MUHAMMAD RAMZAN - HEC

Ph.D. THESIS

JAPAN’S HUMAN SECURITY ASSISTANCE TO

PAKISTAN IN POST-COLD WAR ERA

THESIS SUBMITTED TOWARDS THE PARTIAL

FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH, FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR

OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE IN INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONS.

MUHAMMAD RAMZAN

DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH, JAMSHORO, PAKISTAN

2019

I

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work present in this thesis entitled “Japan’s Human

Security Assistance to Pakistan in Post- Cold War Era” has been carried out

by Muhammad Ramzan under my supervision. The work is genuine, original

and, in my opinion, suitable for submission to the University of Sindh for the

award of the degree of PhD in International Relations.

SUPERVISOR

___________________________________________

Dr. Naghma Mangrio

Professor

Department of International Relations

University of Sindh, Jamshoro Pakistan

II

DEDICATION

The Doctoral thesis which is the ever-greatest breakthrough of my academic

career is dedicated to my loving parents for their unconditional moral supports

and prayers. Whatever I am today is due to their persistent prayers, tireless

encouragement, and never-ending motivations.

III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All praise to Almighty Allah, the greater and Omnipotent Who endowed

potential, wisdom and knowledge to me. Allah makes me able to write this

research work. It is a privilege and honor for me to express sincere gratitude to

my Supervisor Professor Dr. Naghma Mangrio, a learnt Scholar and eminent

expert in the field of Japan’s security Policy in the Post-Cold War Era. The

valuable guidance of my respected Supervisor and her thought provoking attitude

instilled in me the curiosity of doing my research work.

I am particularly thankful to my parents who always supported me in every step

during my research and always pray for my success. I am equally grateful to my

friend, Farooque Ahmed Leghari, lecturer, Department of International

Relations, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, whose scholarly suggestions made me

able to produce this thesis.

I recognize the cooperation of whole academic and administrative staff of the

Department of International Relations, University of Sindh, Jamshoro who

helped me throughout my research. It has been the kindness and goodness of the

entire teaching and supporting staff of the Department of International Relations,

University of Sindh who always supported and motivated me to carry on my

work. Special thanks to my friend, Dr. Amir Jan, Lecturer Lasbela University

who has not only supported me, but he also re-energized and pushed me forward

when I was badly de-motivated and disappointed.

I also thank Sir Majid Shah, M.Phil. Scholar in the Department of International

Relations University of Sindh, Jamshoro for his encouragement and motivation

at the need of time. I also recognize the supports and help of all those near and

dear ones who supported and helped me during the journey of my PhD Thesis.

.

IV

ABSTRACT

Pakistan has been a huge recipient of Japanese economic assistance for the

growth of its economy. Moreover, Pak-Japanese relations in term of economic

aids and human security are strongly mature and amicable since Pakistan is one

of those countries in the world which needs acute economic assistance and

financial aids to develop its social, political and economic sectors so that it

guarantees the human security in Pakistan. Apart from this, the human security

assistance which has humanistic values and norms is directly linked with the

human development and welfare. Being a staunch supporter of the notion to

empower the people of the developing countries in social and economic fields,

Japan has been consistently supporting Pakistan. The dissertation is qualitative in

nature and would find out the provision of Japanese aids to Pakistan and would

also read the impact. It is learnt that why Japan has been so much actively

involved in supporting the government of Pakistan to revive its economy and

bring a dramatic reduction in the ratio of poverty. The thesis aims to identify that

the interests and intentions of Japan in supporting Pakistan for developing its

human security. More specifically, Japan has been observed in working and

developing the educational, health, agricultural, sanitation, economic sectors

which are crucial and clear indications in Pak-Japanese relations in respect to

human security. Developing and improving the irrigation system through

applying modern techniques by Japan are also certain signs which show the

commitment of Japan in the promotion and protection of human security in

Pakistan. In addition, the other projects which Japan has started in Pakistan, have

mainly focused on transportation service, health services and education for

Pakistan in the form of various projects carried out of Official Development

Assistance (ODA) and JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency). Japanese

has been continuously and perpetually providing economic aids, grants and loans

to Pakistan in order to ensure the protection and restoration of human security

and human development in Pakistan. Japan has also helped Pakistan to

strengthen and develop the markets of Pakistan and bring changes in socio-

economic development which ultimately would bring regional development and

V

prosperity. The Japanese economic assistance brought dramatic reforms in

Pakistan. Japan’s aid to Pakistan no doubt, carries certain strings and conditions,

but has purely helped Pakistan to come out from human security threats.

Therefore, Pak-Japanese ties in term of human security in Pakistan is strongly

mature and strong and Pakistan needs more economic support and financial aids

from Japan since Pakistan has to do a lot to come out from human crisis.

Pakistan and Japan ought to seek their bilateral relations irrespective of the fact

that how and what they interests they pursue in their relations with other

countries.

Keywords: Japan, Pakistan, JICA, Education, Human Security, aids,

development

VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE ................................................................................................ I

DEDICATION ............................................................................................... II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................... III

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................. VI

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................ XI

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................... XII

CHAPTER1 .................................................................................................... 1

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ..................................................................... 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1

1.2 BACKGROUND .................................................................................. 10

1.3 THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN SECURITY ........................................... 15

1.3.1 Economic Security: ....................................................................... 15

1.3.2 Food security................................................................................. 16

1.3.3 Health Security .............................................................................. 17

1.3.4 Environmental Security ................................................................. 18

1.3.5 Personal Security ........................................................................... 19

1.3.6 Community Security ...................................................................... 19

1.3.7 Political Security ........................................................................... 20

1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT .................................................................... 21

1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES .................................................................. 22

1.6 HYPOTHESES ..................................................................................... 23

1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ................................................................... 23

1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ....................................................... 24

1.9 LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................... 25

1.10 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................ 40

1.11 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................................... 41

1.11.1 Data Collection............................................................................ 41

1.11.2 Data Assembling ......................................................................... 41

VII

1.11.3 Data Analysis .............................................................................. 42

1.11.4 Ethical consideration ................................................................... 42

1.12 SCOPE AND LIMITATION ............................................................... 42

1.13 RESEARCH GAP ............................................................................... 45

1.14 CONCLUSION ................................................................................... 45

CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................. 48

HUMAN SECURITY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ................... 48

2.1 THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN SECURITY ........................................... 48

2.2 UNDP's 1994 DEFINITION ................................................................. 49

2.3 FREEDOM FROM FEAR VS FREEDOM FROM WANT ..................... 52

2.4 ORIGINS ............................................................................................. 57

2.5 RELATIONSHIP WITH TRADITIONAL SECURITY .......................... 61

2.6 RELATIONSHIP WITH DEVELOPMENT ........................................... 62

2.7 RELATIONSHIP WITH HUMAN RIGHTS .......................................... 67

2.8 RELATIONSHIP WITH NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS68

2.9 RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ENVIRONMENT ................................... 71

2.10 RELATIONSHIP WITH HUMANITARIAN ACTION ........................ 75

2.11 HUMAN SECURITY APPROACH IN PRACTICE ............................. 79

2.11.1 Humanitarian intervention ........................................................... 80

2.12 FORMULATION OF A HUMAN SECURITY INDEX ........................ 80

2.13 CRITICAL ANALYSIS ...................................................................... 82

2.14 CONCLUSION ................................................................................... 84

CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................. 86

CONCEPT OF HUMAN SECURITY IN THE JAPANESE FOREIGN

POLICY ........................................................................................................ 86

3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 86

3.2 JAPAN AND THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS ............ 91

3.3 TWO TYPES OF LIBERTIES .............................................................. 92

3.4 JAPAN’S APPROACH TO HUMAN SECURITY ................................. 96

3.5 HUMAN SECURITY TO JAPAN’S PEACE-RELATED WORKS ...... 105

3.6 CRITICAL ANALYSIS ...................................................................... 108

3.7 CONCLUSION .................................................................................. 109

VIII

CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................... 112

HEALTH AND HUMAN SECURITY IN PAKISTAN ............................... 112

4.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 112

4.2 ACADEMIC DEFINITIONS OF HUMAN SECURITY: ...................... 112

4.3 CONCEPT OF HUMAN SECURITY: ................................................. 115

4.3.1 UNDP’s 1994 Definition: ............................................................ 115

4.4 HUMAN SECURITY AND RELATED CONCEPTS: ......................... 116

4.5 HUMAN SECURITY: PAKISTAN’S STANCE .................................. 118

4.5.1 The challenges of human security in Pakistan .............................. 118

4.6 POLICIES FOR HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN PAKISTAN: ........... 119

4.6.1 Interference of Federal Government in Enforcement .................... 122

4.6.2 Monitoring and Evaluation .......................................................... 122

4.6.3 Health Millennium Development Goals (2015) ............................ 123

4.6.4 Medium Term Development Framework (2005-10) ...................... 123

4.6.5 Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers .............................................. 124

4.7 JAPAN’S CONTRIBUTION IN THE HEALTH SECTOR .................. 125

4.8 PUBLIC HEALTH CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (SINDH)

................................................................................................................ 130

4.8.1 Background and objectives .......................................................... 130

4.8.2 The Summary of the Project ........................................................ 131

4.8.3 Scheme High Points .................................................................... 131

4.9 THE DISTRICT HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM ....................... 131

4.9.1 Background ................................................................................. 131

4.9.2 Summary of the project ............................................................... 132

4.9.3 Project highlights ........................................................................ 132

4.10 JAPAN’S GRANT FOR CHILDREN’S HEALTH IN PAKISTAN .... 133

4.11 JAPAN’S AIDS TO PAKISTANI NGOS FOR EDUCATION &

HEALTH ................................................................................................. 136

4.12 JAPAN’S AND UNICEF PROGRAMS FOR POLIO ERADICATION

................................................................................................................ 137

4.13 CRITICAL ANALYSIS .................................................................... 140

4.14 CONCLUSION ................................................................................. 141

IX

CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................... 145

JAPAN AID AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT ....................................... 145

5.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 145

5.2 PAK-JAPAN RELATIONS; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ............... 147

5.3 JAPAN’S AID ON EDUCATION AND HEALTH FOR WOMEN ....... 150

5.4 JICA‘S FORMAL EDUCATION COOPERATION IN PAKISTAN ..... 150

5.5 ECONOMIC CONDITION OF WOMEN IN PAKISTAN: ................... 152

5.6 VIOLENCE TOWARDS WOMEN IN PAKISTAN: ............................ 152

5.7 JICAS ASSISTANCE TOWARD GENDER EQUALITY .................... 153

5.8 WOMEN EMPOWERMENT PROGRAMS IN PAKISTAN ................ 154

5.9 PILOT PROJECTS FOR WOMEN IN KP ........................................... 156

5.10 TRANSPORT SECTORS .................................................................. 159

5.11 JAPAN’S MAYOR INTEREST IN MAKING BILATERAL TIES ..... 159

5.12 IMPORTANCE OF PEOPLE TO PEOPLE RELATIONS .................. 159

5.13 JAPAN TO BUILD MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM IN KP ..................... 160

5.14 7-FOLD INCREASE IN BENEFITS IN EMPOWERING WOMEN ... 161

5.15 JAPAN’S SECURITY INCREASE INVESTMENT IN PAKISTAN .. 165


4.17 CONCLUSION ................................................................................. 168

CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................................... 170

PROMOTING EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN; JAPAN’S CONTRIBUTION

.................................................................................................................... 170

6.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 170

6.2 PAK-JAPANESE COOPERATION IN EDUCATION SECTOR .......... 173

6.3 EDUCATION: A KEY TO DEVELOPMENT ..................................... 174

6.4 ROLE OF PJCA IN PAKISTAN’S HIGHER EDUCATION. ............... 175

6.5 MEXT’S ROLE IN PAKISTAN’S EDUCATION ................................ 176

6.6 PAK-JAPAN NEXUS IN TRAINING JOURNALISTS IN PAKISTAN 176

6.7 JAPAN’S ROLE IN PROMOTING EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN. ..... 177

6.8 JICA AND GIRLS’ EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN .............................. 178

6.9 PAKISTAN JAPAN DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ........................ 179

6.10 JAPAN PLEDGES GRANT FOR IMPROVEMENT IN EDUCATION

................................................................................................................ 179

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6.11 JAPAN AS A TOP DONOR TO PAKISTAN .................................... 182

6.12 JAPAN'S COUNTRY ASSISTANCE PROGRAM FOR PAKISTAN . 184

6.13 JAPAN'S OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE FOR PAKISTAN

................................................................................................................ 185

6.13.1 Improvement in basic education ................................................. 188


6.15 CONCLUSION ................................................................................. 191

CHAPTER-7 ............................................................................................... 195

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................... 195

7.1 SUGGESTIONS FOR HUMAN SECURITY AT INTERNATIONAL

LEVEL .................................................................................................... 204

7.1.1 Diversified Public Opinion .......................................................... 206

7.1.2 Work on human capital and human resources ............................... 208

7.1.3 Transparency in the use of the funds ............................................ 211

7.1.4 Maximum participation of the government ................................... 211

7.1.5 Use of the human security vision in domestic policies .................. 212

7.1.6 Improving ties with Japan for development of all areas ................ 212

7.1.7 More technical assistance than loans ............................................ 212

7.1.8 Individual roles do matter ............................................................ 214

7.2 SUGGESTIONS FOR HUMAN SECURITY IN JAPANESE FOREIGN

POLICY ................................................................................................... 218

7.3 SUGGESTIONS FOR HEALTH SECURITY ...................................... 219

7.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR BETTERMENT IN PAKISTAN’S EDUCATION

................................................................................................................ 219

REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 223

APPENDIX A .............................................................................................. 240

APPENDIX B .............................................................................................. 242

XI

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 2. 1 SHOWS THE CONCEPT OF TRADITIONAL & NON-

TRADITIONAL SECURITY. .................................................................. 57

TABLE 2. 2 SHOWS FOUR MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO

PERSPECTIVES ..................................................................................... 62

TABLE 2. 3 SHOWS TO CLARIFY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THESE TWO

CONCEPTS. ........................................................................................... 66

TABLE 6. 1 ODA TO PAKISTAN THROUGH STATISTICAL ORDER-1990-

2015 ...................................................................................................... 187

XII

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank

AJK Azad Jammu Kashmir

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations

BBC British Broadcasting Corporation

BISP Benazir Income Support Program

BOD Burden of Diseases

DAC Development Assistance Committee

DFID Department for International Development

DHIS District Health International System

DHMIS District Health Management Information System

DHO District Health Officer

EAD Economic Affairs Division

FATA Federally Administered Tribal Area

FODP Friends of Democratic Pakistan

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GGP Grant Assistance for Gross roots Human Security Projects

HDI Human Development Index

HDR Human Development Report

XIII

HIS Health Information System

H IV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HMIS Health Management Information System

HRW Human Rights Watch

ICISS International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty

IDP Internally Displaced Persons

IISD International Institute for Sustainable Development

IMF International Monetary Fund

JCC Joint Coordinating Committee

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

KP Khyber Paktoonistan

LAMP Learning Awareness Motivational Programs

LICs Low Income Countries

MAAP MEXT Alumni Association of Pakistan

MCWT Mera Chand Welfare Trust

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

MEXT Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan)

MNA Member of National Assembly

MNCs Multinational Companies

MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)

XIV

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

MSDP Monetary and Social Development Program

MTDF Medium Term Development Framework

NAP National Action Plan

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NHIRC National Health Information Resource Center

NSA Non-State Actors

NSS National Skills Strategy

NTDC National Transmission and Dispatch Company

ODA Official Development Assistance

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

OPV Oral Polio Vaccine

PDAF Priority Development Assistance Fund

PHD Primary Health Departments

PIMS Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences

PITE Provincial Institute of Teachers Education

PJBF Pakistan-Japan Business Forum

PJCA Pakistan Japan Cultural Association

PKO Peacekeeping Organization

PPP Purchasing Power Parity

PRSPs Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers

XV

PSDP Public Sector Development Program

SDF Syrian Democratic Force

SEZ Special Economic Zone

SHGs Self Help Groups

TSG Technical Service Group

UDR Human Development Report

UN United Nations

UNDHR United Nations Declarations of the Human Rights

UNDP United Nations Development Program

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

UNODC United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime

UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services

UNSC United Nations Security Council

UK United Kingdom

USA United States of America

USAID United States AIDS for International development

USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republic

WB World Bank

WFP World Food Program

XVI

WHO World Health Organization

WTO World Trade Organization

1

CHAPTER1

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The defeat of World War II (WWII) ended the militarism intentions and path of

Japan forever since Japan never thought of becoming a nuclear power in future.

Contrary the fact that Japan continued to work on its economic growth since

Japan realized the fact that in order to be the part of fast moving world, it ought

to develop its economy and fully utilize its human resources. As a result, Japan

soon recovered to become the second most powerful economy in the world.

Blessed with rich culture and well-fed population, Japan rapidly absorbed

Western technology during in late 20th century. Moreover, the Emperor of Japan

who has been ruling for ages, retains his throne as a symbol of national unity

after the 2nd world War. Actually, the actual power rests in the networks of

powerful politicians, bureaucrats, and business executives within Japan.

However, the sound planning and well-thought foreign policy of Japan, led the

country in the top rank. However, in certain period, the economy of Japan

experienced a major slowdown especially in the decade of 1990 following three

decades of unprecedented growth. However, nobody can deny the fact the post

WWII period has been the better option for Japan.

On the other hand, Islamic Republic of Pakistan came into being on

August 14th, 1947, inherited a weak economy and destabilized political structure.

As a result, Pakistan had to rely on foreign aid its early stages. The geographical

location and strategical status of Pakistan also attracted the international powers

to establish diplomatic relations with Pakistan. It ought to be noted that Pakistan

is connected with most important regions such as Central Asia, Gulf and Arabian

Sea. More importantly, Pakistan is a gateway to the Central Asian nations which

connects them to warm water of Indian Ocean. However, unfortunately, the

political instability, regional extremism, terrorism, and territorial conflict

between Pakistan and India, affected Pakistan badly at national and international

levels. Moreover, it has been learnt the regional disturbance have been so

2

extreme and severe that due to which Pakistan could never develop economically

and politically. Therefore, the economic crisis and political instability of

Pakistan also disturbed the situation of human security in Pakistan. It has been

observed that the human rights in Pakistan is not up to the mark due to which

most of international actors are engaged to help. The weak structure of economy

of Pakistan created rooms for international donors to continue their supports for

the cause of human security in Pakistan.

Pakistan looked towards Japan for its financial support in Pakistan since

right after WWII; Japan had been supporting human rights supports to Pakistan.

On the other hand, Japan itself realized the challenges of human rights in

Pakistan and started their support in Pakistan. In addition, Japan also started to

analyze the development issues related to human security in Pakistan.

Furthermore, Japan initiated its economic assistance towards Pakistan with the

provision of technical assistance in 1954 via Japanese ODA, loan aid in 1961and

Grant aid in 1970.(Brooks and Orr 1985) it ought to be noted that the Japanese

assistance programs played important roles in the development of social,

cultural, educational and economic development. The Japanese aid was aimed to

strengthen the human rights situation in Pakistan which had been deteriorating

for many years.

It ought to be noted that Japan introduced the concept of the Human

Security in its policy speeches early 1998 which was aimed to promote the

concept of human security at international level. In order to promote the concept

of human security, the government of Japan actively institutionalized the said

process via Official Development Assistance (ODA) policy. However, the

alarming situation of human rights during Gulf War in 1990-91 also created big

challenges for Japan to cover the situation timely.(Catalinac 2007) Japanese

response to this war was labeled as ‘’Check Book Diplomacy’’ since Japan was

providing the financial assistance only. In addition to this, the emerging human

centered approaches of development and security were gaining importance and a

strong consensus around the importance of such an approach was evident at

different international conferences. This study focuses on the evolution of the

concept of Human Security which is one of the basic pillars of Japan’s foreign

3

policy. Moreover, the thesis would explain the security aid of Japan, donated to

Pakistan for human security ground. More importantly, the prime aim of Japan’s

foreign aid for the human security purpose is to help those people who are living

below the poverty, facing so many hurdles and problems in their daily life.

Nobody can deny the fact that Pakistan is the only developed country in

Muslim world which is well equipped in term of military and weapons, and

possesses an advanced military capability. However, unfortunately, Pakistan is

listed one of the less developed countries of Asia in terms of human development

and economy. Pakistan is very much less developed in the economic as well as in

the social sector needing colossal assistance from the developed countries. Being

so less developed in these terms, the approach toward the humanistic values and

devotion toward developing the human resources is very bleak. Despite the

presence of a large human capital in Pakistan ready to be utilized for welfare of

the entire society, it has not been able to utilize these resources in the best

manner; instead she has been relying on foreign assistance and foreign aid.

Briefing the advocate of modern humanitarian aid and the largest donor for the

given cause, Japan has stood up with Pakistan in providing aid, grants and more

importantly, technical assistance to groom its human resources and to work on

the welfare projects. The main aim of the aid from the donor agencies of Japan

for the past five decades has been to support Pakistan in elevating its social and

economic standards. Japan’s aid is crucial in improving the standards of

education, health and social sectors in the far-flung areas of Pakistan.

This research, however, also sheds light upon gender equality and

development via foreign funding. In addition, the help of Japan for the cause of

human security is the need of time for Pakistan. Moreover, the empowerment of

women through the educational and health reforms would also strengthen the

causes of human security in Pakistan. It also to be noted that Japan has been

working to bring reforms in education in Pakistan, especially, assisting the

science and engineering colleges of different universities and colleges. It is

appalling to mention that Pakistan is much backward in the field of engineering

from its arch rival India. Moreover, Bangladesh that got independence 24 years

after Pakistan, is ahead in the given field. One of the main goals of the aid given

4

to Pakistan from Japan over the years is the efforts to alleviate poverty. Poverty

plagues the entire society in different forms. Illiteracy is a form of poverty. Lack

of access to the basic requirements of health is also a form of poverty. Lack of

employment and the confinement of the women to the four walls of the home

where the women are discouraged to work in the socio economic sectors which

later encourage poverty. Therefore, Japan has been seriously working to bring

reforms in human security in Pakistan.

What disappoints Pakistan the most that Pakistan has miserably failed to

meet the goals of millennium development which have been set by United

Nations. Japan’s aid is imperative to drive Pakistan out of its abysmal socio

economic plight so it can meet the challenges in the near future. Pakistan is far

behind not only in the field of education to meet the Millennium Development

Goals that expires two years ago, but Pakistan has also failed to register any

improvement in the field of health and medical care. The provision of the

facilities of health and the surety of presence of the required equipment in each

and every hospital is also a part of the agendas of the Japanese aid. It wants to

expand the given facilities and services to the remote areas of the country as well

where the government has paid very less attention over the years. Besides the

facilitation of hospitals for better services and equipment, its projects are also

working upon cleaner and purer water and sanitation. With regards to drinking

water, Pakistan is one of the most sensitive regions of the world facing acute

lack of fresh and pure potable water. (Acharya, Singhdeo et al. 2011) The water

unavailability in Pakistan generates many problems for the human rights in

Pakistan.

In the process of women empowerment and development, the situation of

Pakistan is alarming since women face so many domestic and social issues. It is

the matter of great concern that women in Pakistan do not have that status which

had to be achieved. However, Pakistan has been trying to apply a moderate

approach in said process. In this regard, Pakistan needs Japan’s help and

assistance to empower the women. The world has ushered from different

political as well as economic paradigms to the human security paradigm. Before

modern political age and its evolutionary maturity, human security was a

5

doomed cause with the least human concern toward it. Barbarities with real

politick along excessive concentration of power and emphasis on military,

individual security and human rights were often kept at bay. The military might

of the state and the empires and other powerful entities at the end of the day

decided human fate. Though the laws of war evolved with the passage of time,

however, ethical code of conduct was totally blinded by the sanguinary wars and

blood bath. Civilians witnessed indiscriminate carnage and those who

surrendered were subjected to the most inhuman kinds of tortures and

executions. The ethical codes were not even followed in the times of peace and

human security was never prioritized. Might was always right and absolutism at

the realms of power was the order of the day.(Tadjbakhsh 2007) However,

history reveals that human beings are much secured as compare with the human

being of past. They rights were denied.

However, as world got advanced, people came to know about their rights.

Human security in the absence of human rights enshrined in the constitutional

dogmas was non-existent. The former is quite proportional to the presence and

effective implementation of the other. The age of modernization and

enlightenment gave birth to the human development. Human and individual came

to know about their social, political and religious rights which assured them

social justice. The dawn of individualism and human rights was the actual dawn

of human security. Moreover, the modern civilization elevated humanity from

the ashes of barbarity and animosity to mutual coordination, reciprocity of

understand, and more importantly, co-existence. There was a time when the

power of a state was gauged by its military might, the capacity of its soldiers and

the arsenal they possessed, but the end of the WWII marked the end of the

military perspective as the sole determiner to determine the power of a state. It

marked the beginning of globalization and a new paradigm, the human security

perspective. Human being faced many problems while the states were in pursuit

of nuclear weapons. However, the countries realized and started focusing the

human development.

It ought to be noted that human security is the most important pillars of

the state which is directly linked with the security of the state. (King and Murray

6

2001) Neoliberal and idealistic perspectives keep individuals ahead of the state

as the main component for determining the national power along the national

security. They challenge the traditional notion of the state being superior and

state being all in all. There is no denying the veracity of the fact that human

security has emerged as a pivotal paradigm to understand the international power

relationships and a main determiner of the vulnerabilities of the state. Even the

neo-realists who believe the international anarchic order can only be controlled

by the military power and its maximization, they also advocate the notion that a

state is not fully equipped with power of its national security is not fully

invulnerable unless it maintains good individual security.(Thomas 2001)

Therefore, it is believed that individual security is the most essential part of

national security and national development.

The country seems to be weak if its population is at risk in term of human

growth and human development. In order to strengthen the state power, a human

security is very much important. A state is regarded as weak and its national

fabric is regarded as vulnerable unless its entire population is equipped with all

the basic needs and facilities otherwise a socially disintegrated society is prone

to be damaged and further weakened by the propaganda and other subversive

designs. Therefore, it has emerged as a major component in understanding

international relations; in addition, it also helps understand the global strengths

and vulnerabilities of the states. Being a unique discipline in its own definition,

human security contains a very wide scope as it correlates with international

relations, strategic studies, human studies, human rights and development studies

and it staunchly advocates a multi-disciplinary, but human centered approach to

understand world politics and the tremendous shifts in it.(Sunga 2009) It ought

be noted that population is the most important element of the state on which the

entire state is relying on. Therefore, the entire state is formed to ensure the life,

food, religion, economic, and political security of its citizens.

It ought to be noted that the Treaty of Westphalia which kept the

foundation of nation state system was basically based on the concept of

security.(Evans 2009) The religious wars and expansionist policies of the

monarchial system made the entire human being insecure. Therefore, they picked

7

the idea of security from treaty of Westphalia and more countries was formed for

the said purpose. However, with the emergence of the modern world this concept

saw a tremendous shift toward human rights. The modern world widely practices

human rights and considers human rights as the key to define international

politics as well as the economic relations. Given in this context, the relations of

Japan and Pakistan too are highly important. (Tadjbakhsh 2007) Pakistan has

been welcoming the economic aid of Japan for the purpose of human security.

On the other hand, Japan has been committed to bring a greater standard of life

in Pakistan via economic aid. (Er 2006)

It ought to be noted that WW II taught a great lesson to Japan; (GUZIK

2017) as a result, Japan quit the path of nuclearization and militarism and has

been focusing human rights. (Berger 1993) Without an iota of doubt, Japan was

the second worst sufferer from the second Great War after Union of Soviet

Socialist Republic (USSR) and the only country to ever have witnessed the

nuclear nightmare. The repercussions of the war destruction ran so deep that the

post war Japan entirely dismantled its military pursuits giving the posture that it

wanted to pursue objectives other than the military. Japan adopted the course of

development shifting its all resources toward the economy. Moreover, Japan has

not only ensured the human rights development within its territory, it has been

working throughout world, especially, and it has helped Pakistan in many folds

to reform the educational and health system of Pakistan.

In order to drive the economic development, Japan upheld the economic

model of the United States of America (USA), (Yamazawa 1990) however; soon

it became independent and emerged as a giant economy in the international

markets. It ought to be noted that Japan is the third largest economy of the world,

(Pempel 1998) with the highest living standards of the world. In the mature

economy of Japan, services are the most integral part and in the terms of

purchasing power parity. In addition, Japan is the second largest economy

highest in the world after USA whose 68 percent of the economy of the given

country comprises of trade with 4.3 trillion dollars of trade around the world. It

should be noted that only the merchandise exports of Japan within Asia stand at

a colossal amount of 473 billion dollars. In this trade, Pakistan has not played a

8

vital role, but yet Pakistan is a recipient of the foreign aid from Japan for over

five long decades. It has been receiving aid from Japan at the early stages of its

independence.

More importantly, the idea and concept of human security got recognized

at international level right after the devastating WWII. The concept of security

from the dimensions of humanity came after the World War II and its destructive

fallout forced the policy makers to radically change their view of the world. at

the foundations of its foreign policy, Japan pursued a very careful approach

trying not to offend its relations with any country unless it stands on a giant

economy. This was the reason that since 1945 Japan has not tangibly engaged

into any conflict or was in any part of the world. The concept of human security

is profoundly high in the foreign policy of Japan. It focuses on all the things and

matters that can trigger a social or economic conflict either within the country or

in its relationship with another country making it one of the most peaceful

countries of the world. Pursuing the policy of non-aggression, it adheres to the

fact that coping with the emerging humanitarian crises on multiple dimensions

which is the most viable solution for long-term development. Japan has also been

observed in eradicating poverty, illiteracy and health issues worldwide.

The concept of militarism changed in the world where the most powerful

countries have been observed in maintaining their interest via economic aid in

the name of human security. The economic perception of the world has taken

deep roots now. In this globalization, it has become inevitable to compete with a

world of politics and exploitation. One of the major mottos of the country in its

foreign policy is that genuine security is the respect toward humanity, human

rights and meeting those crises that keep emerging from the deteriorating

position of the humans put by the international political structure into crises. As

Japan pursues a positively non-aggression objective in its relations with the other

countries around the world, Canada does differ on some accounts. Canada

believes that the pacifist policies of Japan are a daring example for the war

mongering other countries and major powers.(Hart and Spero 2013) Moreover,

Canada further believes that under the extreme conditions, when there is no

option left to deal with an unprecedented and expected security crises, then

9

under these circumstance, the use of the force is inevitable, otherwise, unless

such an unpredictable issue comes to deal with, pacifism is the best policy to be

pursued. (Nye 1990). It is further believed that Japan intends to capture the

world politics via economic aid.

However, Japan rejects the theory, urging that though such possibilities

exist where security issues may emerge as threats to the world like situations of

sudden genocidal tendencies in a country mired in civil war, or deliberate ethnic

cleansing by a dominant and exploitative majority over an ethnic minority or

religious persecution. Use of force in these circumstances and under extreme

conditions to defend its own territorial integration in necessary, however, for

most of the part, a peaceful approach secures more interests and more benefits in

the case of Japan. (Arase 2005) Because the use of force for Japan in the world

politics has been a failed experience and Japan would never chose to go for the

said failed mission.

Japan believes that in order to secure the world and open more

opportunities for international economic development, (Minami 1986) (Waltz

2000) the human security is the best option. However, the point of emphasis in

the given case is upon the varying differences on the attainment of the freedom

from fear and want. Which freedom should be prioritizing upon which of the

freedom. Within any skepticism, both of are essential, but it is upon the country

with its capacity of the resources that which one it can adopt first or it can adopt

both in its domestic policies. Freedom from fear is entirely upon the layer of

domestic security needing policing and protection from crimes and if seen from

the perspective of humanity, the protection from exploitation and persuasions

also fall in this category. On the other hand, the freedom from want is entirely

upon the basic needs to eke out a living. Safety from poor sanitation, safety from

the mounting health hazards, safety from illiteracy and safety from malnutrition

are some of the essential attributes of this policy. Now that the United Nations

Development Program (UNDP) has taken these freedoms more seriously,

countries are gradually inclining toward adapting it. Japan is a glaringly example

of sustainable development. It is a keen advocate of environmental security also

seeing the aggravating environmental situation around the world. it has also

10

fought against narcotics and smuggling. In order to safeguard the human being,

the international cooperation is the need of time.

Japan is one of very few countries that come quite close to a utopian

welfare state concept of the ancient Greeks. Economic development, protecting

the environment and human development are its main mandates. The government

of Japan has on several times taken the initiative on various platforms of the

world to highlight its vision of humanitarian aid. Besides taking the initiatives, it

has taken steps around the world involving in activities to boost the given vision.

Realizing from the experience of the success of Japan, it appears that human

security is not merely an entity, but a very broad vision, a vision that

encompasses the future of the world revolution toward a more peaceful course of

development. (Franklin, 2016)

1.2 BACKGROUND

There is still much debate in the international political arena whether the states

should incorporate human security as a part of their domestic policies. Since it is

a new discourse, countries are still thinking that how and where this notion

would fit in their domestic policies and how deep will its impact be. The states

are contemplating that how to confront the new emerging non-conventional

threats to the society, the theme of the discourse of humans security is actually a

response to those threats that are not traditional by nature. The post-cold war

world is not any more coping with traditional armies and enemies, the threats are

more pervasive and more penetrative. Ranging from the environmental threats to

the threats of terrorism, the concept of security has entirely been defined through

different spectrum of approaches. The emergence of these threats has given

enough space to the notion of human security. The countries had to redefine and

rethink over their security strategies and over their policies to face and confront

these non-conventional security threats, thus, human security perspective got

enough attention of the world to become a new phenomenon. Many governments

are still not in favor of adopting it, rather they criticize it, but the world now

understands the gravity of the deteriorating social sector around the world.

