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Multi-rate Signal Processing - University of Utah
Transcript of Multi-rate Signal Processing - University of Utah
Lecture #10Multi-rate Signal Processing
2
The DTFT
The DTFT Change of Basis Oftentimes, it is easier
to process in a different basis
Hence, we may want to know the diagonalization of a Toeplitz matrix
4ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑦𝑦 =
⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱⋱ ℎ 0 ℎ −1 ℎ −2 ℎ −3 ⋱⋱ ℎ 1 ℎ 0 ℎ −1 ℎ −2 ⋱⋱ ℎ 2 ℎ 1 ℎ 0 ℎ −1 ⋱⋱ ℎ 3 ℎ 2 ℎ 1 ℎ 0 ⋱⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱
⋮𝑥𝑥 −1𝑥𝑥 0𝑥𝑥 1𝑥𝑥 2⋮
= 𝐻𝐻𝑥𝑥 = 𝑈𝑈Λ𝑈𝑈−1𝑥𝑥
The DTFT Eigenvalue decomposition The eigenvalue decomposition of a Toeplitz matrix is
5ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑦𝑦 =
⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱⋱ ℎ 0 ℎ −1 ℎ −2 ℎ −3 ⋱⋱ ℎ 1 ℎ 0 ℎ −1 ℎ −2 ⋱⋱ ℎ 2 ℎ 1 ℎ 0 ℎ −1 ⋱⋱ ℎ 3 ℎ 2 ℎ 1 ℎ 0 ⋱⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱
⋮𝑥𝑥 −1𝑥𝑥 0𝑥𝑥 1𝑥𝑥 2⋮
= 𝐻𝐻𝑥𝑥 = 𝑈𝑈Λ𝑈𝑈−1𝑥𝑥
𝑈𝑈 = The DTFT Operator
𝑈𝑈−1 = 𝑈𝑈∗
The DTFT Eigenvalue decomposition The eigenvalue decomposition of a Toeplitz matrix is
𝑧𝑧 = 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 𝑈𝑈Λ𝐻𝐻𝑈𝑈−1𝑈𝑈ΛG𝑈𝑈−1𝑈𝑈ΛV𝑈𝑈−1 = 𝑈𝑈ΛHΛ𝐺𝐺Λ𝑉𝑉𝑈𝑈−1
So what is Λ?
6ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑦𝑦 =
⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱⋱ ℎ 0 ℎ −1 ℎ −2 ℎ −3 ⋱⋱ ℎ 1 ℎ 0 ℎ −1 ℎ −2 ⋱⋱ ℎ 2 ℎ 1 ℎ 0 ℎ −1 ⋱⋱ ℎ 3 ℎ 2 ℎ 1 ℎ 0 ⋱⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱
⋮𝑥𝑥 −1𝑥𝑥 0𝑥𝑥 1𝑥𝑥 2⋮
= 𝐻𝐻𝑥𝑥 = 𝑈𝑈Λ𝑈𝑈−1𝑥𝑥
The DTFT Eigenvalue decomposition The eigenvalue decomposition of a Toeplitz matrix is
When does the inverse of filter 𝑯𝑯 exist?
How do you compute the pseudo-inverse of 𝑯𝑯?
How do you compute the Weiner deconvolution of 𝑯𝑯?
7ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑦𝑦 =
⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱⋱ ℎ 0 ℎ −1 ℎ −2 ℎ −3 ⋱⋱ ℎ 1 ℎ 0 ℎ −1 ℎ −2 ⋱⋱ ℎ 2 ℎ 1 ℎ 0 ℎ −1 ⋱⋱ ℎ 3 ℎ 2 ℎ 1 ℎ 0 ⋱⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱
⋮𝑥𝑥 −1𝑥𝑥 0𝑥𝑥 1𝑥𝑥 2⋮
= 𝐻𝐻𝑥𝑥 = 𝑈𝑈Λ𝑈𝑈−1𝑥𝑥
The DTFT Eigenvalue decomposition The eigenvalue decomposition of a Toeplitz matrix is
When does the inverse of filter 𝑯𝑯 exist?— When the frequency domain is all non-zero values
How do you compute the pseudo-inverse of 𝑯𝑯?— Only invert non-zero values in the frequency domain
How do you compute the Weiner deconvolution of 𝑯𝑯?— Perform a Tikhonov regularized inverse in frequency domain
8ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑦𝑦 =
⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱⋱ ℎ 0 ℎ −1 ℎ −2 ℎ −3 ⋱⋱ ℎ 1 ℎ 0 ℎ −1 ℎ −2 ⋱⋱ ℎ 2 ℎ 1 ℎ 0 ℎ −1 ⋱⋱ ℎ 3 ℎ 2 ℎ 1 ℎ 0 ⋱⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱
⋮𝑥𝑥 −1𝑥𝑥 0𝑥𝑥 1𝑥𝑥 2⋮
= 𝐻𝐻𝑥𝑥 = 𝑈𝑈Λ𝑈𝑈−1𝑥𝑥
Exercise Exercise: An allpass filter satisfies
𝐻𝐻 𝑒𝑒𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 1
What property must by matrix satisfy to be an allpass filter?
9ECE 6534, Chapter 3
Exercise Exercise: An allpass filter satisfies
𝐻𝐻 𝑒𝑒𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 1
What property must by matrix satisfy to be an allpass filter?
Answer: The magnitudes of the eigenvalues must be equal to 1.
10ECE 6534, Chapter 3
The DFT
The DFT Diagonalization of a shift
12ECE 6534, Chapter 3
……𝑥𝑥 0𝑥𝑥 −1𝑥𝑥 −2 𝑥𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 3
𝑦𝑦 =
⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱⋱ 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 1 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 1 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 1 0 ⋱⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱
⋮𝑥𝑥 −1𝑥𝑥 0𝑥𝑥 1𝑥𝑥 2⋮
= 𝐻𝐻𝑥𝑥 = 𝑈𝑈Λ𝑈𝑈−1𝑥𝑥
DTFT OperatorToeplitz Matrix
The DFT Diagonalization of a circular shift
13ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 0 𝑥𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥 4 𝑥𝑥 5
𝑦𝑦 =
0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 00 1 0 0 0 00 0 1 0 0 00 0 0 1 0 00 0 0 0 1 0
𝑥𝑥 0𝑥𝑥 1𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 3𝑥𝑥 4𝑥𝑥 5
= 𝐻𝐻𝑥𝑥 = 𝑈𝑈Λ𝑈𝑈−1𝑥𝑥
Circulant Matrix DFT Matrix
The DFT Circular convolution
𝑥𝑥 ∗ ℎ 𝑛𝑛 = �𝑘𝑘∈ℤ
𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛−𝑘𝑘,𝑁𝑁
14ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑦𝑦 =
ℎ[0] ℎ[5] ℎ[4] ℎ[3] ℎ[2] ℎ[1]ℎ[1] ℎ[0] ℎ[5] ℎ[4] ℎ[3] ℎ[2]ℎ[2] ℎ[1] ℎ[0] ℎ[5] ℎ[4] ℎ[3]ℎ[3] ℎ[2] ℎ[1] ℎ[0] ℎ[5] ℎ[4]ℎ[4] ℎ[3] ℎ[2] ℎ[1] ℎ[0] ℎ[5]ℎ[5] ℎ[4] ℎ[3] ℎ[2] ℎ[1] ℎ[0]
𝑥𝑥 0𝑥𝑥 1𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 3𝑥𝑥 4𝑥𝑥 5
= 𝐻𝐻𝑥𝑥 = 𝑈𝑈Λ𝑈𝑈−1𝑥𝑥
DFT Matrix
The DFT The DFT Matrix
15ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝐹𝐹 =1𝑁𝑁
1 1 1 1 ⋯ 11 𝑊𝑊 𝑊𝑊2 𝑊𝑊3 ⋯ 𝑊𝑊𝑁𝑁−1
1 𝑊𝑊2 𝑊𝑊4 𝑊𝑊6 ⋯ 𝑊𝑊2 𝑁𝑁−1
1 𝑊𝑊3 𝑊𝑊6 𝑊𝑊9 ⋯ 𝑊𝑊3 𝑁𝑁−1
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮1 𝑊𝑊𝑁𝑁−1 𝑊𝑊2 𝑁𝑁−1 𝑊𝑊3 𝑁𝑁−1 ⋯ 𝑊𝑊(𝑁𝑁−1) 𝑁𝑁−1
𝑊𝑊 = 𝑒𝑒−𝑗𝑗2𝜋𝜋𝑁𝑁
Makes matrix unitary (𝑈𝑈∗ = 𝑈𝑈−1)
Exercise Question: What property must matrices (filters) satisfy to have a zero group delay (i.e., zero phase)? Show this with matrices.
