Musser JMB. 2010 Diseases in Nature ORF: A Shared Vesicular Disease of Sheep, Goats, and Humans...

Musser JMB. 2010Diseases in Nature

ORF:ORF:A Shared Vesicular Disease of A Shared Vesicular Disease of

Sheep, Goats, and HumansSheep, Goats, and Humans

Jeffrey MB Musser and Susan L PayneJeffrey MB Musser and Susan L Payne

Department of Veterinary PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine

Texas A&M University Texas A&M University


Sheep feeder – Sheep feeder –

well developed well developed vesicles on right hand vesicles on right hand

lesser number of lesser number of vesicles on left handvesicles on left hand

Case 1Case 1


Inoculate sheep with Inoculate sheep with vesicle fluidvesicle fluid

Day 5 – reddening of the Day 5 – reddening of the scratched area scratched area

Day 6 – pustulesDay 6 – pustules

Case 1Case 1

Day 11 – max pustule developmentDay 11 – max pustule developmentBecomes scabs, dry up, and drop offBecomes scabs, dry up, and drop off


First reported case in First reported case in U.S. of sore mouth U.S. of sore mouth (orf) as a zoonotic (orf) as a zoonotic diseasedisease

Case 1Case 1

Newsom IE and Cross F. Sore mouth in sheep transmissible to man.Newsom IE and Cross F. Sore mouth in sheep transmissible to man.JAVMA 1934.JAVMA 1934.


Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline

1. Parapox virus overview1. Parapox virus overview

2. Contagious ecthyma in sheep and goats2. Contagious ecthyma in sheep and goats

3. Orf in humans3. Orf in humans

4. Transmission and Risk factors4. Transmission and Risk factors

5. Diseases w/ similar presentations5. Diseases w/ similar presentations

6. Diagnosis6. Diagnosis

7. Prevention7. Prevention

8. Conclusion8. Conclusion


Parapox virus overviewParapox virus overviewPoxviridae(subclass chordopoxviridae)

Cowpox (cats, cows, rodents, and humans)

Smallpox (humans)

Monkeypox (monkeys, rodents, rabbits, and humans)

Orthopoxvirus

Molluscum contagiosum (humans)

ParapoxvirusContagious ecthyma or Orf (sheep, goats, and humans)

Molluscipoxvirus

Pseudocowpox (cows and humans)

Capripoxvirus Goatpox (goats and humans; most likely not zoonotic)

characterized by generalized or localized cutaneous lesions characterized by generalized or localized cutaneous lesions


Parapox virus overviewParapox virus overview

Parapox virus - Parapox virus - endemic in major endemic in major sheep and goat sheep and goat rearing areas of the rearing areas of the United States,United States,

such as the Hill such as the Hill Country and West Country and West TexasTexas

Source: USDA 2007 Census of Agriculture


Lesions - sheep and goatsLesions - sheep and goats

Texas AgriLIFE, Sonora


Other lesion locationsOther lesion locations

Teats and perianal regionTeats and perianal region



Virulent formVirulent form

Texas AgriLIFE, SonoraTexas AgriLIFE, Sonora



Clinical presentation - humansClinical presentation - humans

Source SCP-ASIM Bioterrorism resource Center

CDC 2006.



http://www.cdc.govl

Source: Buttner M. 2002.



Source: Al-Salam s. 2007

Source: Lederman 2007



Source: Georgiades G. 2005.Source: Georgiades G. 2005.

Source: Georgiades G. 2005.


TransmissionTransmission

Damage to skin or mucosa allows the virus to infect Damage to skin or mucosa allows the virus to infect and replicate in regenerating epidermal cellsand replicate in regenerating epidermal cells



Risk FactorsRisk Factors

Direct contact with sheep or goats Direct contact with sheep or goats

Time of year (season)Time of year (season)

Use of vaccineUse of vaccine

Bottle feeding and caring for ill animalsBottle feeding and caring for ill animals