11

Therefore, most of the foreign aid given to the neutral countries is now

based on humanitarian objectives. Those governments that ignore it face

numerous challenges in adopting it to their policy framework. In their opinion, it

is way too inclusive and broad to be adopted at the national level while the

budgetary crises are growing by the end of the day. They fail to make a

connection between their problems and their solution in the shape of human

security. Countries like Japan and Canada have helped the world to understand

this notion and create examples to follow in the 21st century to adapt in the

policy framework. Japan is playing the front and lead role in promoting the cause

of human security around the world.(Karns and Karen 2004) The world has to

see the security from a different angle and a different perspective with different

vision and different results. The concept of a welfare society is much associated

with the notion of human security, the success of Japan as being the third largest

economy of the world pursuing the given notion is a remarkable case in point.

The concept of human security is synonymous with the concept of social

security when it comes to dealing development from the context of domest ic

governance. The tendency of the policies of the states toward development in

terms of improving the living standards of the people and in terms of working on

the human capital bear testimony to the fact that the inclination of the states’

policies from military perspective to the social security itself is a symbol of

globalized realization and acceptance of human security as a new phenomenon.

Coined in the 1994 report of the UNDP and endorsed by the Copenhagen

Summit of the following year, human security has emerged as an internationally

important policy within a very short span of time. This has happened on account

of the changing definition of the threats as the perception of the threats has

changed objectively as well as subjectively.

Since the threats toward the society are increasing both in the quantitative

manners and the qualitative manners, therefore, finding their solution in the

militia buildup and the solutions through military options does not remain viable

anymore. The fact of the matter is that the threats now come from within the

society and the military option to be used for its own society ultimately leads to

civil war and self-destruction. Hence, opting for military choices to cope with

12

the emerging threats is not viable. What the states and the leading international

organizations should do that are deemed to play a significant role in the policy

decisions of the countries should think the option from the human security. If the

basic and fundamental rights promised to the people under their respective

constitutions are provided to them, half of the threats vanish within a blinking of

an eye.

As a matter of fact, human security emphasizes upon the human needs

from physical to mental to be fulfilled, there the United Nations emphasizes on

two out of all these needs as the most significant ones. The UNDP under the

supervision of the United Nations (UN) released a publication in 1994 which was

entitled as the “Human Development Report (HDR)” it mainly focused on the

global security as the main cause of mayhem and chaos around the world. It also

explained that this insecurity at the global scale was worsened by the denial of

the “freedom from want” and Freedom from fear” to the general public. This

publication is regarded as a massive milestone in the history of humans’ security

and it laid the foundations of official initiatives in this regard. It gave a new

dimension to the states to rethink their policies and tackle the human crisis at

their doorsteps. (Mack 1997)

Pakistan is far away from sustainable development as far as its economy

is concerned. The private sector is struggling to compete with the giant industries

of China, India and USA, whilst the government enterprises often face financial

crunch. The growth rate of the economy is hardly in consonance with the

developing economies. The aid of Japan cannot create a priming situation for

Pakistan to lay the foundations of a sustainable economy. Only Pakistan can do

that with the help of foreign aid, no doubt, but entirely, on reliance upon the

foreign aid. Pakistan is decades away in the field of economy. Its economic

model is orthodox and the industrial sector is not competent enough to compete

at the international level. The reason why Pakistani economy is being discussed

in this chapter is because if the entire structure of the country is orthodox and

decades backward from the rest of the modern world, it becomes very hard to be

flexible to swift changes, especially, changes needed for making space for

humanitarian cause in its economy.

13

The country is facing enormous economic challenges, under these

circumstances where on one side the economy is sliding into gradual recession

and on the other hand facing acute terrorism, health, education and gender parity

appear as dim objectives to be achieved. How would environment concern

Pakistan more if the enemy is penetrating through the borders and spreading

terrorism in the country? How could Pakistan focus on gender parity if most of

the resources are spent on the army in order to fight militancy, insurgency and

smuggling? Even if Pakistan wanted to be a responsible state, yet it is

preoccupied with so many problems and challenges with less resource to come

out of the miserable situation. The nature plays an undeniable role in defining if

a state can opt to be a welfare state or a security state. Pakistan did not choose to

be a security state, as a matter of fact; it was imposed on Pakistan by the

circumstances.

From the very outset of the independence, Indian aggression in the

Kashmir in 1947-48 and the displeased Afghanistan in the Northwest compelled

Pakistan to choose for security as the priority. During the Cold War, it was very

difficult for Pakistan to balance its ties with both superpowers. The alliance of

Pakistan with USA in the capitalist bloc pushed it further away from

development and it was consumed with militancy and entangled in foreign wars.

Hostile neighbors and an angry USSR invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 proved

fatal for the growing economy which was on its highest growth rate in the

history of the country falling too low. Ten years war in Afghanistan gave

Pakistan the strategic depth it was seeking against India, but as a result of its

own diversified attention, the economy did not get much boost either in the

1980’s or in the 1990’s. (Ranis, Stewart et al. 2000)

The economy saw a small boost in the period of former president

Musharraf, but the war on terror just drastically changed the scenario overnight.

Pakistan had to shift its entire focus on the war on terror which by now has given

a loss of over 100 billion dollars to the country ravaging its economy and more

importantly, it has disturbed the social fabrics of the society and recessions are

the order of the day. Under these circumstances when Pakistan is fighting

terrorism on all fronts, how could it possibly focus on the humanitarian cause?

14

The resources are now utilized for the protection of the state. A welfare state is

still not in the least priority of the country. On the contrary, Japan is the

champion of the humanitarian cause. It has resolved to the promotion of the

human cause, a case in point, Japan’s foreign aid to Pakistan is also based on this

notion. It wants to create a welfare state out a miserable economy, out of a war

torn and military stricken county. However, this notion has not come true in the

past five decades. Foreign aid is meager in amount. It is too less to change the

radical economy of Pakistan.

The foreign aid of Japan in order to materialize in its cause needs the

increasing political and leadership role both in the formalization and realization

of the concept of human security. Realization toward the notion is the key to its

successful implementation. Japan has aided to the improvement of education,

health and empowerment of women with many ups and downs in its aid

providing amounts. The aid was the highest before the nuclear explosion of 1998

by Pakistan, after which Japan suspended some of its grants and lowered its

loans,(Rizvi 1999) but the change of the circumstances in the wake of war or

terror once again brought Pakistan into the limelight of international politics and

Japan too began to once again open its funds to it.

The military operations and successive offensives in the tribal areas have

proven for Pakistan that dealing with the social problems through military is not

the only option open to it. There are too many ways to fight the shadows of

terrorism and the very base on which terrorism grooms is poverty which no

military of the world can eradicate. It can only be eradiate through positive

policies and sufficient investment in the public sector. In spite of four wars with

India and wasting enormous resources in these wars, neither of the countries has

gained total control of Kashmir and the war of hegemony has not benefited any

of them. The only thing that can help them both is the realization of the true

challenges they face. Poverty is a worse enemy for Pakistan than India. It is the

root cause of all organized crimes, smuggling, human trafficking, exploitation,

bonded labor and even militancy. People are not ideologically motivated to join

militancy. Most of them are motivated by poverty and hunger to join the

15

militants in the tribal areas of Pakistan. No doubt, poverty is the mother of all

diseases and mother of all problems.

1.3 THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN SECURITY

Human security means to protect human being from hunger, poverty, illiteracy,

criminal activities and other health issues. It should be noted that it is not a new

phenomenon. The threat to human security existed before WWII, during which

people were massacred, killed and even their dead bodies were not given proper

shelter. However, the post WWII period witnessed a dangerous phase for the

human security since people were let know to fight with their livelihood. The

Human security simply means to pass a prosperous live on earth availing all

things which facilitate the life. Moreover, the concept of human security has

been defined by the United Nations Development Program in its 1994 conference

in great way that “freedom from fear' and 'freedom from want”. The year of the

1994 marked the beginning of a new era and a new horizon of debate on national

security and national power, but this time through the prism of individualism.

This was the year when the United Nations Development Program for the first

time endorsed the vision of human security through its official publication and

the mind behind this was Dr. Mehboob-Ul-Haq (economist and an international

development theorist who served as the 13th Finance Minister of Pakistan from

10 April 1985 until 28 January 1988). He was the one who for the first time drew

the attention of the public and the world toward human security his work keenly

sought to influence the 1995 Copenhagen Summit led by the global leaders on

social development as the main agenda of the summit. The summit overviews all

the threats and challenges to humanity and it drew the conclusion that the future

of global security must be enlightened through this vision and its scope should

be expanded in order to categorize it accordingly. Followings are the seven main

areas. A dignified way of living is the core objective of human security. (Paris

2001) The following areas basically covers the human security.

1.3.1 Economic Security:

Economic security means to secure the human being economically and

financially since it is the basic unit of survival for humanity in the world. It

16

ought to be noted that in this modern world, it is very much important for the

country to equip its nations with advanced economy in order to secure their

future. Economic security encompasses the right to employment, the assured

basic income that margins above the world poverty line ratio, individual income

from remunerative, wagery or productive work if all those opportunit ies are dim

or absent, then a government sponsored or a publicly financed safety fund to

ensure survival at all cost as a last resort. Since economic security is a new

perception of development, only a few decades have been spent working on this

agenda, economic miseries of the world have not ended. Still only, a quarter out

of the entire world population is economically capable and secure and the rest of

the world population is still striving for survival. The economic miserly will

open many opportunities to disturb the good governance of the country.

It ought to be noted that the country where the ratio of the economically

struggling people is comparatively higher and overwhelming, there the

developed countries are also facing economic crisis. Global economic and wealth

disparity have further widened the gulf between the rich and the poor. As a

matter of concern, the intense and extreme economic insecurity and wealth gaps

constitute a major cause of political, racial and ethnic violence. The underlying

class tension can further trigger concerns for the human security as a whole.

(Fukuda-Parr 2003) More importantly, every individual has to be given the right

to do business and be involved in any economic activities. The economic

development leads towards the human security. (Gladwin, Kennelly et al. 1995)

1.3.2 Food security

Originally, the term “food security” was used to describe whether a country had

access to enough food to meet dietary energy requirements. National food

security was used by some to mean self-sufficiency, i.e. the country produces the

food it needs or that which its population demands. Again, it was seldom made

clear whether self-sufficiency meant that all citizens had access to enough food

to meet energy and nutritional requirements or whether meeting economic

demand from domestic production was enough to claim self-

sufficiency. (Pinstrup-Andersen 2009) Food is the essential element for the

growth of human being. Moreover, it is the prime responsibility of the state to

17

provide food to its citizens. In order to secure its nation from starvation, hunger

and malnutrition, the state has to make sure the proper availability of food for its

nation. (Doh and Guay 2006)Security from malnutrition and starvation, and the

access to at least two times meal is called food security. To further explain this,

the economic and physical access of the people to daily meals and sufficient for

removing hunger is the fundamental right of the all the individuals. According to

UN, the current production of food in the world is enough to feed all the people,

but the actual problem lies in the fact that the food shortage is not the issue, the

genuine challenges are its ill-distribution. The food resources are improperly

divided. And this unjust allocation of the food resources is causing hunger and

starvation at a biblical scale in the underdeveloped regions of the world. The

lack of purchasing power is further fueling the shortage of food and ultimately

leading to food insecurity and poverty. A series of initiatives and relief packages

and aid have been utilized, but to no avail. Given all these problems, the United

Nations has come up with the solution that the food security is integrated with

the economic security. Therefore, better economic security will naturally tackle

food insecurity.(Fukuda-Parr 2003) In addition, it has been noted that one 3rd of

the population of the world lives below the poverty line who are unable to get

the two times meals. Thus, they are in extreme at risk in term of not getting food

on proper time which does not only provoke their insecurity towards food, it also

disturbs them mentally. The state which fails to provide proper food to their

people, are termed to be failed states. Most of African countries are failed to

provide proper food to their citizens on right time. (Jackson and Rosberg 1982)

1.3.3 Health Security

The sovereign states are to ensure the health facilities to its citizens. The

availability of hospitals and doctors are to be ensured to every village of the

country. It has been noted that there are certain counties in the world where

people snubbed to death due to non-availability of health facility. (Ronsmans,

Graham et al. 2006) (Lopez, Mathers et al. 2006) The state has to ensure the

access to clean water and healthy sanitation along a healthy environment

protection from the diseases at the minimum. At the present moment, the major

causes of deaths in the underdeveloped world and the poor countries are the

18

circulatory disorder and the infectious parasitic diseases respectively. Without

much surprise, the 80 percent of the deaths in the poor and low income countries

are the chronic diseases. The percentage of health insecurity and the deaths are

greater in the slums and the poor villages. Slums have become the breeding

ground of chronic diseases in the developed countries as well. The wide chain of

industrialization has also caused lung related and heart related disorders and

cancers. Children are the most immediate victims of these diseases. This all is

happening on account of the lack of necessities for basic life, lack of access to

healthy diet and owing to malnutrition. (Fukuda-Parr 2003) It is also the right of

every individual to get all the clean things either they are eatable or drinkable,

since it is their basic right. Until and unless, the individuals are secured from

rested garbage and dusty environment, means there health security is highly

denied. (UNICEF and Organization 2002) It has also been noted that states have

failed to provide proper health facilities to its citizens.

1.3.4 Environmental Security

Right after the Industrial Revolution, most of developed countries choose the

path of economic development via industrial production. No doubt, the industrial

production helped in a great deal in developing the world economy, but it has

badly polluted the global environment. (Freedman 1995) The environmental

security encompasses the security from natural calamities and other hazards,

rescue and relief services in the post disaster situations and a clean along a

pollution free environment. The disasters can also be both natural and the man

made. Deterioration of the environment, rapid global warming, and variation in

the climate and quantitative as well as a qualitative increase in the natural

disasters are the main cause of environmental degradation. Polluted water is the

most threatening cause of insecurity in the developing regions, on the contrary,

the cause is much different in the advanced regions where the water is pure, but

the industrial zones have contaminated the air. The excessive emissions of the

greenhouse gases are regarded as the greatest threat to the environment. Burning

of fossil fuel and ejects of green house has badly disturbed the climate of the

global. (Herzog, Eliasson et al. 2000) The cars and industries release a great

19

number of greenhouse gas which has affected the environment badly. (Fearnside

2000)

1.3.5 Personal Security

The most important part of human being is the selfness since it is directly linked

to the existence of oneness. It has been alarming to note that people face many

threats from different elements.(Buzan 2008) Therefore, the personal security

has been ensured to protect the physical rights of the people, safeguarding them

against physical violence. Structural violence, domestic violence, violence

perpetuating from the non-state actors and violence from the criminal tendencies

all are involved in this category. In present era, the individual face more

personal security as the world has developed; it has also given birth to so many

non-state actors who indiscriminately massacre and kill the people in general. In

order to get the attention of the concern authority or government, the terrorists

and extremists have been observed in targeting the individual since they are soft

target. in present time, the markets and public places are reported to be the most

dangerous places where people sit and go. So, the personal security of every

individual is at risk. In order to secure the personal security and human security

of every citizens, the governments of the states must ensure along all the leading

international institutions and organizations that personal security must be

prioritized. Because the personal security is the first and foremost requirement of

any kind of work and business.

1.3.6 Community Security

Community safety is about feeling safe, whether at home, in the street or at

work. It relates to quality of life and being able to pursue and obtain the fullest

benefits from your domestic, social and economic lives without fear or hindrance

from crime and disorder.(Cross 2011) Ethnic, racial and religious violence are

the main cause of community insecurity around the world. Everywhere in the

world the ethnic and religious minorities are prone to be subjected to community

violence. The United Nations in the Copenhagen Summit platform explained that

half of the world states had to some extent face this challenge along the ethnic

tensions. The indigenous people are also prone to violence as 300 million

20

indigenous people around the world in seventy countries are exposed to certain

threats a being minorities. Therefore, the United Nations declared the year of

1993 as the Year of Indigenous People to bring to light their insecurity to the

world. (Fukuda-Parr 2003) The state has to secure its community otherwise, any

differences among communities would generate civil war. (Yoder 2015)

1.3.7 Political Security

Political security is the defense against any form of political oppression. It is

concerned with whether people live in a society that honors their basic human

rights. Extradition is a means of preserving political security. (Ignatieff and

Appiah 2003) Moreover, The political security means the right to live an

honored life without any let or hindrance, where honor is carried out for all the

basic rights. The report of Amnesty International is appalling as it indicates that

the political suppression is still widely present in 110 countries of the world in

the shape of structural violence, political repression and torture and systematic

alienation. These activities boom in the periods of uprising and political unrest.

Political insecurity can further be expanded by curtailing the political rights of

all or of a particular community. Since 1994, the key global institutions like the

World Bank have taken the cause of human security with seriousness and great

concern and adapted their policies according to the given seven areas of human

security. (Fukuda-Parr 2003) Japan has had mixed relations with Pakistan where

they enjoyed warm and good relations except the period of Z.A Bhutto when the

latter’s nationalization and anti-west policies declined the interests of Japan in

Pakistan for a brief period only to see a boost in the 1900’s. Japan has been

granting aid to Pakistan since 1954 under its international project of ODA

(Official Development Assistance). The projects were suspended briefly in the

period of 1998 when owing to the nuclear explosions of Pakistan there were

certain economic sanctions impose son Pakistan.(Korkietpitak 2012) The nuclear

explosion was not in the interest of Japan and international community; as a

result, Japan suspended its political and economic aid to Pakistan as a tactics to

pressurize Pakistan to abandon its nuclear path. (Ahmed 1999)

However, in the period of former president Musharraf, the projects

renewed. Japan has been working to promote Self Help Groups (SHGs) in

21

Pakistan as well. The effectiveness of SHGs cannot be brought to the comparison

with other related schemes for the purpose of poverty reduction and women

empowerment. We can do for the effective mechanism of poverty reduction in

better way in the future. However, in the future this piece of writing would be

expanded to get the better of these limitations and we expect a much cherished

consequence for different readers, researchers and practitioners with vital

significant insights for poverty diminution and women development.(Ahmed

2012)

Pakistan and Japan ought to seek their bilateral relations irrespective of

the fact that how and what they interests they pursue in their relations with other

countries. The projects have mainly focused on transpiration service, health

services and education for Pakistan in the shape of various projects carried out of

ODA and JICA. The total amount of aid to Pakistan in its entire accumulation

since 1954 becomes 549 billion Pakistani rupees. Since then, Japanese aid has

been working on three areas, firstly, Human Security and development, secondly,

development of sound market economy and thirdly, and changing a balance in

the regional socio-economic development. A dignified way of living is the core

objective of human security. (Korkietpitak 2012)

1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Since the inception of Pakistan, the economic conditions of Pakistan were not up

to the mark since Pakistan inherited a destabilized economic system. Due to the

weak economic structure and destabilized political system of Pakistan, it was

very difficult for Pakistan to ensure the human security within Pakistan.

Therefore, Pakistan has been strongly relying on the economic aid of Japan, US,

China, Saudi Arabia. However, the Japanese economic assistance has been

termed to secure the nation of Pakistan from different sectors. Therefore, Pak-

Japanese relations in terms of aid and support for the human security are much

important in the foreign policy perspectives of Pakistan since it not only bridges

Pak-Japanese political differences between these two countries, it will also help

to strengthen the Pak-Japanese relations. Apart from the fact that Pakistan has

been facing economic crisis since its birth which has given birth to many human

22

crisis within Pakistan. In this regards the help and support of Japan to Pakistan is

inevitable and inescapable. The very dissertation would identify the impacts of

Japanese aids for Pakistan. Moreover, this research is significant from academic

as well as policy perspectives. Academically, this research is beneficial for the

students and teachers, researchers of the respective field understand the

theoretical disposition of Human security and the Japanese aid to Pakistan and

their possible implications. Besides, this research gives an analysis of the

situation prevailing between the two countries regarding human welfare since it

covers the entire Japanese aids to Pakistan for the human security.

Further, the literature available on this topic is not sufficient. This study will

provide fresh and systematic treaties and understanding on the subject and will

fill up the gap in the existing literature. The study will also be equally helpful the

students of International Relations.

1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

i. To identify the Japanese concept of human security in the post-cold

war period. It ought to be noted that right after the conversion of

bipolarism into unipolarism on the eve of Soviet Union disintegration

in 1991, the concept of security has been changed from weapons to

human security. Moreover, the international community started

focusing more on the aids which have been meant to bring human

welfare and development.

ii. To investigate importance of the concept of human security in Japan’s

foreign policy for Pakistan. In addition, the post-WW II era has

witnessed an advanced change in the foreign policy of Japan. The WW

II taught a lesson to Japan in which Japan decided to strengthen its

economy rather than developing its arms and weapons. The quick

development of Japan’s economy led them to the right direction where

Japan involved itself in the promotion of human rights, human

development and human well-being not only at national level, but also

at international level. Meanwhile, it helped Pakistan in developing the

human being socially, politically and economically.

23

iii. To find out the main aims of Japan’s assistance to Pakistan in the

post-cold period. The aid of Japan to Pakistan through JICA and other

agencies no doubt aimed to develop the human security in Pakistan,

but it has many strings and condition. Nobody can deny the fact that

nothing is permanent except national interest. Surely, Japan has

certain aims in Pakistan and wants to achieve it through economic aid.

1.6 HYPOTHESES

I. A great paradigm shift has been witnessed in the foreign policy of Japan

in the concept of human security in the post-Cold War period.

II. Japan’s foreign policy has greatly focused on the non-military aspect

which included the human security of many countries, like Pakistan,

Bangladesh, Afghanistan and etc.

III. The human security assistance of Japan to Pakistan was aimed to attain

certain regional goals and agendas.

1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This research aims at answering the following questions:

i. What are the characteristics of Japan’s human security assistance in

general?

ii. What are Japan’s key tools in its pursuit of Human Security?

iii. Is Human security assistance a means to strengthen Japan’s

representation in the international community?

iv. To what extent is the concept of Human Security important in the

foreign policy of Japan?

v. To what extent is Japan’s human security assistance important to

Pakistan?

vi. What are the motives of Japan’s human security assistance to

Pakistan?

vii. What are the Japanese concerns about the multiple challenges that

Pakistan is currently facing?

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1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of human security is getting more attention since the paradigm

shift has taken place from tradition security to non-traditional security. Human

security is related towards people and multi-disciplinary understanding of

security involves a number of research fields, including development

studies, international relations, strategic studies, and human rights. The United

Nations Development Programme's 1994 Human Development Report is

considered a milestone publication in the field of human security, with its

argument that insuring "freedom from want" and "freedom from fear" for all

persons is the best path to tackle the problem of global insecurity.

The Importance of Human security has improved because of its movement

toward an individualized conception of security lie in the first place in the

evolution of international society's consideration of rights of individuals in the

face of potential threats from states. The most obvious of analysis here are the

UN Charter, the UN Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and its associated

covenants (1966), and conventions related to particular crimes (e.g.,genocide)

and the rights of particular groups (e.g., women, racial groups, and refugees).

Human security has taken a prominent place in the security studies’ field

and has established itself as a useful umbrella notion which helps to

conceptualize particular political rhetoric. The main aspect of human security is

considered to have changed from being state focused agenda to an individually

focused agenda .Human security is a new concept, it has transformed or has

provided new trend of security from state security towards individual security.

Significance of human security for the pressing issues in international

politics at several sections can be successively examined. Firstly, the core

elements of the concept is described, followed by historical context of the

concept’s evolution and formulation. Secondly, the main scholarly debates

existing within the concept is explored, proceeded by the critical evaluation of

the concept. Finally, the analysis of human security as a concept can be used as a

basis to understand the extent to which human security could be applied as a

paradigm shaping a vision in international politics.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Report

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_want

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_fear

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Declaration_of_Human_Rights

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bill_of_Human_Rights

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bill_of_Human_Rights

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The significance of Human Security is increasing day by day because

human security concept has become a milestone in the field of security studies.

The main concept of Human Security concept is considered to be the idea that

the focus shifts from the state as the referent object to humans, to individuals.

The human security notion is considered relatively young. It was coined in the

mid-1990s in the wake of crucial changes in the international system. The end of

the Cold War was an incentive to review the old security agenda focused on the

military sector and to relocate resources to the pressing issue of development,

with a particular attention on a human development. Since then, traditional

defining terms of international security have lost their positions as a sole

conceptual guidance. Arguing from the realists’ perspective, the character and

the priorities of the bipolar world system and its later dissolution revealed the

weakness of states and governance structures responsible for the security of

humans.

1.9 LITERATURE REVIEW

Human security is believed to be a dynamic framework which aims to ensure the

rights of human being and protect them from all sorts of dangers. Actually,

human rights are granted by nature to every individuals to pass a prosperous live

on the earth and those rights are protected by moral and legal norms and values.

Moreover, the human security includes the economic security, food security,

health security, personal security, community security and political security. In

addition, free from fear and danger is also the human security. it is believed that

Allah the Almighty has bestowed the right to every individual when he or she is

brought to this world, in order to pass a prosperous life on green planet with no

fear from any creatures. Moreover, in order to pass a prosperous life on the green

planet, it is mandatory for all individuals to enjoy the cited rights on all

platforms. Nobody can deny the fact that since the dawn of human being, human

has been so much dangerous and brutal in nature. Therefore, the moral and legal

laws have been established to curtail the brutality of human being. Moreover, as

the world turned into the 21st century, more cases have been reported of human

rights violations due to power-gain politics. The post-World War II period has

been reported the power-gaining period where the leaders have been witnessed to

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have been committing certain crimes where human rights have become at risk. In

order to spread their respective sphere of influence and maintain their

dominancy, the most powerful countries have been in involved in so many covert

activities. At the same time, on the other side of the picture, there are also certain

countries in the world which still believe in the complete assurance and

protection of human rights. Therefore, they have been working to protect the

human rights in those countries where the countries are either extreme poor or

controlled by some hegemonic leaders. Therefore, Japan is one of the countries

whose foreign policy has a great space for the human rights not only within

Japan but at international arena, specially in developing countries. In this

regards, Japan has been funding financially and physically to those countries

where human rights are reported to be violated badly. Moreover, in those

countries where Japan has been helping, there human rights are extremely

violated and are at extreme risk. Bert Edström the author of the book, “Japan and

Human Security: The Derailing of a Foreign Policy Vision” writes that Japan

mainly focuses on the human rights while formulating its foreign policy,

believing that human rights are prime interests which are to protected and

ensured at any level and situation. The writers further argues in his book that the

poverty and terrorism lead the youngsters are involved in criminal activities

which ultimately endangers the peace process in the world. Wherever, the peace

is at risk, the human rights would be in bad experience. Therefore, Japan has

been focusing to impart its educational and health funds to those countries to

save the youngsters from getting involved in bad activities.

Osamu Miyata, the Director of Center for Contemporary Studies in Japan

is of the belief that, it is the core policy of Japan to seek the promotion of

humanity in every aspect with its utmost sincere efforts. In addition, it seeks to

ensure that the people are no longer threatened by the terrorism and extremism in

any form or shape. He further believes that the subjugation, victimization and

exploitation of any caste and nation is not acceptable to Japan anywhere in the

world. He further argues that a dignified way of living ought to be given to every

individual since it is the core objective of human security. Mary Kaldor, the

author of the book, “The human Security is the new Security Paradigm, writes

that human security is the key objective of Japan’s foreign policy. She further

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tries to indicate how the human security approach applies to both security and

development and what this might mean in practice in Japan’s aspect of foreign

policy. It is based on series of reports and papers. Toshiyuki Nasukawa argues in

his paper entitled, “Human Security in Japanese Foreign Policy: A Challenge to

Peacebuilding” that Japan believes that in order to build the peace process, the

insurance of human rights and their security is inevitable and inescapable.

K.V.S Rama Sarma writes in his book, “ Japan: Super Economic Power” writes

that the Japanese program is gradually taking into account in certain political

principles shared by most of the donors, levels, moves towards democratization

and market reform and top of all human rights considerations in determining a

country's aid level. The aim of aid is to protect the human rights circumstances in

Kenya, Malawi, Sierra Leone, Haiti, India, and Pakistan. In certain aid, even

China is covered which aims to bring betterment in human rights conditions. The

all cases mentioned in point in the White Paper of Japan's ODA 1994. The aim of

giving foreign aid via ODA for social and educational development is objected to

eliminate poverty and increase the literacy rate of those countries. It is believed

that once the poverty is eradicated through social development and mobilization,

peace would automatically be installed where human rights would easily be

protected.

Kazuo Sunaga writes in her paper entitled, “The Reshaping of Japan's Official

Development Assistance Charter” that the ODA specifies clear objectives in its first

section. It reiterates the Japanese government's commitment to support economic and

social infrastructure development, human resource development, and institution

building in developing countries, as well as to address poverty, famine, and global

issues such as the environment and HIV/AIDS. The aim of ODA is to ensure peace

in the world. Even these objectives are primordial in ODA policy, since Japan's

ODA was defined in accordance with OECD/DAC's overarching principle: ODA is

administered with the primary objective of promoting the economic development and

welfare of developing countries.

On the other hand, it ought to be noted that in the pursuit of nuclear

weapons and uranium enrichment by the most powerful countries of the world,

join the nuclear club which ultimately brings the human rights have become at

risk. Nobody can deny the fact that the money which is spent on the acquisition

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of nuclear weapons, would increase the poverty since social and educational

sectors would be neglected. Thus, the human rights are violated badly. The

money that is spent on weapons can be better utilized for human security such as

developing the educational and social sectors. The more arms race will lead the

countries to strengthen their defence rather eradicating poverty, bringing reforms

in educational institutions and developing the infrastructures of hospital. The

cases of India and Pakistan where poverty has increased alarmingly; however, on

the other hand, both states developed sophisticated weapons to strengthen their

security. Geoff Harris argues in his paper entitled, “Effects of Arms Races and

War on Development” that this is not to deny a range of less tangible but highly

significant elements of human well-being, including what the UNDP has termed

“human security”, the freedom from fear. There are many reasons for high levels

of poverty and slow development. This entry examines the effects of arms races,

military expenditure and war on development. Hans Kochler writes in his book,

“Democracy in International Relations that the initiatives indicate that Japan and

the European Union are fully aware of the difference between globalization and

it has inevitable consequences. It is said that the nuclear explosions occurring in

India and Pakistan, the bombing of Iraq and Yugoslavia, while promoting

globalization in terms of sustainable human security development and the

emergence of the globalization. It is generally believed that the nuclear arm race

would not only halt the social development, it would also put the human security

at risk. Ghazala Yasmin Jalil believes in her paper titled, “Nuclear Arms Race in

South Asia: Pakistan’s Quest for Security” She writes that the nuclear arms race

in South Asia between India and Pakistan would have direct effects on the socio-

economic sectors of the region. Moreover, it would also put the area into

strategic instability and political uncertainty which ultimately bring risk for

human security. She further argues that the acquisition of nuclear weapons by

India and Pakistan, would increase the poverty ratio, social disturbance and

economic inequality. Nobody can deny the fact that a focused nuclearized region

would build up the two countries’ nuclear arsenals and threats would be posed to

human rights. In addition, as the same time, the money, spent on defence means

lessens resources for development and poverty alleviation. Therefore, South Asia

is termed to be one of the poorest regions. Mr. Anwar Iqbal writes in his article,

Heavy Military Spending Hurting India, Pakistan US report” that Pakistan is one

https://www.dawn.com/news/1102188/heavy-military-spending-hurting-india-pakistan-us-report

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of the most powerful countries of Asia in terms of conventional and military

security, but when it comes to human security, Pakistan is one of the most

backward countries of the continent. Pakistan is one of those countries that have

failed to eradicate polio from its territory. Even more populous countries of the

region like India and China, have overcome polio disease and have declared

themselves as polio free countries. Pakistan lags far behind in other forms of

human security as well like that of environment and education as well other than

health.

Another issue which comes in the category of human security is the

protection of women rights in developing countries where women have been

suffering the most. It is believed that until and unless, women are made

empowered in the society, the rights of human would be at risk. Moreover, it has

been witnessed in developing countries that the women are harassed, tortured

and exploited for different reasons in patriarchal society. Smt C. Neelima writes

in her book, “Women’s Place in a Patriarchal Society: A Critical Analysis of

Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things” that the complex structure is deeply

embedded and has given rise to countless stories of personal tragedies of

unequally placed women. Their unequal position creates great misery, sufferings

and hardships in their lives forcing them to accept the oppressive system in a

spirit of religious submissiveness and personal renunciation. Thelma Iniomor

writes in her report, “Challenges to Women Empowerment,” that woman

empowerment is one of the major challenges for global equality and for the

champions of the human rights organizations. Women have been the most

vulnerable sufferers of wars, epidemics, natural disasters and have been the least

priorities for health, education, power equality and politics in many parts of the

world. In the case of Pakistan, women have been struggling to improve the

standards of their lives in a male dominated society. 60 percent of the population

of the country lives out of the cities in the far-flung areas where the access to

very basic facilities of life is hard. In addition, in certain areas, the tribes and

customs also affect the freedom and rights of women.

Apart from this, the presence of NGOs in those areas in order to create

more awareness about the women empowerment and their rights, has been great.

https://www.empowerwomen.org/en/community/people/6dc3492c-5bdf-42a6-ada8-6757ebce35c8/Thelma-Iniomor

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However, they have certain social, cultural and religious obstacles to carry on

their desired mission. NGOs also have an increasing presence and influence at

the international level which is leading to some political analysts and policy

makers to question their legitimacy for such a role; however, it is in this context

that questions of NGO accountability also arise in countries newly independent

of the Soviet Union, and in Russia. NGOs are often seen to be involved in

addressing the issues related to women rights with the fully insurance of the

protection. It has been observed to find the NGOs working on the rights of

women in Pakistan at a great number.