16ECE 6534, Chapter 3
Exercise Question: What property must matrices (filters) satisfy to have a zero group delay (i.e., zero phase)? Show this with matrices.
Answer: The matrix must be symmetric
This is because — 𝐻𝐻 = 𝑈𝑈Λ𝑈𝑈∗
17ECE 6534, Chapter 3
Real if symmetric
The Graph Fourier Transform
Graph Spectrum For a given graph, there exists a shift matrix
19ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥1
𝑥𝑥2𝑥𝑥3
𝑥𝑥4
𝑥𝑥5
𝑦𝑦 =
0 0 1 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 10 1 0 0 0 00 1 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 1 0
𝑥𝑥 1𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 3𝑥𝑥 4𝑥𝑥 5
= 𝑈𝑈Λ𝑈𝑈−1𝑥𝑥
Graph Fourier Transform
Graph Spectrum Question: What are graph frequency components?
20ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥1
𝑥𝑥2𝑥𝑥3
𝑥𝑥4
𝑥𝑥5
𝑦𝑦 =
0 0 1 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 10 1 0 0 0 00 1 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 1 0
𝑥𝑥 1𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 3𝑥𝑥 4𝑥𝑥 5
= 𝑈𝑈Λ𝑈𝑈−1𝑥𝑥
Graph Fourier Transform
Multi-rate Signal ProcessingDownsampling and Upsampling
Multirate signal processing Question: What is multirate signal processing?
22ECE 6534, Chapter 3
Multirate signal processing Periodically Shift-Varying Systems A discrete-time system T is called periodically shift-varying of order (𝐿𝐿,𝑀𝑀) when,
for any integer 𝑘𝑘 and input 𝑥𝑥,
That is, if I shift the input by 𝐿𝐿, I shift the output by 𝑀𝑀
23ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑇𝑇 𝑥𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦𝑦′ = 𝑌𝑌 𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛′ = 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛−𝐿𝐿𝑘𝑘 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛′ = 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛−𝑀𝑀𝑘𝑘
Multirate signal processing Downsampling by 2 Periodically shift-varying of order (2,1)
[if I shift the input by 2, I shift the output by 1]
24ECE 6534, Chapter 3
⋮𝑦𝑦 −1𝑦𝑦 0𝑦𝑦 1𝑦𝑦 2⋮
=
⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱⋱ 1 0 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 1 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 0 0 1 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱
⋮𝑥𝑥 −2𝑥𝑥 −1𝑥𝑥 0𝑥𝑥 1𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥[3]⋮
𝐷𝐷2
Multirate signal processing Question: When I downsample… What occurs in time?
What occurs in frequency?
25ECE 6534, Chapter 3
Multirate signal processing Question: When I downsample… What occurs in time?