Not wearing glovesNot wearing gloves



www.motmplus.com

Petting zoosPetting zoos4- H Projects4- H Projects

La Graciosa 4-H Market Goat Project


Diseases w/ similar presentationDiseases w/ similar presentation

Orf can be clinically confused with other Poxvirus Orf can be clinically confused with other Poxvirus infections and other cutaneous disease such as:infections and other cutaneous disease such as:

cutaneous anthraxcutaneous anthrax

tularemiatularemia

cutaneous leishmaniasiscutaneous leishmaniasis

monkey poxmonkey pox

erysipeloiderysipeloid

pseudocowpox (milker’s nodules)pseudocowpox (milker’s nodules)

ecthymaecthyma



Orf lesionOrf lesionContact with sheep or Contact with sheep or

goatsgoats

Lesion primarily on the Lesion primarily on the dorsal fingersdorsal fingers

Lesion associated with Lesion associated with crusts and scabbingcrusts and scabbing

Cutaneous anthraxCutaneous anthraxCharacteristic non-pitting Characteristic non-pitting

edema surrounding ulcer edema surrounding ulcer and escharand eschar

Lesion is not limited to Lesion is not limited to fingersfingers

Ulcer is painlessUlcer is painless

Source: ACP-ASIM Bioterrorism Resource Center



TularemiaTularemiaContact with cats, rabbits, Contact with cats, rabbits,

foxes, squirrels, foxes, squirrels, muskrats, beavers, and muskrats, beavers, and pheasants or potential pheasants or potential exposure to tick or deer exposure to tick or deer fly vectorfly vector

Lesion is painful papule or Lesion is painful papule or ulcerulcer

Source: NABC. Kansas State University


goatsgoats





Cutaneous LeishmaniasisCutaneous LeishmaniasisPatient has traveled to or Patient has traveled to or

resides in an endemic arearesides in an endemic area

Lesion slowly evolves from Lesion slowly evolves from papule to ulcerpapule to ulcer

Nodular lymphangitis may be Nodular lymphangitis may be presentpresent

Source: ACP-ASIM Bioterrorism Resource Center


goatsgoats





Monkey poxMonkey poxContact with monkeys, Contact with monkeys,

rodents, and rabbitsrodents, and rabbits

Fever, headache, myalgia, Fever, headache, myalgia, exhaustion, (flu like)exhaustion, (flu like)

Lymph nodes usually Lymph nodes usually enlargedenlarged


goatsgoats



Source Davis R.G. CRSPH, Iowa State University Source Davis R.G. CRSPH, Iowa State University


DiagnosticsDiagnostics

Clinical signs and HistoryClinical signs and History

HistopathologyHistopathology

Electron microscopyElectron microscopy

SerologySerology

rtPCR - amplification of a rtPCR - amplification of a 70 bp fragment from the 70 bp fragment from the ORFV ORFV B2LB2L gene that gene that encodes the major encodes the major envelope protein.envelope protein.

100 nm Image by Ross Payne, VTPB,CVM,TAMU


PreventionPrevention

KnowledgeKnowledge

Proper hand hygieneProper hand hygiene

DisinfectionDisinfection

GlovesGloves


ConclusionConclusion

a self-limiting conditiona self-limiting condition

easily recognized by easily recognized by people at risk who do people at risk who do not always seek not always seek medical caremedical care

physicians may be physicians may be unfamiliar with disease unfamiliar with disease and clinical signsand clinical signs

true prevalence of human orf infection likely true prevalence of human orf infection likely underestimatedunderestimated

Source: Buttner M. 2002.


Good resourcesGood resources

Texas Department of State Health ServicesTexas Department of State Health Services

ACP-ASIM Bioterrorism Resource CenterACP-ASIM Bioterrorism Resource Center

USDA and CDCUSDA and CDC

faq: Frequently Asked Questionsfaq: Frequently Asked Questions

About Sore Mouth (orf virus)About Sore Mouth (orf virus)

Center for Food Security & Public HealthCenter for Food Security & Public Health

(Iowa State University)(Iowa State University)


The Entry of the Animals into Noah's ArkThe Entry of the Animals into Noah's ArkJan Brueghel the Elder, 1613 Jan Brueghel the Elder, 1613

Questions?Questions?

Musser JMB. 2010 Diseases in Nature ORF: A Shared Vesicular Disease of Sheep, Goats, and Humans...

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