Since 2011, US alone has provided more than 10 billion dollars to

Pakistan for Political, economic, social and environmental development. The

dollars coming from US were aimed to ensure the human security in Pakistan.

Along with the government of Pakistan, certain NGOs have been active to

protect and ensure the rights of women. Even NGOs have been found in visiting

the far and flung areas of Pakistan to protect the rights of women. The rise of

civil society or third sector has been observed in protecting the human rights in

the world, especially in the countries of South Asia. Nevertheless, there has been

an alarming fact that the NGOs in the name of human rights protection, have

been receiving billion of dollars and among which there have been reports that

they had embezzled that money. However, where there was a scandal reported

that the NGO’s were involved in meddling with the foreign aid and embezzling

it, protests have been registered. The case study of Sri Lanka where within

months there were protests in Sri Lanka against corrupt aid distribution and

questions about the will of the government to address this challenge. In

Indonesia, even the coordinator of an NGO tasked with challenging corruption in

the relief effort, was arrested by police for alleged corruption, raising doubts

about both NGOs and law enforcement authorities. Now the question is that even

if Japan is providing all the aid with utmost sincerity to Pakistan for human

security, whether, the said aid is being on the needy areas or not. Whether the

NGOs in Pakistan, receiving the aid from Japan, have been capable to provide

the pertinent technical assistance to the human security or not. It is ensured that

until and unless money and aid granted for the human security, is not spent on

the cited and required cause, the human security seems to be at risk anywhere in

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Pakistan. Therefore, the government has to make sure for proper utilization of

aid for the sake of human security in Pakistan.

Pakistan as well as in most of third world many academics feel that NGOs

are actually part of the neoliberal agenda to roll back the state, open international

borders for globalized commerce, deregulate labor markets to make hiring and

firing easy and push all service provision into the hands of private sector. Third

sector is hegemonic in itself. Certain highly funded NGOs dominate civil society

to such an extent that even state seems much less powerful as compared to them.

Pakistan is one of the very few countries where NGO’s are still thought to be the

foreign agents and the locals hesitate to cooperate with them, especially, when

the NGO’s are working on a project that is funded by the foreign donors. Given

this fear, the donor agencies hesitate to invest in the country for uplifting of the

living standards of the people. Therefore, the trust deficit runs on both sides.

Mushtaq Ahmad Mir writes in his paper, “India –Pakistan; the History of

Unsolved Conflicts” that Pakistan fought its first war with India in 1948 to

liberalize Kashmir from Indian occupation. The war between India and Pakistan

not only caused the loss of lives in both sides, it also disturbed their economy

and brought social destruction. It ought to be noted that war between India and

Pakistan has always been termed to be destructive and disappointing for the

human rights. Now the point that in the very beginning, Pakistan was facing

huge economic problem even the institutions were weak to bring good

governance in Pakistan and possessed a destabilized political structure. It was

alarming to believe that Pakistan broke out a war with India for the people of

Kashmir without judging the disturbing the human security in Pakistan. These

wars only smoothened the way of NGOs to enter the country in the name of

rehabilitation and internal security. The wars with India drove the Pakistani

resources toward defense leaving the public in the lurch of miserable poverty and

social disorder, so the NGOs had to come forward in order to get the job of

social welfare done which the state could not do owing to its immediate border

security threats. Pakistan was focusing to enhance its military power to counter

Indian aggression towards Pakistan and investing all money for military purpose.

Now the NGOs were more involved in Pakistani society to work for their basic

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needs, like food, shelter and health. The NGOs were enhancing in numbers in

Pakistan because there was no check and balance on NGO’s that how many

NGOs are working in which areas of Pakistan they are not yet registered.

As for the life in villages is concerned in Pakistan, the women are denied

their education, political and social rights. Moreover, tribal chiefs and parents

impose heavy restrictions on female. When it comes to education, the women are

the least priority since they are forced to be confined in their house boundary

wall. On the other hand, a male from same family or sibling is preferred to be

financially supported to get education. They are confined to the four walls and

they labor on the fields to eke out a living. Women constitute 49 percent of the

entire population of the country, yet an overwhelming majority of them live in

abject misery. Amin Ahmed writes in his article entitled, “Millions of girls being

denied right to education” , published in DAWN that almost sixteen millions

females from the age of 6 to 11 have never been allowed to get enrolled in

schools as compared with boys who are about eight million in number at the

same age. According to a new report of the United Nations Educational,

Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics,

published in the run-up to International Women’s Day on March 8, the

UNESCO’s ‘e Atlas of Gender Inequality in Education. The report shows that

girls are still the first to be denied the right to education despite the progress

made over the past 20 years. There is no gender inequality in Pakistan in term of

education, political opportunities, access to advanced health facilities and

financial society. Gulbaz Ali Khan, Muhammad Azhar and Syed Asghar Shah

mention their paper, “Causes of Primary school Drop out Among Rural Girls in

Pakistan” that the social reasons like cultural and religious beliefs, social

exclusion, low social positioning, low parental perception etc. have caused the

restriction the girls’ education in Pakistan.

According to World Health Organization (WHO)’s (2008) report, the

women empowerment, gender equality is essential. In addition, the report says

that specific legal, policy, and sociocultural changes that increase gender

equality and how each of these changes is vital to improve health outcomes for

women. For example, it emphasizes increasing the health literacy of women,

https://www.dawn.com/authors/141/amin-ahmed

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families, communities and enhancing the participation of women in health

planning and establishing gender-responsive budgeting at the local, state, and

national level as vital to improving women's health outcomes. The very concept

of gender equality in every aspect of life giving equal chances and opportunities

to women in comparison to males is the foundation of women empowerment.

There are very few of the opportunities standing for women. However, it is

widely believed that women empowerment can be a creative way of reducing

poverty to a considerable extent which is not solely possible at hand when

Pakistan is not fully financially stable and the budget deficit is growing every

year. In certain cases, the foreign donor and aid organizations have to play their

role and some of them have been quite actively playing their role like that of

JICA.

According to the 2015’s report of Official Development Assistance

(ODA), Japan has been one of the most active sponsors of humanitarian aid for

the Pakistani community. In addition, JICA has been engaged in large scale

campaigns of aiding to human rights activism, more access to education, gender

equality through women empowerment and through aiding to advance the health

facilities and extending them to the rural areas of Pakistan. However, Japan’s

humanitarian aid and investment in Pakistan has been three-pronged; it has been

on education, health and women empowerment where aid for environment has

been little or almost nothing.

Bert Edstrom argues in his paper, “Japan and Human Security: The

Derailing of a Foreign Policy Vision” that Japan since the 1945 disastrous

outcome of the World War II has changed its course of international approach

toward other countries and international relations. Japan is the largest

humanitarian donor in the world and the second largest aid donor in all forms

after United States of America. Humanitarian aid has been a key to its foreign

policy approach toward other countries. Pakistan is one of the major

humanitarian aid recipients from Japan. JICA has been the front organization to

oversee the entire cycle of these aids and funds. The mutual relations of Japan

and Pakistan have seen ups and downs with the passage of time, but since 2001,

Japan’s foreign policy behavior has improved toward Pakistan through having

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concerns over the nuclear program of Pakistan still and over Pakistan’s relations

with North Korea. Japan’s aid like its relations has seen ups and downs as well.

Since 2001, Japan’s aid has kept growing and the activities of JICA have

expanded over the years in Pakistan. A process of expanding the aid to

infrastructural development is also in the process. Bert Edstrom further believes

that giving aid has been a chief economic and diplomatic tool to renew its ties

with regional countries and other regions. Japan for the first time started its aid

campaigns during the war time when Japan had lost the Second World War at the

hands of the Allied Forces and it started giving reparations for the war time

destruction to other countries, thus, beginning its first aid in the shape of

reparations. Soon Japan became the largest aid donor in Asia and by the 19970’s,

it had emerged as the largest aid donor of the world followed by USA. However,

from 2004, due to the fiscal restraints and other financial issues, Japan had to

reduce the amount of aid for the Overseas Development Assistance and by 2007;

Japan fell short of China and South Korea as the leading foreign aid donors of

Asia.

According to the (2007) report of Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA),

Japan has been providing aid to Pakistan under the Overseas Development

Assistance which is supervised by MOFA. The MOFA has played the dominant

role in increasing the aid to countries like Pakistan with whom maintaining

diplomatic as well as economic relations is crucial. The Cold War relations of

Japan with Pakistan were mostly driven by USA as Japan being the largest

economic partner of USA and driven by its treaty commitments with USA, Japan

had to give aid to those countries as well which were important for USA and

Pakistan had remained crucial for USA throughout Cold War. Therefore,

Pakistan was one of the aid receivers from Japan that tended to be a commitment

of the later with USA. Nevertheless, after the end of the Cold War, the relations

got bilaterally improved without any foreign commitments or direct or indirect

influence of the USA.

There was a jolt in the foreign economic aid of Japan after the shifting of

the course of the resources toward building its military capability in the wake of

the tragedy of the 9/11, as it feared for its own security. This shift of the

35

resources did have an impact on its funding to Pakistan as well through ODA. In

the post-Cold War period, the main focus of the Japanese aid has been the

promotion of the human rights, democracy, the gender equality via empowering

the weak gender and toward social development through building resources for

infrastructural development and for proper sanitation.

Toshiyuki Nasukawa writes in his book, “Human Security in Japanese

Foreign Policy: Challenge to Peacebuilding” that Japan adopted the goal of

human security as a main frame of its foreign policy in 1999 and since then most

of its aid has been of two natures. One aspect behind the colossal amount of aid

has been for strategic purposes which Japan has adopted for the smaller countries

of Asia Pacific against a rising China which tends to see a major shift in

Japanese Foreign Policy using the aid as a strategic interest. The second aspect

has been the human security. The aid received by Pakistan falls into the second

category. As being a strategic partner of China, Pakistan is not that important for

Japan from the strategic point of view since their bilateral position cannot

weaken the Pak-China relations, therefore, the bilateral ties are not from the

strategic point of view, but from the economic point of view and the aid given to

Pakistan is concerned with human security rather than pursuing any strategic

interests.

Aid to Pakistan from ODA is based on three aspects; the first type of aid

is loans, the second type of aid is in the shape of grants and third and the most

important type of aid is technical assistance to the Pakistani industries,

companies, government corporations, infrastructural developmental assistance

and technical assistance to eradicate poverty through providing better health

facilities, providing education and creating a more conducive environment for

women to be empowered and emboldened.

Warangkana Korkiet Pitak writes in his paper, “Japan’s Foreign Aid

Policy on Human Security: Its Driving Forces, and the Direction of Official

Development Assistance (ODA) Policy and Japan International Cooperation

Agency (JICA) for Human Security” that in spite of the fact that Japan is such a

crucial aid donor to Pakistan, Pakistani governments and officials have not made

any serious endeavors to enhance the mutual understanding or to expand the

36

bilateral ties. The relations have largely been confined to trade and diplomatic

support for each other has been a bit weaker than can be progressive. There is no

denying the fact that the mutual relations have not grown to strategic relations

owing to the increasing China factor in their bilateral relations, but the

government of Pakistan should realize the intensity of the strength of economic

might of Japan and its influence in the global organizations, therefore, it is high

time certain effective measures are adopted toward building the mutual and

bilateral relations to new heights.

Warangkana Korkiet Pitak further believes that the aid given to Pakistan

amounts to 2.7 percent of the total aid that Japan gives away every year; it

appears less, but this aid if properly used can be highly crucial in driving

Pakistan out of its current miserable economic and social status. Each year Japan

is giving 107 billion dollars every year. China was on the top of the list of

Japanese aid until 2007, but in the following year, Japan terminated its all kinds

of aid to China permanently and shifted the amount of this aid to other smaller

nations of Asia Pacific.

Pakistan is the second largest aid receiver of Japan in South Asia after

India. India is receiving 4 percent of the Japanese foreign aid each year while

Pakistan is receiving a little more than half of it. There have been more

diplomatic approaches by India to reach out to the world for aid and technical

assistance, but Pakistan has been quite weak in this regard. Pakistan has not fully

convinced the world of how vulnerable it is to terrorism and how weak the

position of human security in Pakistan is. If the diplomatic approach had been a

bit stronger or if serious and constant endeavors were made in this regard to

reach out to the world, the aid being received now had been much larger in

amount. There is of course the problem of lack of planning to consume the loans

to greater good as well.

Setboonsarng writes in his article, “Microfinance and the Millennium

Development Goals in Pakistan” that in spite of aid from Japan, from USA and

from other European countries, Pakistan has still failed to meet the Millennium

Development Goals. Pakistan is still a country where polio continues to linger

on. Pakistan is a country where still half of the youth is out of schools. Pakistan

37

is still a country where even a small natural calamity creates more disaster than

anticipated because of the lack of preparedness and lack of proper planning for

everything. Pakistan is still a county where more than half of the population lives

in the rural areas lacking some of the very basics of life. Pakistan is the country

where still half of the population lives in poverty. Pakistan is the country where

still the male dominate women and women are not empowered.

Ayesha Qaisrani, Sadaf Liaquat and Elishma Noel Khokhar write in their

paper, “Socio-economic and Cultural Factors of Violence against women in

Pakistan” that besides health and education department, most of the fields are

avoided by women due to male domination. Now there has been a little

improvement in the banking sector and the telecommunication sector where

women too have come forward having jobs working shoulder to shoulder with

men. Pakistan is the country where the private sector is dumped and the private

industries are on the verge of collapse. Given these all facts, the imperat ive

question rises is that what has been done to the loans and grants over these years

if Pakistan is still facing some of those challenges that China and India used to

face back in the 1970’s. This puts Pakistan half a century backward as compared

to its own regional competitors.

A proper mechanism needs to be built to oversee the use of every single

penny that comes in the shape of loans, grants or every in the shape of technical

assistance. Every penny counts, therefore, it is the responsibility of the

government to be highly serious in this regard and the mechanism must follow a

proper structure to see the proper investment of the given aid in the required and

more deserving sectors or areas. Embezzlement of the funds and corruption has

weakened Pakistan in the past. This mistake must not be repeated repeatedly and

if the foreign aid continues to be embezzled or consumed through corruption,

then the very concept of the aid vanishes for which the donor country gives it

away to the recipient country.

Christopher W Hughes writes in his book, “Japan, the post-9/11 security

agenda, globalization, and the political economy of inequality and insecurity”

that the main agenda of the Japanese aid to Pakistan is the human security, and

all other aid that comes from Japan ought to be focused on human security,

38

Moreover, Pakistan must have a proper channel for these funds to flow through

in transparency. In addition, the funds must be used where they are required the

most. The rural areas of Pakistan are under extremely abysmal plight, they must

be the ones where the investment must take place in terms of health, education

and sanitation, then the funds must follow a way to empower and encourage

women to come out of the confinements of the four walls and must help in

eradicating poverty, reducing poverty if not fully successful in eradicating it.

In accordance with the views of Dolff Kielman who is a very keen

analysts on the political as well as the economic developments of the Asia

Pacific sees the shift in the Japanese foreign aid from humanitarian to strategic

as a result of the rise of China not that much disturbing for the politics of the

region and it appears to not heavily influence the overseas relations of Japan

with other countries, countries like Pakistan. The rise and fall of the countries

aid in the list of MOFA has little to influence the bilateral relations of Japan with

Pakistan. Pakistan and Japan ought to seek their bilateral relations irrespective of

the fact that how and what they interests they pursue in their relations with other

countries if they really want to independently pursue their national interests. The

realization must come from both the sides; otherwise, they will never be fully

independent to gain the maximum benefits from each other. The need for

expanding the ties with each other is now more than ever.

The growing diversion of the resources of the state toward the war on

terror and military building has badly affected the humanitarian cause of

Pakistan. In every context, it has to be obvious that any kind of relations must be

to elevate the living conditions of the people. for this purpose, Pakistan has to

vigorously pursue a policy of diplomatic activism and project to the world how

badly it needs humanitarian assistance to alleviate the poverty ratio which is now

nearly touching 40 percent of the population, the unemployment is in double

digits and the inflation just continues to keep going high. People do not have

access to the very basic facilities of life, those facilities that now the advanced

world gives 100 percent to its population. The economic disparity within the

country is another matter to be tackled very seriously, but no one gives it a

prioritized value. The people owning the resources are very few in numbers in

39

Pakistan and on the other hand, the people lacking the resources are

overwhelmingly large, yet the gap continues to widen and the richer become

richer and the impoverished are getting poorer.

This situation cannot be changed thoroughly by the foreign aid, this

situation can also be changed if the human security is given space in the

domestic policies of Pakistan and along with the diversion of the resources from

war on terror and military buildup is shifted toward welfare projects. Nobody

denies the fact that Pakistan ought not to spend or buildup its defence which

needs to be top priority, but on the pace of defence, the social, cultural and

educations, sectors must not be neglected and bypassed. Along the foreign grants

and technical assistance, the welfare projects can dramatically change the entire

landscape of the country and can change the fate of the nation in a matter of very

short span of time. All that is required is how important human security is in the

policy framework of Pakistan and how the resources can be channeled from

security to welfare. On one side, there is the long lasting militancy in the

bordering and tribal areas of Pakistan. In addition, the mounting insurgency in

Balochistan, the unstable Afghanistan which continues to see the spillover of

terrorisms from its land within to Pakistan and of course, there is the long

standing enemy of Pakistan, India, which always seeks easy and means to harm

the interests of Pakistan. Given these circumstances, options for Pakistan to shift

the resources from security to the welfare project appear highly dim and remote.

It is disappointing to mention that Pakistan inherit some foe neighbors which

never allowed Pakistan to focus more on its citizens.

Christopher W Hughes further writes that he Japanese overseas aid that

includes Pakistan as one of the major recipients of that aid in South Asia is

currently working on increasing the profit values of the industries in the private

sector, negotiating a possible increase in the terms of the income and work on

enhancing the capacity building of the human capital. Beside the technical

assistance, the use of the human capital is equally important for enhancing the

capacity building of the different sectors. The entrepreneurs show keen interest

in such ventures where the loans are used for developing the capacity building of

the workers. Certain business enterprises are more encouraged if the

40

participation of the women is bolstered because at one side it emboldens the

empowerment of the women, besides, women are work loving and devoted if

they are adhered to a cause.

Muhamad Hafeez argues in his paper, “Poverty and Poor Health in Pakistan:

Exploring the Effects of Privatizing Healthcare” that poverty is not only a

physical status of life, actually; it is also a matter of psychological status of life.

Poverty alleviation starts from the ending it from the human psyche which in

return encourages the people and rekindles the optimism that there are more than

one ways to alleviate the poverty. The empowerment of the women is possible if

the women are involved in the economic activities and they are a part of the

social development. Every individual can play its role in enhancing the human

security if they are given the chance. The microcredit programs by the ODA

within Pakistan are also a part of the grander plan of gender equality.

According to Deepthi, who is currently working on human capital and

working on innovation is the current goal of ODA aid and loans. In terms of

human capital, Pakistan is one of the poorest in South Asia as there is much

potential among the public, but the potential is not nurtured and used for the

betterment of the society. Much of the talent of the youth lays wasted rather than

being consumed for general welfare. Therefore, taking the initiatives of polishing

the human capital is the cornerstone of the ODA goals as per human security

context.

1.10 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The theory of neoliberalism is set of certain economic rules and polices which

aims to maintain certain economic control of the international and national

economy. It is further believed that the spread of multinational companies in

international level are intended to capture the world economy. It is bridging

politics, social studies, and economics that seeks to transfer control of economic

factors to the private sector from the public sector. It tends towards free-market

capitalism and away from government spending, regulation, and public

ownership. It ought to be noted the aim of Japan aids to any nation in the world

including Pakistan on the humanitarian ground may have certain hidden intention

41

via which Japan aims to proliferate its ideological spread of influence in that

particular state. No doubt, human security is a prime concern of the responsible

states, like Japan: however, their hidden intentions are not deniable. Japan has

also been experienced in Pakistan, helping the needy sectors of Pakistan as in the

name of human security via multinational firms. Since it is believed that nothing

is permanent at international level except national interest. On the other hand,

the aids of Japan in the name of human security in Pakistan has been in the large

interest of Pakistan since a great number of people lack the basic necessities of

life in Pakistan. However, Pakistan is well-aware about the implications of

Japanese aids in Pakistan.

1.11 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research which means to search and find out a solution of a problem by using

appropriate methodologies in the work. However, it is very much important for a

systemic work to be laid down via certain methodologies. Therefore, in the very

work, the descriptive and analytical methodologies have been used since the

entire study is qualitative in nature. The Researcher has used the above-

mentioned approaches in order to investigate and find out the opinions of experts

and know-how related to the study. The researcher has gone through various

sources and collected the primary and secondary data which entirely aimed to

prove the idea in the research.

1.11.1 Data Collection

The research collected primary and secondary data related to topic as many as he

could by visiting different national libraries of Pakistan. The researcher has also

tried to get the opinion of different experts, professors and politicians related to

work in order to strengthen the idea in the research. However, it has been

extremely tough for the researcher to collect primary and secondary data since

the data are mostly considered highly confidential.

1.11.2 Data Assembling

The researcher has assembled the activities, primary and secondary data related

to the work in chorological and historical order in order to collect the theme of

42

the study. The primary and secondary data were filtered and main theme was

taken into account for the core purpose of data analysis.

1.11.3 Data Analysis

The chorological and historical assembled data where only themes were taken

into account, were brought onto data analysis. Being a qualitative research, the

researcher used triangulation and thematic analysis means to analyze the data in

a perfect way. While analyzing, it was kept in mind whether the research

questions have been matched and achieved. After the data analysis, the report

was written.

1.11.4 Ethical consideration

While writing the research, it has been extremely tough for the author to collect

data since the data were confidential and at government access. Therefore, it has

been tough going for the researcher to access the information and data related to

topic.

1.12 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

There are two types of security first is traditional security and second is non –

traditional security. Traditional security protects a state's boundaries,

people, institutions and values. Human security is people-centered. Its focus

shifts to protecting individuals. The important dimensions are to entail the well -

being of individuals and respond to ordinary people's needs in dealing with

sources of threats. To human development’s objective of ‘growth with equity’,

human security adds the important dimension of ‘downturn with security’.

Human security acknowledges that because of downturns such as conflicts,

economic and financial crises, ill health, and natural disasters, people are faced

with sudden insecurities and deprivations. These not only undo years of

development but also generate conditions within which grievances can lead to

growing tensions. Therefore, in addition to its emphasis on human well -being,

human security is driven by values relating to security, stability and

sustainability of development gains.

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As for as scope of study is concerned, human security addresses the full

scope of human insecurities. It recognizes the multi-dimensional character of

security threats including but not limited to violent conflict and extreme

impoverishment as well as their interdependencies particular, as an operational

approach, human security: Attributes equal importance to civil, political,

economic, social, and cultural rights.

Human are facing lot of problems at home and abroad. Human security

addresses threats both within and across borders. Encourages regional and

multilateral cooperation. First, with its emphasis on people-centered approaches,

human security ensures that developments and strategies at the international

level take into account local conditions while giving due consideration to the

interplay between international and local dynamics surrounding food security.

This approach provides for a more in-depth analysis of the local conditions and

the need to promote an enabling environment where individuals and communities

can be free from hunger and poverty.

Second, recognizing the complexity, interrelatedness, as well as the

rapidly changing nature of threats to food security, human security provides a

dynamic and integrated framework to analyze and address the inter-linkages and

externalities between policies and program related to food security. As such,

human security necessitates participatory processes that involve all the relevant

actors and ensures coherence amongst sectors and responses.

Third, human security puts forward a comprehensive approach to food

insecurity that goes beyond traditional food security frameworks with their focus

on demand and supply conditions and takes into account the broader aspects of

human security such as health, economic and environmental security. By

considering the different ways that food insecurity threatens peoples’ survival,

livelihood and dignity, human security therefore comprehensively address the

full scope of peoples’ vulnerabilities vis-à-vis natural and human-induced

disasters.

Fourth, while some of the economic and structural factors behind food

insecurity are common to most countries, the expressions, impacts and specific

44

root causes exacerbating food insecurity can vary significantly across different

settings. As such, human security adopts a context-specific approach that takes

into account the particular context, insecurities and the needs of the most

vulnerable in a given situation. Moreover, human security encourages the

consideration of contextualized solutions that are embedded in local knowledge,

experience and realities, while building on untapped capacities at the community

level.

Fifth, central to the human security framework is the question of how to

shield individuals and communities from ‘downturn risks’ in a truly sustainable

and empowering manner. In situations of food insecurity, a human security

approach therefore sharpens the attention on preventative strategies to reduce

risks, to address chronic vulnerabilities that lie at the root causes of food

insecurity, and to strengthen community resilience.

The limitations of Human security revolves around its types or categories like as

i. Economics Security, it assures basic income and job security.

ii. Food Security, it includes basic food needs.

iii. Health security, it is related to freedom from diseases and debilitating

sickness.

iv. Environmental Security, it is related towards the provision of healthy

physical environment.

v. Community security, it discusses the provision of support from family

and broader groups.

vi. Personal Security, it assures freedom from physical violence.

vii. Political security, it is about respect of basic Human Rights.

Since the Post-Cold War, human security studies have become attracted in the

international community and in the security studies. From the human security

standpoint, individual security is more significant than the security of the state.

human security does not ultimately offer a radical and progressive agenda for

international security policy.

In the aftermath of the Cold War era, the concept of security broadly

shifted in terms of international security politics. This resulted in a substantial

45

debate regarding the concept of security in the security policy discourse, as well

as in international relations theory. In previous periods, security was understood

as intrinsically linked with the state and the use of military force, but over the

past few decades, its meaning and understanding have mostly changed. By the

end of the Cold War, the term „security‟ was significantly revised by analysts

and policy-makers.

1.13 RESEARCH GAP

The human security of Japan towards Pakistan includes the protection and

promotion of human rights in Pakistan. Moreover, the researcher has greatly

focused the areas of health, education, women empowerment and basic rights of

human being which are run by the financial supports of Japan. However,

environment and food security in Pakistan are certain areas which the researcher

left for other to work on. No doubt, the Japanese aids to Pakistan limited to

health, education and women empowerment, however, the food and environment

sectors in Pakistan are highly important to be focused in future by both, the

government and the researchers.

1.14 CONCLUSION

Foreign aid has been a part of the foreign policy maneuvers of the advanced

countries for decades, but it was the year of 1994 when for the first time the

human security occurred to the world as an emerging phenomenon. Previously,

most of the foreign aid was based on building the military capabilities and

developing conventional armies, or was used as a maneuver for diplomatic

ventures to the weak countries aimed at getting the attention of the weaker

countries and attempting to gain influence over their foreign policy. The foreign

aid was also a part of the strategic policies when a dominating country wanted to

lure a weaker country.

For years, US, Japan and other developed countries’ aids have been based

on this policy. For instance, US gave aid to only those countries which it deemed

necessary to be useful against the Soviet expansion during the Cold War, so did

Japan. In the given case in fact, Japan’s aid to Pakistan was also a part of its

46

ambitions to support the US against the expansion of communism in the world.

The aid to many of the countries was based on gaining their support during the

Cold War. However, the year of 1994 changed the course of all the foreign aid

policies. Human security, ambitions leading toward greater human prosperity

rather than building larger armies, became the part of the foreign aid for the first

time. Since then, the most of the ambitions of the Japanese aid toward Pakistan

have been a part of the extension of the human security which included the

health, the education and the social development of the society through

empowering the weak segments of the society.

At the best of the Japanese aid, large scale humanitarian efforts have been

carried out in Pakistan, especially, in rural Sindh and Punjab. Pakistan only

amounts to just above 2 percent of the entire foreign aid Japan gives to the world

still that 2 percent is large in figures and if the resources are properly used, the

given aid can mean a lot for the impoverished and weak segments of the society

who are most vulnerable to diseases and abject poverty.

The extending goals of the foreign aid of Japan to Pakistan are a part of

those seven areas that were envisaged in the Copenhagen Summit of the 1995

which are political security, economic security, food security, health security,

environment security, personal security and the community security. The aid

received from Japan is invested in these areas giving more priority to economic,

food and health security. The people in Pakistan are not well aware of their

political rights and they do not have any knowledge about the political

obligations the state has toward them. Pakistani politics is still dominated by the

business tycoons, the giant industrialists and the feudal lords or the religious

parties who shift their loyalty with the changing circumstances.

As far as the environmental security is concerned, it means that the

people should have protection not only from the pollution or the contaminated

sanitation, rather the environmental security in the broadest context means that

the protection of the people from the natural calamities. Being a country where

the monsoon hits hard and being one of the most vulnerable countries from the

rapidly deteriorating climate change, Pakistan has no preparedness mechanism to

deal with natural calamities. People those who were victims of the 2005

47

earthquake of the Azad Kashmir, many of them are still shelter less and the funds

for their relief were embezzled.

As flood devastates vast tracts of the lands in the rural areas and if the

roads, bridges, hospitals and schools are destroyed by flood or earthquake, these

are not rebuild for years and the people continue to suffer. Even the areas of

economic security, food security, health security have not shown the marks of

improvement that should have been done with the help of the assistance given by

the aid of Japan. Priorities are the most important thing in this regard. How and

where should all the aid be invested is what is the most essential matter for

consideration.

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CHAPTER 2

HUMAN SECURITY AND INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONS

2.1 THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN SECURITY

The concept is not old and not widely known to the world. Human security has

changed the paradigm of security perceptions and has changed the way of

thinking to see world politics. Furthermore, the global vulnerabilities facing the

countries and failing efforts to the unorthodox security challenges are giving

impetus to the proponents of a new outlook toward the unorthodox challenges.

Harsh times call for harsh measures is what appears as the destiny of the world

politics that if failing to adapt to human security might have to see drastically

dangerous drawbacks from these unorthodox challenges. What actually the

human security is. It is basically the shift of the political thinking from the state

to the individual. In the modern world of globalization and advancement,

individuals are the center of development and survival where the state only

provides the structure for the individuals to contribute in the maximum possible

way they can. This notion, in fact, is the referent of modern challenges’ solution

to the individual not the state. This notion is not pertinent to a single subject, it is

the collection of the multi-disciplinary approaches associated with the

International Relations, politics, sociology, ethics, strategic studies and human

rights.

The UNDP report of 1994 was a great milestone in this regard. It gave a

new outlook to the world politics whilst opening debate for new approaches to

look into in order to find out more viable and possible solutions to the problems

created by the globalization. In order to tackle the pervasive insecurity around

the world, human security must be given a change at the domestic policies and at

the international policies dealing with humanitarian crises emerging every now

and then. However, the critics have their solid arguments about its inconclusive

nature. To them, it is way too broad and way too vague. Even if a state is zealous

to adapt it in its domestic policy, yet it is vague that from where this notion must

49

be started and how to start and start with what. Besides, the states’ national

interests often overshadow its value. Compromising for the national interest and

giving way to human security is not deemed necessary by many authoritarian

regimes such as North Korea. As the global financial disparity, health disparity

gender disparity and educational disparity keep widening, human security stands

still vague to create space for itself in the national policy framework of the

countries.

2.2 UNDP's 1994 DEFINITION

United Nations for Human Development is of the agencies of UN which has been

working on the human development and human security throughout the world.

Moreover, UNDP does survey on any issue related to human security and

development which it later makes the report public for the sake of human

development. Similarly, UNDP conducted a comprehensive report on the human

security in 1994 which conclusively mentions the whole sectors of human

development.

The 1994 Report introduces a new concept of human security, which

equates security with people rather than territories, with development rather than

arms. It examines both the national and the global concerns of human security.

The Report seeks to deal with these concerns through a new paradigm of

sustainable human development, capturing the potential peace dividend, a new

form of development cooperation and a restructured system of global

institutions. Health security ensures the access to clean water and healthy

sanitation along a healthy environment protection from the diseases at the

minimum.(Tadjbakhsh and Chenoy 2007) At the present moment, the major

causes of deaths in the underdeveloped world and the poor countries are the

circulatory disorder and the infectious parasitic diseases respectively. (Murray

and Lopez 1997) Without much surprise, the 80 percent of the deaths in the poor

and low income countries are the chronic diseases. The percentage of health

insecurity and the deaths are greater in the slums and the poor villages. Slums

have become the breeding ground of chronic diseases in the developed countries

as well. The wide chain of industrialization has also caused lung related and

50

heart related disorders and cancers. Children are the most immediate victims of

these diseases. This all is happening because of the lack of necessities for life,

lack of access to healthy diet and owing to malnutrition. (Fukuda-Parr 2003)

Security from malnutrition and starvation, and the access to at least two

times meal is called food security. To further explain this, the economic and

physical access of the people to daily meals and sufficient for removing hunger

is the fundamental right of all the individual. According to United Nations, the

current production of food in the world is enough to feed all the people, but the

actual problem is its ill-distribution. The food resources are improperly divided.

And this unjust allocation of the food resources is causing hunger and starvation

at a biblical scale in the underdeveloped regions of the world. The lack of

purchasing power is further fueling the shortage of food and ultimately leading

to food insecurity and poverty. A series of initiatives and relief packages and aid

have been utilized, but to no avail. Given all these problems, the United Nations

has come up with the solution that the food security is integrated with the

economic security. Therefore, better economic security will naturally tackle food

insecurity. (Fukuda-Parr 2003)

The environmental security encompasses the security from natural

calamities and other hazards, rescue and relief services in the post disaster

situations and a clean and pollution free environment. The disasters can also be

both natural and the man made. Deterioration of the environment, rapid global

warming, and variation in the climate and quantitative as well as qualitative

increase in the natural disasters are the main cause of environmental degradation.

