INTRODUCTION Organology is the scientific study of musical instruments Latin based version of German Instrumentenkunde Derived from Greek words organon (instrument) and logos (study) 2 Goals of Organology: To understand indigenous terminology and its relation to its culture To develop methods and meanings for abstracting and comparing information about all musical instruments Instruments often fulfil extra functions in categories such as: History Technology Religion, etc. The terms and classifications of instruments reflect the culture and need of the classifier Instruments are classified according to systems based on: Playing method Material and structure Status/Use Westerners speak of: Winds (Playing method) Strings (Material) Percussion (Playing method) Indonesians however speak of: Slabs (Material?) Gongs (Method) Drums (Structure) Some instruments are used for singular purposes, sometimes sacred or secular Jewish shofar (SACRED) New Gunea ancestral flutes (SACRED) Dutch Midwinter horn (SECULAR) Status symbols Upright vs Grand piano Pipe vs Electric Organ Royal drums House gongs You could also say a system is worked out by Where an instrument is played What is its purpose How it is played Its physical features

HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS Ancient China Bayin System derived from materials Pottery Metal Gourd Stone Silk Wood Skin Bamboo Bharatas Natya Shastra (India 200BC) Classified according to physical properties of the primary sounding matter Johannes De Murls French simple system (France 1300s) Stringed Wind Percussion Michael Praetorius first publishes about African instruments (France 1600s) Syntagma musicum: De organographia (1618) Theatrum Instrumentorium (1620) African Franois Auguste Gevaert in Trait dinstrumentation (Belgium 1863) Stringed (scraped, plucked, percussion) Membrane (definite, indefinite pitch) Wind (flue, reed, mouthpiece) Autophonic (definite, indefinite pitch) Victor Charles Mahillon, Gevaerts follower, in Catalogue descriptive (Belgium 1888) Autophones Membranophones Chordophones Aerophones Erich von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs in Sytematik der Musikinstrumente (Germany 1914) Widely accepted today Replaces autophone with idiophone Mostly identical to Mahillons revision of Gevaerts system Idiophones and membranophones subdivided according to ways of playing Chordophones classified according to external appearance Aerophones classified according to functional and constructional features Not applicable to any instrument invented after 1914, nor combined instruments Sachs furthered his research in 1930 and 1940 in two new papers - Lehmann classified strings and flutes by shape (1920s) - Norlind classified chordophones by organographic criteria (1930s) - Hickmann classified Egyptian harps according to shape Andr Shaeffners consistent approach closer to the Ancient Chinese (France 1932) Solid Bodies which cannot be tensioned (reeds) Bodies which can be subjected to tension (membranophones and chordophones) Wind Scaeffner, Kartomi and Yamaguchis (among others) ideas merged to form Elementary Organology (1900s) Earth solids Gaiaphones Water liquids Hydraulaphones Air gases Aerophones Fire plasmas Plasmaphones Quintessence/Idea informatics Quintephones Hans-Heinz Drger broadened and furthered his teachers (Hornbostel and Sachs) system (Europe 1948) Examination of each instrument before classification Montagu and Burton attempted to create a system based on words, rather than numbers to avoid confusion and misunderstanding (England, 1971) The Organology Section of ICOM (International Committee of Museums) attempted to improve the Hornbostel-Sachs system (Congress in Moscow 1977) Pavel Kurfrst categorizes by: Radioelectronic terminology Acoustic analysis Schematic model Currently, organologists work with technologists to research organology. There is a growing intereset in Electric musical instruments.

HORNBOSTEL-SACHS SYSTEM: IDIOPHONES: Vibrations are produced, without stretching the basic material, by: striking one portion of the instrument against another striking another object against the instrument by shaking by scraping by plucking by rubbing by blowing by bowing by stamping MEMBRANOPHONES: Sound produced by vibrations that is: Struck Rubbed Blown CHORDOPHONES: Sound produced by a vibrating (stretching) string activated by: Striking Plucking Bowing BASIC FAMILIES ARE: Lute -Strings parallel to soundboard and extend on a neck/fingerboard Zither - Strings parallel to soundboard and are its same length Harp -Strings are perpendicular to soundboard Lyre -Strings are parallel to soundboard and suspended beyond on crossbar/yoke AEROPHONES: Sound from a vibrating column of air. May be activated from a: Blow hole Reed Buzzing lips

NGUNI INSTRUMENTSLEVINES CLASSIFICATIONS (2005) Drums Igubu Rattle/Shakers Shele Hand Clappers Amatambo Flutes/Whistles/Reeds Imbande Trumpets Icilongo Horns Mpalampala Bull-Roarers Uvuru Xylophones Marimba Mbiras Ukele Bows Mouth-resonated Bows Unbraced Bows with Resonators Braced Bows Plucked, mouth-resonated Bows Bows with tin resonators The Bow typically substitutes for a vocal chorus when accompanying singing Originate with Khoi San hunting Sometimes feature one or two open notes Bowed, struck, plucked Resonators or mouth resonated Drives African music with equidistant and harmonic scales Interval between open and stopped fundamentals determine the scale used Ikinge String-Wind Ugwali

ORCHESTRAS: BAROQUE: Conductor on harpsichord leads First Violins Second Violins Violas Cellos Double Bass Oboes Bassoon Timpani Natural Trumpets CLASSICAL: Conductor no longer on harpsichord First Violins Second Violins Violas Cellos Double Bass Flutes Oboes Clarinets Bassoon Hand Horns Natural Trumpets Timpani 19TH-CENTURY ORCHESTRA: First Violins Second Violins Violas Cellos Double Bass Harp Flutes Oboes Clarinets Bassoons French Horns Trumpets Trombones Tubas Percussion

20TH-CENTURY ORCHESTRA 12-18 First Violins (bowed lute chordophone) 12-16 Second Violins (bowed lute chordophone) 10-12 Violas (bowed lute chordophone) 10 Cellos (bowed lute chordophone) 8 Double Basses (bowed lute chordophone) 2 Harps (harp chordophone) 1 Piccolo (side-blown flute with keys aerophone) 3 Flutes (side-blown flute with keys aerophone) 3 Oboes (double reed pipe with keys aerophone) 3 Clarinets (single reed pipe with keys aerophone) 1 Bass Clarinet (single reed pipe with keys aerophone) 3 Bassoons (double reed pipe with keys aerophone) 1 Double Bassoons (double reed pipe with keys aerophone) 1 English Horn (double reed pipe with keys aerophone) 6 French Horns (chromatic trumpet with valves aerophone) 4 Trumpets (chromatic trumpet with valves aerophone) 4 Trombones (chromatic trumpet with slide aerophone) 1 Tubas (chromatic trumpet with valves aerophone) Kettledrums/Timpani (struck drum struck directly kettle drum membranophone) Snare drum (struck drum struck directly tubular double skin cylindrical membranophone) Tenor drum (struck drum struck directly tubular double skin cylindrical membranophone) Bass drum (struck drum struck directly tubular double skin cylindrical membranophone) Glockenspiel (percussion idiophone) Tubular bells (percussion idiophone) Xylophone (percussion idiophone) Celesta (percussion idiophone) Cymbals (percussion idiophone) Sometimes Organ Piano Saxes Mandolins, etc.