Mulit-species Observations from the first 3 HIPPO Campaigns

Britton Stephens (NCAR EOL) and HIPPO Science Team

• PIs: Harvard, NCAR, Scripps, NOAA• Global and seasonal survey of CO2, O2, CH4, CO, N2O, H2, SF6, COS, CFCs, HCFCs, O3, H2O, CO2 isotopes, Ar, black carbon, and hydrocarbons

• NSF / NCAR Gulfstream V• 5 campaigns over 4 years• Continuous profiling from surface to 10 km and to 15 km twice per flight

• hippo.ucar.edu (also Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)

Canterbury, New Zealand Brooks Range, AlaskaPago Pago, American Samoa

HIPPO_3 Mar/Apr 2010 (same track NB, SB)

HIPPO_4 Jun 2011(NB track via E. Pacific)

HIPPO_5 Sep 2011(NB track NB, SB)

~ 600 vertical profiles; nearly 1000 at HIPPO's conclusion.

HIPPO_2 Nov 2009

Model Model Name

1 CSU

2 GCTM

3 UCB

4 UCI

5 JMA

6 MATCH.CCM3

7 MATCH.NCEP

8 MATCH.MACCM2

9 NIES

A NIRE

B TM2

C TM3

Continental-scale carbon flux uncertainties are still very large, owing to biases in atmospheric CO2 transport

[Stephens et al., 2007]

Tropical Land and Northern Land fluxes plotted versus annual-mean northern-

hemisphere vertical CO2 gradient

April 2010 (HIPPO3) CO2 Gradients

HIPPO Science Team: Harvard University: S. C. Wofsy, B. C. Daube, R. Jimenez, E. Kort, J. V. Pittman, S. Park, R. Commane, Bin Xiang, G. Santoni; (GEOS-CHEM) D. Jacob, J. Fisher, C. Pickett-Heaps, H. Wang, K. Wecht, Q.-Q. Wang

National Center for Atmospheric Research: B. B. Stephens, S. Shertz, P. Romashkin, T. Campos, J. Haggerty, W. A. Cooper, D. Rogers, S. Beaton , R. Lueb

NOAA ESRL and CIRES: J. W. Elkins, D. Fahey, R. Gao, F. Moore, S. A. Montzka, J. P. Schwartz, D. Hurst, B. Miller, C. Sweeney, S. Oltmans, D. Nance, E. Hintsa, G. Dutton, L. A. Watts, R. Spackman, K. Rosenlof, E. Ray

UCSD/Scripps: R. Keeling, J. Bent

Princeton: M. Zondlo, Minghui Diao

U. Miami: E. A. Atlas

TCCON: Vanessa Sherlock et al.

JPL: M. J. Mahoney; (AIRS) M. Chahine, E. Olsen

Cooperating modeling groups: ACTM P. Patra, K. Ishijima; GEMS-MACC R. Engelen; TM3/TM5 Sara Mikaloff-Fletcher;

HIPPO Aircraft Instrumentation

O2:N2, CO2, CH4, CO, N2O , other GHGs, CO2 isotopes, Ar/N2, COS, halocarbons, solvent gases, marine emission species, many more

Whole air sampling: NWAS (NOAA), AWAS (Miami), MEDUSA (NCAR/Scripps)

O3 (1 Hz)NOAA GMD O3

T, P, winds, aerosols, cloud waterMTP, wing stores, etcBlack Carbon (1 Hz)NOAA SP2H2O (1 Hz)Princeton/SWS VCSEL

CO, CH4, N2O, CFCs, HCFCs, SF6, CH3Br, CH3Cl, H2, H2O

NOAA- UCATS, PANTHER GCs (1 per 70 – 200 s)

CO (1 Hz)NCAR RAF CO

O3 (1 Hz)NOAA CSD O3

CO2 (1 Hz)Harvard OMS CO2

O2:N2 , CO2 (1 Hz)NCAR AO2CO2, CH4, CO, N2O (1 Hz)Harvard/Aerodyne - QCLS

Species measured by PANTHER and UCATSFred Moore, Eric Hintsa, Dale Hurst, Jim Elkins

PANTHER (6-Channel GC):

ECD channels: N2O, SF6, CCl2F2 (CFC-12),) CCl3F (CFC-11), and CBrClF2 (halon-1211) injected every 70 seconds, and H2, CH4, CO, CCl4, CH3CCl3 (methyl chloroform) and PAN (peroxyl acetyl nitrate) injected every 140 seconds. The width of a sample load on an ECD channel is only 3 seconds, allowing this data set to correlate well with other fast measurements.