Polluted water is the most threatening cause of human security in the developing

regions, on the contrary, the cause is much different in the advanced regions

where the water is pure, but industrial zones have contaminated the air. The

excessive emissions of the greenhouse gases are regarded as the greatest threat to

the environment. (Church 2001)

The political security means the right to live an honored life without any

let or hindrance,(Marshall 1964) where honor is carried out for all the basic

rights. The report of Amnesty International is appalling as it indicates that the

political suppression is still widely present in 110 countries of the world in the

51

shape of structural violence, political repression and torture and systematic

alienation. These activities boom in the periods of uprising and political unrest.

Political insecurity can further be expanded by curtailing the political rights of

all or of a particular community. Since 1994, the key global institutions like the

World Bank have taken the cause of human security with seriousness and great

concern and adapted their policies according to the given seven areas of human

security.(Morse 2003)

Ethnic, racial and religious violence are the main cause of community

insecurity around the world. Everywhere in the world, the ethnic and religious

minorities are prone to be subjected to community violence. The United Nations

in the Copenhagen Summit platform explained that half of the world states had

to some extent face this challenge along the ethnic tensions. The indigenous

people are also prone to violence as 300 million indigenous people around the

world in 70 countries are exposed to certain threats a being minorities. (Jalali and

Lipset 1992)Therefore, the United Nations declared the year of 1993 as the Year

of Indigenous People to bring to light their insecurity to the world.(Srinivasan

1994)

This kind of security protects the physical rights of the people

safeguarding them against physical violence. Structural violence, domestic

violence, violence perpetuating from the non-state actors and violence from the

criminal tendencies all are involved in this category. Therefore the state must

ensure along all the leading international institutions and organizations that

personal security must be prioritized. Priorities of the state mean a lot in the

decline and rise of a nation.

The concept of human security which is, of course, by all means a new

phenomenon, has been best defined by the United Nations Development Program

in its 1994 conference. The year of the 1994 marked the beginning of a new era

and a new horizon of debate on national security and national power, but this

time through the prism of individualism. This was the year when the United

Nations development program for the first time endorsed the vision of human

security through its official publication and the mind behind this was Dr.

Mahboob-Ul-Haq (economist and an international development theorist who

52

served as the 13th Finance Minister of Pakistan from 10 April 1985 until 28

January 1988) who is known the chief architect of the Report of 1994 of UNDP.

Moreover, he also worked as a special advisor of the team who made the report.

He was the one who for the first time drew the attention of the public and

the world toward human security. His work keenly sought to influence the 1995

Copenhagen Summit led by the global leaders on social development as the main

agenda of the summit. The summit overviewed all the threats and challenges to

humanity and it drew the conclusion that the future of global security must be

enlightened through this vision and its scope should be expanded in order to

categorize it accordingly. Followings are the seven main areas. (Paris 2001)

2.3 FREEDOM FROM FEAR VS FREEDOM FROM WANT

Paul James explains that the freedom from want is the fulfillment of all the

fundamental needs whilst the freedom from fear means the protection of the

individuals by the state from all means of hazards and harms that are promised to

the community through the constitution. The constitution of Pakistan from article

8 to 22 explains in detail the due and fundamental rights for the people of

Pakistan in which engraved are the rights to freedom from want and freedom

from fear.

There is no denying the fact that any discussion of how to implement the

seven areas mentioned in the United Nations Development Program Report of

1994 pertinent to human security in an ideal world because there would already

be established an order that would equally treat all the people with universal

justice. This is only possible in a utopian world order, but not in the real world.

The United Nations Development Program Report of 1994 followed by the

Copenhagen Summit in the following year led to new discussions and debates

that how the seven areas must be implemented and to what emphasis.

The debate rose over the freedom from fear and freedom from want, thus,

leading to the creation of two different schools of thought and seeking its own

explanation of human security and its own execution plan. They are still debating

that how to best implement and how to better practice human security. These

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)

53

debates have created massive divisions in the scope of implementing those

programs in spite of the fact that the United Nations Development Program had

in its own report emphasized on both as the basis of human security.

No proper mechanism has been devised to gauge that to what extent and

from what the humans should be protected. Failure to respond to the mounting

complex threats bears testimony to the fact that the divisions in the

implementation plans run high. The school of thought that advocate the priority

of freedom from fear as the basis of human security explains that the human

security must be and only be confined to this notion and other areas specified by

the United Nations Development Program reports are not relevant. Further it

argues that this threat of fear comes from the prevailing inequalities of the

society, for most of the part, being the lack of state’s control over the resources,

conflicts and political violence, poverty or the subjugation of the minorities by

the dominant groups. Their arguments come from the fact that the given notion is

not only realistic in approach, but it is also meaningful and specific to better

practice human security.

The arguments are consolidated by the specific remedies presented by this

school of thought. The solution can be the initial stage to the negative peace

ought to be followed by positive peace like confidence building measures and

conflict prevention and resolution measures. Being inspired from this school of

thought, many states have incorporated this agenda in their own foreign policies

such as Canada who believes that the freedom from fear is the cornerstone of

world peace and stability. The concept of freedom of fear becomes controversial

when the problem of intervention comes into a debate that how and to what

extent the United Nations and other international bodies should intervene in

countries to grant the subjugated communities the freedom from fear in case if

the states fail to guarantee human security in this context. Intervening on the

behalf of “Responsibility to Protect” has always been a controversial one.

On the other hand, the advocates of the freedom from want school of

thought are of the belief that human security can only be achieved i f the agenda

of the threat perception is widened. To add more to this explanation, their

holistic approach brings forth the arguments that the freedom from want shall

54

include the freedom from hunger and grinding poverty, fatal diseases and

protection from natural calamities. In addition, as long as these problems exist,

human security issue cannot be addressed to the core.

These schools of thought further advocates that these threats are greater

as compared to the wars, genocide conflicts and political suppression on account

of the number of people they kill is far greater. As the school of thought of

freedom from fear confines the human security to violence and conflict, the

school of thought supporting the freedom from want broadens its scope beyond

violence encapsulating the development and relevant goals as the key

components. Despite the differences that stand among the classes, they are

complementary in nature. The following examples glaringly demonstrate that

how interlinked these two approaches are. Since 1951-52 San Francisco Treaty,

Japan has been using both the approaches to its foreign policy through

evolutionary phases making them equals. The famous Four Freedoms Speech of

1941 by Franklin Roosevelt also included both these approaches as essential for

establishing peace (Shulman 2008)and order in the chaotic world. A dignified

way of living is the core objective of human security.

United Nations Development Program Report of 1994 also used both

these approached as key agenda giving them a defining place in human security

dimensions. Many world leaders and a number of theorists have endorsed this

notion in one way or the other. Among these leaders is the secretary general of

the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (Surin Pitsuwan) who

receives his energy and support from the past theorist like Thomas Hobbes,

Rousseau and John Locke where social contract ideas gave birth to a new

dimension of the security from the human perspective. Surin argues that the

United Nations Development Program Report of 1994 actually revised the

concept of what Franklin Roosevelt in his speech and what other theor ists had

envisioned in their social theories. He said that this could embark upon a new era

of organizing world order as a new basis and this time the primary purpose was

human security. Nevertheless, some contradicting opinions have emerged as well

that see the entire human security from a totally different perspective.

55

Think tanks like Pual James reject the narrow prism of the neoliberal outlook of

the human security who believes that security just from the freedom perspective

makes a very narrow pursues and the real cause gets shadowed. Human security

cannot be archived from freedom from want or freedom from fear, but from the

military perspective counterweights freedom as a whole. He includes the military

purpose and perspective as equally important security as the other freedoms.

Highlighting the military aspect, he also highlights the existential vulnerabilities

of the humans as the predominant factors in describing their powers and

restrains. He reiterates on focusing on those areas in which the people are at their

most vulnerable like in the face of foreign aggressions and other kinds of

violence for which a risk management mechanism needs to be mitigate the

impacts on the intensive as well as on the extensive scale.

On the other hand, King and Murray support the neoliberal aspect. They

narrow down it even further describing human security as a human channel of

progress and prosperity and freedom from generalized poverty. In their opinion,

generalized poverty means that all the obstacles that hinder the well -being of a

standard life and that a period of many years without generalized poverty is

regarded as a positive sign of human security. Falling below the given

international line of standards that obstruct well-being drives human security

toward the vulnerable position. This set of values they present is more associated

with the freedom from want.

Going through other definitions and perspectives, Caroline Thomas

outlines human security with a different name calling it “a condition of

existence” which explains that the right to live and the right to survival are the

foundational aims of what security for human visions shall look like. The

condition for survival once again associates with the freedom from want as the

survival requires the necessities for a living only then the existence can be

guaranteed. This freedom includes the facilities for the easy and free access to

food and other material needs like clothing and shelter. Once these things are

achieved they lead to dignified pattern of living and lead to the creation of a

useful person who actively and vigorously participates in the community service,

thus leading to a chain of human services. Ensuring a meaningful well -being is

56

the core and crux of the Caroline Thomas’ ideas. Moreover, she also adds the

point that such a meaningful life is highly essential for the democratic notion of

right from the community level to the global level. An active and healthy life

style defines human security in her views.

Some other approaches also surface like that of Sabina Alkira. She gives a

quite specific and objective natured approach toward what has been debated

above. She encompasses the entire set of human security in the “vital core” idea.

Deviating from the neoliberals and the neorealist to stand alone, she merges both

the contexts. The vital core is a mixture of the freedom from want and fear and it

is very essential rather a prerequisite for human security. In addition, freedom

from all the critical threats that impede survival and institutional guarantees for a

dignified access to the very basic dues of life are the vital cores. The dignified

access to the means of survival shall not only be guaranteed or ensured by the

state institutions, but it shall be the duty of the state to protect the people from

all the interventions whether internal or external.

Finally, another definition of human security is underlined from Lyal

Sunga. Sunga Takes human security to another level of debate from the

community or the state level to the international level. In his views, the state is

superior and has the power and the requisite authority to establish an order that

can regulate individual affairs and rights in a justified manner. The state is

authorized to ensure that no one is subjugated or exploited, but at the

international level there is no institution superior to politico-economic interests.

It is the international level where the people are the most vulnerable. Therefore,

the concept of human security must be revisited and redefined through the prism

of international law. Security as an instrument cannot be achieved if

international humanitarian law, international criminal law, international human

rights law and international refugee laws are not enforced in full spirit. All the

norms that restrict and prohibit the use of force should be enforced on a priority

basis and a long term plan should be devised to achieve the unanimous will of

the countries to come on a single platform on this objective. A valuable legal

international theory is the need of the time in Sunga’s opinion.

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TABLE 2. 1 SHOWS THE CONCEPT OF TRADITIONAL & NON-

TRADITIONAL SECURITY.

Security for Whom What is the Source of the Security Threat

Military Military, Non-Military

or Both

States National security

(conventional realist

approach to security

studies)

Redefined security

(e.g., environmental and

economic [cooperative

or comprehensive]

security)

Societies, Groups, and

Individuals

Intrastate security

(e.g., civil war, ethnic

conflict, and democide)

Human security

2.4 ORIGINS

United Nations is the most successful global organization as for as world peace

is concerned. Since there is no other organization with so much capacity and so

many resources, it is crucial to raise human security issue at its platform and it

was done so in 1994 and the following years. The convergence of different

factors laid the foundation for human security for the first time at the end of the

Cold War. The neorealist doctrine was weakening and the neoliberals were

gaining weight age in the international politics. The adoption of capitalism by

the seceding states from the former Soviet Empire glaringly proves this fact in

point. The Cold War experiences, the doctrine of “mutually assured destruction”

and the military buildup had not given the answers of grinding poverty around of

the world of millions of people, safety of life against health hazards, thirdly

world illiteracy and structural violence in many Asian as well as African

countries leading to genocides and ethnic cleansing converged as crucial factors

and component to lay the foundations of human security at the United Nations.

58

The UNDP projects working on poverty and relief works have been

expanded and its budget has been increased. UNDP is working on preparing the

states to face any external threats beside the military threats; threats like health

pandemics which spread across the borders if not checked on time, threats like

natural calamities that do not distinguish between state boundaries, threats like

sudden downturn in the economies which can resultantly infect all the investing

countries as well, threats like structural violence and exploitation of the masses.

The United Nations is endeavoring to mingle both the orthodox security and the

new security aimed at creating a complex security structure innovative enough to

cope with all kinds of modern hazards. New opportunities can be created with

new manners to deal with the above mentioned challenges. It is now known to

entire world that the traditional means have failed to cope with the challenges of

terrorism which has socially and psychologically penetrated the society and

pandemics that plague the society need unprecedented measures to deal with and

what better measures can be availed than combining both conventional security

and human security.

For over centuries, realist perspective dominated the global political as

well as the economic and military affairs. From theorists like Thucydides to

Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes who emphasized on realism as the dominant

perspective to see the world, and then people like Thomas Schelling and Kenneth

Waltz advocating the neorealist perspective, all of them ignored the human

notion in the power of the state or national security even though realizing that

the state was just an entity and without manpower it could not raise to the stature

it was given by the realist world views. However, the World War II embarked

upon a new age along a new vision that changed and challenged many of the

long existing notions and norms. The discourse of human security saw its great

emergence in the wake of 1945 when the international politics ushered into a

new world order. The convergence of different factors directly and ultimately led

to the creation of human security.

The post- Cold War challenges that mankind faced were non-conventional

in nature and the visions and policies or even strategies proved abortive to tackle

the security challenges arising out of the lack of human security. Genocides in

59

Bosnia and the Balkans, in Africa and violet and bloody conflicts in Asia made

the world realize that merely the concepts of realism neo-realism or neo-

liberalism were not sufficient to understand the world problems. All these

perspectives of security failed to cope with the post- Cold War environment of

the world where even the neoliberal models of development stood a failure. The

development models that ordained rapid growth in Africa or the models to

confront the newly emerging non-traditional threats like climate change,

pandemics and diseases like Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

called the Complex New Threats brought forth the convincing sense that the

international organizations were not yet ready to execute the development

models in an integrated manner and that the states aim the close coronat ion with

the leading international organizations required reinvigoration of the structures

and visions to face the threats.

Economic security is the basic unit of survival for humanity in a world of

competing interest, overarching greed and power struggle. Economic security

encompasses the right to employment, the assured basic income that margins

above the world poverty line ratio, individual income from remunerative, wagery

or productive work if all those opportunities are dim or absent, then a

government sponsored or a publically financed safety fund to ensure survival at

all cost as a last resort. Since economic security is a new perception of

development, only a few decades have been spent working on this agenda,

economic miseries of the world have not ended. Still only a quarter out of the

entire world population is economically capable and secure and the rest of the

world population is still striving for survival.

This new structure requires some key preconditions to materialize in the

face of growing number and intensity of the complex threats. The maturity of the

international security is considering the individual rights as the fundamental step

toward this vision. Failing to deal with the potential future threats, individual

rights must be recognized and consolidated which should envision the worldwide

implementation of the 1948 United Nations Declarations of the Human Rights

(UNDHR) under its own charter. Besides, it’s all associated conventions shall

also be vigorously incorporated that include the covenants of 1966, the

60

conventions against crimes (genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes

against humanity) and the covenants that endorse the rights of the groups (racial

groups, women’s and especially refugees). Where the ratio of the economically

struggling people is comparatively higher and overwhelming, there the

developed countries are also facing economic crisis. Global economic and wealth

disparity have further widened the gulf between the rich and the poor. As a

matter of concern, the intense and extreme economic insecurity and wealth gaps

constitute a major cause of political, racial and ethnic violence. The underlying

class tension can further trigger the concerns for the human security as a

whole.(Srinivasan 1994)

The likelihood of human security addresses an intense, however scrappy,

attempt by pieces of the smart and approach social affair to rename and augment

the importance of security. Overall, security construed assurance of the impact

and regional dependability of states from outside military dangers. This was the

substance of the likelihood of 'national security', which overwhelmed security

examination and approach making amidst the fresh wartime assignment. In the

1980s, scholastic piece on security, reacting to the Middle East oil emergency

and the making discernment of general regular defilement, started to consider

security in more wide, non-military terms.

Regardless, the state remained the theme of security, or the substance that

will be ensured. The likelihood of human security challenges the state-driven

thought of security by concentrating on the person as the fundamental referent

object of security. Human security is about security for the general open, instead

of states or governments. Everything thought of it as, has made much

approachable dispute. Intellectuals think about whether such an approach would

expand the purposes of imprisonment of security considers absurdly, and

whether "securitizing" the individual is the most ideal approach to manage

address the inconveniences going up against the general social occasion from the

powers of globalization. On the reverse side, patron of human security watch the

idea to be a fundamental stroll forward in including the dangers to human

thriving and survival acted by desperation, sickness, natural anxiety, human

rights mishandle, and what's more equipped clash. These qualifications in any

61

case, the likelihood of human security finds a making confirmation that, in a

time of quick globalization, it must incorporate a more expansive degree of

concerns and inconveniences than essentially protecting the state from outer

military snare.

2.5 RELATIONSHIP WITH TRADITIONAL SECURITY

From the above mentioned definitions, it appears that a contradictory and

deviating discourse has taken the debate of the thinkers away from its traditional

security debate that often focuses on military power and national security as the

central arena of their discussion. This contradictory orientation from state

centered politics to individualism has ushered into new debates of whether and

how both these opposite security notions can be merged. The idea of the

advancement of the individual rights and its growing value in the state societies

stands as a glaring challenge to traditional concepts of security. Efforts are

underway to exclusively establish a mutual connection between human security

and the traditional security. Both stand different and contracting even if there is

a relationship between them. It is believed that the post-cold war period is

termed to be more humanistic rather where human right are more focused and

protected. However, traditional security believes that the state has to be

protected from external threats and foreign aggression. Nobody can deny the fact

that the traditional security aims to promote the demands of the state by any

means. No doubt, in international arena, there are certain states which believes in

the philosophy of traditional security, but they are strongly checked by the

human rights related organizations.

62

TABLE 2. 2 SHOWS FOUR MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE

TWO PERSPECTIVES

2.6 RELATIONSHIP WITH DEVELOPMENT

Prior to the 1994 United Nations Development Program Report, the world had a

different outlook of development. Economic growth, industrialization

privatization and liberal markets were regarded as the chief sources of

Traditional Security Human Security

Referent Traditional security policies are

designed to promote demands ascribed

to the state. Other interests are

subordinated to those of the state.

Traditional security protects a state's

boundaries, people, institutions and

values

Human security is people-centered.

Its focus shifts to protecting

individuals. The important

dimensions are to entail the well-

being of individuals and respond to

ordinary people's needs in dealing

with sources of threats.

Scope Traditional security seeks to defend

states from external aggression. Walter

Lippmann explained that state security

is about a state's ability to deter or

defeat an attack. It makes use of

deterrence strategies to maintain the

integrity of the state and protect the

territory from external threats.

In addition to protecting the state

from external aggression, human

security would expand the scope of

protection to include a broader range

of threats, including environmental

pollution, infectious diseases, and

economic deprivation.

Means Traditional security relies upon building

up national power and military defense.

The common forms it takes are

armament races, alliances, strategic

boundaries etc.

Human security not only protects,

but also empowers people and

societies as a means of security.

People contribute by identifying and

implementing solutions to

insecurity.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggression

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseases

63

development, but as the Cold War drew to an end, it was realized worldwide that

there was an unbridgeable gap between the developed and poor regions, the

concerning fact was that this gap was tremendously widening instead of bridging

the equal means of development to all humanity. Human rights abuses occurring

from the conflicts had further aggravated the cause of universal development

given that still two third of the world population lived in the highly

underdeveloped regions devoid of the very basic requirements of life.

In spite of globalization, the economic divide gave birth to serious

questions on the way the development as a policy was practiced. Like neorealist

and neoliberals, economic liberalism fell under the severe criticism allowing

space for a new paradigm to surge. Those who advocate human security are not

pleased with the current economic trends and practices considering the economic

liberalism to be insufficient to cater the development needs of the world on

different scale. Human security can only be provided if a comprehensive

development plan is envisaged that works to nurture the capabilities of the

people, but that also expands to cover all the areas of the human needs like

education, health, clean water and pollution free environment along with the

maximum employment opportunities. Its scope can further be expanded by

explaining the causes that have triggered the underdevelopment at such a large

scale and to study the consequences of these factors of underdevelopment aimed

at producing mitigating results and find a way to bridge this growing div ide and

disparity.

Realizing the fact that development cannot take place amidst violent

conflicts to mitigate which military security is needed. On the other hand, the

conflicts cannot be directed toward resolution unless some development

initiatives unless the confidence building measures are undertaken, therefore,

both the military as well as the development complement each other. In the eyes

of the theorists and strategists, they have grown much integrated in the last

couple of years. Frances Stewart gives an explicit explanation of their integration

in his work, “Development and security” in a comprehensive manner.

He does not point out economic growth, the foreign direct investment and

the other industrialization processes as the core of the objectives of development;

64

rather he chooses human security at the rightful basis that forms development.

Advancement without human well being leads to catastrophic societal divisions,

a primary cause of conflict. The human potential and skills need space and

conducive environment to be sued in the maximum benefits of the mankind. Any

conflictual state of affairs appears to not only thwart human ambitions, but

deaden the intellect and the potential does not grow to its skills. Insecurity in

other words keeps human potential dormant and blocks the prospects of progress

and advancement. What human security does for development is that it enlarges

human choices giving them more and better opportunities to use their talents and

skills. These uses of the human potential in return uplift their well-being.

If the human interests are not secure and if the freedom from want and

freedom from fear are not persistent in the society, if human security is

compromised, development remains a mere political goal existing to serve the

interests of the dominating order. In an explicit manner, the lack of human

security ultimately culminates in the wars and conflicts which as a consequence

hampered progress and development. Wars and conflicts annihilate infrastructure

which is often regarded as the launching pad of development. Destroyed,

damaged or non-existent infrastructure considerably reduces the human capacity

for growth and production. Once the productivity is affected, its downfall leads

to the reduction of the human facilities at a large scale, thus, giving rise to once

again the obsession of freedom from want and fear.

Given the above example it has become totally obvious that how

interconnected these all are to each other. Lack of security interest and the

imbalance of state designs usher into horizontal inequalities which, as a matter of

fact, are the class divisions where one dominant class possesses all the means of

production and on the contrary the other class gets suppressed and exploited.

This kind of development is an active source of conflicts. A proper mechanism

of check and balance can thwart the emergence of conflictual atmosphere by

ensuring interests security for all, thus, establishing a cycle of various

development. The military security on the other hand can go both ways, it can

ensure a flow of equal distribution of the resources by using its might to quell

65

the horizontal inequalities or it can use the coercive methods at the hands of the

dominating class to be a tool of exploitation for the weaker classes.

The process of human development in comparison to the process of

human security shares three common elements. First and foremost, both of these

are human approaches liberally human oriented and they center on the humans

not like the realists those circles around the state as the core entity. Even with

the liberal models, they also negate the economic development model as the

focal point of development. Whether the economic growth or the state realism

both uses the humans to achieve their goals using the humans as a means to score

the set values, but this is not the case for an integrated model of human security

and development. In their integrated context, the humans are the end, the

ultimate end. Humans are not the resources to achieve a target, in fact; they are

the agendas who steer the course of development to the ultimate target of

prosperity and well-being.

The second element is that both use the multidimensional approaches to

see the human needs. The economic growth may also seek the material gains and

the physical needs of the people and the state security may allow the people to

live a dignified way of life by providing them suavity, but this cohesive model

fulfils both the requirements of the humans of dignity and physical requirements.

Often these two elements make them different from other schools of thought,

who, thirdly, are of the belief that unequal treatment of a class, ethnic or

religious group by a dominating poverty are the main causes that trigger conflicts

and wars. A human resorts to violence only under the circumstances where its

interests are being sabotaged. Vulnerability is the domineering factor in driving

public towards violence. Opposed to this relationship, there are many critics like

that of Andrew Mack. He not only vehemently resents this integration of

development and human security; he argues that human security has more

connection with the vulnerability of the humans rather than economic

development or the course of social change. To him, human security should and

must be focused on elevating humans from the vulnerable positions. It should be

focused on how to avoid the threats of conflicts. It must be focused on how to

66

achieve an invulnerable position without relying on the developmental factors. A

dignified way of living is the core objective of human security.

TABLE 2. 3 SHOWS TO CLARIFY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THESE

TWO CONCEPTS.

Variables Human Development Human Security

Values Well-being Security, stability, sustainability of

development gains.

Orientation Moves forward, is

progressive and aggregate:

“Together we rise”

Looks at who was left behind at the

individual level: “Divided we fall”

Time Frame Long term Combines short-term measures to deal

with risks with long term prevention

efforts.

General

objectives

Growth with equity.

Expanding the choices and

opportunities of people to

lead lives they value.

“Insuring” downturns with security.

Identification of risks, prevention to

avoid them through dealing with root

causes, preparation to mitigate them,

and cushioning when disaster strikes.

Policy goals Empowerment,

sustainability, equity and

productivity

Protection and promotion of human

survival (freedom from fear), daily life

(freedom from want), and the

avoidance of indignities (life of

dignity).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empowerment

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dignity

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2.7 RELATIONSHIP WITH HUMAN RIGHTS

If there were no human rights, there would surely be no human security. (Sieghart

1983) The latter owes much of its existence to the former. The notion of

individual rights and duties for all individuals gave birth to the human freedom;

a necessary element in eliminating the tradition of might is right system. The

concept of rights and duties made the realization that the society could be

reconstructed to a model of tolerance and equal treatment. Individual rights

allowed them to break the shackles of oppression and create an atmosphere

where everyone could contribute under its personal capacity. The approach of

human security, moreover, is derived from the concept of the fundamental rights

of the individuals.

The expansion of the human rights to the international arena circulated

the idea of security from a different perspective. Both these approaches use

dignity and the way to dignified living as their chief resource which is based on

unhindered access to health, education, identity to maintain its values, the civil

values and principles to cling with, but the way and the course of action these

approaches use is different. Both use a totally different path with different course

of principles and models to achieve their end result which is living with dignity.

Both of them use the threat perception toward humanity in different manners.

Threat perceptions are gauged by the human rights framework under the

legalistic view with specific concerns of coping with it in a country, but human

security uses a different course working on the concerned agendas within the

local as well as the international level.

The range of issues for human security is only limited to the seven areas

which were specified by the United Nations Development Program Report of

1994 and 1995 respectively, but these issues are much more complicated and

intense than that of the issues of human rights. There are many thinkers who

relate the model of the former with the framework of the latter arguing that

human security should not broaden its already complicated scope, rather, it

should work to promote human rights and leave the issues of global security to

international organizations that operate on the international security agendas.

However, there are other thinkers who do not advocate the idea of consolidating

68

the legalistic approaches. They seem to be discontent with legalism as too

narrow to solve the issues of humanity. They say that human rights and the

human security both become incapable of changing the fate of the mankind if

violence and conflict are not dealt with. They also believe that the legalistic

mode of solving the issues does not seek to end the prevailing inequality. As

inequality is the core source of all the tensions and interests. To the advocates of

human security as a broader concept than human rights, human security should

be re-modeled on categorizing the essentialities of the human needs. If the

human needs are prioritized, they should change the future course.

2.8 RELATIONSHIP WITH NON-GOVERNMENTAL

ORGANIZATIONS

As a Non-governmental organization is a private entity, which operates

independently of the state bounds and that pursues different missions and goals

pertaining to its organizational behavior and structural requirement. The

organizational behavior is often projected by the external influences occurring

from the political, economic or security resources. Giving a collective

representation to certain communities and issues, Non-governmental

organizations construct a very effective course of action both at the local as well

as the international level. What draws the Non-governmental organization closer

to human security is that most of the issues upon which the Non-governmental

organizations operate are pertinent to human security. For instance, Non-

governmental organizations work on human development and human resources

and skill development, this factor is a very essential part of the human security

as well. Issues widely ranging from health to environment and from education to

human rights, all these issues are the co-operational agendas of the Non-

governmental organizations and also human security. Lewis an expert on the

work of the Non-governmental organizations classifies it in three main

dimensions as per their functions.

In accordance with the views and thoughts of him, partner plus the

implementer added by the catalyst are the main determiners for defining the role

and agendas of the Non-governmental organizations. The partners are the role of

69

an existing structure in relation to the other Non-governmental organizations.

Since they are considerably affected by the external sources and actors, they are

primarily affected by these elements. A Non-governmental organization cannot

stand on its own unless it has some external support like the donor or the aid

agencies or the agencies of the governments. Inter-governmental organizations

are affected by the governments while the Non-governmental organizations are

affected by their donors and by those with they share communication or

coordinate with them on the agendas of similarities.

As a matter of fact, the Non-governmental organizations are aided by the

donor agencies; it becomes obvious that their courses of actions are also affected

by the objectives of the donor agencies. This is the reason why many Non-

governmental organizations change the course of their actions in the middle path

receiving guidance and directions from their donors. Therefore, the Non-

governmental organizations can be both independent and in-volunteer in their

actions and in terms of their operations.

These relationships can direct the path of the Non-governmental

organizations toward human security as well, especially when coordinating on

issues that fashion community service and human needs; needs that have already

been explained in the Copenhagen Summit of 1995. Joint operations of the Non-

governmental organizations with those donors that really want productive

outcome out of the mutually beneficial and purpose based coordination. Coming

to the catalysts, these are those elements that project the psychological and

emotional attachment of the Non-governmental organizations pertaining to their

ability to work and deliver.

Referring to the recourse and action generating contribution of the

psychosocial aspect of the Non-governmental organizations, the emotional

catalysts bring these organizations closer to humans giving them the sharp

realization of what people actually need and how their needs can be attained. The

implementer is more associated with the service delivery to the lowest ebb.

Aimed at creating prompt action service by reorganizing and mobilizing the

resources at hand, it establishes a link between the resources received from the

agencies to the communities where the resources are served. This chapter has so

70

far compared human security with different local and international aspects, it

was compared with human rights, it was compared with intentional law, it was

compared with the environment, but nothing bears so much proximity with

human security as Non-governmental organizations do. Regardless of their

background of evolution, their agendas are the same, desiring the same and the

ultimate result is the human welfare at all cost. Both struggle for human well

being seeking freedom from want and threats.(Robertson 2013)

As globalization with a swift pace of advancement and technological innovation

has evolved, the Non-governmental organizations have come closer to human

security perspective. They have emerged as significant players in the arena of

international development in the current state of affairs. Since the perspective

toward human security has changed from military to the liberalism and liberty at

the individual level, the development aspects have grown stronger giving

impetus to Non-governmental organizations to work on human security rather

than state security. The severe and serious consequences of human actions

leading to environmental degradation and natural calamities, the man created

consequences of conflicts, the growing divide between the haves and the have

not’s, all these factors have created a world where the Non-governmental

organizations are approached by the governments and the governmental

organizations to collaborate with them to drive the humans out of their

abysmally created scenarios.

The world has realized that the human security is the actual source of

state power (Buzan 2008) (Bellamy and McDonald 2002) and a state is only

viable and strong if it maintains a streamline campaign of development and

prosperity for its entire people. Only then can the public bring their skills to the

best use in contributing for national power. Given the realization of the

government with regard to the importance of the human security and the

consequences of the human actions driven by greed, humanity has fallen victim

to deep crisis. A dignified way of living is the core objective of human security.

Lacking a large scale prompt and efficient structure to respond to these

crises, the government is tacking the non-governmental organizations on contract

in order to collaborate with them to respond to the above mentioned crises. Non-

71

governmental organizations, on the other hand, have the resources and the means

to adequately respond to the crises conditioned on the nature and the intensity of

the crises. The increasingly thriving role of the non-governmental organizations

in the state affairs has culminated in the rise of the lobbies that work to change

the agenda of the governments as per their organizational interests. The influence

of its lobby depends on how it pursues its resources and it depends on how the

governments require the assistance of the given non-governmental organizations.

The more the governments become dependent on the non-governmental

organizations to drive them out of the crises, the more the given non-

governmental organizations can become more active in lobbying, but that is not

necessarily meant to be for every non-governmental organization.

The influence can go both the ways as the non-governmental

organizations cannot operate unless they are adequately funded. The

governments can be influenced by the non-governmental organizations in those

cases where they are dependent on the non-governmental organizations to thwart

an impending disaster, whilst the latter can be influenced by the former in terms

of funding. The freedom and the lobbies of the non-governmental organizations

are curtailed by the lack of funds. Their financial dependence can either keep

them checked or help them specify their goals for the pursuit of human security

or the dependence can potentially damage their cause of human security if the

non-governmental organizations are squeezed by their donors to change their

agendas. This mutually relation and depending relationship is what makes non-

governmental organizations controversial for human security. However, no one

can change the fact that the large infrastructural contributions of the non-

governmental organizations and their peacemaking efforts have valued their role

in the human security and the course of development in the larger context.

2.9 RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ENVIRONMENT

Before the year of 1972, the world was not a fait with environment as a political

issue and it was never taken into serious accounts. The creation of the United

Nations environmental program led to the widespread shocks around the world

when the world came to know about the damage done to the environment in the

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shape of the environmental degradation and the threats posed to the survival of

the planet. This was the year when for the first time the environment appeared as

a political issue. Since 1994, when on the other hand, the human security became

an issue of the international debate, attempts were also undertaken to integrate

somehow environment into the human security index as well. Some thinkers

argued that in a comprehensive manner, environment qualified as a social

security matter directly affecting the human life, therefore, it perfectly qualified

for its unification with environmental security.

Environment is the only element or the factor that can severely damage

all the basic requirements of the humans including the intensification of the lack

of freedom from want and fear. It has the potential to destabilize economies,

create future conflicts and bloodshed on the natural resources by the global

warming. It is a leading factor in the Complex Security Threats facing the

mankind today. Their arguments solidify with the facts that no matter how

deeply the human security is implemented, it cannot materialize to bring

productive results if the issue of the environment is not united with the

comprehensive human security. Abstaining from the human security and working

alone n the agenda of environment cannot solve the human problems either.

Integrating these components under a framework to complement their

works in order to attain the long standing human issues is the only panacea for

the human security. Since they are intertwined, their operations should be even.

