Chapter 19: Kingdom Plantae. 19.1 Land plants evolved from green algae Multicellular Usually...
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Transcript of Chapter 19: Kingdom Plantae. 19.1 Land plants evolved from green algae Multicellular Usually...
![Page 1: Chapter 19: Kingdom Plantae. 19.1 Land plants evolved from green algae Multicellular Usually photosynthetic Mostly terrestrial Plant: multicellular.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061618/56649ead5503460f94bb49d8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 19: Kingdom Plantae
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19.1 Land plants evolved from green algae
Multicellular
Usually photosynthetic
Mostly terrestrial
Plant: multicellular autotroph, embryo develops in female parent
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Origins of Plants from Algae
Closest ancestors = multicellular green algae – Charophytes
Some shallows dried out – plants adapted
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Challenges of Life on Land
4 challenges– 1. obtaining resources– 2. staying upright– 3. maintaining moisture– 4. reproducing
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1. Resources
Air – light, carbon dioxide (photosynthesis)– Shoots, leaves
Soil – water, mineral nutrients– Roots
Vascular tissue– System of tube-shaped cells that branches
throughout the plant– Materials – roots/shoots
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2. Staying Upright Water - buoyancy Air – rigid support tissue
– Lignin – hardens plants’ cell walls
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3. Moisture Internal watery environment for cell
processes Adaptations:
– Waxy cuticle – retain water, slow exchange gases between air and leaves
– Stomata – pores in leaf’s surface Gas exchange Guard cells
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4. Reproduction Gametes / offspring – moist
– Sperm – pollen grain– Egg – female tissues
Dispersal – Sperm – wind / animals
Embryo develops in female parents seeds
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Overview of Plant Diversity
4 major periods plant evolution– 1. Bryophytes – mosses
No seeds, no lignin
– 2. Pteridophytes – ferns Lignin – vascular tissue
– 3. Gymnosperms – naked seeds, conifers– 4. Angiosperms – flowering plants
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Fig. 19-5
Figure 19-5Fossil evidence indicates that bryophytes are the oldest and angiosperms the youngest of the four major plant groups.
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Alternation of Generations
Diploid (Sporophyte) / haploid (Gametophyte)
Multicellular Fig. 19-6
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Figure 19-6A plant's life cycle alternates between the gametophyte and sporophyte generations
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Spores vs. Gametes
Spore Gamete
New organism without another cell
2 gametes fuse to form a zygote
Tough coat – harsh environments
Not adapted for harsh conditions
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19.2 Mosses and Bryophytes
Damp habitats Lack rigid support tissues grow
close to ground
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Bryophyte Adaptations Dominant generation = gametophyte
(1n) Nonvascular – no lignin Fig. 19-7 – overhead
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Separate male/female gametophytes– Flagellated sperm swim to eggs– Fertilization – zygote grows from female
gametophyte into sporophyte– Sporophyte (2n) = stalklike, capsule at
top– Capsule produces/releases spores
new gametophytes
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Diversity of Bryophytes
Hornworts – hornlike sporophytes
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Mosses – Moss mat = many gametophytes in tight
pack– Stalks = sporophytes– Spongy – absorb / retain water
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Liverworts – liver-shaped gametophytes
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19.3 Pteridophytes: Ferns / other seedless vascular plants
Pteridophyte adaptations: Fig. 19-10 - overhead
– Vascular tissue – lignin – water, sugar– Carboniferous period – fossil fuel– Dominant generation = sporophyte– Underside of fronds – spore capsules
Haploid spores, gametophytes
– Underside of gametophyte Produce sperm / egg Sperm swim to egg zygote new
sporophyte
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Diversity of Pteridophytes Ferns – most diverse Leaves = fronds Shady forests
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Club “mosses” – little pine tree– Vascular tissue, no seeds, forest floors
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Horsetails Marshy, sandy areas Outer layer = silica – gritty Scrub pots/pans “scouring rushes”
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19.4 Pollen and Seeds Evolved in Gymnosperms
Gymnosperm adaptations Gymnosperms = plants that bear
seeds that are “naked” – Not enclosed in an ovary– Most common - conifers
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3 more adaptations than ferns: 1. Smaller gametophyte
– Dominant generation = diploid sporophyte = pine tree
– Tiny gametophytes are in cones- protection 2. Pollen
– Reduced male gametophyte – Contain cells that become sperm – Wind – pollen from male to female- no water
needed 3. Seeds
– Plant embryo with a food supply in a protective coat
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Life Cycle of Gymnosperms
Male pollen cone - spore sacs with haploid spores become pollen grains (male gametophyte)
Female gametophytes develop within ovules– On scale of cone – 2 ovules– Large spore cell – meiosis– 4 haploid cells – 1 survives female
gametophyte
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Wind – blows pollen between trees Pollen lands in female cone Sperm matures and fertilizes egg in
female gametophyte 2 eggs fertilized often – still only 1
zygote into embryo (seed) = new sporophyte
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Diversity of Gymnosperms
4 phyla today Gingkos
– Gingko biloba Fan-like leaves Shed in autumn Cities-
– Tolerates– pollution
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Gnetophytes– Mormon tea, desert shrub
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Cycads – large, palm-like leaves– Not true palms which are flowering plants
