင靀�င靀�၏ အꈀက址�埏�ဆĀ靀�埏� သတᜀ� 쌀မ址�Āင靀�埏�တ址�င靀� တ㈂Āတ靀�အစ址�Ā埏�ရ ပ址�Āင靀�ဝမ靀��ပ鞲�င靀�ကĀမĀဏ址�│址�ငĀ靀� ပ址�埏��ပ鞲�င靀�埏� �ဆꌁင靀�ရ址�က靀��နသည靀�။ ၎င靀�埏�တ址�Āខ�ကမ址� မည靀�သညĀ靀�အမ址�ꌁ埏�အယ址�င靀�埏�မ踀 မရ址�址�ဟĀ�ꈀပꌁသည靀�။

ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဦ埏�ပ址�Āင靀�လ址�မ址�တက靀� အꈀခꌁ埏��သꌁ လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�ခ址�흀�│址�ငĀ靀� လက靀��အꌁက靀�ခ靀� လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�တ址�င靀� ဂ垣�ပန靀�အ�ဖ垣�ꌁ靀�ယမကꌁလĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏� Kirin │址�ငĀ靀� ဖက靀�စပ靀�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�၊ �တꌁင靀�က址�Āရ址�埏�ယꌁ埏�သ靀�မဏ址�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏� Posco │址�ငĀ靀� ဖက靀�စပ靀�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�တ址�Āខ� ပ鞲�ဝင靀�သည靀�။က址�Āရ址�埏�ယꌁ埏�မ址� Inno အĀပ靀�စĀသည靀�လည靀�埏� ရန靀�ကĀန靀�တ址�င靀� လ址��နတ址�Āက靀�ခန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�│址�ငĀ靀� အစည靀�埏�အ�ဝ埏�ခန靀�埏�မ တခĀတ址�Āខ� ပ鞲�ဝင靀�သညĀ靀��ဒ鞝�လꌁသန靀�埏� ၁၂၀ တန靀� စ址�မ靀�က址�န靀�埏�တ址�င靀� ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဦ埏�ပ址�Āင靀�လ址�မ址�တက靀�│址�ငĀ靀� ပ址�埏��ပ鞲�င靀�埏��ဆꌁင靀�ရ址�က靀� �နသည靀�။

၎င靀�埏�တ址�Āខ�၏ စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏�ဘက靀�မ垣�ꌁ埏�၏ စစ靀�ဘက靀�အဆက靀�အသ址�ယ靀�│址�ငĀ靀� ပတ靀�သက靀�ꈀပ址�埏� မည靀�သ址�Āខ��သꌁ အꌁမခ靀�ခ垣�က靀��ပ埏�သည靀� ဆ址�ĀသညĀ靀�ꈀပဿနꌁက址�Ā ထ址�Āꈀပည靀�ပ ကĀမĀဏ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�အနက靀� မည靀�သ址�ខ�က址�Āမ踀 တ址�Āက靀�㈂址�Āက靀�က址�Āင靀�တ址�ယ靀�ꈀခင靀�埏� မရ址�址�ꈀက�ပ။ ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဦ埏�ပ址�Āင靀�လ址�မ址�တက靀�│址�ငĀ靀� ပတ靀�သက靀�ꈀပ址�埏� လတ靀�တ�လꌁ စ址�Ā埏�ရ址�မ靀�စရꌁ မရ址�址�ဟĀ Kirin က �ꈀပꌁသည靀�။ ထ址�ĀလĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ址�ꌁ စစ靀�မĀထမ靀�埏��ဟꌁင靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏� အတ址�က靀� အꈀင址�မ靀�埏�စꌁ埏� လစꌁရန靀�ပĀ靀��င址�သꌁ ꈀဖစ靀�သည靀�ဟĀ Kirin က �ꈀပꌁသည靀�။ ၎င靀�埏�၏ ဖက靀�စပ靀�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏� ပ址�Āင靀�ဆ址�Āင靀�မĀ│址�ငĀ靀�ပတ靀�သက靀�ꈀပ址�埏� �ꈀပꌁꈀကꌁ埏��ပ埏�ရန靀� ꈀငင靀�埏�ဆ址�Ā�သꌁ Posco ကလည靀�埏� ၎င靀�埏�တ址�Āខ�သည靀� ꈀမန靀�မꌁ│址�Āင靀�င靀�တ址�င靀� မည靀�သညĀ靀� တရꌁ埏�မဝင靀�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�│址�ငĀ靀� အခ址�ငĀ靀�အ�ရ埏�ခ垣�址�쌀埏��ဖꌁက靀�မĀတ址�င靀�မ踀 ပ鞲�ဝင靀�ꈀခင靀�埏� မရ址�址�ဟĀ �ꈀပꌁသည靀�။ Inno အĀပ靀�စĀကမ址� �ဝဖန靀��ꈀပꌁꈀကꌁ埏��ပ埏�ရန靀��မတᜀ� ꌁရပ靀�ခ靀�ခ垣�က靀�က址�Ā တĀ靀�ខ�ꈀပန靀�ခ흀�Āꈀခင靀�埏� မရ址�址��ပ။

ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဦ埏�ပ址�Āင靀�လ址�မ址�တက靀�က ၎င靀�埏�တ址�Āខ�သည靀� သꌁမန靀�ကĀမĀဏ址�တခĀ│址�ငĀ靀� တ址�ည址��စရန靀� ꈀက址�쌀埏�စꌁ埏��နသည靀�ဟĀ�ꈀပꌁသည靀�။ ကꌁက址�ယ靀��ရ埏� ဝန靀�ꈀက址�埏�ဌꌁနသည靀� ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဦ埏�ပ址�Āင靀�လ址�မ址�တက靀�တ址�င靀� ရ址�ယ靀�ယꌁမပ鞲��တꌁĀ ဟĀလည靀�埏� ဦ埏�လ址�မ垣�址�쌀埏�၏ အဆ址�Āအရ သ址�ရသည靀�။ စစ靀�မĀထမ靀�埏��ဟꌁင靀�埏�│址�ငĀ靀� လက靀�ရ址�址�စစ靀�သꌁ埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�၊ စစ靀�ဘက靀�အဖ址�흀�搀အစည靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏� အပ鞲�အဝင靀�ရ址�ယ靀�ယꌁရ址�င靀��ပ鞲�င靀�埏� ၃ သ址�န靀�埏� ၂ �သꌁင靀�埏��က垣�ꌁ靀�တ址�Āខ�က ပ址�Āင靀�ꈀကသည靀�ဟĀ သ址�က ဆက靀��ꈀပꌁသည靀�။ ၂၀၁၅-၁၆ ခĀ│址�စ靀�တ址�င靀� အခ址�န靀�မ�ဆꌁင靀�မ址� အꈀမတ靀� က垣�ပ靀��င址� ၁၀၂ ဘ址�လ址�ယ靀� (အ�မရ址�ကန靀��ဒ鞝�လꌁ ၇၅ သန靀�埏�) ꈀမတ靀�ꈀပ址�埏� ထ址�Āအꈀမတ靀�၏ ၃ ပĀ靀�တပĀ靀�က址�Āရ址�ယ靀�ယꌁရ址�င靀�မ垣�ꌁ埏�သ址�Āខ� �ပ埏�ခ흀�Āသည靀� ဟĀလည靀�埏� သ址�က ဆ址�Āသည靀�။ ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဦ埏�ပ址�Āင靀�လ址�မ址�တက靀�သည靀� ၎င靀�埏�၏ ရပ靀�စ흀�ရ�တꌁĀမညĀ靀� စက靀�㈂Ā靀�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က址�Ā ꈀပန靀�လည靀� ရ址�င靀�သန靀��စရန靀� စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏�ဘက靀�မ垣�ꌁ埏�│址�ငĀ靀� ꈀက址�쌀埏�စꌁ埏��နꈀပ址�埏� ၎င靀�埏�၏ အ址�မ靀�သĀတ靀��ဆ埏� လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�ꈀပန靀�လည靀�ရ址�င靀�သန靀��စရန靀�လည靀�埏� အမည靀�မ�ဖꌁ靀�လ址�Ā�သꌁ အ�နꌁက靀�တ址�Āင靀�埏� စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�တခĀ│址�ငĀ靀� �ဆ址�埏��│址�埏��နသည靀�ဟĀဦ埏�လ址�မ垣�址�쌀埏�က �ꈀပꌁသည靀�။