Environment has the means to affect the human population, bring demographic

variations on the planet, either the increase or the depletion of the resources and,

more importantly, the human life. These entire factors are deeply entrenched in

the human security as was envisioned in the United Nations Development

Program Report of 1994. The ensured quality of the human life largely depends

on the synergy of these two in pursuing their unified objectives.

The emergence of the phenomenon of the environmental security since

the two of them have come to public news circulations, many thinkers like

Arther Westling are of the opinion that beside the integration process between

the environment and the human security, these components are too large and too

comprehensive to implement directly, hence, the environment and the mankind

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security need to be divided into several categorized subcomponents, only then,

prompt results can be brought. The scope of environment is way too large to

mingle with human security, thence; the key to their successful unification is to

focus on these areas where they can possibly integrate. To Westling,

environment should be divided into two main objectives. The first category

provides a mechanism to avoid the inexorable resource depletion. Human greed

has multiplied with the rapid industrialization and consumerism. This growing

human demand for more and more facilities is pushing the highly maintained

industrial yield to produce more.

To achieve this aim, the industries strive for accessing and utilizing more

natural resources creating a massively destabilizing situation in the nature.

Nature cannot maintain balance to supply the future generations with the same

amount of resources as it is providing them to the current generation. The gap

given to the nature to recover the depletion of its resources is too short to

regenerate new resources. As a result, the resources are getting exhausted and the

prosperity and the survival of the future generations are being seriously

compromised. Whether they are the mineral resources or the gaseous resources,

all of them are being consumed with such great pace that at the end of the current

century, there will be left behind insufficient resources to meet even basic needs

of the people of the future generations to survive. Therefore, according to

Westing, the first component of the environmental security is to establish a

mechanism for the rational use of the resources so the balance of the planet is

sustained. The second component is to establish the sustainable growth in order

to avoid the future disasters caused by the nature, but also ensure a different

economic course for development that does not rely on the non-renewable energy

resources so the earth can be protected.

The sustainable energy and development is to find ways and means to use

certain resources for industrialization that do not directly harm the environment

and those do not disturb the balance of the nature. The human greed has taken

man too far and too deep to re-shift its course of development, therefore, the

emphasis of the sustainable development is not on re-shifting and redirecting the

entire chain of industrialization, in fact, it only puts its emphasis on the fueling

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system that runs these giant industries. The use of the alternate means of

production by relying on those energy resources that can be reproduced again

and again without endangering the environment, the balance of the nature or the

survival of the humanity on the planet, is the only best option available to the

challenges of climatic disasters and environmental degradation as a whole.

On the other hand, the division of the human security in the components is as

follows;

i. Human security is in close resemblance to political security.

ii. Economic security and preservation of the personal rights.

iii. The military protection at last.

All these subcomponents are already a part of the seven areas of the agendas

of the human security that were explained and drafted in the conference of the

United Nations Development Program in 1994. The concrete and interlinked

categories give birth to the idea that the human security can best be served and

attained through effective and strong environmental management. A viable and

efficient management of the environment can lay the foundations of a global

government for effective regulation of the natural resources around the world

aiming only the specific needs of the humans and the countries. Human security

is far more achievable if the environmental management becomes a reality.

Through this management, to put it plainly, pollution can be curtailed which will

lead to control of the environmental degradation.

The emphasis on curtailing of the environment, the given management

will find ways to switch to the alternate energy resources, thus, avoiding a

collapse of the industries while avoiding the depletion of the resources at the

same time. Once the depletion is avoided and the demands of the consumers are

not disturbed at all, then the focus can be shifted toward the other human needs

pertaining to environment, more specifically, the freedom from want. All the

human wants are produced by the environment and from the environment

whether they are the physical needs or the infrastructural needs.

Thus, in a nut shell, the environment holds all the elements of the human

security and the best means to ensure social security. The collective measures in

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this regard are underway like the creation of the International Institute for

Sustainable Development (IISD) and the consequential conferences on this

agenda. Among all the conferences, the Rio Summit of 1992 is the largest

conference on the environment in the human history. It gave the idea of agenda

21 which means an agenda for the 21st century to tackle the depletion of the

resources and to avoid the further aggravation of the environment. Given the

greedy and irresponsible actions of the rich industrialists and the exploitative

behavior of the rich and dominating states, it must not come as a surprise to the

humanity that the environment has seen enormous deterioration only in a minute

space of a half century. Much to the struggle and efforts of the environmentalist

lobbies that this issue has gathered so much political support in the world and it

stands as one of the most widely debated issues of the world and stands as a key

concern in the global public opinion.

2.10 RELATIONSHIP WITH HUMANITARIAN ACTION

There is no denying the fact that the human security bears an affirmative relation

with the humanitarian principles. The very basic concept of the human security

comes into play only when there are principles on humanity. If there were no

humanitarian rights or principles, there would be no existence of security for

humans. The core concern of both of them is the preservation of the human needs

and their protection. Humanitarianism is not purely the advocacy of the human

rights, as a matter of fact, the humanitarian principle is a course of action that

implies on the international role of the organizations especially, the role and

actions of the United Nations and other leading international organizations.

However, its modern evolution owes much to its counterpart that is

human security. Before the emergence of the latter, the former was not a defined

or a globally principle standing with only a few actors or supporters who only

advocated interventions in the matters of other states or entities under the

circumstances of emergency. It held vague opinions among the states and

thinkers often avoided advocating the intervention in the matters of the other

states that were purely domestic in nature. This discourse was not recognized by

most of the world and it was never given due consideration in the peace process

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or the conflict resolution process. However, the 1990’s proved a remarkable

period in the resurgence and evolution. The 1990’s was the period that triggered

a global attention toward the human security aspect and its expansions broadened

the role of humanitarian action in the periods of crises.

In a matter of short period, humanitarian actions have become a focal point of

international peace, instrumental in resolving conflicts, avoiding genocides,

paving the way for issues like poverty and large scale misuse of the resources by

a dominant force. Humanitarian action on the part of the international

organizations or leading power states, have a better role to quell international

conflicts and ensure social justice is maintained in the politically immature

societies like that of the highly underdeveloped poor regions of the west and

central Africa. In the poor regions, the political structure of the state is either

immature or weakened by the tug of the war among the warlords. In such states

where a proper political structure is not functional, it can lead to conflicts in two

dimensions; first, it can fail to prevent a civil war where the dominant groups

suppress the weak rival groups and coerce them. Under these coercive

circumstances, the remaining resources of the state are controlled and exploited

by the coercive elements. Secondly, the dominant groups grab state power and

usher into an era of structural violence which means the suppression of the

minorities at the behest of the state.(Crandall 1994)

If no external aid comes to rescue the suppressed, the spate of violence

keep mounting and leading to open violation of human rights at large. In other

words, the silence of the external actors is actually the denial of the human

security to the oppressed. Therefore, the humanitarian action is a guarantee to

rescue the oppressed and ensure that their rights are not denied anymore. In spite

of the fact that the policies are defined and molded by the economically strong

countries in the European Union, the key ideas are often brought by the small

states like Ireland. Ireland holds the largest contribution in raising its voice with

regards to human security. In addition, Ireland further argues that the military

aspects should no more be concerned giving aid to a county. Since most of the

funds and the foreign aid is hijacked by the recipient states to be used for the

military purposes, it hardly brings any positive change at the grass root level.

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The funds should be directed toward the ultimate development of the poor

communities based on the human security and ensured by humanitarian action.

Where there are too many interlinked and positive aspects of their mutual

relations, there they have received tremendous criticism as well. The rising and

enhancing importance of the human security has legitimized the use of the

intervention on the humanitarian grounds. It is now deemed as a moral duty of

the major states to intervene on this ground in the internal affairs and matters of

the other states to relieve the people of oppression and suffering. Whenever the

states are either incapable or reluctant to protect their citizens or despite their

efforts failing to do so, the international organizations and major powers feel a

sense of moral duty to intervene.

The problem lies in the fact that the human security only reiterates on

intervention on the humanitarian grounds, but in the process, the humanitarian

actions are also used for political and military interests as well. Not necessarily

all the interventions are motivated by the cause of the humanity, the interference

in other states is often politically or militarily motivated. Somehow the

traditional mindset prevails in the international organizations. The overarching

uses of the political interests in the disguise of the humanitarian actions have

blurred its relationship with human security. The doctrine of humanitarian

intervention by George Bush, the former president of USA is a familiar approach

in concern.

He used the doctrine as a justification for his intervention of Iraq in

2003;(Bellamy 2004) however, humanitarian ground was an excuse to hide its

own political as well as the military interests. His invasion devastated Iraq’s

political structure, disintegrated its military and dismantled the united social

fabrics causing more than a half million deaths and erupting a civil war with

resurgence of sectarian proxies that has still not receded. Rather than saving

humanity, his campaign hampered all the efforts for humanity across the world.

He embarked upon a political discourse that has blurred humanitarianism with

much captivation for the major powers to pursue their covert agendas behind

future certain interventions.

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A similar course of invasion was seen in the wake of the Arab Spring in

2011, when the nexus of the US, French and British forces invaded Libya. The

ultimate aim was to create space for a proxy war in Syria to weaken a pro-Iran

and pro-Russian regime in Syria and to oust Qaddaffi, the long standing dictator

of Libya, but the excuse that as made to persuade the world not to oppose their

invasion was made upon human rights violations. Their excuse that the humanity

was in danger and thus needed to be protected led to more bloodshed and chaos

than any other conflict could bring in their countries. The public was

discomfited, the proxies were installed and the blood bath gave impetus to the

ethnic and sectarian divisions. At present, the Libyan unrest is still persistent

while the Syrian civil war has claimed the lives of more than two million people.

Syria is the most dangerous spot on the planet in terms of human

security.(Gleick 2014) Hunger, starvation and carnage have embarrassed

humanity. These serious human rights abuses in the name of humanitarian action

are really concerning for the future of all the actions taken in the name of

humanity. People like White and Cliffe while raising concerns on the projection

of power in the name of humanity present some solid points to resolve the

conflicts on the basis of human security aided by the actions that are purely

taken on humanitarian basis without any prejudice. In accordance with them, the

denial of the power is the key to all conflicts. The denial of the power to a

deserving community leads to open oppression of the latter and the denial of the

power means the denial of control over the resources. Vulnerabili ty added by the

abject poverty and denial in the distribution of the resources are those

circumstances that are pregnant with conflicts and wars. Marginalization leads to

resistance and the resistance leads to open confrontation. In certain

circumstances, the human security enshrines such principles that ascertain the

access to rights and dues.

The achievement of the human security to bring the realization in the

suppressed communities that they are no longer abused is what social security is

all about. In a larger context, the humanitarian actions can also be revolutionized

and minimized if the objectives of the foreign aid are redefined. All the

humanitarian organizations ought to establish rights based approaches to renew

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their vision for peace building and conflict prevention. Proper management

should be administered for the aids and funds to be shifted to the developmental

cause rather than the use of the funds for military use or embezzlement of the

funds by the political elite.

2.11 HUMAN SECURITY APPROACH IN PRACTICE

The world politics with regards to the human security approach has considerably

matured and a series of political events in the world bear glaring testimony to the

fact that human security approach is well in practice and action with the evolving

role of the international organizations like that of the United Nations which

supervises the Responsibility to Protect, a guiding principle of the given

approach in the international arena. No country can legitimize its intervention in

another country unless it is supported and authorized by the United Nations

which the latter does in the light and spirit of Responsibility to Protect Principle.

This principle was propounded by Kofi Annan in 2001, the former two times

secretary general of United Nations.

In his contextual explanation, humanitarian intervention is the

overarching principle to attain human security approach which is aimed at

intervening in the country using force on the grounds of human appeal and in

order to mitigate the sufferings of the people in that area. It is therefore, the

responsibility of the civilized nations of the world under the umbrella of the

United Nations to emancipate the people from suffering and subjected

oppression. (Prilleltensky and Gonick 1996) The emphasis on human suffering

was inherent in Kofi Annan’s speech, as he wanted to sort out a new approach to

intervene to avoid the interference of the major powers in other sovereign states

on the behest of the political and military interests. Responsibility to Protect

draft was prepared and submitted by the International Commission on

Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS). The formulated draft presented the

principles that how and to what extent intervention could be exercised. Widely

regarded as a phenomenal triumph for humans’ security, it laid the following

main principles.

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2.11.1 Humanitarian intervention

State authority can be overridden if the security of individuals is threatened as

the protection of individual welfare is more important than the state. The threats

include both internal and external.

Economic, political or social instability are the root causes of humanitarian

crises. Addressing them is a more effective way to solve problems and protect

the long-term security of individuals.

Investing more in development projects is the key to prevention of

conflicts. A collective understanding of the deeper social issues along with a

desire to work together is necessary to prevent humanitarian crises.

Endorsing state sovereignty above all, the realists believe and resent

intervention as a challenge posed against the sovereign will of the weaker states.

They further argue that it gives an edge to the major powers to demonstrate their

interests and that the outcome of the interventions culminates in the political

anarchy and bloodshed. The aftermath in Somalia and Srebrenica was disastrous

as the lack of clarity on how and when to intervene invited devastating outcome;

both these entities are still struggling to attain positive peace. On the other hand,

the inaction also makes the role of the international organizations and leading

powers more controversial as their sullen silence intensifies conflicts triggering

widespread human rights violations as was seen in the Rwandans genocide when

the inaction of the United Nations led to the mass murder of one million

people.(Thompson 2007)

2.12 FORMULATION OF A HUMAN SECURITY INDEX

Seeing the need of the hour, a human security index was formulated in 2008

under the supervision of D. A Hastings. The idea was to create an international

understanding on the future of international relations not on a state centric basis,

but a new foundation of relations would be established purely on account of a

human centric approach. Since 1990 when the paradigm of human security had

surfaced, confusing discussions and debates came forward. These confusions

were expanded when in 1994 the first ever draft discussion was brought forth on

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human agenda. Hastings while drafting the 2008 Human Society International

(HSI) wanted to draw the attention of all the leading theorists and thinkers in

order to ascertain a meaningful dialogue on developing a concrete scope and

value for the same for the future of international politics. His draft as well as

United Nations Bangkok Working Paper got published soon after having many

genuine similarities. On the expansion of the scope and paradigm of the human

perspective in human security (i) the draft expanded the scope of the human

security index to 230 countries. United Nations development program was given

the primary task of overseeing the progress of the human development in

consonance with the human security.

The geographical expansion allowed the minor and weaker states to be

highlighted in the HSI perspective where that prospects of suppression and

oppression owing to weak Political structures were comparatively higher. Human

Development Index (HDI) was modified and its scope was enlarged. Equitable

ratings were added to it. For instance, the HDI measured the ratio of the

development in a country on the basis of health, education and income, but it

previously did not mention the gap between the people who possessed much and

the people who did not possess much and did not have access to sufficient

resources.

Nevertheless, the new model of HSI included the equitable rating formula

in it in which the financial resources at hand and the individual capacity of a

person in purchasing power parity were gauged. This helped understand the

economic gap between the poor and the rich. So a better judgment for the policy

makers could be drawn. Understanding the genuine social gaps, the funds and the

development projects could be invested in those areas where they were most

needed. Countries like Norway, Iceland, Switzerland and Estonia have registered

great equitable ratings in the Human Security Index as well as in the HDI which

shows that they are keenly pursuing human development on equal basis; on the

other hand, countries like USA, Greece, India and even China are doing less well

in the equality index.

Besides the financial measurements procedure, a Social Fabrics Index as

an innovative prototype was designed, this did not gauge the necessities and

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needs of the people in the context of financial happiness or in terms of ratio of

prosperity, and rather it conducted research on the social issues pertinent to the

populations. It gauged the development of a country from its response and

behavior toward the environment. It further gauged the development in terms of

minimization of diversity in control of the financial resources; in other words, it

measured that how the economic gap was reduced. It also measured

peacefulness, freedom from corruption, the transparent demonstration of

information and gender equality. It was mingled with the Human Development

Index. This composite index has emerged as a significant pace toward the

attainment of human security.

A Social Fabric Index which checks human security concerning condition

gathered grouping, serenity, versatility from humiliation, and data fortifying.

This was mixed with the Human Development Index to plot the model Human

Security Index. Wide separations in national appraisals and standings have been

noted between the HSI and pointers, for example, Gross Domestic Product

(GDP) per capita or the Human Development Index. Two or three little island

nations despite Bhutan, Botswana, and some focal eastern European nations

upgrade in the HSI than they do in GDP per capita or HDI. Of course, Greece

and some Euro-zone accomplices, for example, Ireland and Spain, two or three

nations in the Gulf, Israel, Equatorial Guinea, the USA and Venezuela

accomplish more lamentable in the HSI than in GDP per capita or HDI.

Persuading segments change however combine respectable arrangement and pay

esteem, quietness, and association.

2.13 CRITICAL ANALYSIS

Human security is still not the top priority of the countries and the international

organizations. Even the aid is given in the name of humanity and under the

banner of humanitarian aid, but still most of that aid is given to the country of

the choice, not to the country in the need. The countries that actually need the

foreign aid and need the foreign donors, but they are not strategically important

to the major powers of the world which is quite astounding to observe that the

human security is still a diplomatic maneuver played only for the countries of

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choice, but not for the counties like Rwanda, Darfur, Yemen and Somalia, they

are kept out of the orbit of humanitarian aid. These are the countries which still

suffer from different kinds of epidemics, they are the countries with the lowest

of the gross national income and they are the countries with no political and

economic stability.

The agendas of the international organizations are still dominated by the politics

of the major powers seeking energy and greater power, seeking control of the

international markets and the exclusive control of the key choke points of the

world. Humanity is still in despair and dire need of foreign aid. If the poor

countries with no strategic significance tear each other apart through civil wars

or through the genocide, it matters very little for the major powers as their

destruction does not affect their economic and political goals, but the major

powers are ready to go to war on the slightest pretext over the countries that

matter to them, that matter to their political as well as economic interests.

Bearing glaring testimony to the fact, it is obvious that the humanitarian agendas

are still not the best pursuit of the world which is dominated by extreme greed

and domination.

Though, human security has taken some edge in the foreign policies of

countries like Japan and Canada, but it is comparatively smaller and cannot make

a difference unless it becomes the priority policy of every country without

discrimination and without political or economic priorities. Of course politics is

a part of the living world it cannot be out rightly rejected or sidelined and

economic or commercial activities are the essence of the survival of that political

life, but they must not be given so much priority that these may overshadow

humanity. Victory of the greed, domination and exploitation is not and should

not be the main objective of the major powers. With larger power comes greater

responsibility, but how these countries with large armies, giant economies and

major influence around the world are taking their responsibilities is the main

question debated in this thesis and the researcher has tried to seek the answer in

the context of the Pak-Japan relations and the foreign aid given to Pakistan in the

name of humanitarian aid.

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2.14 CONCLUSION

Without a shadow of a doubt, the human security is not a conventional

phenomenon; it is a new phenomenon which is not even a half century old. The

security for humans had always been seen from the prism of military or national

power or with enormous wealth. The ancient dynasties and empires sought power

and military might was regarded as the human security. Writers like Thomas

Hobbes and Machiavelli are some of those writers who believed in the military

might and deception as the center of human security and they maintained that

power is something not wholly possessed by all at a time, therefore, it goes up

and down, thus, keeping all the dynasties, states and empires struggling with

each other over the politics of power. It was largely believed that the state or the

empire with more power and greater military might will stay for long and other

all will doom. With the passage of time, the theory of realism began to be

modified and wealth was equally regarded important for the survival of a state.

The new concept of wealth led to the era of mercantilism and colonialism. These

two were the eras of the most exploitative period in the recorded history. The

colonial period shattered half of the world witnessing massive scale of genocides

and killing and the exploitation of the resources of unprecedented nature. The

people were put to slavery and pillaging the towns of the colonies became a

routine period allowing the dominating countries to become richer and richer and

the countries that were colonized became weaker and weaker. When the world

ushered into a new era of decolonization in the wake of the Second World War,

the colonized countries had become resource exhausted and had become too

weak to compete with the modern world. Many of the former colonies are today

the most backward regions of the world. Central and Eastern Africa is a clear

example in this regard.

The concept of human security was not heard of before the year of 1994

when it was for the first time mentioned and incorporated in the main goals of

the United Nations Development Program. The initiative was to undo the

colonial unjust attitude toward the needy and poor and to endeavor to bring the

poorest regions of the world on equal footing to that of the modern and more

advanced part of the world. the goal was of dual nature, the first part was to put

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human security in the frame of the local and national policies, then to make it the

part of the foreign policy to help the other countries around the world which are

in dire need of foreign assistance in order to drive them out of the extreme

poverty and epidemics. Civil wars in the poor countries are as a result of the

weaKPolitical structures of the former colonies that were once inherited by them

from their colonial masters.

The genocides are as a result of the concept of the power politics and

might is right system or the divide and rule policy which was once the main

agenda of the British in its former colonies; keep the enemy divided and it

becomes easy to rule, but divided them on the basic of religion, ethnicity and

color has led to unending civil wars, systemic genocides and ethnic cleansing

which the champions of the human rights have watched in silence. The United

Nations has failed to prevent the Rwandan and Somalian and Bosnian genocides

from happening. They happened and left behind millions of dead bodies. The

human security is a new concept, it is a new perception, but the need of the hour

is to understand its importance and it should be a priority policy in the national

course of events and in the international course of events as well.

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CHAPTER 3

CONCEPT OF HUMAN SECURITY IN THE

JAPANESE FOREIGN POLICY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Human security that aims to secure the individuals and protect their lives from

all sort of threats and dangers, is extremely important in this contemporary

world. In addition, the human security means that every individual on this global

live with honor, dignity, power and understanding and this is possible when the

all people are empowered to protect themselves. In concrete terms, this means

protecting individuals from “fears,” such as conflict, terrorism, crime, human

rights violation, displacement, disease epidemics, environmental destruction,

economic crises and natural disasters; and “wants,” such as poverty, hunger and

lack of educational and health services, and empowering people so that they can

choose and take action against these threats.

As for as the foreign policy of Japan is concerned in respect to human

security, Japan has been trying it almost best to ensure the complete protection

of human rights anywhere in the world.

In order to promote human security, it is necessary to establish a common

understanding of the importance of human security among various stakeholders

in the world including governments, international organizations and the civil

society. Japan has been working on the dissemination of the concept of “human

security” by such activities as holding international symposiums in this regard.

Japan continues to support projects, to realize human security in the field,

through the United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security, which was

established in the United Nations in 1999, and the Grant Assistance for

Grassroots Human Security.

In order to further enhance the philosophy of human security at

international level, Mr. Buchi, the then Prime Minister of Japan introduced the

concept of the Human Security in his policy speeches in 1998. After Obuchi’s

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official pronouncement that Japan officially embraced and promoted the concept

of Human Security. Moreover, the Japanese government actively sought the

institutionalization of the said concept at United Nations under the platform of

Official Development Assistance (ODA) which became its official body to

extend the aid related to human security in the world. It must be learnt that the

during the Gulf War in 1990-91, where Japan played a pivotal role via “Check

Book Diplomacy’’ continued its financial supports and aids. In addition to this,

the emerging philosophy known as the human centered approach of Japan gained

quick momentum in international conference. From here, one can judge that the

foreign policy of Japan has been strongly focused on human security. The

concept of Human Security as a pillar of Japan’s foreign policy is apparent. In

Japanese foreign policy perspective, the human security means protecting vital

freedoms. It means protecting people from critical and pervasive threats and

situations, building on their strengths and aspirations. It also means creating

systems that give people the building blocks of survival, dignity and livelihood.

As a nation state with boundaries in use of power, Japan has conveyed to

international community that how far it has serious heart-attachment with the

concept of human security. Moreover, the Japanese government’s seriousness

emerged at the time when Japan has been observed in providing aid on human

ground via ODA and other agencies to all needy people around the world. The

very study has also highlighted certain fact where the Japanese administration

has been seen wholehearted a great promoter of human security. The government

of Japan on the notion of human security, has seriously promoted a lot of

programs and also encouraged its policy makers to formulate certain programs

that completely cooperated with the concept of human security in the perspective

of human security.

Japan has been seen very much active in its foreign policy in promoting

the concept of human rights. Notably, Japan has been addressing the four priority

issues in international level. The poverty reduction, the sustainable growth,

addressing global issues and peace-building have been the main goals of

Japanese foreign policy. It is the core objective of ODA to reduce the

vulnerabilities faced by people, communities and countries anywhere in the

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world. In addition, Japan has tried to continue its collaboration and coordination

with aid-related entities, donor countries and NGOs.

China's re-rise as a dynamic supplier has improved the conceivable

outcomes for offer help rivalry with Taiwan, in like way a whole deal supplier.

Somewhere else, Thailand and India now look to the position of help providers,

shedding their after war ways of life as help beneficiaries. Asian guide is on the

move. Then again, completed the most recent twenty years Japan has

encountered the suppressions of change help, as an instrument both of progress

and remote approach, and as an open strategy defenseless against cash related

restrictions. As of this thesis Japan's net ODA volume has tumbled to fifth put in

the Development Assistance Company (DAC), with a decline of around 40%

from its top in 1998. In 2007 it surrendered its driving supplier status in Asia to

the United States and in this way is never again lead supplier in any zone.

The 2011 Tohoku seismic tremor and wave upheaval have put extra

strains on Japan's beginning at now straitened fiscal condition, which may

require push lessens in the guide-spending outline. Its remote guide as a level of

gross national pay is about what it was in the mid-1970s, a period when Japan

was starting late climbing as a critical guide supplier. The entire of the Cold War

has passed on new headings in Japan's guide approach, including managerial

change and true blue contemplating the reasons behind help, examined

underneath, watches two cases in post-Cold War Japanese guide: on one hand, it

has wind up being more nationalistic and added all the more obviously to

security issues, particularly after 9/11, on the other it has come to better join

strong concerns. As the association has come to direct express its security

concerns while invigorating its military most remote point, outside guide and

Self Defense Force support in peacekeeping operations have made in parallel in

Cambodia, Mozambique, East Timor, and Iraq.

To date, ODA and Peace Keeping Operations (PKO) operations have not

been formally sorted out and withdraw working environments are reprimanded

for fundamental organization. In Iraq, in any case, the creator discovered proof

of recognized cover in like manner disseminations of outside guide and dispatch

of the Syrian Democratic Force (SDF) in that nation. Besides, in the post-Cold

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War period the Japanese government has utilized guide sanctions, positive and

negative, to move democratization, human rights, and atomic non-expansion.

(Nakasone 2002) It related supports and assorted measures on help to China

extraordinary times starting with the Tiananmen occasion in 1989.(Nakasone

2002) At long last, as the cash related move of China is constantly found in

Tokyo as working up a monetary enemy moreover, a potential security

possibility. This induced the Japanese government in 2003 to articulate it would

discard move manual for China and end it in 2008.

The downsizing of help to a nation that had been given exceptional status

as a beneficiary is an unmistakable show of the utilization of help game-plan for

key purposes. Likewise watch that nations around China and along Japan's ocean

ways correspondingly got more guide after 2001, recommending both a

supporting technique against a rising China and a remote guide game-plan that

obviously underpins the national intrigue. In 1999 human security was gotten as

a key guide thought, which licenses help specialists to think about the

relationship between security issues and change. Help, as requirements be, has

also gone up against a more compassionate perspective. This is particularly so in

the give help program, where the human security thought has empowered

considering help for post-strife proliferation in conflict affected nations and for

untouchable offer help. Quantitative attestation has perceived minding

examinations in Japanese outside guide particularly since the 1990s.

In 2005, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported that since 1954 Japan

had given aid in respect to human security to ensure the human rights around the

world. It ought to be noted that a great majority of nations in the world enjoyed

the aids of Japan.(Buszynski 2009)The Asian nations among them, have been the

top beneficiaries of Japan's aid which have come via ODA platform.(Brooks and

Orr 1985)China got financial aid from ODA in 1992, and through the 1990s

Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines turned as the best beneficiaries of

Japanese aids. As Dr. Ravi Chandra believes that Japan no doubt aims to

maintain the human security at international level but has certain hidden agendas

with it national interests.

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As Japan's overall guided aid reached out in the 1990’s so did wishes about its

part in keeping up the comprehensive framework.(Brooks and Orr 1985) As its

exchange surpluses took off after the Square Accord in 1985 it was guaranteed to

reuse some pieces of that surplus as offer help. Couple with the United States it

acknowledged a significant part in giving responsibility help to Latin America in

the late 1980s and cash related revamping endeavors to the past Communist

countries of Eastern Europe in the 1990s. In the most recent decade it has in like

way expanded its guide, for the most part as favors, to sub-Saharan Africa in

light of the DAC admission to the need of that domain.

Authoritative change has to some degree explored the mind-boggling

decentralization of help use. General diminishment of people in ODA use was fit

fundamentally by reality of general affiliation lessening. By the day's end, the

merger of the Ministries of Prospering and Labor; the merger of construction,

Transportation, and the National Land Agency into the Ministry of National

Land and Transport; and the merger of the Science and Technology Office into

the Ministry of Education (now the Ministry of Education and Science) advanced

the ODA part list in light of extra broad certifiable change. More than a dozen

affiliations still execute some bit of the ODA spending format reliably. Complete

change has had some effect on connect with relationship to continue, paying

little regard to how it is as well come full circle on time to tell how much.

In spite of resolute master clarifications about the need to refresh offer

help abundance and regulatory inspiration driving constringent, the whole push

of bureaucratic change in the 1990’s has been to reduce the level of the national

central alliance; both to the degree number of affiliations likewise, work drive.

This can scarcely profit a guide alliance that is in the end little by around the

globe bolster gauges. There is a general accord among researchers of Japan`s

remote guide that more staff, especially those with particular greatness, would go

far toward the lawmaking body's passed on center of extending help sensibility.

Particular exchange and meander seeing are vital parts of the new trademark

direct, and both require staff limits not frequently credited to Japan's guide

partnership.

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3.2 JAPAN AND THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Since their affirmation by the United Nations in September 2000, the Millennium

Development Goals (MDGs) have filled in as benchmarks for national

advancement tries what's more for improvement help from the general gathering

as well.(Travis, Bennett et al. 2004) The Monterrey Summit of 2002 and the

Gleneagles Summit of 2005 called upon remote guide supporters to meander up

their cash related plans for weakening engaging. How well Japan's ODA fortifies

the MDGs, as requirements can be viewed as measures of its ability to fit in with

general propel standards. In the 2003, ODA Charter, the record which lays out

the most key approach objectives of Japan's ODA, there is no impel talk

concerning the MDGs, disregarding the way that it passes on that insanity reduce

is the first of four need issues.

As both the MDGs and the Charter are delineations of medium-term

framework that cover a relative period, the Charter's inability to show up the

MDGs at all is cluttering. The Medium-Term Policy of 2005 prescribes the

MDGs in the area on debilitation diminishing. In any case, Japan's good in the

fashioned position is that "misery diminishment ought to be chase down after all

things considered through activities that address both the cash related and social

estimations" while the "MDGs contain to an expansive level of targets

identifying with the social zone". Besides, neither the Medium-Term Policy nor

the yearly reports of Japan's guide wrapping up working environments since

2000 contain particular criteria that can be utilized to gage estimation duty in

regards to completing MDG targets.

In 2009 the starting late picked Democratic Party completed an overview

of help and the ODA Charter.(Raposo 2017) The survey particularly paid special

mind to the MDGs and redesigned the monstrosity of satisfying them, a strategy

reflected in the 2010 White Paper on ODA. Particular fixations for Japan's guide,

regardless, were not set. Inconvenience lessens remains a general speak to be

refined by two or three systems utilizing help. Japan's way to deal with oversee

manage completing the MDGs is "inconvenience diminishment through

budgetary change" in light of the experience of improvement in East Asia.

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Japan's correlative budgetary help is isolated into improvements and yen

credits.(Pertot 1978) Chart of yen credits to drive cash related advance of

beneficiary nations through the change of money related foundation has been a

spine of its ODA structure, paying little respect to the way that stipends have

been finished not altogether to social regions especially identified with the

MDGs. In any case, it is hard to perceive yen credits to LDCs in light of the way

that they require reimbursement. The character of the Japanese guide framework

in which the give and yen push wanders has specific change needs and purposes

makes Japan's brisk commitment with respect to the MDGs troublesome.

3.3 TWO TYPES OF LIBERTIES

The approach to human safety and security mainly concerns with two

components: that are autonomy from terror and autonomy from want. (Ryan and

Deci 2000) The facets, freedom from fear and freedom from want has been most

influential chapters that the approach of security has dealt with. These two

independences were cited by the former United Nations Secretary General, Kofi

Annan in his published book as important international norms. He focuses

attention to regional or nationwide safety, assessing the military and protective

facet of safety. It has been an aim of the United Nations that while having a task

to arrange a concept of safety the two freedoms essentially be most effective

ones.

To make it precise, in the period in-between, emphases on the people’s

life, privileges and reliability, representing a goal for improvement is the focal

point. The inhabitants were the main chapters in terms their life centered

activities, such as the significance and importance of basic rights have been

always kept at the top priority. These two thoughts of the liberty seemed in an

USA report, the secretary of state on the consequent of San Francisco Peace

Conference, which declares that only triumph on both heads can surely guarantee

the glob of a long-term peace and harmony. The government of the USA sharing

its viewpoints emphasised that an international unity can be accomplished by

coming across to recognize the freedoms of the public in sense of fear and want,

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which could be considered fruitful when implementation is being the only

focused frontline seriously.

Ahead he says that both played a significant role in introducing most

compulsory missions securing human was postulated, Japan played the lead role

in securing the human security place in the world organization. The Japanese

Foreign Policy, on the other hand, has both the components of freedom of human

safety.(Akiyama 2004) In fabrication of explanation such policies whenever to

be formulated must have the key elements that are the two types of freedoms.