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Conifers– Spruce, pine, fir, junipers, cedar, redwood– evergreen
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19.5/20.1 Flowers and fruits evolved in
angiosperms Angiosperm Adaptations
– Gametophytes develop in flowers of sporophyte
– Flower = specialized type of plant shoot that functions in reproduction, only in angiosperms
Attract animal pollinators – variety Insects transfer pollen between flowers Grasses – wind pollinated – small flowers
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Flower Anatomy
Flower – specialized shoot 4 rings modified leaves
– Sepals – protect flower bud– Petals – color – insects– Stamens – male, many– Carpels (pistils) – female,1+
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Stamen – produces male gametophytes
Filament + anther Filament – supports anther Anther – pollen
– meiosis – spores – pollen grains = male haploid gametophytes
Each pollen grain – 2 cells with thick protective wall
Fig 20-2 in packet
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Carpels – female gametophytes
stigma – style – ovary – Stigma – sticky – pollen– Style – supports stigma – pollen tube– Ovary - ovules
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Angiosperm Life Cycle Pollen on stigma - pollination Pollen tube to ovule in ovary - style
– 2 sperm cells in pollen grain in tube– In ovules – diploid cell –
meiosis 4 haploid spores – ¾ die survivor enlarges – 3 cycles mitosis
embryo sac – 7 cells (1 egg cell + 1 large cell with 2 haploid nuclei)
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Water lilies
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Star Anise
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– 1st sperm fertilizes 1 egg = zygote embryo
– 2nd sperm fuses with nucleus in larger center cell triploid cell = endosperm (nutrient storage)
– “double fertilization” – zygote and endosperm develop into seed
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Many ovules, many seeds Seeds develop, ovary wall thickens
fruit Fruit = ripened ovary of a flower
– Protects, disperses seeds– Colorful, attract animals, eat, digest,
waste
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Monocots – day lilies, orchids, irises, palms, grasses– Flower petals – multiples of 3
Dicots – poppies, roses, peas, sunflowers, oaks, maples– Flower petals – multiples of 4 or 5
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Human Dependence on Angiosperms
Food – human, domestic animals– Corn, rice, wheat, fruit, vegetables
Furniture, medicines, perfumes, decorations, clothing fibers
Threat – tropical rain forest
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20.1 Reproductive Adaptations contribute to angiosperm
success
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Seed Development and Dispersal
Seed parts– Seed coat – outer layer – protects
embryo and endosperm– Mini root and shoot– Cotyledon – food storage
Monocot, dicot
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Seed Dispersal Animals
– fur – burr– Eat, digest fruit, waste
Water – coconut Wind - dandelion
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Seed Germination Plant embryo grows in favorable
conditions Soak up water Expands Seed coat splits
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Adaptations to Germination
Dicot – hooked shoot tip Monocot – sheath around shoot tip Light – 1st leaves – photosynthesis =
seedling
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Environment needed for Germination
Usually just warm, moist Others
– Heavy rainfall – soil– Long cold– Intense heat - clearing
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Challenges to sexual reproduction
Pollination Damaged seeds Bad environment for germination Delicate seedlings – eaten, water
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Asexual Reproduction in Plants
Vegetative Propagation – offspring identical to parent
Cacti- drop stems Strawberries - runners
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Lifespan Annuals – one growing season Biennials – 2 years Perennials – multiple years
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20.2 Plant Tissues / Organs
Roots– Anchor, support, absorb water, minerals
Monocots – – fibrous roots: many thin roots – grass
Dicots – – Taproot: 1 large vertical root with small root hairs– carrots, turnips, beets
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Angiosperm shoots – stem, leaves, flower
Stems – Support leaves, flowers– Nodes – where leaves are attached– Internodes – between nodes– Transport – vascular tissue – leaves and
roots
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Buds– Underdeveloped shoots– Terminal bud – tip of stem– Axillary buds – found in angles of leaf
and main stem – branches
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Leaves– Photosynthesis – food– Blade – main leaf part– Petiole – connects leaf to stem– Veins – carry water, nutrients– Modified leaves
Grass – no petiole Celery – large petiole – eat Cactus spines
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Main Tissue Systems: Dermal, Vascular, Ground
Vascular – transport roots / shoots– Support– 2 types:
Xylem: water, dissolved minerals up from roots to shoots
Phloem: food from leaves to roots, non food-making leaves, fruits
Locations: – Roots – center– Stems – vascular bundles
• Monocot – scattered• Dicot - ring
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Dermal – outer covering– Epidermis – protects young plant parts
Ground – makes most young, nonwoody plants– Photosynthesis, storage, support– Root - cortex
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Plant Cells: Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
Parenchyma– Food storage, photosynthesis, cellular
respiration– Fruits, phloem
Collenchyma– In strands, Celery strings– young parts
Sclerenchyma– Lignin-rich cell walls - ‘skeleton’ for mature plant– xylem
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20.3 Primary Growth Meristematic tissue
– Meristems – create new tissue - always Mitosis, cell then differentiate
– Apical meristems Tip of roots, bud of shoots Lengthen, branch
– Primary growth Growth in plant length
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Primary growth in Roots
Root cap = root tip – protects dividing cells of apical meristem