Page 22: Myanmar Military Commercial Complex ျမန္မာ့ စစ္ဘက္စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားကို အနီးကပ္ၾကည့္ရွုျခင္း

3/27/2017 ြမနမ်ာ့ စစဘ်က်စးီပာွးေရးလĀပ်ငနး်များကိĀ အနးီကပ်Āကည့藀်�钀�ြခငး်

https://burma.irrawaddy.com/article/2017/03/26/132515.html 6/9

ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဦ埏�ပ址�Āင靀�လ址�မ址�တက靀�၏ ꈀကယ靀�ဝခ垣�မ靀�埏�သꌁမĀသည靀� လ址�သ址�ရ址�င靀�ꈀကꌁ埏� �ꈀကညꌁထꌁ埏�သည靀�ထက靀� မ垣�ꌁ埏�စ址�ꌁ ပ址�Āမ址�Āမ垣�ꌁ埏�ꈀပꌁ埏�သည靀� ဟĀ �ဝဖန靀�သ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က �ꈀပꌁꈀကသည靀�။ ၎င靀�埏�သည靀� �က垣�ꌁက靀�စ址�မ靀�埏�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�တ址�င靀�လည靀�埏� ထင靀�ရ址�ꌁ埏��သꌁ အခန靀�埏�မ址�ပ鞲�ဝင靀�ꈀပ址�埏� ꈀဗ址�တ址�န靀� အ�ꈀခစ址�Āက靀� Global Witness ၏ ခနខ�靀�မ址�န靀�埏�ခ垣�က靀�အရ ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀ�က垣�ꌁက靀�စ址�မ靀�埏� ကမ휀�ꌁĀအꈀက址�埏�ဆĀ靀�埏��က垣�ꌁက靀�စ址�မ靀�埏� �ဈ埏�က址�က靀�ꈀဖစ靀�သညĀ靀� တ㈂Āတ靀�ꈀပည靀�သ址�Āខ� ပ址�Āខ�ꈀပ址�埏� ၂၀၁၄ ခĀ│址�စ靀�က အ�မရ址�ကန靀��ဒ鞝�လꌁ ၃၁ ဘ址�လ址�ယ靀�ဖ址�Ā埏� �ရꌁင靀�埏�ရသည靀�ဟĀ သ址�ရသည靀�။ အစ址�Ā埏�ရ၏ တရꌁ埏�ဝင靀��လလ靀�ပ址�흀� ꈀဖစ靀��သꌁ ၂၀၁၄ ခĀ│址�စ靀� �က垣�ꌁက靀�မ垣�က靀�ရတနꌁ ꈀပပ址�흀�တ址�င靀� ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဦ埏�ပ址�Āင靀�လ址�မ址�တက靀�၏ Imperial Jade သည靀� ပĀဂĀလ址�က│址�ငĀ靀� ဖက靀�စပ靀��က垣�ꌁက靀�စ址�မ靀�埏�တ址�흀� �ဒ鞝�လꌁ သန靀�埏� ၁၅၀ ဖ址�Ā埏�ꈀဖငĀ靀� ဒĀတ址�ယအမ垣�ꌁ埏�ဆĀ靀�埏� �ရꌁင靀�埏�ခ垣�ရသည靀�ဟĀ Global Witness က �ꈀပꌁသည靀�။

စစ靀�တပ靀�ကĀမĀဏ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�သည靀� အဖ垣�ꌁ埏�အနꌁ埏�မ踀သꌁ ရ址�址��သ埏�ꈀပ址�埏� �က垣�ꌁက靀�စ址�မ靀�埏�က흀�Āသ址�Āខ� အက垣�址�쌀埏�အꈀမတ靀� မ垣�ꌁ埏��သꌁ စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က址�Ā လĀမ靀�埏�မ址�Ā埏�ခ垣�쌀ပ靀�က址�Āင靀�ထꌁ埏�သညĀ靀� ဗ址�Āလ靀�ခ垣�쌀ပ靀��ဟꌁင靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�၏ မ址�သꌁ埏�စĀမ垣�ꌁ埏� စ址�မ靀�သညĀ靀� လ踀址�쌀搀ဝ址�က靀�က址�န靀�ရက靀�မ垣�ꌁ埏�လည靀�埏� ရ址�址�သည靀�ဟĀ Global Witness မ址� ဦ埏��ဆꌁင靀�လĀပ靀�ရ址�ꌁ埏�သ址� Mike Davis က �ꈀပꌁသည靀�။