These build up an approach, actively a functioning unite of improving the

security related moves with productive results. The report further highlighted

that “liberty from terror” had been arranged over “liberty from want” in the

previous time even though if they were acknowledged then the initiation of the

post war chronicles.

Before the appearance of the gruesome cold war, the notion of having the

implication of the freedoms above mentioned were the parts of dialogue at the

time of constructing the strategies regarding security. Nevertheless, the report

noticed the modification of a massive security apprehensions, with just the finish

of the Cold War, representing a sentiment of uncertainty and insecurity emerges

more often from uncertainties about a daily life than from the horror of a

catastrophic world occurrence, which is a worst nuclear holocaust happened in

the Post-Cold war.

With the closing session of the dreadful Cold War a series of variations

have been adopted towards security related issues, its formulation has been made

up in a representation of suspicions and anxiety with a shattering appearance of

safety that the world had awkwardly apprehended to be dealt with productive

mentality and approaches concerning safekeeping proceedings. In addition,

ahead this report inclined a proposed change and upset in concerns with the

notion of safety in terms of security, it has been emphasised that there should be

an alteration in the schemes of security concerned methodologies and the world

was severely expecting such an effective notion of security that would be

productive in securing the goals that relate with the people and their territory

where they abode in, however from an exclusive emphasis on regional that is

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more simply known as the territorial security to a much and more superior

emphasis on the people safety, in addition: it emphasises “from security v ia

artilleries to safety by means of maintainable human advance”.

This has been the chapter, the security should be accompanied by

weaponries and the safety of the public must have to be inclined with sustainable

advancement of the human beings, otherwise formulation of those concepts with

such exclusive parts may come across to a failure. The two freedoms are

considered not reciprocally fashionable, in other sense, it is indispensable to

attain the both components of it to comprehend human security and protection.

While talking and going to have an approach and policy of human security and

protection the essential components of the freedoms matter at all, resultantly

these constituents can play a crucial role and their implementation at any cost is

indispensable.

However, the fragment which is given more weight perhaps differs in

various activities and this differentiation similarly distresses the human based

security within any administrative foreign policy context of a state. State

centeredness require a very keen and polite consideration while thinking about a

fabrication of an approach having the both fragments of freedoms on the table, if

a variation occurs in the weightage that may be one of the alarming factors to

deteriorate a long process of implementing a notion that accurately indicates the

security of human beings.

If any government or agency related authorities concerning with actions

put stresses on “freedom from want,” human safety surely be understood as a

tactical notion for improving social and economic developmental assistance

policy. The policies which deals with the development of economy and social

themes that are mainly fabricated as to have given significance to the notion of

Freedom from want and this completely focuses on such improvements which

some of the administrative use to formulate their concept of policies. This

approach is present in the UNDP’s clarification on human security.

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The United Nations Development Program case of Human Development Report

emphases its keen concerns on human safety (Gasper 2010) and security has

been displayed as based on four very significant features:

Human security, without an iota of suspicion, is a universal concern.

The human security is much stress-free to be guaranteed via primarily prevention

than far along involvement.

Human security is always people-centred.

As for as the United Nations Development Program report is concerned on the

Human Development,(Gasper 2010) it focuses to exhibit that the human security

which has been an alarming issue after the brutal cold war that shivered the most

world, it must be universal oriented, there should be such a policy that would

deal to cover up all the security concerning coercions internationally. While

formulating and constructing a human security policy all the constituents and

comprising blocks should ever be reciprocally dependent to each other and such

way of consideration ever assist in building up a policy related to security and

safety profitable.

The stress and emphasis free approach to the human security requires to

be kept away from all those involving factors such as primarily prevention

should ever be assured than far along involvement. This is one of the best and

effective notions that can make a policy internationally accepted. And finally the

United Nations Development Program has emphasised for formulation of those

sorts of policies which would be ever people centred otherwise there remains

nothing significant.

Furthermore, it has defined the notion of human security as a shelter from

many enduring coercions such as disease and repression, hunger and security

from upsetting and swift disturbances in any spheres of routine life. Seemingly,

this definition as proposed with having a connection between human security

conflict and human development and security in mind, a well-known concept that

United Nations Development Program advocates. The concept of Human

Security in actual as well emphasizes on the fatal conditions that relate with

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hygiene of public such as protection and sorting out of the intimidating illness,

hunger, subjugation and their shelters which can create massive disturbances if

not tackle on the time. However, this has been one of the debatable chapters of

the United Nations Development Program while concentrating on the human

security and development issues.

Therefore, the framework which comprised the notion of human security

has been taken up in the pages of report aims at firming up a strategy for

development assistance. The mutually development support has been the firming

up chapters of the strategies that concerned with the framework of the concept.

The whole report attempted to convey a message that a fresh strategy of

development in the new century surely need pushing stresses on growing people

competence and fortifying human rights and dignity.

However, such report from the United Nations Development Program at a

whole endeavored on the tools that forced in building up the self-possession of

the privileges of the inhabitants of the areas for which the notion is going to be

formulated. By means of reality, the published report of United Nations

Development Program can also be apprehended as the globalized application

comprised of the notion of social security. This is understood as a conveyance of

worldwide presentation of human related social safety that comprised of the

notion of security.

3.4 JAPAN’S APPROACH TO HUMAN SECURITY

The framework for apprehending the ways of Human Security that Japanese

deals with in the primary section.(Edström 2003) It has been portrayed that it has

two various tactics to human security. The most significant work of this chapter

is to examine and evaluate that where and which spectrum the approach of

human security of Japan falls. The Japanese policy makers had gone via a

various methods while examining and formulating their notion and they very

importantly emphasized on some tactical ways that helped them accomplished

their goals. Whenever it to be attempted to apprehend the patterns and the ways

in which the human security was going to impact on the policy frames of the

world, specifically, that of Japan, the key question in the given matter arises that

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how the government of Japan respond to the challenges being faced by it in the

foreign policy arena in the promotion of the humanitarian efforts and how it may

incur the displeasure of the major powers by aiding certain countries that they

deem not in consonance with their policy maneuvers. If Japan seeks to see that

which country is happy with its foreign aid and which country is not happy, then

Japan will never be able to materialize its own vision for human

security.(Neumayer 2003)An independent and not fully pressurized policy for

foreign aid can become the core of its vision to promote the humanitarian cause,

therefore, it has to face the challenges and avoid confrontation politically as well

as diplomatically. If Japan still behaves in the way that it succumbs to

international pressures as it did when it cut off its aid to Pakistan in the wake of

the nuclear tests of the latter in 1998, then it will be obvious that Japan has still

not come out of its Cold War relationships and the same mindset prevails. The

world has changed and the world has moved on since the end of the Cold War. It

is time for Japan to move on as well. Any future relations of Pakistan with China

and USA may not affect its relations with Japan. They must seek their bilateral

relations irrespective of the fact that how and what their interests they pursue in

their relations with other countries. Only then can both of the countries can

mutually benefit from each other.

The Japanese Government adopted the various ways of constructing the

foreign policy on the theme of human security. (Neumayer 2003) The objectives

of foreign policy are simply and coarsely distributed into two types.

The direct national interests and their clashes are the main problem such

as launching a noble association with other states or sorting out the actual

disputes and problems. The national interests and the solution of the disputes can

effectively assist in formulating a policy that focuses completely on the security

concerning issues. The second is to apprehend and uphold the order and norms of

the international society to understand the convinced ethics that the state

concerned conflicts and human security have faith in. The ethics on the other

sides must have be to given top priority while arranging and assuming an

approach towards the formulation of processes of foreign policy, and such

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fundamentals blocks have been kept in the consideration session to make such a

massive task Productive and flexible.

Explaining it in other words, the previous kind of foreign policy purposes

at apprehending national interests, which frequently inclines to tolerate interests

based on materialism, actual benefits. At the same time, the foreign policy to

follow a short-range, straight interests, but it surely needs structural power,

moreover firm or indulgent, to lead intercontinental society in a confident

course. More importantly, previously the foreign policy of Japan mostly relied

on the protection and enhancement of its national interest rather than the human

security approach. However, the post-cold period has experienced a great change

in the foreign policy of Japan where it has been seen in funding those nations

and countries where human rights have been faced severe threats. Moreover,

Japan itself worked to ensure the human security by providing them educational

and health related facilities. Most probably, under the banner of ODA and JICA,

Japan ensured its humanistic related aids to foreign territory.(YANG 2013)

The diplomacy of Japan during the period of Post-World War II was

categorized as “Economist Diplomacy”(Maier 1977) means that the Japanese

Government only followed its interest based on economic, it was in some extent

true that Japan was resenting its national interests in a way with responsive and

submissive approaches in concerns with International politics during 1980’s. The

concerned policies that Japanese government formulated during and after the end

of the Post-Cold War was highly centred on its economy, because the Japanese

concerned administrations were focused more on economy rather than any other

factor.

The three elementary pillars of the Japanese Diplomacy during the period

of Post-war were that to have a synchronization with liberal states, which was

primarily destined a monopoly of the US-Japan security associations, building an

improved relationship with Asian neighbours as a member of Asia, and UN

pinpointed diplomacy, all these pillars have been sustained in the Japanese

diplomacy during the course of the Post-war. Japanese on the issues of security

has formulated their policies in a way to deal with a sense of harmony that would

be internationally accepted as they have centred the foreign policy to have

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cooperating proceedings with the liberal states and Asian nations. As the flow

altered in international politics, Japan required adjusting and refurbishing its

foreign policy design to answer and yield even further benefit of managing with

emerging problems and fresh threats during the Post-Cold War.

This was a natural phenomenon, in a sagacity, for the second major

economy, the largest benefactor at that time to pursue a more liable and crucial

role in an aim for worldly welfare and safety, on the topmost of the local peace,

prosperity and serenity in Asia. Japan on concerning issues of the safety and

prosperity of the international security came on the front to be a largest sponsor

of keeping peace mission applicable and achievable in order to obtain a peace

environment most especially in Asia.

In the meantime during the early 1990s, the world has seen an incredible

attempts by the government of Japan on this spectrum, such as the redefinition of

the US-Japan alliances based on the security, a pursuit of a permanent position at

the Security Council of United Nations, all-encompassing dialogues on a fresh

ODA approach and therefore. Japan in quest of accomplishing such a fatigued

task has attempted a lot to bring variations in its associations with other nations

and have a permanent position in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC),

so that the availability of doing and carrying on a peace mission for a security

that concerned the globe is achievable. Just with advancement, human security in

the chapters of foreign policy, the government of Japan did not anticipate to

apprehend any explicit regarding the national interests in mutual and

multidimensional diplomacy in reference with other states. The mutual and

multifaceted diplomacy of the Japan has been a factor to be focused upon the

national interest.

Nonetheless, there should always be logic and balanced in concerns with

governance to enhance the notion of human security and safety inside its foreign

policy as well as in international aspect. The international and security aspects

both can emerge as an effective power to the concept of balanced and

equilibrium approach as safety is the factor which matters at all. In the

subsequent parts of this report, it has been discovered that the features of the

appearance of human security in the foreign policy of Japan in the far ahead

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1990s by connecting it to the altering milieu of the international community in

relationships of that three facets.

While considering the international situation and relationship, it has been

an influential factor for Japanese policy makers to formulate the foreign policy.

The government of the Japan has “located the notion of human safety and

security as one of the foreign policy key standpoints on constructing the 21 st era

a human-focused one. Its description of Human Security is “a notion that aims

and focuses on the firming of human-focused attempts from the standpoint of

shielding the precious lives, maintenance and self-esteem of individual human

beings and apprehending the copious prospective intrinsic in each

individual”.(Nasukawa 2010) The Japanese Foreign Policy makers while

constructing the approach has been more focused on the notions of the sheltering

of the live of the people, abstaining a self-respect aspect of the people and their

safety with the utmost requirement of a cooperation in a framework that deals

with the issues of Security.(Edström 2011)

It is important to note that in the post-cold period Japan extended the

vision of its foreign policy in term of human security in smaller states. (Edström

2003) But, on the other hand, the threat of expansion of communism in the East

Far brought convergence between US and Japan. The Japanese-US closeness in

East Asia brought doubts in the efforts of Japanese government towards human

security. However, Japan despite all regional and international differences, tried

its level best to ensure the human security in the world. Countries like Pakistan,

Somalia, Afghanistan, Sudan etc. have the top priority of Japan to ensure the

complete protection of human security. History is replete with such examples

where Japan provided aids to needy countries on human ground, developing their

health, education and other social sectors.

The notion of “redefinition” of the alliance in concerns with bilateral was

an imperative political mission for both states especially Japan and USA. This

act of reconstructing and rethinking the mutual associations have been the

successful tools in obtaining considerable effective associations in terms of

security. The government of Japan and US envisioned strengthening of the

associations and extending the collaboration in terms of defence of the states and

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in widening the domain for alliance undertakings.(Cooperation 2016) The

alliance, particularly Japan, was estimated to perform a crucial role in sustaining

the permanency of the regional arena, but a conspiracy based event which was

committed by an American combatant in Okinawa elicited the public antipathy

of Japan, and the work of redefinition and further consolidation of the

associations in various aspects became hard to proceed on. The association

between the two countries were influential productive for the security of the

regional nations but it couldn’t proceed on. In results, the US-Japan association

was put under severe tensions, stresses and somehow “flowed” in the Mid-

1990.(Cooperation 2016)

In addition, Tomi Chi Murayama, the then Prime Minister of Japan, gave

a detailed speech at the World Conference on Social development in 1995, in

which he pointed out the social development factor at international level.(Sang-

Jin 2015) Furthermore, his speech clearly showed the right vision of the foreign

policy of Japan. He stated that Japan would ensure the protection of human

security by giving social, economic, educational and health related aid to smaller

states.

By end of June 1997, the Prime Minister of Japan, Ryutaro Hashimoto,

emphasized the fact on the significance of “security of human beings and their

security.” in addition to this, it was Keizo Obuchi, the Prime Minister of Japan

who played the key role in placing a keystone vision in foreign policy of Japan

in respect to Human Security in 1998

In his speech, Obuchi, as Foreign Minister of the Hashimoto Cabinet,

explained the objective of cooperation with the Asian nearby states who have

been suffering from the crisis as relation with economy.

He recognized the destitute, the old aged, the immobilized, women and

children as most strictly impaired and damaged by the menace of economic

complications. He ahead declared that the employment and health sectors of a

socially developed region as for as the human security and safety is concerned

must show to be enhanced in terms of cooperation by putting precedence on the

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social improvement in Official Development Assistance (ODA) Policy of Japan.

(Sunaga 2004)

Perceptibly, these problems edge with regards to security of human. In

addition to this, as the economic predicament in 1997, has rumored the ASEAN

states that coercions to the prosperity and stability of the region were not

essentially the military ones, the fiascos of the economic and social management

could origin a political and social confusion. Nonetheless, the ASEAN initiated a

severe discussion on the social and economic arrangement of the

society,(Severino 2011) which might turn into an economic disparity, poverty

and grave scarceness. It was seemed as a natural fact to them to conclude that the

building of social protection and human resource improvement would be

significant to enclose potential subverting features for the regional security and

protection. The ASEAN’s Foreign Ministerial Meeting in July 2000 launched

the notion of human-centred comprehensive development to deal with such

issues. (Ramcharan 2000) Such interchanges portrayed the appearance of a fresh

security method to the freshly security coercions in Asia.

The area may require tackling with fresh intimidations to the security

concerns issues of human beings and as well economic implications in order to

increase self-reliance and confidence constructing and conflict based problems

preventive measures in the region. In had displayed and specified the efficiency

of security approaches toward human in Asia and the diplomacy of Japan with an

emphasis on the security and safety apprehensions and their elements must be

apprehended to retain a great prospective for the interests of Japanese in an

improved worldwide security and economic environment in the region.

It offers a sturdy sign that empowerment in addition to protection of the

human beings may be most significant moreover in conflicts (Post-conflicts) and

development conditions. The report ahead indicates human security

accompaniments country security measures by proposed people oriented and

declaring uncertainties that have not been once measured as security coercions

for the states.

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The commission ahead declared the subsequent policy approvals:

Protect people in ferocious fights.

Assist the proceedings of people security.

Launch human security conversion funds for the post-conflict conditions.

Inspire markets and fair and transparent trade and safe minimum

standards of lives.

Solidarity higher precedence to guarantee universal entree to basic health

facility.

Establish a well-organized and reasonable system for the rights of

patients.

Authorize all people with universal basic education and reinforce

international and local measures.

Announce a method of education that displays the variety of people.

The MOFA states that, Japan anticipates fortifying attempts with the objective of

spreading the notion of human security during the course of the international

action based on the recommendations and points. On the concerns of policy

application fronts, the UN Trust Fund for Human Security is the manifestation of

initiatives of Japanese Government in improving security that represent human

beings. The funds were established in March 1999 in reaction to Prime Minister

Mori’s declaration at the UN Millennium Summit. The government of Japan

initially assumed 500 Million yen (4.2 Million US $) to the spectrum of fund

generation,(Akiyama 2004) and as of August 2003, a total sum of contributions

reached to an amount of 22.9 conflict and human security billion yen

(200Million US Dollars), making the trust fund as one of the maximum

generation of its types established in the United Nations,(Akiyama 2004) this

fund purposes at interpreting the notion of human security into striving and

established actions by assisting the projects instigated by UN organizations that

discourse coercions to the security.

Groupings of the schemes to be assisted by the generated fund are the

severely alarming, such as poverty abolition plan, and others such as community

rebuilding, occupational training, food production and the safety of children,

health care and medical like reproduction health, prevention of infectious

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diseases, such as AIDS, refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDP’s)

supporting and conflict connected areas such as social rehabilitation for former

soldiers via professional training.

By the end of June 2003, somehow 100 Million US dollars were adopted

to 84 schemes. An exclusive character of the fund is its decision making

proceedings.

At the time when both, the government of Japan and the UN Headquarter

gave approval, the scheme established properly. In such a means, the government

of Japan is unwavering to commit itself in improving the notion of Human

Security as a context for ahead international cooperation, not only among the

states and international organizations, but as well with others bodies such as civil

society actors, local governments and communities. Furthermore, it attempts to

hold the notion into practical application with some tangible schemes.

Nonetheless, ahead attempts are essential.

Contrary the fact that Pakistan and Japan ought to strengthen their

bilateral relations in term of economy and politics which must compel the

foreign policy makers of Japan to include the humanistic approach for Pakistan.

(Donaldson and Dunfee 1994) In addition, to this, Japan has also given so many

aids to Pakistan for human security since 1990s with the short phase of

disconnection of aid to Pakistan on the eve of Pakistan’s nuclear test in 1998.

(Malik 1995)

At first, the economic contribution was made only by the government of

Japan. On ways for this fund to have a sure and true worldwide influence, it must

summons financial aids support from other states and the government of Japan

should also be estimated to inspire other administrations in that course. Second,

subsequently human security has cross-sector features by nature, it would be

significant upsurge consistency and synchronization types of organizations with

various directives.

The conflict and Human Security restricted participation in the security

spectrum could be apprehended as a bottleneck for the quest of being a

permanent member of the Security Council by Japan. If explanatory portion of

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the notion of security concerning with human, broadens the opportunity of the

related actions of security into social and economic improvement up to the level

of unadventurous security matters, it would shield up the shortages of the Policy

of Japan towards communal security and relatively upsurge the occurrence of

Japan in the United Nations.

3.5 HUMAN SECURITY TO JAPAN’S PEACE-RELATED

WORKS

Japan after the lesson of World War II, never tried to strengthen its conventional

weapons believing that peace and development would only be ensured provided

that the human security is ensured to them. Therefore, Japan not only within the

territory of Japan has been the staunched believer of peace, it also started to

work in those states where peace has been at risk. In this regard, the ODA policy

with its significances has emphasized upon the proper security installation

anywhere in the world. (Malik 1995)

Japan has been observed in the mission of poverty reduction,

maintainable growth, global matters and peace building processes. (Jakaiti 2017)

The charter which the ODA has proposed has been glimpsed upon the

requirement and tackling missions on the most alarming issues of the globe. The

sustainable development, declining of insufficiency and constructing peace

missions have been the top priority areas of Japanese foreign policy.

The nine eleven incident was regarded to be a turning point in the history

of world. (Birkland 2004) It has however altered the entire world order. Now the

question rises about the human security situation, can that be put or side lined or

not? Perennially, fighting the war on terror and rooting it out from the very

inception is the very intention of the world. The main agenda of the worldly

states are to root out the artificial menaces that may include the augmenting

poverty, gender disparity and the social injustices in the world. These agendas

have been put forth the first and for most agendas of the world.

The globally risen slogans of the people about human security after the

incident of 9/11 has shocked the world(Suder 2004) at the same intensity as that

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has been a changing factor for all the intercontinental countries on the other

hand, brought about a positive approach need to be implemented that the primary

offshoots and origins of the violence’s can only be eliminated when the

formation of the foreign policy of the Nation states are individually dealing to

cope with the issue of the aggrandizing poverty and social injustices on their

regional aspects respectively. It has not only brought a dynamic shift in the

foreign policy of the world but also it totally changed the entire setup of the

countries. Japan has been the firm believer of peace at international level. But,

the policy makers of Japan believe the fact that the peace would automatically be

installed if the security of human being is ensured. Therefore, after the tragic

event of 9/11, the government of Japan fastened their human related mission by

spreading education, reducing poverty, and developing the social sectors. The

officials of the Japanese believed that the tragic event of 9/11 has been the

greatest concern for human security. Therefore, it ought to be tackled at the

earliest phases. Japan no doubt, itself declared to be the part of US-led coalition

against war on terror, but it also suggest the all the countries of the world to

equally participate the US mission on humanitarian ground. (Enders and Sandler

2005) At the very initial stage the government of Japan has shown supportive

intentions to fight war on terror as a front line state in the world and fully extend

as support to US.(Kliman 2006) it also declared to extend financial and logistical

support to the countries that were actively engaged in rooting out the terrorism.

Moreover, the government of Japan has made as foreign policy with the

perception of his own people to work and strive hard for human security

issue.(Atanassova-Cornelis 2005) Human security issue is a very prime feature

of the foreign policy of the Japan.(Edström 2003) The view of the both countries

regarding the war on terror is to seek joint and consolidated efforts to eliminate

the war on terror promptly. The parliament of Japan after immediately passed

and ratified a law for actively seeking affiliation on the war on terror without any

hindrances according to the perceptions of his citizens. More over it has

transferred an aegis in the Indian Ocean to assist the international force engaged

on the war on terror in Afghanistan.

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Both the Japanese and American forces took counter terrorism measures

to eliminate the menace of terror in the world.(Arase 2007) They have sought

collective agendas to reach into a positive destiny. United States of America and

Japan sought this alliance on the counterterrorism mission to testify that how

effectively and efficiently the human security issues concerned matters have

been dealt by the foreign policy of both the governments. Furthermore, effective

and efficient policies of Japan has added the dispatch of SDF units to Iraq for the

rehabilitation of roads and water supply and infrastructure system deepened

Japan’s commitment to the alliance with the United States of America further

and more especially the security that has nexus with the masses.

Although there was an intensive dispute in the authorization by the United

Nations organizations for maintaining international peace operations in the Iraq,

the Japanese government committed to dispatch the SDF to Iraq. It cannot be

expressed without an iota of doubt that the operation of Iraq has brought

humanitarian effects for the common people of the country. However, it has

brought massive scale of changes in the foreign policies of United States of

America and Japan and also strengthened their bilateral ties at all. The security

forces have largely been exploited by the government of Japan and America. But

both the government has put a veil so that the role of the military personal may

not come out before the common people that the role and performances of the

United States of America and Japanese government is abysmal in maintaining

peace in the world.

United States of America has made tall claims after the incident of 9/11

that it would soon coup with the problem of war on terror yet there has not come

a complete shift in this regard to maintain peace in the world. (Pyszczynski,

Solomon et al. 2003)However, the entire world has come up with the direct grip

of the terrorism (DiGrande, Neria et al. 2010) even the Bed of the European

Union’s capital Belgium has been placed in the list of war torn countries. In a

time there has never been the concept of burgeoning terrorism in the Belgium but

after a very short span of time it has opened up its ruthless muscles to swallow

the world peace. Perennially, the Japanese commitment has captivated the

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attention of his allies to some degrees while fighting the war on terror as a active

spectator in the battle ground.

There has been another devised scheme regarding the foreign policies of

US and Japan. The prime role played by a man that is, Mr. Koizumi’s views

regarding the personal preferences of the diplomacy may be redirected in the

lapsing presence on human security issues in Japanese foreign policy diplomacy.

He is notorious for his ill and abnormal attitudes in the world diplomacy. Mr.

Koizumi is well famous for his nefarious attitude toward acquisition of a

permanent seat at the United Nations organizations Security Council.

He was under the tightened scrutiny by the diplomats and spies of

Japanese based intelligence agencies for his nefarious designs. Moreover, they

have fully observed his foreign policy deportment by not placing high value on

many other sided diplomacy, but rather he had given values to the bilateral

relationships of the countries in large. His main intention was to develop highly

appreciable bilateral relationship between United States of America and Japan

for many other purposes.


A poor community with no proper sanitation and no access to health facing

starvation and ill-protection from crimes will think and care the least for the

environmental security. The degradation of the environment or the climate

change is their least concerns. What are their immediate concerns that they need

food, education, shelter, proper and pure sanitation and easy and affordable

health facilities. This is how the poor countries and the poor communities think

and this is exactly how the international donors and other organizations working

for humanitarians campaigns must keep in their minds.

Even if environment is hot issue in the international circles, still when it

comes to the foreign aid and foreign assistance, it should be organized in the

manner of the requirements of that community. If the community has good

education, but poor health, then health must be focused first and vice versa.

Otherwise, defining the priorities of the poor regions without consulting them or

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without their prior support will not be as helpful as deemed. Humanity is

suffering. Poverty is what more than half of the entire population of the world is

bearing. Poor health and illiteracy are what many countries of the world are still

facing. If freedom from want and fear are to be eradicated, then the priorities of

every country must be seen accordingly. The continent of Africa is the continent

is the region that is the most backward every aspect of life. From natural

disasters to the civil wars, the African continent is shrouded in darkness. It is the

chief responsibility of all the major powers and developed countries of the world

to drive the African continent out of this darkness.

3.7 CONCLUSION

The concept of human security is a very wide and unconfined terminology in

annuls of the history. The ambit and scope of which is highly widened and

oceanic in nature. The diplomatic Blue Book edition 2003 has tacitly defined that

the human security is an unbridled phenomenon that may includes numerous

sub-sections. The prime section of human security may be accounted as the

sustainable development. Sustainable development is the prime feature for the

human security. Unless the government fails to provide the basic necessaries of

life to the common masses and endeavour for the development and prosperity of

their life standard we cannot say that the humanity is secure in the country.

Development in every field is the fundamental requirement of the people in this

modern world.

The second offshoot of the human security is to ensure an improved

environment for them. When the provision of a pure and fine environment is

furnished to the people then people may enjoy the natural environment. likewise

there have been also prescribed some quantum nature of features which form the

entire structure of the human security that may embodies, illicit drugs and

piracy, controlling infectious disease, transitional crimes and human rights etc.

Furthermore, the subsections have been further widened that covers the foreign

policy of the Japan and also human security and the United Nations fund for

human security have also been bifurcated

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This notion depicts that the idea of human security is not perfect. It does

not go unanimously within the political and legal framework of the Japans

government. The institution of MOFA is seemingly distanced or neutral in the

regards of foreign policies of Japan and Human security concern. It does not say

about the full exploitations of the human security notions nor it gives favours to

trace out the human security is beneficial. It however does not mean to say that

the Japanese government is lackadaisical in this context to address the issues nor

it defines it a deterrent theory for the threats of the human security concern.

Undoubtedly it is a matter of great concern for the policy makers to develop the

reservations of the masses regarding the real notion of the human security.

Many questions rises in the mind of common people that what could be

the main obstacles for the people to understand the notion of human security

accurately. What are the ambiguous thoughts which have hampered the

development to bring further improvement in human security systems? Indeed,

the human security is a concrete notion of the policy makers of the officials in

Japan and its governments. The commitment of the Japanese government is

highly appreciable in every context. It has paid heed towards the development of

the people in educational and health sector pertinently.

The global environment issues, sustainable issues and the drugs and post

conflict and peace buildings are the main areas the Japanese government. The

government with the help of ODA and JICA has strived to take first initiative

and discussions in varying forums of the world. Human security is a single

entity. It is however an independent concept. It has been depicted by the Japan

and USA having quantum vitality. Nonetheless, the principle feature of which

depicts that they are the underlying principles for the better formulations of

international policies.

It has however given much impetus to the vitality to the concept of human

security which has been never given a minor value in this connection. Before the

start of the cold war the mission of the Japan was to show herself a responsible

state on the world map. It has sought to demonstrate a new image in the world. It

has come forward in many cases to lead them internationally so that they could

reach to a final and superior conclusion. The interference of the Japan

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government in the world affairs for maintaining peace and order is considerably

possible. It has always paved the ways for the other countries to seek collateral

ties with regional blocks for the economic and technological development.

The increasing role of the Japan in the political sphere of the world is

always on the rise. Additionally the strong and visionary leaderships of the Japan

have also contributed for peace building in the world. There role in the sense of

making the people realize about the policy implementation is undoubtedly

commendable. In every context the human security has a great power to make the

people comprehend the emerging international environmental peace and

prosperity. Human security has a very great ambit in the world. Every state has

shared their contributions directly or indirectly for the evaluation of the peace

and prosperity in the world.

Japanese foreign policy has the capacity sufficient enough to embody the

given elements into in it, though the vitality of the notion of human security may

falls down.

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CHAPTER 4

HEALTH AND HUMAN SECURITY IN PAKISTAN

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Human security is the newly established dynamic concept in international arena

which has been at risk by the global vulnerabilities. Moreover, the scholars have

various points in order to define the concept of new trend of human security vis-

a-vis national security. The key argument about the human security is that, the

individual’s security which is related to human being while national security is

related to the security of the state.(Liotta 2002) Human security is defined on

various grounds which terms the human security the complete security of human

being from all dangers. The Human Development Reports of United Nations

Development Program of 1994, being a significant study on human security has

recognized the security of human being. (Hudson 2009) The principal theme of

the report is that the world must ensure the notion of freedom from wants and

freedom from fear, for the people of the world despite discrimination of race,

creed and religion. In this context the whole world should thinKPositively for

resolving all the human security issues.(Srinivasan 1994)

4.2 ACADEMIC DEFINITIONS OF HUMAN SECURITY:

Kanti Bajpai:

Human security is the safety of man, from all sorts of direct and indirect threats

of violence, and the protection of one’s personal freedom, choice, life and needs

is the individual’s security. The motive of the human development is to establish

governance with respective attitude for human beings, if the faceable

implementation required through executive methods that must be ensured as

focal point. The human security became vital for the states, international

organizations, non-governmental organizations, and for the other international

civil and human rights protection regimes simultaneously.(Tadjbakhsh 2006)

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Lincoln Chen:

The human security has been defined as the basic requirements of human

survival, the principled standards of living, and the freedom of man from all

threats. The human security is the ultimate ends and the objects of human being.

This means the other forms are just for the purpose of achieving some goals for

human security.

David T. Graham and Nana K. Poku:

Reasonably, the security has been concerned with the individuals and the states,

whereas the individual’s security is individually important. (Krause and

Williams 1997) to understand the notion on ethical and moral ground, the human

security is very much important to every individual. Furthermore, in this regards,

human being face certain threats from other people, organizations, international

regimes. Another approach is tending which is totally concerned with the critical

idea on the issues of recognition of sates, the fundamental rights of man, the

refugee status and the problems of ethnicity and moral values.(Khong)

Anne Hammerstad:

The approaches regarding both the critical and the human security, the security is

about the achievements of the socio-economic, environmental and political

situation favourable to the freedom of life and the protection of individual’s

dignity. The theme for this is that the effectiveness is not cleared to anyone. The

good policies for understanding the security comes through the help of decision

makers of the society. In order to maintain peace and stability, and to eradicate

inequalities and to bring cooperative environment and maintain challenges the

countries must design their foreign policies as per the human security. The wars,

genocides, and the displacement of the people are concerned with the human

security threats. The real meaning of the human security is that the environment

must be a free violence and free from fear in society.(Tadjbakhsh 2006)

From above all defined, it is concluded that the concept of human security

firstly evolved right after the end of World War II where most of the powerful

states started to spread their desired ideology in entire world. However, after the

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1994’s report of UNDP, the human security got further momentum since the

human security have been honored to be given freedom from wants and freedom

from fear. (Gasper 2005) The propagators of this concept come to a single point

with one slogan that the human security must be focused on individual’s freedom

from violence. Therefore, a discussion rise among the intellectuals that what

would be the parameters for the threats of human security.(Atanassova-Cornelis

2005)

A minor portion of the defenders of the human security’s definition

argued over the concept of violence against the communities and individuals.

(Owen 2004) On the other hand a large portion of supporters argued over a broad

definition that is outlined in 1994’s UNDP report on human development and

human security. (Taylor 2004) That is the idea that human must be protected

from all sorts of violence, hunger, diseases, pollution, threats to the dignity and

life and violence from the threats, which world is facing it as a whole. (Paris

2001)

The individual possess a vital space in a state. While formulating foreign

policy, the policy makers seriously observe the interests of individual and want

to ensure that they are not affected. The traditional outlook of the security in a

country must be in accordance with the policies which are formulated for the

greater interests of its citizens. In war like situation, where the risks of war high,

county tries to reduce to save the human being. In addition, the propagators of

human security do not favour the use of force in any situation since they believe

war always affect the rights of human being. Such means can be applicable

through diplomacy and resolution of conflicts. This methodology came into

practice by highlighting the chief causes of the conflicts by creating a conducive

environment to take capacity in building and promoting economic development.