— Answer: Condense in time (effectively)
What occurs in frequency? — Answer: Expand in frequency (with possible aliasing)
26ECE 6534, Chapter 3
Multirate signal processing Downsampling by 2 Periodically shift-varying of order (2,1)
[if I shift the input by 2, I shift the output by 1]
27ECE 6534, Chapter 3
Image from Martin Vertelli’s notes
Downsample by 2
Multirate signal processing Downsampling by N Periodically shift-varying of order (N,1)
[if I shift the input by N, I shift the output by 1]
28ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛
𝑌𝑌 𝑧𝑧 =1𝑁𝑁�𝑛𝑛=0
𝑁𝑁−1
𝑋𝑋 𝑊𝑊𝑁𝑁𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧1/𝑁𝑁
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥
Multirate signal processing Upsampling by 2 Periodically shift-varying of order (1,2)
[if I shift the input by 1, I shift the output by 2]
29ECE 6534, Chapter 3
⋮𝑦𝑦 −2𝑦𝑦 −1𝑦𝑦 0𝑦𝑦 1𝑦𝑦 2𝑦𝑦 3⋮
=
⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱⋱ 1 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 1 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 1 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱
⋮𝑥𝑥 −2𝑥𝑥 −1𝑥𝑥 0𝑥𝑥 1𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥[3]⋮
𝑈𝑈2
Multirate signal processing Question: When I upsampling… What occurs in time?
What occurs in frequency?
30ECE 6534, Chapter 3
Multirate signal processing Question: When I upsampling… What occurs in time?
— Answer: Expand in time (effectively)
What occurs in frequency? — Answer: Condense in frequency
31ECE 6534, Chapter 3
Multirate signal processing Upsampling by 2 Periodically shift-varying of order (1,2)
[if I shift the input by 1, I shift the output by 2]
32ECE 6534, Chapter 3
Image from Martin Vertelli’s notes
Upsample by 2
Multirate signal processing Upsampling by N Periodically shift-varying of order (1,N)
[if I shift the input by 1, I shift the output by N]
33ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛 = �𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛/𝑁𝑁 , for𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁∈ ℤ
0 , otherwise
𝑌𝑌 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑋𝑋 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥
Multi-rate Signal ProcessingUpsampling and downsampling
Multirate signal processing Question: What is the adjoint of downsampling?
What is the adjoint of upsampling?
35ECE 6534, Chapter 3
Multirate signal processing Question: What is the adjoint of downsampling?
— Answer: 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁∗ = 𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁
What is the adjoint of upsampling? — Answer: 𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁∗ = 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁
36ECE 6534, Chapter 3
Multirate signal processing Question: What is the 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁∗ 𝑥𝑥 = ? (reminder: matrix operations are right to left)
What does the result mean?
37ECE 6534, Chapter 3
Multirate signal processing Question: What is the 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁∗ 𝑥𝑥 = ? (reminder: matrix operations are right to left)
— Answer: 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁∗𝑥𝑥 = 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥
What does the result mean?— Answer:— 𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁 is the right inverse of 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁— 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁∗ is the right inverse of 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁— 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁 is a 1-tight frame
38ECE 6534, Chapter 3
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Relationship between upsampling and downsampling
Upsampling followed by downsampling
39ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁 = 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁∗
𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁 = 𝐼𝐼
𝑥𝑥
𝑈𝑈2𝑥𝑥
𝐷𝐷2𝑈𝑈2𝑥𝑥
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Relationship between upsampling and downsampling
Downsampling followed by upsampling
40ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁 = 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁∗
𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁 = 𝑃𝑃 (projection operator)
𝑥𝑥
𝐷𝐷2𝑥𝑥
𝑈𝑈2𝐷𝐷2𝑥𝑥
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Relationship between upsampling and downsampling
Downsampling followed by upsampling
41ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁 = 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁∗
𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁 = 𝑃𝑃 (projection operator)
𝑥𝑥
𝐷𝐷2𝑥𝑥
𝑈𝑈2𝐷𝐷2𝑥𝑥
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Upsampling by N and downsampling by M commute when N and M have no
common factors (i.e., N = 3 and M = 2)
42ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥
𝑈𝑈3𝑥𝑥
𝐷𝐷2𝑈𝑈3𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥
𝐷𝐷2𝑥𝑥
𝑈𝑈3𝐷𝐷2𝑥𝑥
Multi-rate Signal ProcessingFiltering with downsampling and upsampling
Multirate signal processing Question Why incorporate filtering?