ထ址�Āខ��ꈀကꌁငĀ靀�ပင靀� အခ垣�址�쌀搀�သꌁ �လĀလꌁသ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က အရပ靀�သꌁ埏��ခတ靀� ꈀပ쌀ꈀပင靀��ꈀပꌁင靀�埏�လ흀��ရ埏� ကĀမĀဏ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�၏ ဇꌁတ靀�လမ靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က址�ĀမယĀ靀�ꈀကည靀�ꈀကꈀခင靀�埏� ꈀဖစ靀�သည靀�။ ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဦ埏�ပ址�Āင靀�လ址�မ址�တက靀�၏ ထ址�ပ靀�တန靀�埏�ဒ鞲�㈂址�Āက靀�တꌁ ၁၀ ဦ埏�စလĀ靀�埏�သည靀� စစ靀�ဘက靀�ရꌁထ址�埏� ရရ址�址�ထꌁ埏�ꈀက�ꈀကꌁင靀�埏� Financial Time က ရရ址�址��သꌁ စꌁရ址�က靀�စꌁတမ靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�အရ သ址�ရသည靀�။ ထ址�Āဒ鞲�㈂址�Āက靀�တꌁအဖ址�흀�搀က址�Ā တပ靀�မ�တꌁ靀� ကꌁက址�ယ靀��ရ埏�ဦ埏�စ址�埏�ခ垣�쌀ပ靀� ဦ埏��ဆꌁင靀�သညĀ靀� │址�Āင靀�င靀�၏ ထ址�ပ靀�တန靀�埏� စစ靀�အရꌁရ址�址� ၇ ဦ埏�က ꈀက址�埏�ꈀကပ靀�သည靀�။

ꈀမန靀�မꌁĀစ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဦ埏�ပ址�Āင靀�လ址�မ址�တက靀� က址�Āယ靀�စꌁ埏�လ址�ယ靀�မ垣�ꌁ埏�│址�ငĀ靀� �တ址�搀ဆĀ靀�ခ흀�Āဖ址�埏��သꌁ ꈀပည靀�ပအစ址�Ā埏�ရ အရꌁရ址�址�တဦ埏�က ထ址�Ā�တ址�搀ဆĀ靀�ခ흀�Āꈀခင靀�埏�│址�ငĀ靀� ပတ靀�သက靀�၍ “လĀ靀�埏�ဝ က址�흀�ꈀပꌁ埏�ꈀခꌁ埏�နꌁ埏�တ흀�Ā ကမ휀�ꌁတခĀက အꈀင址�မ靀�埏�စꌁ埏� စစ靀�အရꌁရ址�址�အ址�Ā�တ址� လꌁꈀကတꌁပ鞲�။ က垣��နꌁ靀��တꌁĀ ဘꌁꈀပန靀�လည靀� တ址�ထ址�င靀�ဆန靀�埏�သစ靀�ဖ址�Āខ� အꌁ埏�ထĀတ靀�မĀမ址� မ�တ址�搀ခ흀�Āရပ鞲�ဘ址�埏�” ဟĀ �ꈀပꌁသည靀�။

ထ址�ĀကĀမĀဏ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�သည靀� ၎င靀�埏�တ址�Āខ�၏ အꌁ㈂Ā靀�စ址�埏�စ址�Āက靀�မĀက址�Ā �ကꌁ靀�ပ址�Āရ址�တ靀�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏� အĀပ靀�ခ垣�쌀ပ靀�မĀ ပ址�ငĀ靀�လင靀�埏�ꈀမင靀�သꌁမĀ ရ址�址��ရ埏�│址�ငĀ靀�ပတ靀�ဝန靀�埏�က垣�င靀� ညစ靀�ညမ靀�埏�မĀ ထ址�န靀�埏�ခ垣�쌀ပ靀��ရ埏�တ址�Āខ� အ�ပ鞝�ထꌁ埏�ရန靀� လ址�Āသည靀�ဟĀ ꈀမန靀�မꌁလ址�မĀ တꌁဝန靀�သ址� စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�ဌꌁန Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business က址�Ā ဦ埏��ဆꌁင靀�သ址� ꈀမန靀�မꌁ│址�Āင靀�င靀�ဆ址�Āင靀�ရꌁ ꈀဗ址�တ址�န靀�သ靀�အမတ靀��ဟꌁင靀�埏� Vicky Bowman က �ꈀပꌁသည靀�။

