Characteristic 1Live in/near water sources

MULTICELLULAR ALGAE

http://www.eplantscience.com/botanical_biotechnology_biology_chemistry/images/Plant%20organisms/Green_algae/Chlorophyta_large.jpg

, http://www.californiasciencecenter.org/Exhibits/WorldOfEcology/ForestZone/KelpForest/images/Island-kelp-forest.jpg

, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Red_algae.jpg

,

Characteristic 2Lack vascular tissue

MULTICELLULAR ALGAE

http://universe-review.ca/I10-24-vascular.jpg, http://en.es-static.us/upl/2012/03/seaweed.jpeg

Characteristic 3Some unicellular, some colonial, most multicellular

MULTICELLULAR ALGAE

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgdec03/volv3sm.jpg, http://www.marlin.ac.uk/imgs/o_ulvlac.jpg

Characteristic 4Reproductive cycles involve alternating sexual and asexual stages

MULTICELLULAR ALGAE

http://www.biologyjunction.com/images/chlamydomonasrepro.jpg

Characteristic 5Well-adapted to life in water

Thin leaf-like structures (~2 cells thick)Movement of materials into the organism is through diffusionNo stemsEase of sexual reproduction

MULTICELLULAR ALGAE

http://www.mrcorfe.com/KS4/Edexcel/Biology/B2-1-LivingCells/images/DiffusionCell.jpg

Characteristic 6Adapted to life in the intertidal zone

Cell wall of cellulose and gel-like sugar (slimy and rubbery)Some have CaCO3

MULTICELLULAR ALGAE

http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/images/wsci_01_img0122.jpg

According to: Chlorophyll and accessory pigments Form in which food is stored

ALGAL GROUPS IN PHYCOLOGY

Habitat Some freshwater, most marine Polar regions, tropics Up to ~260 m depth

Pigments Chl a (all) phycoerythrin absorbs blue light appears green, pink, red, purple, black

Food reserve: Floridean starchMostly multicellular; no flagella and

centrioles

DIVISION RHODOPHYTA (RED ALGAE)

Chondrus crispusChondrus crispus, Irish moss, Irish moss

http://www.biopix.nl/Temp/JCS%20Chondrus%20crispus%2015579.jpg, http://www.uwphoto.no/500/esv151cd221.jpg, http://media.treehugger.com/assets/images/2011/10/porphyra.jpg

Lithothamnion Lithothamnion glacialeglaciale

Porphyra nori

Habitat Mostly marine Cool, shallow coastal waters of

temperate/arctic areas

Pigments Chl a and c fucoxanthin Dusky olive/yellow-brown

Food reserve: laminarinAll multicellular; largest and most

complex algae

DIVISION PHAEOPHYTA (BROWN ALGAE)

Macrocystis pyrifera, giant kelp

http://s1.hubimg.com/u/4873716_f260.jpg, http://www.ohio.edu/plantbio/vislab/algaeimage/jpegs/Sarg.JPG, http://

www.deepseaimages.com/dsilibrary/data/683/22003_0208_125426aa_1_1.jpg PadinaPadina

Thallus (pl. thalli) “sprout”- plantlike seaweed body1.holdfast – attachment2.stipe – stemlike support3.blade – surface for photosynthesis4.bladder – flotation, keeps blades near surface

PHAEOPHYTA STRUCTURES

http://ez002.k12.sd.us/kelpai.jpg

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN Fucus

Only multicellular part of the life Only multicellular part of the life cyclecycle

http://plantphys.info/organismal/lechtml/images/fucuslc.gif

Habitat: Freshwater/marine/moist areas

Pigments: Chl a and b, carotenoids

Food reserve: starchCell wall of celluloseUnicellular/colonial/multicellularAncestors of modern land plants

DIVISION CHLOROPHYTA (GREEN ALGAE)

http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/studies/invertebrates/invertimages/chlamy.gif, http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgdec03/volvoxbirth2.jpg, http://

www.aphotomarine.com/images/seaweed/green_seaweed_sea_lettuce_ulva_linza_17-03-09.jpg

VolvoxVolvox

Ulva

ChlamydomonasPonds, ditches2 flagellaCup-shaped chloroplast

Pyrenoid at base synthesizes and stores starch

2 small contractile vacuolesEyespotCell wall not made of cellulose

UNICELLULAR GREEN ALGA

http://universe-review.ca/I10-68-greenalgae1.jpg

, http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/Pics/Other%20Algae/Green_jpegs/Chlamydomonas_Key100.jpg

Gonium4-42 identical cells living together but functioning independentlyVolvox500-50,000 cells arranged in hollow spheresMost cells identical; few produce gametesOedogoniumThreadlike coloniesHoldfast cell attached to lake/pond bottomAsexual reproduction: broken filaments divide and growSexual reproduction: formation of gametes

COLONIAL GREEN ALGAE

http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Chlorophyta/Gonium/sp_2a.jpg,http://anugrahjuni.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/oedogonium2.gif

UlvaIntertidal zone of marine habitatsTruly multicellular2-cells thick but tough

MULTICELLULAR GREEN ALGAE

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_bQO5DdNy04g/S_3l_CGS8rI/AAAAAAAADgs/sCQ9cyg6lu0/

s1600/i1023ulva.jpg

Alternation of generationsDiploid haploid stagesAsexual sexual modes of reproduction

Asexual spore* formationSexual gamete* formation

* Both are haploid reproductive cells

REPRODUCTION IN CHLOROPHYTA

Haploid, N

Diploid, 2N

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Haploid_vs_diploid.svg

REPRODUCTION IN Chlamydomonas

http://www.biologyjunction.com/images/chlamydomonasrepro.jpg

Dominant stage

(unfavorable conditions)

Isogamy

Fertilization/Syngamy

2N N N N

REPRODUCTION IN Ulva

Multicellular haploid stages with gametangia that produce gametes

Multicellular diploid stage with

sporangia that produce spores

2N NN N

ECOLOGY OF ALGAE•“grasses of the sea”• home to marine organisms• source of oxygen• source of pharmaceuticals• food products

• algin from brown algae• carageenan and agar from red algae

• non-food products

Chlorella Dunaliella Lithothamnium

Undaria

Wakame

Porphyra

NoriKombu

Laminaria