44ECE 6534, Chapter 3
Multirate signal processing Example (from Martin Veterlli’s notes)
45ECE 6534, Chapter 3
Original signal Downsampled by 4 (aliasing)
Multirate signal processing Example (from Martin Veterlli’s notes)
46ECE 6534, Chapter 3
Downsampled THEN filtered (aliasing)
Filtered THEN downsampled
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Filtering followed by downsampling
47ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑦𝑦 =
⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱⋱ 1 0 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 1 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 0 0 1 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱
⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱⋱ 𝑔𝑔 1 𝑔𝑔 0 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 𝑔𝑔 2 𝑔𝑔 1 𝑔𝑔 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 𝑔𝑔 3 𝑔𝑔 2 𝑔𝑔 1 𝑔𝑔 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 𝑔𝑔 3 𝑔𝑔 2 𝑔𝑔 1 𝑔𝑔 0 0 ⋱⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱
⋮𝑥𝑥 −3𝑥𝑥 −2𝑥𝑥 −1𝑥𝑥 0𝑥𝑥 1𝑥𝑥 2⋮
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧 ↓ 2
Downsample across columns of G
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Filtering followed by downsampling
48ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑦𝑦 =
⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱⋱ 𝑔𝑔 1 𝑔𝑔 0 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 𝑔𝑔 3 𝑔𝑔 2 𝑔𝑔 1 𝑔𝑔 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 𝑔𝑔 3 𝑔𝑔 2 𝑔𝑔 1 𝑔𝑔 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 0 0 𝑔𝑔 3 𝑔𝑔 2 ⋱⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱
⋮𝑥𝑥 −3𝑥𝑥 −2𝑥𝑥 −1𝑥𝑥 0𝑥𝑥 1𝑥𝑥 2⋮
= 𝐻𝐻𝑥𝑥 = 𝑈𝑈Λ𝑈𝑈−1𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧 ↓ 2
No longer a DFT matrix
Multirate signal processing Example (from Martin Veterlli’s notes)
49ECE 6534, Chapter 3
Original
Upsampledby 4
Upsampledby 4 THEN
filtered
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Upsampling followed by filtering
50ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑦𝑦 =
⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱⋱ 𝑔𝑔 1 𝑔𝑔 0 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 𝑔𝑔 2 𝑔𝑔 1 𝑔𝑔 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 𝑔𝑔 3 𝑔𝑔 2 𝑔𝑔 1 𝑔𝑔 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 𝑔𝑔 3 𝑔𝑔 2 𝑔𝑔 1 𝑔𝑔 0 0 ⋱⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱
⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱⋱ 1 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 1 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 1 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱
⋮𝑥𝑥 −3𝑥𝑥 −2𝑥𝑥 −1𝑥𝑥 0𝑥𝑥 1𝑥𝑥 2⋮
Upsample across columns of x
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↑ 2
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Upsampling followed by filtering
51ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑦𝑦 =
⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱⋱ 𝑔𝑔 1 𝑔𝑔 0 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 𝑔𝑔 2 𝑔𝑔 1 𝑔𝑔 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 𝑔𝑔 3 𝑔𝑔 2 𝑔𝑔 1 𝑔𝑔 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 𝑔𝑔 3 𝑔𝑔 2 𝑔𝑔 1 𝑔𝑔 0 0 ⋱⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱
⋮𝑥𝑥 −2
0𝑥𝑥 −1
0𝑥𝑥 0
0𝑥𝑥 1⋮
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↑ 2
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Upsampling followed by filtering
52ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑦𝑦 =
⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱⋱ 𝑔𝑔 1 𝑔𝑔 0 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 𝑔𝑔 2 𝑔𝑔 1 𝑔𝑔 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 𝑔𝑔 3 𝑔𝑔 2 𝑔𝑔 1 𝑔𝑔 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 𝑔𝑔 3 𝑔𝑔 2 𝑔𝑔 1 𝑔𝑔 0 0 ⋱⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱
⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱⋱ 1 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 1 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 1 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱
⋮𝑥𝑥 −3𝑥𝑥 −2𝑥𝑥 −1𝑥𝑥 0𝑥𝑥 1𝑥𝑥 2⋮
Downsample across rows of G
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↑ 2
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Upsampling followed by filtering
53ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑦𝑦 =
⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱⋱ 𝑔𝑔 1 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 𝑔𝑔 2 𝑔𝑔 0 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 𝑔𝑔 1 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 𝑔𝑔 2 𝑔𝑔 0 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 𝑔𝑔 1 0 ⋱⋱ 0 0 𝑔𝑔 2 𝑔𝑔 0 ⋱⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱
⋮𝑥𝑥 −2𝑥𝑥 −1𝑥𝑥 0𝑥𝑥 1𝑥𝑥 2⋮
= 𝐻𝐻𝑥𝑥 = 𝑈𝑈Λ𝑈𝑈−1𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↑ 2
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Upsampling and downsampling with filters
How is this used?
54ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↑ 2𝑥𝑥 𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧 ↓ 2
𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧
Multi-rate Signal ProcessingRe-ordering downsampling and upsampling
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
56ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧2 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
Upsample the filter
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷2𝑥𝑥
My notation
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐷𝐷2𝐻𝐻↑2𝑥𝑥
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
How is this work linear algebraically? 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷2𝑥𝑥 = 𝐻𝐻𝑈𝑈2∗𝑥𝑥 = 𝐷𝐷2𝑈𝑈2𝐻𝐻𝑈𝑈2∗𝑥𝑥
57ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧2 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
Upsample the filter
Downsample x Upsampleacross rows of G
Identity
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷2𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐷𝐷2𝐻𝐻↑2𝑥𝑥 = 𝐷𝐷2 𝑈𝑈2𝐻𝐻𝑈𝑈2∗ 𝑥𝑥
My notation
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
How is this work linear algebraically? 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷2𝑥𝑥 = 𝐻𝐻𝑈𝑈2∗𝑥𝑥 = 𝐷𝐷2𝑈𝑈2𝐻𝐻𝑈𝑈2∗𝑥𝑥
58ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧2 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
Upsample the filter
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷2𝑥𝑥
My notation
Downsample x Upsampleacross rows of G
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐷𝐷2𝐻𝐻↑2𝑥𝑥 = 𝐷𝐷2 𝑈𝑈2𝐻𝐻𝑈𝑈2∗ 𝑥𝑥
Upsample across columns of G
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
How is this work linear algebraically?
𝑦𝑦 = 1 22 1
1 0 0 00 0 1 0
1234
= 1 22 1
13 = 1 0 2 0
2 0 1 0
1234
59ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧2 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
Upsample the filter
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷2𝑥𝑥
My notation
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐷𝐷2𝐻𝐻↑2𝑥𝑥 = 𝐷𝐷2 𝑈𝑈2𝐻𝐻𝑈𝑈2∗ 𝑥𝑥
Downsample x Upsampled across rows of G
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
How is this work linear algebraically?
𝑦𝑦 = 1 0 2 02 0 1 0
1234
60ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧2 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
Upsample the filter
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷2𝑥𝑥
My notation
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐷𝐷2𝐻𝐻↑2𝑥𝑥 = 𝐷𝐷2 𝑈𝑈2𝐻𝐻𝑈𝑈2∗ 𝑥𝑥
Upsampled across rows of G
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
How is this work linear algebraically?