There are two main components of human security. On one hand, there

must be a structure to look after the chronic threats, like hunger, diseases, and

repression. On the other hand, it is the sudden depression and disappointment of

a person in the daily life of a person. That can be in home, at the work Place and

in the community. The threats exist in all forums, like the national and

international places. As the list of the security threats are enormous, but the most

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alarming are as follows, the economic security, food security, health security,

environmental security, personal security, community security and the political

security.(Tadjbakhsh 2007) Dr. Naeem Ahmed of the opinion that Japan has been

helping the human security in Pakistan which has greatly helped Pakistan to

develop the human rights situation in Pakistan.

4.3 CONCEPT OF HUMAN SECURITY:

4.3.1 UNDP’s 1994 Definition:

According to the definition given by the Dr, Mahboob-ul- Haq on UNDP’s report

“human security is that the scope of security on global security must be

strengthen and expanded to seven chief components.”

Human security has been highlighted as one of the most burning term in

the global forums. The international organizations like World Bank, Human

Rights Watch (HRW) and others human related organizations term the human

security their first and foremost objective. (Rajagopal 2006) (Axworthy 2004)

The Human security became one of the leading concepts for the all organizations

of the world after the report of UNDP in 1994.(Church 2001)

The Post-Cold War Era became one of the most horrifying threats to the

human security in various parts of world, like Africa, Asia and Eastern

Europe.(Buzan 2008) The internal and external conflicts in these regions had

claimed the death of millions of people. The violent genocide, ethnic cleansing,

the deteriorated law and order situation of the countries, and the huge refugee

influx became hot issues for the international community. As the growth of

communication technology and the globalization, the countries are no more in

power to deny the human rights and do atrocities to the communities of the

world.

The rapid growth of informational technology and international media the

consensus of people on live transmission made the human security an important

hotspot. The human security can be achievable through an international consent,

from where the safety and protection of be the priority of the international

organizations. The international community in this regards must take initiatives

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for the promotion of human safety. The protection of individuals must be the

main motive of the international rule and regimes. A force of accountability

should be structured for the states, individuals and groups, those who abuse the

human safety and protection.(Ali 2006)

4.4 HUMAN SECURITY AND RELATED CONCEPTS:

The importance and significance of the term human security has got best

international support after the UNDP report of 1994. The widely accepted

definitions for human security are shown with extremely power and support. For

instance, the terms human development and human security both considered as

different concepts. Resultantly, the freedom from fear and freedom from wants.

Human development is possible if the protectors provide the human security to

the individuals. Human development is achievable through a safe and sound

environment of human security. In broader means the importance of human

development is possible through human security. It became impossible if one of

these could not fulfilled by the other. Both are interlinked to each other.(Paris

2001)

Similarly, the human security and human rights are both interconnected

terms, it can be judged from the minor definition of human security and human

rights. both believes in the protection of human rights. As the international

consents is cleared from the related articles of the norms, Article 3 of the

Universal Declaration of human Rights assumed that everyone has the right to

life, liberty and the personal security. (Glendon 1997) The other national and

international norms and values of the constitutions of the world powers and

democratic powers reaffirm the human rights and human security. Equally, it is

an acknowledged fact that when the Human rights are protected, the human

security is the chief part of that society. (Gleick 1998)

The concept of human security is the most importantly clear from the

evidences if it is connected with the national security of a nation. The human

security is much vivid from the fact that in the world the human welfare comes

through national security rather than the military and strategic interests of the

nations. In the climax of thoughts it is important for the nations that its people

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should be protected and safe rather than the land of the nations. Territorial

integrity is possible by the national integrity; it is also significant to be

highlighted that the national prosperity comes through a sound policy of human

development and personal security.

The wars among states are a great concern for the internal and external

peace and stability of the nations, but the internal warfare of the nations and

ethnic groups is a threat to the human security. The people suffer more from the

internal chaos and instability in any part of the world. The use of power and

force is not the main goal of the great powers to maintain international

diplomacy; it has threatened the international peace and stability. The human

security and human’s lives are under huge threat by the diplomatic warfare of the

nations.(Bajpai 2000) The interference of the great powers in the internal affairs

of the nations on various grounds like, deployment of army, collective security

and on humanitarian grounds is justified but the implications always could not

favoured the situation. The human security has become an integral part of human

life. The peace-keeping forces are the last option for the nation’s to use it against

the foreign forces.(Buzan 1997)

The diplomatic norms and methodologies are the chief source to ease the

distrust and mistrust among the nations, when the war is lingering on the head.

International and interstate cooperation, deterrence and peaceful resolutions are

the giant power to bring peace and stability among the nations for the safety of

the human security.

Human security and the national security are paramount thoughts in the

international structure. Both are related to the human life and peace. Both are not

possible to be achieved without peace and stability. Each needs the other for

implication in real means. Indeed, the national protection and safety is

paramount for a nation, internally and externally the security is dependent on the

national security. Resultantly, the human security is attainable through a strong

national security. The emerging importance of the human security paved the

ways for understanding the security and the development of the nations.

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So, the position of the human security and development are interlinked

with each other. These are two broad terms, and possess importance in the

instable regions where war affected the human security and development. A

developed and well established community is the granter of peace and stability in

the regions, where the development used to be the dream of the people. In the

war-turned areas the development is a significant source for achieving peace and

can be a leading force for disarmament of the insurgents and militant

groups.(Waever 1998)

4.5 HUMAN SECURITY: PAKISTAN’S STANCE

4.5.1 The challenges of human security in Pakistan

Pakistan strongly believes in the protection and assurance of human security in

Pakistan. It has been getting aids from US and Japan for the sake human

development in Pakistan. Apart from this, The president of National Defence

University Lt Javed Iqbal has highlighted the requirements and prepared a

guideline for the policy makers to bring out the challenges and fears regarding

the human security and human developments in Pakistan. The initiatives were

addressed in a two days conference on human security and development, their

challenges and prospects for Pakistan in NDU. The importance of human

security and developments cannot be denied, after all the need for highlighting

the issues in Pakistan is the need of the time. There is a dire need for bringing

the issues of human security and development in Pakistan, with the clear cut

policy and findings to address the issues. The newly established and initiatives

for addressing the issues a plane was given for the policy makers to sustain the

human security and development in the country like Pakistan.

The issues like human security and developments caused from various

factors in a state. The traditional and non-traditional security challenges are the

chief factors on the way of human security. The concept of human security even

have been addressed to the civil society by regulating a societal factor in the

country. The policy makers have come forward to have a gradual process with a

comprehensive policy to overcome the challenges of human security in Pakistan.

Pakistan has been facing enormous grounds on its way to human security and

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challenges. There are weak policies for tackling the issues like human security

and development.(Ali 2013)

Pakistan is under various security threats that are external and internal

which are ultimately endangering the human rights within Pakistan. Moreover,

the human security problems caused various bases for the other security related

threats to the country. Likewise, the non-traditional security threats to the

country and its political structure. The political discourses are the main

hindrance on the way of human security and developments. In the mire of

various impacts of human security in Pakistan, the ethnic nationalism, the biased

approach and role of media, the promotion of arms are the chief contributing

factor for propagating terrorism, which has its direct impacts on the human

security and development. Terrorism is the more challenging factor to the human

security in Pakistan. (Kimberley 2001)

The issues related to the human security and developments in Pakistan are

various but the approach on gender human security is another vital case in

Pakistan. The factors which are effecting the society are the media, religious

radicalization, the ethnic violence and religious violence on the civil society,

conventional and non-conventional security, the military operation in the tribal

areas and the related issues of the IDP’s are the chief components. The other

economic and social causes are the unemployment, lack of education, gender

issues and their development, the health problems and security of common man,

the problems of resource distribution, and the issues of water security in the

country, along with this the climate changes and its impacts on Pakistan and the

environmental factors are co-related to the human security and development in

Pakistan.(Tadjbakhsh 2006)

4.6 POLICIES FOR HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN

PAKISTAN:

Pakistan is situated on the line of epidemiological transition, nearly, 40%

infectious diseases are traced to be present, where total Burden of Diseases

(BOD) were fined. The most threatening and dangerous diseases are traced as the

diarrheal, acute respiratory infections, tuberculosis, malaria and hepatitis B and

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C and most importantly the mortality of children. The reproductive health

problems are accounted as 12 % in the country. The problem of nutritional

deficiencies are also chronic in the country, where almost iron deficiency like

Anaemia, deficiency of Vitamin-A, iodine disorder and nutrition issues are

traced as 6%. (Van Stuijvenberg, Kvalsvig et al. 1999)

The health situation in the country counted on the non-communicable

diseases which are being caused by poor health and living standard of the people.

The environmental issues like pollution; smoking and unhealthy gatherings are

prominent in the rural and urban areas of the country. Despite these diseases the

cardio vascular diseases, along with the cerebral vascular patients the diabetes

and cancer are present at 10% of BOD in the country from a long time. (Yusuf,

Reddy et al. 2001) The health position in the country can be traced from the rise

of the disabilities of the people at old age mostly are the patient of eye, paralysis

and the bone related diseases.(Jigyōdan 1997)

The increasing pace of drug addiction in youth is another alarming

situation of health situation in the country. (Shah, Merchant et al. 2002) The

heinous forms of drugs are being used by the youth in the country, (Kausar and

Kiani 2011) which are nearly traced as 5 million of the people are addicted but

among them 50% are addicts of heroin. (Masood and Us Sahar 2014)

Along with this, the growing addicts of injection are threat to the common

man of the country (Reeler 2000) because this is the main contributing agent of

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), AIDS and diseases like hepatitis-C. This

is a challenging issue for the health situation of the country.

Among the all diseases which are threat to the health care of Pakistan the

child mortality is immense issue which Pakistan is facing these days. The

mortality is because of the poor performance of the health departments of the

country. A report in 2014 shows that 33% of children from age 12 are not

facilitated for immunization against measles. The situation is same on 20% do

not get immunization of tuberculosis in Pakistan. (Sheikh, Ali et al. 2011) This

shambolic position of health pictured a gloomy side of health in the country. The

immunization is a treatment given to the children against measles, Tuberculosis,

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Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio. These immunizations are the important

curing and effective intervention to reduce the child mortality rate in the

countries, but, unfortunately, in Pakistan these facilities are not been used to

fight the diseases.

The iota of the fact is that there are several better health care policies in

Pakistan but there implementation is not being applied in its true form. The

policies are taken from the MDGs, Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP),

the Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF) and the National Health

Policy (NHP) is important to be discussed.

The chief policy of the NHP in Pakistan is from years to bring strength

and development in the primary health care system. This is an integral

component for curbing the health issues of the country. But , above all, the facts

are that no a single reform became productive to create a biomedical model of

curative health in the country from the day first. The policy makers were weak in

establishing an effective system of health in the country that is the reason these

flaws made the country’s health position very poor. (Khan 2006 and Khan 2009)

However, in the recent past means in 2001 new healthcare reforms were

brought for resolving the health issues of the country by achieving the

Millennium Development Goals through these new policies. The policy was

structured on national level but in this context the districts and the provinces

were ignored at a greater level. There were weakness from the districts and the

provinces to list their medicine and equipment in the respective fields. This

situation weakens the process of sociocultural developments of the rural areas in

the provinces.

Finally, the federal government and its health ministry, its policies and

planning for the development established units to bring change in the deplorable

situation of health just by focusing on clinical area, where as the other sections

of medicine and health care were not given any attention which leads towards

human security in general.

The role of provincial governments is important to be highlighted in this

regards because this comes under the authority of province to implement the

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policies to its districts. In the same mire of problems, the monitoring is another

serious issue on the way of development of the health situation in the country

and its parts. There is no any mechanism for resolving the issues of health in the

provinces. The process of monitoring and evaluation is significant for any

project; in this context this approach is nominal in Pakistan.

4.6.1 Interference of Federal Government in Enforcement

The interference of federal government for the implementation of the policies in

the health care in districts and provinces are at a point of weak works. Though

the implementation of the policies in the districts and the province is the

responsibility of the districts and provinces, but the role of federal government is

poor it just interfere in some programs. The National Program for Family

Planning and Primary Healthcare, The Expanded Program of Immunization, The

National Aids Control Program, Malaria Control Program, National Nutrition

Program, Hepatitis Program and etc. are controlled by federal government. These

all things and fields are directly controlled by the federal government, with all its

essential components and authorities.

There is an ambiguity in this critical position for the district departments,

the basic health unites are not facilitated by the provincial government and

federal government has no any intervention in this case. A system of weak

coordination and cooperation comes in this situation for the districts offices,

because there is lack of facilities and resources for the districts. The hurdles for

the district officers in health department made the situation more alarming.

4.6.2 Monitoring and Evaluation

Along with other weakness in the health sector among them the evaluation and

monitoring has very poor performance that created a huge gap for the policy

makers. The chief pitfall of these policies is that there is no any arranged

mechanism to monitor and evaluated the programs and tries to implement

policies of the federal government at the local level. Enormous programs and

policies were established for the evaluation and monitoring the Health

Management Information System (HMIS) and District Health Management

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Information System (DHMIS) but they get failed because of weak and poor

monitoring of the government. In short, the weak and poor system is unable to

evaluated and monitor the programs. These issues are extremely threatening to

the system, by not bring the issues in front and no any data is being highlighted

at the national level. As a result no data is transmitted to the Federal Ministry of

Health for feedback and evaluation.(Laurence Chandy 2015)

4.6.3 Health Millennium Development Goals (2015)

The UN with its Millennium Development Goals eighteen targets and 48

indicators but our government has tried to attain only eight millennium goals.

The government of Pakistan has adopted 16 of them with 37 indicators. Pakistan

being the signatory of this project, which was provided from 2000 till 2015, in

this project three of the 8 goals was dealing with the health sector with the

sixteen indicators and 4 targets. The millennium goals were directly given to

reduce the child mortality with one target and 6 indicators, to improve maternal

health same with 1 target and 5 indicators and eliminating the HIV/ADIS,

Malaria and some other chronic diseases with 2 targets and 5 indicators. (WHO

2000)

4.6.4 Medium Term Development Framework (2005-10)

The guidelines were given by the first Medium Term Development Framework,

2005-10 for brining all sorts of effective development goals in all sectors of

Pakistan, which will be as per the given goals for good economy. The MTDF

accepted the Millennium Development Goals and its targets, and also tried to

implement the real form of it. Along with this it planned to create a conducive

environment for the protection, care and prevention of primary health care

situation. However, the MTDF tried to bring the problems of health and it’s

financing in the country. The health security, its employees along with their

social and economic security and the participation of public in health sector for

the promotion of this sector. The MTDF also introduced a health system in the

country, the federal, provincial and district governments with the help of public

health services and the private institution of health services. The ministry of

health services at the central stage and the health departments on the basis of

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first aid mother and child health care unites and the effective position of the lady

health workers.(Finance 2005)

Under secondary health care services the patients of outdoor and indoor are

facilitated. The facilities must be fulfilled at secondary health care stations that

are the headquarters of institutions at district and Tehsil level. The secondary

health initiates its works and facilities at to the secondary health care. The public

dealings of the health services are comprised of three components of primary,

secondary and the tertiary parts of facilities. The outdoor patients are deal at

primary health care services. The areas that comes under primary health care

services are the rural health centre, basic health unites, primary health care

centres and the dispensaries cities. However, the secondary and tertiary health

care are concerned they operate 24 hours for the services. MTDF similarly

provides the current statistics emphasizing health workers and facilities in

Pakistan.(Finance 2005)

4.6.5 Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers

The Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers assumed the macroeconomic policies and

structures of the country along with the various programs for the promotion of

economy and reduction of poverty. This also described polices and terms related

to foreign economic requirements. The government prepares the PRSPs which

deals and arrange the setup and methodology for national planes, and the terms

of coordination with the foreign and national donors, development institutions

and the AID recipients. For the first time Pakistan issued its interim PRSP in

2001-02, where the chief focus of the papers were comprised of three

components. These were promoting, improving governance and the human

development and the social protection of common person in the country (Craig

and Porter 2006).

The first PRSP bring the challenges in front in the health services. The

chief challenges were the poor policies and their formulation, centralized

management and the rapid transfer of the staff in health sector. The principal

PRSP remained available in September 2003 by the PRSP secretariat, ministry of

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finance. The PRSP put advancing its policy to accomplish aims, in line with the

MDGs, between 2003-04 and 2005-06.

The second PRSP report was published in 2007 which brought new planes

for the next three years. These papers issued a plan on annual and quarter based,

with the budgetary expenditures in public sector and others. Additionally, it also

provided the ratio of expenditures in sub-sectors of health that are the general

hospitals and the clinics, Mother and Child health care unites, the health related

facilities and the source for prevention measures. These would be applied in the

health sector of federal government and the provincial level too.

4.7 JAPAN’S CONTRIBUTION IN THE HEALTH SECTOR

At about 180 million individuals, Pakistan is the 6th most crowded nation on the

planet, (Cohen 2003) and is geopolitically critical as a state of association

amongst Asia and the Middle East. Neighboring Afghanistan, Pakistan has drawn

consideration for its part in effectuating peace in the locale general as a nation

that will decide the result in the war against fear based oppression, and the

universal group progressively put significance on its steady advancement.

JICA has been giving help with three concentration regions:

i. Guaranteeing human security and human improvement,

ii. Enhancing the monetary base,

iii. Steady, adjusted advancement, for example, in Pakistan - Afghanistan

fringe regions.

By adapting and applying its different plans (concede help, Japanese ODA

advances and specialized collaboration), JICA is fortifying polio annihilation and

inoculation measures, and giving water and sewer foundation and institutional

courses of action to react to quick urbanization. JICA is additionally giving help

to building power transmission and street arranges basically through ODA

advances, and fortifying residential businesses through specialized collaboration.

Other help JICA is giving incorporates specialized help to catastrophe readiness

at the national level, using Japan's mastery that originates from being influenced

frequently by cataclysmic events.(Yuzuru Matsuoka 2014)

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Human security might be characterized as the safeguarding and assurance

of the life and poise of individual people. Japan holds the view, as do numerous

different nations that human security can be guaranteed just when the individual

is sure of an existence free of dread and free of need." Detailed monetary and

field arranging is presently in progress after Japan swore $1 billion in help to

Pakistan at a benefactors gathering held in Tokyo April17. Taking all things

together, more than 20 nations offered an expected $5.3 billion of advancement

help with so many territories as farming, foundation and industry.

The financing will cover a two year time span starting later in 2009.The

meeting, which was co-facilitated by Japan and the World Bank, was brought in

acknowledgement of the way that while Pakistan confronted expanded military

weights along its fringes with Afghanistan and interior turmoil, it additionally

direly expected to handle residential monetary and social issues. The Japan

International Cooperation Agency (JICA) will regulate the majority of Japan's

new commitment. Since its revamping in October, 2008, the office has taken care

of specialized help, as well as Japanese ODA advances and some give help in the

more than 150 nations where it works.(Osei-Atweneboana, Lustigman et al.

2012)

Authorities said arranging was right now in progress to allot assets in

every one of the three territories- Japanese ODA advances, give help and

specialized help. In 2007 JICA gave almost $15 million in specialized help and

this was probably going to twofold under the new timetable. JICA has been

dynamic in both Pakistan and neighboring Afghanistan for a long time on an

assortment of activities and authorities said needs for the new help will include

fortifying Pakistan's businesses and extending its horticultural base. Pakistan, for

example, is as of now the world's fifth biggest dairy maker and could extend

both that industry and its meat industry. Pro preparing for nearby authorities, or

human limit improvement, will likewise be extended incorporating into such

ranges as rural expansion work, financial guides, and venture and fare

advancement.

While Pakistan's fringe and tribal territories remain to a great degree

unpredictable, Japanese and different contributors perceived the need, wherever

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conceivable, to bring fundamental administrations, for example, well-being and

training to those areas. Japan, for example, has effectively endorsed one

introductory review for the development of a youngsters' healing centre in the

city of Peshawar. (Shaikh and Hatcher 2004)

JICA President Sadako Ogata, who is likewise an extraordinary agent for

Prime Minister Taro Aso on Afghanistan and Pakistan, said a week ago that an

all the more firmly planned territorial approach is one method for handling

improvement troubles in those two key nations. Mrs. Ogata has a long

relationship with the area, both for Japan and having filled in as the High

Commissioner of the UN Outcast Agency, United Nations High Commission for

Refugees (UNHCR), and a week ago, she met with Pakistan’s President Asif Ali

Zardari to examine advancement issues.

The JICA president noted JICA has as of now attempted a progression of

interstate development extends in a few focal Asian nations through Japanese

ODA credits and this system could in the long run add to the advancement of the

whole locale. Inside Pakistan itself, Japan has given almost $670 million in

advances to update the vast majority of the nation's significant trunk street, the

1,200 kilometer Indus Highway, connecting the port of Karachi toward the upper

east city of Peshawar and in the long run encompassing states, for example,

Afghanistan, China and focal Asia, expanding the proficient development of both

exchange and individuals. (Ozawa 2014)

Nearer territorial exercises could inevitably bring nearer political

participation among neighbors, she said. We ought to take a gander at the locale

all in all to have the capacity to adventure its maximum capacity however there

are not kidding security issues in a few sections of the nation. Since the

psychological militants' assaults on the United States on September 11, 2001,

Pakistan has wound up in the bleeding edges in the alleged war on fear on

account of its long fringe with Afghanistan and closeness to Taliban and Al

Qaeda fortifications. In spite of the fact that few million Afghan evacuees come

back to their nation after the fall of the Taliban administration in 2001, 1.7

million stay in Pakistan, notwithstanding exactly 600,000 inside uprooted

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people; every one of whom put a huge included strain the nation's delicate

structures. (Margesson 2007)

The nation's issues were not helped when a seismic tremor shook upper

East Pakistan on October 8, 2005 and the world watched in dazed interest as one

of the most noticeably awful catastrophic events in present day times unfurled.

Towns were leveled. Whole towns tumbled down peaks. A huge number of

people were cut off, regularly in profound snowdrifts reachable just by jackass or

helicopter. Japan, as different nations, hurried specialists, attendants, protect

groups and therapeutic supplies to the stupendously excellent, however all of a

sudden lethal locale. In spite of these endeavors no less than 75,000 people were

slaughtered, many thousands were harmed, 3.3 million ended up plainly destitute

and harm was evaluated at $5 billion.

The political, military and quake turmoil redirected consideration from

endeavors to enhance Pakistan's fundamental foundation, for example, streets

and scaffolds, enhance its modern base and such administrations as instruction,

wellbeing and vitality to address the issues of 160 million individuals, as of now

the world's 6th biggest populace and anticipated to increment to 260 million by

2035. For a long time Japan has been a noteworthy benefactor to the nation.

Since 1976 it has given some $7 billion as Japanese ODA credits for 75 ventures,

$2.1 billion in give help and a further $400 million in specialized help. Around

4,700 Pakistani authorities have gotten preparing in Japan and 1,089 Japanese

specialists taken a shot at tasks in-nation. (Bräutigam 2011)

To meet both crisis needs and longer term help for recreation under a

supposed 'worked back better' activity taking after the 2005 seismic tremor,

Japan gave $208 million in help even as building work proceeds with the

development of scores of schools, clinics in Battagram Northwest Frontier

Province where Japanese crisis teams worked in 2005. JICA has likewise been

chipping away at a recreation get ready for Muzaffarabad City, the significant

populace focus influenced by the shake.

Pakistan has now set out on endeavors to both better envision and handle

future catastrophic events and JICA is fortifying the National Disaster

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Management Authority and moderate surges hazards in the Rawalpindi region by

enhancing the limit of region and neighborhood groups to react. Different

activities are a mix of projects to reinforce Pakistan's essential foundation, for

example, streets, electrical yield and industrialization and grass establishes

extends in regions, for example, training, water and wellbeing to enhance the

'human security' of nearby groups. The development of the almost two-kilometer

long Kohat burrow under the towering mountain pinnacles of the northwest

boondocks, helped by a Japanese ODA credit of around $126 million, dispensed

with one of Pakistan's significant transport bottlenecks.(Yuzuru Matsuoka 2014)

Karachi itself, the nation's major monetary focus, previous capital and a

veritable blend of more than 10 million individuals, need a gigantic facelift both

to furnish its residents with better offices, for example, water and sewage and as

Pakistan's real entrecote, to kick off the economy. A diagram has been readied

offering a long haul advancement vision for Karachi and mid-term arranges have

likewise been created for the water, sewage and transport parts.

Other key parts where JICA is causing is to fortify the nation's modern

base through limit advancement, streamlining mechanical approaches and

extending open private associations; taking out present and developing force

deficiencies where Japan has given almost $2 billion as Japanese ODA credits

for 17 extends; and enhancing the water system and farming divisions through

restoring summary water system frameworks and enhancing administration and

specialized preparing.

Underlining the earnestness in managing monetary decay and taking note

of that the progressing precariousness had as of now cost Pakistan an expected

$35 billion, one answer to be displayed to the April 17 gathering said

horticultural and business exercises have been upset, markets and organizations

have shut, work has dropped, costs have expanded and generation has declined.

In addition, remote venture has diminished. It additionally noticed that the

quantity of poor were again on the ascent and that essential training

enrolment.(Sudo 2013)

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After signing Japan government decided to extend some financial

assistance to Pakistan for improving the clean drinking water, promoting

standard education and health sector. The government of Japan’s financial

assistance may be totally 328,619 to the Pakistani NGO namely ASTAFADA

(116,444) participatory welfare service 102,745) and Sahara for life trust (109,

430) for improvement of water, education and health facilities in the remote

areas of the country. This agreement took Place in ambassador’s office in

Islamabad between Mr. Inomata and the heads of the three NGO’s mentioned

above.

The financial grant of Japan’s government will be used in three different

sectors by the representative of three different organizations. The aid to

ASTAFADA will be used for installing clean drinking water in Muzaffarabad,

Azad Jammu Kashmir (AJK). It is said to be suffering from disparate shortage of

clean drinking water. The Japanese grant of participatory welfare services will be

utilized for the construction of girls’ schools in the districts of Punjab.(Sudo

2013)

4.8 PUBLIC HEALTH CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

(SINDH)

4.8.1 Background and objectives

The chief objectives of this project was to stabilize a system for the rural areas of

Sindh, like Qambar and Shahdadkot districts with the motive of bringing

awareness and knowledge on public health issues. The people of these areas were

affected of various diseases, where the project was launched for the people. The

people of these areas were suffering from abject poverty and enormous chronic

diseases like, Diarrheal, Malaria and the skin diseases. Lack of awareness on

public health and its importance destroyed the health condition worse of these

people from long ago. This project was launched with the motive to bring

stability in the health situation of these people. Along with this the main

objective was to improve the health and living standard of the people of the

area.(Sudo 2013)

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4.8.2 The Summary of the Project

For maintain the health situation of the area the project aimed to achieve the

following objective in this regards.

i. The health extension of workers will be given in the 56 villages of the

two union councils, where they would be able to bring their capacities

regarding basic information on health.

ii. The beneficiaries of the project are the mother and children, so under th is

project these beneficiaries will utilize their knowledge to other villagers

in the areas.

iii. The project will facilitate the people in a well and established means in

the area.

iv. The hygiene accommodations will be sustained in a good situation and

recipients will be capable to realize the significance of conservation.

4.8.3 Scheme High Points

This health hygienic program for 1,700 women in the 56 villages would be

conducted in the area to give awareness the people on health. There are 56

female hygiene programs at the villages and they were trained with the effective

performance in the health hygiene sector. They will be trained and the programs

will be transferred to others in the villages with the information. At the

workshops the volunteers will be provided with the hygienic educational books,

net mosquito, soaps, combs and nail cutters under this project.

4.9 THE DISTRICT HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM

4.9.1 Background

In 1992 the government of Pakistan established a health system by the support of

United State Aids for International Development (USAID), that was HMIS,

under this the government managed to look after the first level health facilities.

But, in 2001 this was transferred, from where the government of Pakistan

reshaped it to centralized information system. JICA implemented a research

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based method for the improvement of Management Information System in health

sector 2004-2007 on the request of government of Pakistan. Under this study a

new health system was initiated that is known as the District Health International

System (DHIS)along with the National Action Plan (NAP) at national level.

Government of Pakistan asked the Government of Japan for the timely

implementation of this program and for the technical cooperation and support.

(Aqil, Lippeveld et al. 2009)

4.9.2 Summary of the project

The following aims were to be achieved by this project

i. Scale-up plans for the implementation of DHIS was acknowledged at the

Joint Coordinating Committee (JCC).

ii. The staffs of the National Health Information Resource Center (NHIRC)

were sufficiently trained on the DHIS operation.

iii. A comprehensive and effective DHIS data were collected on time for the

health facilities to the District Health Officers (DHOs) of the areas.

iv. All the data of the DHIS were put into software, where the DHOs come to

analyzed the process in this regards for further evaluation and analysis

these were given to the Primary Health Departments (PHDs) and NHIRC.

v. The net result of these analyses at the DHIS data, the resources were

recollected and a budget was given at DHOs and PHDs office.

vi. All the stakeholders were given adequate coordination with the DHIS.

4.9.3 Project highlights

The following chief activities were the part of this project

i. To install and maintain of the DHIS software, after revising this software,

which was handed by the JICA in 2009, was installed at the headquarters

of all the districts in their computer. In this process the local consultants

come to their work.

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ii. The expenses and the trainings of DHIS were maintained and controlled

by the Japanese government.

The trainings for collecting data for the PHDs and DHOs

The basic software training for the entering the data and their

analysis for the PHDs and DHOs

Teaching on Procedure of Information for all PHDs and some

DHOs, Working out on in what way to operate DHIS data for

resource distribution and planning

The master trainers were paned to train the DHOs by the provincial trainers;

they were train for the PHDs

iii. A monitoring system was developed to look after all the activities at DHOs

and PHDs level the activities of the project, by providing the monthly reports

and identification of issues.

4.10 JAPAN’S GRANT FOR CHILDREN’S HEALTH IN

PAKISTAN

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has played a key role for the

eradication of the polio in Pakistan. The government of Japan and the UNICEF

United Nations international children fund have undersigned a grand treaty for

the elimination of polio viruses. The ultimate aim of the government of Japan,

United Nations international children funds and JICA have ensured to vaccinate

all the children in Pakistan for the better future of the children in Pakistan. The

polio virus has a very stronghold in the under developing countries in the world

among them Pakistan is also one of the countries where massive scale of the

polio cases has been reported since 2000.

Japanese government has granted 5.4 million rupees in supporting the

case of UNICEF in Pakistan from 2014 to 2015.(ul Haque, Waheed et al. 2016)

The donation of Japan would make it possible to eradicate the polio in a massive

scale as it has been paralyzing hundreds of children in the country. The

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commitment of the Japanese government was to procure 15 millions of oral

doses to the kids and it has also committed to procure 1.3 million doses of

inactive polio vaccine to inactive polio vaccine inactive polio vaccine to the

FATA and Karachi which has been called the highly risky areas of the country in

the past years.

They have also ensured the provision of the hundred solar ice lined

freezers for preserving the vaccines in a normal and moderate temperatures as it

is required for the vaccines to be inactive. Federally administered tribal areas

Kyber-Pasktoonistan (KP), Karachi and some areas of Balochistan were placed

in the category of highly risky areas for the dissemination of the polio vaccines.

This coordinated grant of the Japanese Government was aimed to strengthen the

cold storage chain for the maintenance of the ideal temperature of the vaccines.

The ambassador of Japan to Pakistan Mr. Heroshi Inomatha has

reaffirmed that the government of Japan would extend ultimate efforts for the

eradication of the polio in Pakistan. The main aim of ambassador is to steer

Pakistan out of this artificial quagmire as it has been spreading far and wide in

the country since very long. He said the Government of Japan has been working

with Pakistan since 1996 for the eradication of polio and committed to get

Pakistan rid of from this disease. The amount contributed by the Japanese

government in Pakistan was estimated to be 149 millions of dollars. (Closser

2008) It’s a very huge amount for the eradication of polio in the country.

Having a look over the reported cases of the polio vaccines in 2015 the

ambassador of Japan in Pakistan has reiterated to the both government of

Pakistan and Japan to redouble the efforts for this alarming issue. He said it’s a

complex challenge not only for the government of Pakistan but for the entire

world. In this connection all the world should contribute to fight against this

complex challenge as soon as possible. The prompt decision of the world for

contributing to eradicate the polio vaccines is a good omen for a prosperous

world. Inomata greeted the efforts of the Pakistan to get her out from this

disease. The national task force meeting chaired by the Premier of Pakistan Mr.

Nawaz Sharif was warmly greeted by Inomata on November 5. He reiterated the

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affirmation of the government of the Japan to work collaborate until the

complete eradication this virus.

The chief representative of the JICA Japan international cooperation

agency Mr. Mityusushi Kawasaki insisted the coordinated and organized delivery

of the immunization program of polio in the country. His demand was to make

the immune system of the children active against the polio viruses. The current

polio situation of the kids in the country has been reported to be worse in the

world. The rapid influx of the polio oral doses especially in KP which has been

reported to be zero since 2012 where owing to the deterrents of Taliban

authorities were failed to procure polio vaccines to the children in FATA. They

children have hardly get immunization in FATA region. The main aim of the

Kawasaki was to rapidly inactive the immune system of the kids by procuring

Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) to fight against the polio viruses. In this way the

immunization program can be held effective. The government of Pakistan is

hopeful that the Japanese grant will prove as a driving force for the complete

elimination of the polio viruses.