“အရင靀�တĀန靀�埏�က�တꌁĀ သ址�တ址�Āខ�က址�Ā သ址�ꌁ埏�ထ址�လ址�Āខ� မရဘ址�埏�လ址�Āខ� ꈀမင靀�ခ흀�Āꈀကတယ靀�။ �ဒ鞝��အꌁင靀�ဆန靀�埏�စĀꈀကည靀� အစ址�Ā埏�ရက သ址�တ址�Āខ��တ址�စည靀�埏�မ垣�│靀�埏�လ址�Āက靀�နꌁ�အꌁင靀� ဘယ靀��လꌁက靀�အထ址� တ址�န靀�埏�အꌁ埏��ပ埏�မယ靀� ဆ址�Āတꌁ�တꌁĀ မသ址�ဘ址�埏�” ဟĀ သ址�မက ဆက靀�လက靀� �ꈀပꌁꈀကꌁ埏�ခ흀�Āသည靀�။

ꈀမန靀�မꌁ│址�Āင靀�င靀�၏ အလĀပ靀�မ│址�Āင靀�မနင靀�埏� ꈀဖစ靀��န�သꌁ အစ址�Ā埏�ရသည靀� ထ址�ĀလĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က址�Ā ပ址�Āမ址�Āခ垣�쌀ပ靀�က址�Āင靀�ရန靀� အꌁသꌁဆ│Āသ址�Āខ�မဟĀတ靀� │址�Āင靀�င靀��ရ埏� ထ址�Ā埏�│址�က靀�│址�Āင靀�စ址�မ靀�埏� ရ址�址�သညĀ靀� လကĀဏꌁ မ�တ址�搀ရ�သ埏�ပ鞲�။ ꈀပန靀�ꈀကꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဝန靀�ꈀက址�埏�㈂Ā靀�埏�သည靀� တစĀ靀�တရꌁ�ဝဖန靀��ꈀပꌁꈀကꌁ埏� �ပ埏�ရန靀� �မတᜀ� ꌁရပ靀�ခ靀�ꈀခင靀�埏�က址�Ā အ�ꈀကꌁင靀�埏�ꈀပန靀�ꈀကꌁ埏��ပ埏�ခ흀�Āꈀခင靀�埏� မရ址�址�ခ흀�Ā�ပ။

ꈀသစ�တ埏�လ垣�ပညꌁရ址�င靀�၊ ꈀမန靀�မꌁအစ址�Ā埏�ရ၏ �စတနꌁĀဝန靀�ထမ靀�埏� စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏�အꈀက靀��ပ埏� Sean Turnell ကမ址� အစ址�Ā埏�ရအရꌁရ址�址�မ垣�ꌁ埏� သည靀� စစ靀�တပ靀�│址�ငĀ靀� ဆက靀�စပ靀�ကĀမĀဏ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏� အပ鞲�အဝင靀� ခ㈂址�Āန址�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�စĀမ垣�ꌁ埏� ခ靀�စꌁ埏��န�သꌁ အထ址�埏� အခ址�ငĀ靀�အ�ရ埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�က址�Āဖယ靀�ရ址�ꌁ埏� ပစ靀�လ址�Āသည靀�ဟĀ �ꈀပꌁသည靀�။ သ址�Āខ��သꌁ靀� လက靀�စꌁ埏��ခ垣�မĀ မရ址�址�ရန靀� �ဒ鞝��အꌁင靀�ဆန靀�埏�စĀꈀကည靀�ဘက靀�မ址� သတ址�ထꌁ埏�ရꈀခင靀�埏�က址�Ā ထင靀�ဟပ靀��ꈀပꌁသည靀�။

Page 23: Myanmar Military Commercial Complex ျမန္မာ့ စစ္ဘက္စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားကို အနီးကပ္ၾကည့္ရွုျခင္း