Root apical meristem– 1. Replaces root cap cells– 2. Produces cells for primary growth
Primary growth cells – 3 concentric circles– Out – dermal– Middle – bulk root tip – root’s cortex (ground)– In – vascular tissue
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Primary growth depends on– Addition of new cells– Cells elongating – more water– Elongation – forces root tip through soil
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Primary growth of shoots
Apical meristem – tip terminal bud Elongation – just below meristem –
push cells upward Some cells left behind
– Become axillary buds - branches 3 concentric circles – dermal, ground,
vascular
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20.4 Secondary Growth Woody plants – vines, shrubs, trees Growth in plant width Cell division in 2 meristematic tissues:
vascular cambium and cork cambium
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Vascular Cambium Between xylem and phloem Adds cells both sides
– Secondary xylem inside– Secondary phloem outside
Added to primary tissues during primary growth
Secondary xylem becomes wood each year during growing season– Dormant in winter– Stem / root thickens with each new xylem
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Cork cambium cork Cork cells die – thick, waxy walls left –
water loss, helps protect internal tissues
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Bark = everything outside vascular cambium = Phloem, cork cambium, cork
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The Rings Age from annual growth rings Result of vascular cambium activity
each year
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Environment Each ring
– Spring wood – large, thin-walled Cool temps, lots water
– Summer wood – narrow, thick-walled Hot, dry
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21.2 Vascular Tissue Roots – absorb water, minerals Roots hairs –epidermal cells
– Grow between soil particles– Surface area
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Root pressure– Pushes water up xylem – night– Root epidermal and ground tissue cells
use ATP to get minerals – into xylem– Endodermis – around vascular tissue,
waxy cell walls – doesn’t let water back out
– Water enters (osmosis) – pushes xylem sap upward
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The Upward Movement of Xylem Sap
Transpiration – loss of water through leaves due to evaporation– “transpiration pull”
Cohesion – same kind molecules stick together (water)
Adhesion – attraction between unlike molecules (water sticks to cellulose in xylem walls)
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http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0-13-115075-8/text/chapter21/21images/21-07.pdf
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Regulating water loss Transpiration – lots water loss Evaporative cooling – keep good
temp. More transpiration than water delivery
= wilting
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Adaptations for water loss
Leaf stomata – open / close – guard cells
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Day – Stoma open – Carbon dioxide in– Sunlight and low carbon dioxide – more
potassium – water follows – Guard cells swell and open
Night– Stomata close– Potassium ions leave with water– Sag together
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Flow of Phloem Sap Phloem Move sugar from source to sink
(storage or use) Different sinks, different seasons
– Summer – taproots, tubers – storage– Next Spring – become sugar source
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Pressure – Flow Mechanism
Sugar produced Active transport to phloem tube Up sugar conc. at source end of
phloem – water follows = up water pressure at source
pressure low at sink Sink end = sugars leave phloem, water
follows, pressure drops = water flows high to low
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21.3 Carnivorous Plants Some plants – N from animals Ex: sundews, Venus's flytraps, pitcher
plants Little organic N where they live
(wetlands, cold, acidic water, decay slow)
Still photosynthesize
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22.1 Plant Hormones
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Plant hormones – chemical messengers (only takes a little)
Control:– Germination– Growth– Flowering– Fruit production
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Functions of 5 Major Hormones:
Balance of hormones acting together
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Auxins Apical meristems – shoot tips Cell elongation
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Auxin builds – shaded side Shaded cells lengthen more, more
water Uneven sides = bending
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Secondary growth – vascular cambium Seeds – auxin – signal ovary to fruit Auxins - no pollination seedless
fruit
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Cytokinins Cell division – made in roots Cytokinin with auxin
– Fewer / shorter branches near tip
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Gibberellins Fruit – seedless, larger
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Abscisic Acid (ABA) Limits cell division Stops growth Dormancy “stress hormone”
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Ethylene Fruit ripening “leaf drop”
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22.2 Plant Responses Rapid plant movements
– Touch– Rapidly reversible
Tropisms – slowly grow toward or away from a stimulus– Slow to reverse
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Thigmotropism Touch Climbing plants – tendrils Seedling - obstacle
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Phototropism Light Uneven auxins – light one side
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Gravitropism Gravity Mature plant Seedling root / shoot
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Stressful Environments Drought
– Water loss, wilting, drop photosynthesis– Succulents – water fleshy stems
Flooding – Clogs air spaces, less cellular respiration– Mangrove trees
Salt stress– Root cells drop water – osmosis– Halophytes – salt glands, pump out salt
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Disease Viruses, bacteria, fungi Adaptations
– Epidermis– Chemicals – lignin– Resistant genes– Thorns, poisons