𝑦𝑦 = 1 0 0 00 0 1 0
1 00 00 10 0
1 0 2 02 0 1 0
1234
61ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧2 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
Upsample the filter
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷2𝑥𝑥
My notation
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐷𝐷2𝐻𝐻↑2𝑥𝑥 = 𝐷𝐷2 𝑈𝑈2𝐻𝐻𝑈𝑈2∗ 𝑥𝑥
Upsampled across rows of GIdentity
Upsample across columns of 𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷2
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
How is this work linear algebraically?
𝑦𝑦 = 1 0 0 00 0 1 0
1 0 2 00 0 0 02 0 1 00 0 0 0
1234
62ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧2 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
Upsample the filter
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷2𝑥𝑥
My notation
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐷𝐷2𝐻𝐻↑2𝑥𝑥 = 𝐷𝐷2 𝑈𝑈2𝐻𝐻𝑈𝑈2∗ 𝑥𝑥
Upsampled across rows and columns of G
Downsample by 2
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
63ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 𝑁𝑁=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 𝑁𝑁
Upsample the filter
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻↑𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁 𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁∗ 𝑥𝑥
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
64ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧 ↑ 𝑁𝑁 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁↑ 𝑁𝑁
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 𝑁𝑁=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 𝑁𝑁
Upsample the filter
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁 𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁∗ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻↑𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻𝑥𝑥 = 𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁∗ 𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = 𝐻𝐻↑𝑁𝑁𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
Why is this useful? What does it do?
65ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧 ↑ 𝑁𝑁 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁↑ 𝑁𝑁
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 𝑁𝑁=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 𝑁𝑁
Upsample the filter
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁 𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁∗ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻↑𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻𝑥𝑥 = 𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁∗ 𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = 𝐻𝐻↑𝑁𝑁𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Computationally inefficient
Computationally efficient
This concept is also used in the design of polyphase filters
66ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↑ 2𝑥𝑥 𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧 ↓ 2
𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↑ 2𝑥𝑥 𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁↓ 2
Example 1
67
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
68ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋
𝑋𝑋 𝜔𝜔
1
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
69ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋
𝑋𝑋𝑚𝑚 𝜔𝜔𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚
0.5
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
70ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋
𝑋𝑋𝑚𝑚 𝜔𝜔𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚
Filter (gain: 1)0.5
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
71ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋
𝑌𝑌 𝜔𝜔𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚
0.5
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
72ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋
𝑋𝑋 𝜔𝜔
1
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
73ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋
𝑋𝑋 𝜔𝜔
1 Filter (gain: 1)
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
74ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋
𝑋𝑋𝑓𝑓 𝜔𝜔𝑥𝑥𝑓𝑓
1
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
75ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋
𝑌𝑌 𝜔𝜔𝑥𝑥𝑓𝑓
0.5
Example 2
76
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
77ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋
𝑋𝑋 𝜔𝜔
1
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
78ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋
𝑋𝑋𝑚𝑚 𝜔𝜔𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚
0.5
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
79ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋
𝑋𝑋𝑚𝑚 𝜔𝜔𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚
0.5
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
80ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋
𝑋𝑋𝑚𝑚 𝜔𝜔𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚
Filter (gain: 1)0.5
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
81ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋
𝑌𝑌 𝜔𝜔𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚
0.5
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
82ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋
𝑋𝑋 𝜔𝜔
1
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
83ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋
𝑋𝑋 𝜔𝜔
1 Filter (gain: 1)
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
84ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋
𝑋𝑋𝑓𝑓 𝜔𝜔
1
𝑥𝑥𝑓𝑓
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
85ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋
𝑌𝑌 𝜔𝜔𝑥𝑥𝑓𝑓
0.5
Multirate signal processing Properties of Downsampling and Upsampling Flipping filtering with downsampling and upsampling
86ECE 6534, Chapter 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧𝑁𝑁 ↓ 2=𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 𝑧𝑧↓ 2
𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2
𝜋𝜋3𝜋𝜋2
2𝜋𝜋
𝑌𝑌 𝜔𝜔𝑥𝑥𝑓𝑓
0.5