MSD channels: The methyl halides CH3I, CH3Br, CH3Cl, the sulfur compounds COS, CS2, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons CHClF2 (HCFC-22), C2H3Cl2F (HCFC-141b), C2H3ClF2 (HCFC-142b), and the hydrofluorocarbon C2H2F4 (HFC-134a) are injected every 180 seconds with 150 seconds sample load width. This data set correlates with a time average of other fast measurements.

UCATS:

2-Channel GC: every 70 s (N2O, SF6) or every 140 s (H2, CH4, CO)

TDL: 10-second average H2O

Photometer: 1-Hz O3

•Chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11 (CCl3F)•CFC-12 (CCl2F2)•CFC-13(CClF3)•CFC-113 (CCl2FCClF2)•CFC-114 (CClF2CClF2)•CFC-115 (CF2ClCF3)

Halons CFC-12b1 (Halon 1211,CF2ClBr)•CFC-13b1 (Halon 1301, CF3Br)•CFC-114b2 (Halon 2402, C2F4Br2)

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons/Hydrofluorocarbons HCFC-22 (CHF2Cl)•HCFC-141b (CH3CFCl2)•HCFC-142b (CH3CF2Cl)•HFC-134a (C2H2F4)•HFC-124 (C2HClF4)•HFC-123 (C2HCl2F3)•HFC-125 (C2HF5)•HFC-143a (C2H3F3)•HFC-152a (C2H4F2) (1,1-difluoroethane)•HFC-23 (CHF3)•HFC-227ea(C3HF7)(1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane)•HFC-365mfc (C4H5F5) (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane)

Solvents Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)•Methyl Chloroform(CH3CCl3)•Tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4)•Methylene Chloride (CH2Cl2)•Chloroform (CHCl3)•Trichloroethylene(C2HCl3)•1,2-Dichloroethane (C2H4Cl2)

Methyl Halides and related Methyl Bromide(CH3Br)•Methyl Chloride (CH3Cl)•Methyl Iodide (CH3I)•Methylene Bromide(CH2Br2)•CHxBryClz•Bromoform (CHBr3)

•Organic Nitrates Methyl nitrate(CH3ONO2)•Ethyl nitrate(C2H5ONO2)•Propyl nitrates(C3H7ONO2)•Butyl nitrates (C4H9ONO2)•Pentyl nitrates (C5H11ONO2)

Non-Methane Hydrocarbons Ethane (C2H6)•Ethyne (C2H2)•Propane(C3H8)•Isobutane(C4H10)•n-Butane (C4H10)•Isopentane (C5H12)•n-Pentane (C5H12)•Isoprene (C5H10)•Benzene (C6H6)•Toluene (C7H8)•C2-Benzenes (C8H10)•a-Pinene (C10H20)/other terpenes

Other Methane (CH4)•Carbon Monoxide (CO)•Nitrous Oxide (N2O)•Carbonyl Sulfide (COS)•Dimethyl Sulfide (C2H6S)•Carbon disulphide (CS2)•Methyl-t-butyl ether•Methyl Acetate/Ethyl Acetate•Acetonitrile•1,2 Dichlorobenzene

Perfluorocarbons Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)•PFC-116 (C2F6)•PFC-218 (C3F8)•PFC-318 (C4F8)(perfluorocyclobutane)

Others CO2•H2

•13CO2

•18OCO

Complete List of Chemical Species Monitored by the Whole Air Sampler (WAS)Elliot Atlas, Ben Miller, Steve Montzka

HIPPO 1 Southbound January, 2009

HIPPO 1 Southbound January, 2009

HIPPO 2 Southbound November, 2009

HIPPO 2 Southbound November, 2009

N2OCOCH4

Arctic Pollution Layers - HIPPO 2 November, 2009

NCAR Airborne Oxygen Instrument (AO2)

System components:

January 12, 2009

HIPPO Profile at 80 N

January 20, 2009

HIPPO Profile at 65 S

Southern Ocean O2 outgassing

Gravitational fractionation of Ar/N2 in lower stratosphere

• Earth Simulator – ACTM CCSR/NIES/FRCGC AGCM• GEOS-CHEM (NASA DAO) Harvard• MACC-GEMS ECMWF Air Quality and Air chemistry model• TM3 (NIWA), TM5 planned

Models with detailed simulations of HIPPO Data

Detailed Model results for HIPPO_1:

CO2 SF6 C2H6 CO N2O CH4 O3 PAN NOx HCHO BlkC O2

GEOS_C 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 *ACTM 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0MACC 0 0 1 1, Fcst 0 1 1 1 1 1TM3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

CH4 ACTM

HIPPO Obs offset 31 ppb

sources and

vertical and

horizontal transport

sources and

vertical and

horizontal transport

Jan 2009 Observed ACTM (GEIA)

HIPPO _1 HIPPO _2 HIPPO_3 Jan 2009 Nov 2009 Apr 2010

Central Pacific HIPPO_1 Eastern Pacific

model obs

note scale change for GEMS

Profiles over Ocean

NH Tropical Troposphere

Arctic Boundary Layer

Plume at 23N, 10km

Plume RF04, 8km

Fluxes:

Mean ocean O2: Gruber et al., 2001Seasonal ocean O2 and N2: Garcia and Keeling, 2001Mean ocean N2: Gloor et al., 2001Seasonal + mean ocean CO2: Takahashi et al., 2009Fossil-fuel CO2 and O2: CDIAC

January Mean APO from Climatological fluxes in TM3HIPPO1 APO Observations

per meg

Preliminary APO model comparisons for HIPPO1

Atmospheric Potential Oxygen:

APO = O2 + 1.1*CO2

Summary and conclusions

• HIPPO provides a new type of data for CO2 and GHG studies: global, extremely fine grained, many tracers.

• Major transport processes are clearly delineated, some not captured well by models—the warm conveyor belt (intense, persistent, ensemble of small scale processes), Arctic Cold Dome, and Antarctic marine PBL are examples.

• Multiple tracers shine a light into the "Modelers' Closet"—quantitatively confront global models with fine scale data (reaction vs. transport time scales).

• Source/sink regions are revealed and impacts quantified—N2O in the tropics and Antarctic, marine reactive species.

• The data will be completely public as soon as possible, to encourage their use.

CFC-11 Halon-1211

Whole-Air Sampling NWAS / AWAS (E. Atlas, S.

Montzka)

Mid-Pacific Sample coverage

-50 -25 0 25 50 75

12500

10000

7500

5000

2500

GGLATavg

GGALTavg

8.75 9.00 9.25 9.50 9.75 10.00

CH3CCl3_md2

Methyl chloroform

-50 -25 0 25 50 75

12500

10000

7500

5000

2500

GGLATavg

GGALTavg

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

CH2Cl2_md

Dichloromethane

-50 -25 0 25 50 75

12500

10000

7500

5000

2500

GGLATavg

GGALTavg

100 200 300 400 500

ethyne_md

Ethyne

-50 -25 0 25 50 75

12500

10000

7500

5000

2500

GGLATavg

GGALTavg

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

Benzene_md

Benzene

-50 -25 0 25 50 75

12500

10000

7500

5000

2500

GGLATavg

GGALTavg

50 100 150 200 250

DMS_md

Dimethyl Sulfide

-50 -25 0 25 50 75

12500

10000

7500

5000

2500

GGLATavg

GGALTavg

450 475 500 525 550

OCS_md

Carbonyl Sulfide

-50 -25 0 25 50 75

12500

10000

7500

5000

2500

GGLATavg

GGALTavg

2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0

cs2_md

Carbon Disulfide

-50 -25 0 25 50 75

12500

10000

7500

5000

2500

GGLATavg

GGALTavg

13 25 38 50 63 75

MeONO2_md

Methyl Nitrate

HIPPO _1 HIPPO _2 HIPPO_3 Jan 2009 Nov 2009 April 2010

HIPPO _1 HIPPO _2 HIPPO_3 Jan 2009 Nov 2009 April 2010

Northbound

Southbound

Tropospheric ozone in HIPPO 1, 2 and 3 N/S