3/27/2017 ြမနမ်ာ့ စစဘ်က်စးီပာွးေရးလĀပ်ငနး်များကိĀ အနးီကပ်Āကည့藀်�钀�ြခငး်

https://burma.irrawaddy.com/article/2017/03/26/132515.html 7/9

ꈀမန靀�မꌁ│址�Āင靀�င靀�│址�ငĀ靀� ပတ靀�သက靀�၍ အထ址�埏�ꈀပ쌀�သꌁ အ�မရ址�ကန靀�စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ�ရ埏� လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�ဆ址�Āင靀�ရꌁ �ရ址�搀�နတဦ埏�ꈀဖစ靀�သ址� Eric Roseကမ址� ꈀမန靀�မꌁ│址�Āင靀�င靀�တ址�င靀� အ�မရ址�ကန靀�ရင靀�埏�│址�址�埏�ꈀမ址�쌀ပ靀�│址�靀�မĀꈀမ址�ငĀ靀�တင靀�ရန靀� စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏�│址�ငĀ靀� ပတ靀�သက靀�၍ ထရမĀ靀�အစ址�Ā埏�ရသည靀� သ�ဘꌁတရꌁ埏� အတ址�အက垣� မဆန靀��သꌁ နည靀�埏�လမ靀�埏�မ垣�ꌁ埏� က垣�ငĀ靀�သĀ靀�埏�မည靀�ဟĀ �မ踀ꌁ靀�လငĀ靀��နသည靀�။

ထ址�ĀကĀမĀဏ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�သည靀� ꈀပ쌀ꈀပင靀��ꈀပꌁင靀�埏�လ흀��ရ埏�│址�ငĀ靀�ပတ靀�သက靀�၍ �လ埏�နက靀��ꈀကꌁင靀�埏� ꈀပသလꌁပ鞲�က နꌁမည靀�ဆ址�Ā埏� �က垣�ꌁ靀�ꈀကꌁ埏��သꌁ စစ靀�တပ靀�│址�ငĀ靀�ပတ靀�သက靀�သညĀ靀� ကĀမĀဏ址�မ垣�ꌁ埏�│址�ငĀ靀�ပ鞲� လĀပ靀�က址�Āင靀�ခ址�ငĀ靀�ရရန靀�မ址�ꌁလည靀�埏� သ址�၏�မ踀ꌁ靀�လငĀ靀�ခ垣�က靀�တ址�င靀� ပ鞲�ဝင靀��နသည靀�။

“စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ဖ址�靀�搀ꈀဖ址�쌀埏�မĀန흀�ខ� ပတ靀�သက靀�တ흀�Ā အလꌁ埏�အလꌁက အရမ靀�埏�ꈀက址�埏�မꌁ埏�တယ靀�။ အ�မရ址�ကန靀�ကĀမĀဏ址��တ址�ဟꌁ စစ靀�တပ靀�ရ흀�搀စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏� ပĀ靀�စ靀��ဟꌁင靀�埏��တ址� ꈀပ쌀ꈀပင靀��ꈀပꌁင靀�埏�လ흀��ရ埏�မ址�ꌁ က址�ည址�ဖ址�Āខ� အ�ကꌁင靀�埏�ဆĀ靀�埏� အ�နအထꌁ埏�မ址�ꌁ ရ址�址��နတယ靀�” ဟĀ MrRose က �ꈀပꌁသည靀�။

(လန靀�ဒန靀�အ�ꈀခစ址�Āက靀� Financial Time သတင靀�埏�စꌁပ鞲� Michael Peel ၏ Myanmar: the military-commercialcomplex �ဆꌁင靀�埏�ပ鞲�埏�က址�Ā ဘꌁသꌁꈀပန靀�ဆ址�Āသည靀�။ မ址�ရင靀�埏�က址�Ā ဖတ靀�㈂Āလ址�Āလ踀င靀� ဤ�နရꌁက址�Ā│址�址�ပ靀�ပ鞲�။ )

Topics: စစ靀�ဘက靀�စ址�埏�ပ址�ꌁ埏��ရ埏�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏�

Michael Peelဧရာဝတီ

သတင靀�埏�

လက靀�ပ靀��တꌁင靀�埏� �က垣�ꌁက靀�ထĀတ靀�လĀပ靀�ငန靀�埏� ပ址�တ靀�သ址�မ靀�埏�ရန靀�တ址�Āင靀�埏�ဝန靀�ꈀက址�埏�ခ垣�쌀ပ靀� 謃Āန靀�ꈀကꌁ埏