Mrs. Angela Kearney, the Representative of Pakistan in United Nations

International Children Emergency Fund, said the latest donation on the part of

the Japanese government has come in a very critical time period when all the

state actors in Pakistan were busy in eradicating the polio viruses. The numbers

of the paralyzed kids have been reportedly higher in the world wide. The

Japanese grant would play a decisive role to coup up with this critical situation

in the country. In this decade the reported numbers of the polio cases has

surpassed the entire records of the world in Pakistan. Our country is at the cross

roads in the polio viruses. The tendency of polio cases is in the rise. Concerted

endeavors are necessary to reverse the trend of polio rise in order to achieve the

goal of free polio zone in the country. The eradication of polio viruses not only

eradicates the viruses from the Pakistan but also it intends to give equal benefits

to the entire world. The tendency of the cases would dramatically get lose when

it will be eradicated in Pakistan. No child from anywhere would be affected with

this disease if once it has been fully eradicated in the world.

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4.11 JAPAN’S AIDS TO PAKISTANI NGOS FOR EDUCATION

& HEALTH

Japanese government has decided to grant financial supports to the government

of Pakistan totaling 17 millions of dollars to Pakistani NGO’s related to the

health and education related projects. They are mainly intended to create

learning awareness among the masses and conduct motivational programs for the

people in Pakistan. Those areas of Pakistan which are very backward and

underdevelopment are brought under these projects to improve the status of the

people rapidly so that the people of remote areas could easily compete with the

modern needs of the world.

This agreement was undersigned between Pakistan and Japanese

government on 18th of September 2014. The Japanese ambassador Mr. Hiroshi

Inomata greeted this project with full zeal and zest to ameliorate the stander of

the people in the remote and back word areas of the country. Both the heads of

the two NGO’s ambassador Inomata and Pakistani government have reassured to

take this project with their full enthusiasm. They decided that the grant of the

Learning Awareness Motivational Program (LAMP) would be used in

constructing a school in the federally administered tribal areas in the village of

Lashora in Khyber Agency in FATA region.

It has been reported by daily Express Tribune that more than 170 students

getting education in the Lashora village under open sky. So in this connection

the project manager would extend his support in initiating a building for the

aggrieved students in the village is a positive omen for the students of the said

village in the Khyber Agency in Pakistan. One the other hand the grant of the

true worth foundation under the supervision of the health related NGOs in the

Chatta Baktawar and Islamabad city and also ensuring the ambulance services

and establishment of the laboratories with sophisticated machineries are the

prime offshoot of the said projects under the Japanese government in Pakistan.

It has been estimated that more than 5,400 students can get benefits from

these two mega projects set out by Japanese government. All the beneficiaries

would most probably hail from the outskirts cities of Islamabad where the

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educational and health related facilities are desperately lacking. During the time

of the ceremony before signing this project ambassador Inomata has delivered a

speech that the ultimate aim of the Japanese government is to eradicate the social

menaces and also improve the educational and health related facilities of the

under privileged people in remote areas of the country.

He said Japanese assistance development program confers the

improvement of the educational and health related facilities. Further he reiterated

that the signed projects would bring massive scale of shift in the developing

sectors so in this connection Pakistan would more likely incline towards

development and prosperity in a very short span of time. All the back warded

people would attain equal opportunities for their future prospects. The

improvement of health care issue is a very old issue in the country said Inomata.

The first and for most priority of the Japanese government is to meliorate the

health care facilities in Pakistan where hundreds and thousands of people goes to

jaws of death annually because of the both government would boost the relations

and strengthen the bilateral ties of the countries.

4.12 JAPAN’S AND UNICEF PROGRAMS FOR POLIO

ERADICATION

The grand alliance of the Japanese government along with the joint efforts of the

UNICEF have to have a stronghold globally to eradicate the polio viruses

globally. This grant was concluded with the supervision of the Japanese

ambassador and the UNICEF representative in Islamabad the capital of Pakistan

in 2016. They intended to procure oral polio vaccination at the adjoining areas of

the capital Islamabad where the people are living under the line of poverty and

lacking educational and health facilities. The Japanese government disburses 3.7

million dollars for the eradication of the polio viruses. The ambassador of Japan

to Pakistan Mr. Hiroshi Inomata has reaffirmed the commitment of the Japanese

government to eradicate the polio once and for all in the world.

The efforts of the Japanese government and UNICEF are more likely

taking stringent measures for the eradication of polio viruses. The menace of

polio has been controlled in a large quantity throughout the world, only some of

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the countries are still in the grip of this diminishing menace. He said the

commitment of the Japanese government would extend until the complete

extinction of these viruses on the planet. His self devotion and appreciable

commitment for tackling this menace has captivated the attention of the

authorities concerned in the eradication of the polio virus throughout the world.

He asserted that the government of Pakistan along with its other partners must

not show frailty while fighting polio virus.

As soon as the joint and collective efforts of the Pakistani government

along with its other partners would be commenced the result of the eradication of

the viruses more likely seems to be positive. Though Pakistan is fraught with

other sorts of multipronged menace yet the commitment of Pakistan for the

eradication of polio virus seems positive and result oriented. The assistance of

the government of Pakistan has been witnessed since 1996. In this time period

world was not fully equipped with modern and sophisticated techniques and

medicines for fighting such menaces. Since then from 2013 Pakistan has

received a colossal amount of money that has been estimated 90.95 millions of

dollars. It has been estimated that 22% of oral vaccines have been purchased

from these aids of Japan. (Maryam, 2016)

The chief representative of JICA Mr. Kwasaki appreciated and paid

tribute to those who have been actively involved in polio vaccination in Pakistan.

He said unless the citizen of Pakistan pay much heed towards the polio

vaccination the menace remains unbridled. 2016,s grant of Japanese government

enabled United Nations Children Emergency Fund to procure 15 million polio

oral vaccine doses and 255 solar freezers to maintain the moderate temperature

so that the vaccines may not spoil. As it has been noticed, the FATA and

Balochistan regions are under the heavy load shedding areas of Pakistan where

the need for the solar ice freezers are intensively required. This phase of the

polio vaccination would be counted as a driving force for the complete and

coordinated eradication of polio viruses in the country.

Further Mr. Kwasaki reiterated that a grand mechanism is required to

fight the polio. He devised a scheme with the assistance of JICA and Japanese

government to set out a program for procuring routine immunization of polio

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vaccines in federally administered tribal areas for a period of three years that

commenced in the May 2016. In this regard the government of Pakistan and

authorities concerned with polio vaccinations along with the KP government

asserted the partial commencement of a grand alliance to fight the menace. In

this technical project the KP government was to contribute 80% of this program.

The representative of United Nations Children Emergency Fund, Mr. Dan

Rohrmann paid tribute to the government of Japan for its aids for the eradication

of the polio. Japan was remarked as one of the leading donors in this case and

the assistance extended by Japan is undeniable at any context. The role played by

the Japanese government is unparalleled in the case of polio. United Nations

children emergency funds support for Pakistan in eradicating polio is

unforgettable. It has extended logistical and financial and technical supports to

the Pakistani stops to fight against this menace.

UNICEF has socially mobilized the people for procuring oral vaccines to

the deprived kids in this region and also managed them to coup with the varying

upcoming circumstances. A large network of social mobilizes comprising 1500

members have been chosen to coup with the unwanted socio medico

circumstances in the backward areas of Pakistan. This huge network is

committed to perform their duties with their full zeal and zest in order to reach

out a positive conclusion. However, they are engaged in bringing the common

people in the mainstream so that the contribution of every one could be given

valued. Those people whom are regarded to lead the groups are given the

chances of leaderships to polish their leadership qualities. The inner

potentialities of the people can easily be brought forth in the spot light when

everyone is given the opportunities to perform their duties without any

distinction and discrimination.

Though the realization of the effects of the polio has come late yet the

endeavor of the people to tackling the menace is fresh. The first and foremost

mission of the people is eradicating polio virus on this planet for all the time.

They are committed to exploit the current financial grants of the Japanese

government in a smooth way. They believe that the availability of the ample

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amount of vaccines is a good sign for the complete extinction of polio when the

concerned institutions seek coordinated efforts for tackling this menace.

However, in this race of eradicating the polio, United States of America is

not far from it. US has granted an amount of 2,206,603 for merely procuring

some 15,134,450 doses of vaccines for those back warded areas where the people

have desperately lacking educational and health facilities.


Along with other diseases which have paralyzed the human security in Pakistan,

Polio has been the wrest disease which still needs to be controlled along with the

efforts of international community in Pakistan. Since Pakistan is still one of the

very few countries where every now and then a polio case comes forward which

disturbs the image of Pakistan in front of the world. but there is no denying the

fact that Pakistan has considerably controlled polio and as compared to the past,

the cases of polio are highly rare and mostly in the rural areas. Japan has played

the front role in eradicating polio from Pakistan and its aid and donations have

proven quite useful for vaccination campaign for other diseases like measles,

small pox and typhoid. For the last two decades, Japan has been providing all the

funds for these vaccines and beside the actual program, there are many social

awareness seminars and functions as well. Japan has recently approved the

extension of its health an education campaign to the tribal areas of Pakistan

which is highly appreciable. It has declared 17 million rupees for the vaccination

program alone in the tribal areas.

103 million rupees have been granted to the Pakistan Institute of Medical

Sciences, the largest national hospital of Pakistan. Within the country, all the

vaccination programs are supervised by PIMS and it is the highest controlling

and monitoring board for the entire chain of hospitals in the country as well. The

chief representative of JICA Mr. Kwasaki who oversees the all development

projects in the world aided by Japan appreciated the collaboration of the

government of the Pakistan with the Japanese especially the government of KP

that has helped extend the program to those areas which were previously war

zones and the people were suffering under extreme conditions. The Japanese aid

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along the technical assistance provided by the UNICEF is the cornerstone of

reducing polio to only single figures in Pakistan. Schools have been made at the

primary level to ensure maximum children get enrolled to avoid further falling of

children to the hands of the militants. It is time their suffering ends and a new

era of peace and prosperity dawns.

The good and proper use of the funds is what has brought success to the

vaccination project and the social awareness campaign on the sidelines of the

major program of vaccination has greatly helped local people to understand the

importance of vaccinating the children at birth. Appearing very small in scale,

these measures have long time results giving birth to a new and healthy

generation. For the first time a foreign donor agency has accessed the tribal areas

since the start of the war on terror when they began to mire in militancy and

declared as highly sensitive and no go zones. Campaigning for health and

education in a region that has just suffered the repercussions of an unwanted war

is what makes Japan so valuable for international relationship for Pakistan.

4.14 CONCLUSION

Japan continuously helps Pakistan in many fields especially in health, education

and security via ODA and JICA. In a nut shell Japan helping Pakistan in health

sector at maximum level improves the health of Pakistani people on one hand and

on the other hand it develops good relations between two countries.

The bilateral ties of the Japan and Pakistan are very old when we open up the

chapter of history that may be replete with numerous devised schemes which

have paved the way for improving bilateral nexus between Pakistan and Japan.

The continuous assistance of the Japan especially in the field of education and

health are more prioritized than other. Japan has always supported Pakistan when

she was in financial crunch or any other artificial calamity. Japan has extended

its assistance to Official Development Assistance ODA and Japan international

cooperation agency JICA to Pakistan.

Japan is a very long standing partner of Pakistan in Pakistan institutes of

medical science PIMS and many other sectors. In 1982 Japans government has

constructed PIMS Pakistan institute of medical sciences building in Islamabad is

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one of the clue for close and bilateral ties of both the countries. It has also

provided technical assistance to the government and also ensured the availability

of the medical equipment. In the recent year of 2016 May the JICA and

Government of Japan has extended medical equipment technical trainings and

many other necessary technical equipment merely for the improvement of the

Pakistan institutes of medical sciences Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences

(PIMS).

All these machineries were worth of 106 Japanese yen and they were equivalent

to 103$ million dollars for PIMS. The then, the government of Japan has granted

1.38$ billion dollars for some other projects that mainly included child health

institute in Karachi. This bell has made the government of Sindh to establish a

250 bed institute for kids and can procure 500 kids.(Ali, Hotta et al. 2005)

Japan is a great supporter of Pakistan in the matter of health and

education facilities since 1990s. They have also shared bilateral trade and

commerce to promote the life standard of each citizen. According to this study

the history of Pakistan and Japan regarding the elimination of heinous viruses

may be 20 years old. Both the countries have established cold chains and

campaigned for the awareness of the common people so that they could be able

to coup with the emerging health problems of the people. The financial aid of the

Japan for Pakistan is about to be surpassing 16 billions of dollars in 2017.

Hence the roles played by the Japanese government JICA, ODA and

UNICEF are unforgettable in the history. Japans government is still committed in

extending financial supports to the government of Pakistan it has envisaged that

the upcoming financial aids volume may account to be approximately 171,920$

that is equivalent to 17 millions of US dollars. These financial aids were

intended to improve the education standard and also improve the health care

facilities of the people at the outskirts areas of FATA and Islamabad where

hundreds of people goes to the jaws of death annually owing to the lapse of

facilities and medical equipment.

In this connection the ambassador of Japan Mr. Inomata has under pinned

a project with the two heads of the NGOs running under the banner ships of the

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JICA, s and ODAs assistance to root out the menaces. They have set out to

continue the Learning Awareness Motivation Program and True worth

foundations for the better future of the Pakistanis.

Authorities concerned have mandated that the grants of the True worth

foundations would be used for the improvement of the health and educational

issues of the adjoining areas of Islamabad where people have been said to be

living a meager live. However, many villages in Pakistan have been given the

top priority to be improved through expansion of education and furnishing them

financial aids to improve their life stander since there human security was in

greater risk. In this village there is desperate lapse of medical centre and services

for transporting the serious patients. Hence, this project is intended to gran t them

ambulance services and establishing medical laboratories for the better life of the

villagers. Many of the people would garner support from these projects.

According to a rough estimation of government of Pakistan 5,400 local

community members would benefit from the signed projects. Human security

issue is a considerable issue that needs the maximum attention of the community

members of the villagers. People are not secure owing to the apathy of basic

necessaries of the lives. Hundreds of people go to the jaws of death unnoticed

yearly. In this connection government of Pakistan must pay heeds to resolve the

concern the people. In recent year the considerable demands of the people for

their security has gained momentum. They have raised voices against the

authorities in every forum for the satisfaction of their needs.

The needs and demands of the people are worth listening to be tackled as

the all human rights institutions are striving hard for the satisfaction of the

people’s needs throughout the globe. It is a matter of great concern not only for

the people of Pakistan but the entire world. It is a fundamental principle of

United Nations charter to pay heeds towards the fulfillment of the basic

necessaries of the people in the world. The reservations of the public masses are

rational and argumentative as per saying of the United Nations charter of human

rights. Here all the member states of United Nations have pledged to extend their

support for the solutions of human rights in every corners of this planet.

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Thus, it is an issue which requires the permanent support of world

community. It can only reach out to a positive conclusion when there would be

conducted international dialogue. It is still a matter of great concern that, how

for it is possible to apply the human friendly techniques for settling this menace?

How can we reach to a positive and unanimous conclusion at the ultimate end of

this program? What sorts of obstacles and hardships we face while tackling the

issue in the international forum? It is a matter of hot debate and discussions to

reach out a ultimate conclusion. Finding out result oriented techniques is a

natural process to find out the ends and means for this program. It also can see

many success and failures in its way out. Hence it can be solved through the

means of international customary laws and treaties when the international

community gives its tacit approval for the permanent solutions of the human

security.

When the world realizes the its interconnectedness and everyone knows

his or her duties in the world and know their responsibilities what to perform in

this global village the notion of the human security keep finding out many ways

and means to settle out the grievances of the common masses. They find wider

adherence with the other masses residing in the world. The quest for finding out

a decent life style within the circle of other fellow beings and recognizing that

the mutual efforts and trust to support each other for the attainment of a good life

style is the principle duty of every one and every states of the world.

The contributions of the states for the maintenance and sustenance of a

standard living style is the need of the world order. Until and unless we reach to

a certain degree of justifications and acceptance of each ones perception we

would never clinch the destined targets of the humanity. All in all the

contribution of Japans government in developing the educational and health

sector of Pakistan is unforgettable. Hence, the support and financial aids of the

JICA, ODA and Japans government has brought the both countries to form good

bilateral relations. This has given much impetus to the both government to sign

memorandum of understanding to boost up their friendly ties.

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CHAPTER 5

JAPAN AID AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Women empowerment is one of the key challenges of the modern world. It has

not only engulfed Pakistan but also all the under developing countries are

bearing the brunt of women issues in the world. Feminist of the world have

carried out numerous feminist movement since 17 century for improving women

educational, political, economic and social conditions in different phases yet it

also remains a burning issue in this modern era. Mostly women themselves are

also endeavoring for their uplifting to improve their living standards. Women

have involved themselves in SHGs to meet out their required necessities of their

lives throughout the world. On the part of some vigilant section of the society

several attempts have been made to take the women out from the clutches of

societal challenges by the public, private and the non-governmental institutions

in Pakistan. It has been reported that nearly SHGs are significantly contributing

for women empowerment in the world by creating sense among the people to

comprehend the importance of education and being self-reliant economically,

more specifically in Pakistan.(Arase 2005)

It has helped women to improve their living standards through saving and

running micro businesses, in Pakistan never in the annals of history women were

so empowered to earn their livelihoods on their own shoulders. This centaury

marked an unprecedented educational, economic, social, political and economic

transformation for women in the world in Pakistan. World is replete with such

sorts of instances to evaluate the inner potentials of the women folk to make

them confident and self-reliance. In past, some studies of research scholars had

figured out that SHGs have played a very crucial role to implement finance

services and also provide task force opportunities to women. (Chaudhary, Chani

et al. 2012)

These sort of studies further evaluates the qualitative impact and analysis

of self-help groups SHG’s which have been conducted in Gujranwala district of

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Punjab for the mere purpose of betterment of evaluation of the women

empowerment in past, present and how far they have been successful enough to

root out the menace of poverty. The sources of data collection was through

questioners especially targeting the conditions of women living in the

Gujranwala district and joining self-help groups for providing their living

standards. This study especially demonstrates the implementing trends of the

women empowerment in multiple sectors including economic, social, and

political of the said district of Punjab.(Andawi 2008)

Working in the educational sector was one of the top priorities of Japan in

Pakistan. Since the commencement of official educational development

assistance program in Pakistan. Japan has built 530 basic educational institutions

from 1454 till the present era said Mr. Ino Meta. The year 2016 was marked the

62nd anniversary of Japan ODA in Pakistan. Japanese premier Shenzu Abe

embarked upon a global commitment to implement ODA program of worth 3

Billion dollars by the end of 2017, a society in which women shine said by

ambassador of Pakistan from Japan. Mr. Ino Meta emphasized that the following

mega projects for Sindh is the part of prime self-national commitment.

No doubt the significance of girls’ education holds a pragmatic validity

especially Mr. Inumeta says “the more women are educating the more likely that

their children get basic healthcare services and education”. Ambassador reported

that improving women education would bring a dynamic shift in the future

prospect of Pakistan in the near future. On behalf of Pakistan government a

leading journalist Seethi expressed that since and appealing appreciation for

Japans efforts in promoting women education in past and present. (Sudo 2013)

Mr. Ken Kato, a leading and a senior representative of JICA Pakistan

office says “The upcoming project would bring a shuffling change in the cur rent

structure of the said district by adding around thirty elementary schools in the

rural areas of six district of Sindh. It includes Hyderabad, Badin, Tando

Allahyar, Jamshoro, Nawab Shah, and Mirpur Khass. The ambassador pleaded to

the government for ensuring the commitment for the implementation of

government by providing sufficient development of the teachers to the current

schools included in the project in order to achieve this speedy result of this mega

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project in Pakistan. In February 11, 2014 the government of Japan committed to

build 30 elementary schools for girls in the most back warded remote areas of its

other adjoining areas.(Shaw, Sicree et al. 2010)

Ambassador of Japan to Pakistan Hiroshi Inomata and Mrs. Nargis Seethi

have signed an official national agreement in which Japan would grant an aid of

up to 800 million Japanese yen approximately. They may be accounted 7.85

million. The ultimate aim of this grant is to uplift the women education in the

rural areas of Sindh in Pakistan. Mr. Inomata regretfully demonstrated that in the

rural areas of Sindh merely 7% of girls between ages 10 to 12 are formally and

informally are enrolled in schools. There is a huge quality of girls who are

unconditionally kept aloof from the schools in Sindh province. And up to three

years later after the completion of this project another 2400 girls would be

accommodated in the schools. Ambassador remarked that “the main objective of

this project is to improve access to basic education for girls and this would assist

our country to achieve the target of millennium development goods in coming

future.(Abbas 2008)

5.2 PAK-JAPAN RELATIONS; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

In the midst of this period, ordinary interest and exchange of culture continued,

for instance, the establishment of a seat for the Urdu language in 1930 at the

University of Tokyo and the Takushoku University. Pakistan had gotten

flexibility in 1947 and Japan around then was ascending out of the strongly hot

stays of World War II.

In this way, the Pakistan-Japan Business Forum (PJBF) and its family,

under the get-together's Chairman Abdul Kader Jaffer, are working with

Pakistani specialists to ask the bottlenecks that injured individual exchange and

ventures among Pakistan and Japan. The sixth Joint Dialogue held in Tokyo and

took after by a meeting with Vice Minister Hideichi Okada of the Ministry of

Economy, Trade and Industry on the following day, and with different other

exchange bodies. In the same manner, he has made asked to an astounding

appreciation between the affiliations and the business parties of the two nations.

Pakistan and Japan have been sharing extremely friendly bilateral relations for

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over 50 years now. This year centers the 60th assertion of the foundation of their

relations. To stamp this focal occasion and make it meaningful, both Japan and

Pakistan celebrated the occasion greatly. On the eve of the great occasion the

whole Pakistani people within Pakistan, its Embassy in Tokyo and the other

individuals from various neighborhood countries enjoyed a lot by exchanging

the survivors and giving each other the sustenance, trivial water bottles since

Japan is the third most prominent economy on the planet for Pakistan. It is

besides a noteworthy exchanging frill of Pakistan and moreover; a basic supplier

to Pakistan.

Their aggregate general imports are in overabundance of $500 billion (Rs

45.5 trillion) with Pakistan's offer at a minor 0.05 percent. Our yearly imports

from Japan cost $2 billion (Rs 182 billion), however our confirmations get a

despairing $250 million (Rs 22.75 billion). (Brooks and Orr 1985)To interface

this opening, Pakistan needs to move far from the customary charge of

unpleasant materials and focus more on respect included stock. Pakistan remains

among the best makers of cotton, wheat, point, wearing stock, cutlery, jewels,

surgical instruments, common things, dairy things and so on. In the event that

specific Pakistan were to win as to securing front line progression by welcoming

joint endeavors with Japanese affiliations, the exchange separated could be

through and through decreased.

Pakistan needs to demonstrate its exporters about business hones in Japan,

concentrate on respect expansion and consider the sales of the zone include,

which, as opposed to the Western markets, is all around different. It is a quality-

recognizing business segment that holds an extraordinary potential for things

made in Pakistan, if basically the models, quality and supply configuration

requested by them are met. Pakistan is intentionally found, other than offering a

market with more than 180 million individuals. It has the essential work open

and is regarded with average assets that any country could crave. It offers

gigantic chances to Japanese cash related aces to set up and build up their

relationship here. Pakistan should just to give the focal framework and

fundamental business condition. Nowadays, governments are going up against

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each other to pull in hypotheses, and with the business divisions in and around

Pakistan, there is no motivation driving why Pakistan ought to be betrayed.

Pakistan is specifically offering a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) to the

Japanese with engaging good conditions, for example, sole proprietorship,

constrain preclusions, repatriation of pay and single window operations. The

Board of Investment set up for this blueprint is endeavoring tries, while the

National Industrial Parks, another relationship under the Industries Ministry, is

progressing made present day bequests in various zones at remarkably sensible

terms. Japanese agents and; the Japanese government have been in trades with

their assistants on this issue. Such combined endeavors portraying open private

affiliation would finish basic outcomes to draw in joint endeavors for Pakistan,

which in this way would give work and business chances to Pakistanis. Pakistani

experts are being urged to make contacts with their additional items in Japan for

joint ventures and charge of fundamental worth included stock from

Pakistan.(Brooks and Orr 1985)

Both the Pakistani Embassy in Japan and the PJBF in Pakistan are

interested in help and interface the business parties of both the nations. The

Pakistani Embassy in Tokyo is for all intents and purposes chasing down after

the approach of making exchange between the two nations and bringing

speculations into Pakistan from Japan. In such way, Pakistan Ambassador to

Japan Noor Muhammad Jadmani is looking into all lanes accessible to ask

Japanese experts the open portals Pakistan offers by technique for trademark

assets what's more HR to them.(Brooks and Orr 1985)

It has been learnt that the Japanese humanistic aids and economic

assistance played an important role in creating job and business opportunities for

women who ultimately get empowered and independent. Moreover, women in

Pakistan are in great number whose contribution for the national economic has

been an extra edge for the country. Therefore, bringing women in the main

stream is not only ensuring the fundamental rights.

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5.3 JAPAN’S AID ON EDUCATION AND HEALTH FOR

WOMEN

It is estimated to provide ample margin of quality education to approximately

150 girls at highly subsidized rates in Punjab province of Pakistan. Finally the

grant of Sahara trust would be utilized to life savings and medical equipment at

the Sugra Shafi Medical complex in district Narowal in Punjab. Ambassador

Inomata stated in the signing ceremony of these projects and said that these

projects would bring social, economic, and domestic awareness among the girls

to improve their living standards. Also they would seek access to basic economic

and social services. Further, he hopefully stated his commitment with Pakistani

government and said it would improve the life and ensure the up lifting the

human wellbeing in the project. Moreover it would strengthen the nixes between

the government of Pakistan and Japan.(Jamal 2010)

5.4 JICA‘S FORMAL EDUCATION COOPERATION IN

PAKISTAN

JICAs commitment for expanding and consolatory informal education system in

Pakistan over a period of five years from October 2014 and also adding the

financial assistance is commendable. This project of “Adding quality alternative

learning project in Islamic Republic of Pakistan” would enhance the quality of

non-formal education system in Pakistan and more especially in Punjab province.

Furthermore, this would be used as a model for this following province of

Pakistan to enhance the quality of education in Baluchistan, Sindh and KP. It

would helpful to enhance the adult literacy rate of Pakistan.(Latif 2009)

All the new projects were on the support of JICA which has been

furnishing the financial assistance to Punjab province for the up gradation of

their literacy rate and quality education since 2014.(Malik 2007) The financial

aid has supported province in projecting micro and macro educational projects to

bring out the school children and illiterate adult into the mainstream for perusing

education. It largely helped the developing robust curriculum, standard text

books, teaching methods, learning materials and also conducting training

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program for teachers to ameliorate quality education. JICA works to provide

educational opportunities for women and girls.(Report 2010)

Half of the children lack access to basic education facilities in Pakistan.

The number estimated to be five million among them 2/3 of them are girls. After

Nigeria it is to be second in the world. The dropout rate is alarming in Pakistan.

Half of the students quit their education or schooling before the complet ion of

their primary education. The main purpose of providing a non-formal educational

system to the girls and boys is to meliorate their quality of education. JICAs

have been working in Pakistan since 2014 by providing an educational platform

to Pakistan through non formal education system. So far it has been successful

in furnishing education to 180,000 people in Pakistan. JICA is rendering

significant contribution in forming reciprocal cooperation to formal and non-

formal education. It has established evolution techniques, teaching training

structure and furnished environment to the student to attain quality

education.(Sudo 2013)

JICA project is highly elevated in creating variety of innovations for girls

and boys to attain quality education. The estimate aim of JICA is to pursue

people to take interest in education. The dropout rate of the school children

would aggrandize owing to their restrictions imposed by their parents to keep

them aloof from schools to pursue their traditions and cultural values. In such

case JICA would tend to convince the illiterate parents of girls to demonstrate

the significant of the education in modern era in order to catch up the heart of

their parents. It mainly involves the highly influential people of the villages to

the situation. It also involves the children actively to participate in order to

appease their mind for creating much interest of education. Accepting females

for the first time at a Pakistani public training institute:

Educational opportunities of the girls are not merely limited to

fundamental school of them. It has a widening scope for girls. The undergoing

demand of human resources, on the other hand JICA is working to meet the

demands of industrialization by providing training centers to the common people

in the ambit of society. It has also developed college for technologies rail road’s

in Punjab. In this province of Pakistan demands are hardly meeting the demands

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of girls in public training institute were seated out which accepted girls in the

field of architecture under the premiership of JICA.(Report 2015)

Many buildings have been constructed for meeting out the educational

purposes of girls. It will include class rooms, offices, toilets, and also common

rooms for girls to pass their leisure time to get rid of monotonous activities. All

the students were largely satisfied with JICA’s contribution for their provisions.

The initial stage of JICA was however was commendable in every sense and it

also vowed to spread the wings of JICA in other remote areas of Pakistan where

girls have less access to primary education. It is not only working in Pakistan but

also in other countries. In addition to this, it ought to be noted that the

assistance of JIC has not been only confined to the education of girls in Pakistan,

it has also worked on adult literacy rate, maternal health, and prevention of

human trafficking and domestic violence against women folk.(Sudo 2013)

5.5 ECONOMIC CONDITION OF WOMEN IN PAKISTAN:

Economically women folk are facing a very meager life history in Pakistan. It

has been reported in the world in comparison with men. They are assigned

domestic labor for which there is no fixed salary. They are engaged in raring and

bearing children, child care, domestic work force, and forming in the forms.

Opportunities for women are next to none. For parallel working women paid less

money than that of men. In this connection women have forged a movement for

their empowerment in 17th century. According to WHO 70% of women

represents the world most poor people. (Shaikh and Hatcher 2004)

5.6 VIOLENCE TOWARDS WOMEN IN PAKISTAN:

UN has been assuring to maintain gender equality in the world. However, it has

been very tough task for UN to carry on its desired objective since most of

societies are patriarchy. It has been reported that a total 35% of women in world

having the experiences of suffering physical and sexual violence from their close

partners at workplaces.(Mayhew, Collumbien et al. 2009) The ratio of violence is

not same everywhere. Some countries in the world are estimated to experience

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70% of physical and sexual violence even greater than Pakistan.(Garcia-Moreno,

Jansen et al. 2006)

It is globally reported that during the time of conflict and natural disaster

the ratio of violence against women increased. The accelerated global movement

for curbing human trafficking is rising. People in large quantity are in vulnerable

condition, they are forced to be involved in prostitution and forced labor.

Commercial sex and forced labor are heinous crimes in the world. Among the

victims women are in a large quantity. (Zakar 2012)

5.7 JICAS ASSISTANCE TOWARD GENDER EQUALITY

JICAs commitment for inclusive women development holds a significant value.

It is working to bridge the gulf of gender disparities among the girls’ and boys’

.It is creating a socially clear and competent environment to embolden the

women who make half of the world population. Driving forward policies of

women education and developing the women from perpetual suppression is a

greeted step of JICAs policy in Pakistan. In 1996 JICA’s invitation to the world

expertise on promoting gender equality is laudable in every context. United

nations celebrate international women day in every year. Since March 8, 1975

UN is formally organizing world commemoration to celebrate women

development all over the world.(Report 2010)

This especial day has been established to celebrate women empowerment

to create awareness among the masses. So this day has not earned a wide

significance in the world within a short period of time especially in Japan like

countries in the world. But the repercussions of such commemorations have left

for reaching consequences to a confined land on the earth. People in large in the

world have expressed their concern for the vitality of this day to operate

campaign awareness among the masses especially in the remote areas of the

under developing countries. In this connection JICA has played an

unprecedented role to bring the people into a joint line action to fight for the

empowerment of ignored gender. Gender disparity has long been a concern of

the top officials of world concerned authorities.(Report 2009)

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First time in the history of modern world they have paid much heed towards the

melioration of this burning and sensitive issue. The ultimate aim of gender

equality is not to give the same status to the women as it has given to the men,

but the first and for most purpose of gender equality is to make them realize

about the identity and dignity of women as it is gained by nature. However in the

current world discriminated and prejudices societal customs are highly observed

against the women. Gender equality demands a broad line of collective actions

on the part of various segments of the society, it cannot be achieved through

giving equal opportunities to the masses alone JICAs said. In this purpose

international community is working hard to eliminate all forms of gender

disparities against women globally. JICA has developed a productive platform to

give maximum opportunities to the females to come out from the artificial

stumbling blocks of the society to utilizes there full potentials.(Report 2015)

5.8 WOMEN EMPOWERMENT PROGRAMS IN PAKISTAN

Speaker of the national assembly Sardar Ayaz Sadiq as chief guest of the

program held by Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) entitled as women

empowerment conference discussed a press release. The women empowerment

conference was held by BISP to deliberate upon how BISP beneficiaries could be

best empowered. The main focus of this conference is to look over the feedback

of the participant and to copy the especial program held in worldwide on such

pattern. Professor Dr. Shaista Tabussum believes that women are the strongest

pillar of the nation economy. Therefore, the empower of women would boost the

growth of the economy.

Parliamentarians, diplomats and World Bank representatives have ensured

their presence in the conference. The Department for International

Development(DFID), The Asian Development Bank (ADB), The World Food

Program (WFP), USAID, JICA, Mera Chand Welfare Trust (MCWT), The

Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF), National Commission on Status

of Women, Bedari Organization, Government Organization, various NGO’s,

Academia, Media houses, civil society and a large amount of BISP women

beneficiaries.(Menon 2017)

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Speaker of national assembly has said that women have equal role for the

progression of a nation. We have to put all out endeavour for the development of

our women and also National assembly would play a leading role for the

development of women in Pakistan. Among the participant Member of National

Assembly(MNA) Marvi Memon and Chairmanship of BISP vowed to respect

women dignity and it has been already assured by the current premier of Pakistan

Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif. The chairman of BISP said that the assistance

of Benazir income support program for women empowerment would not be

confined to the financial assistance only but it would take concrete step to

annihilate obstacles on the path of women progression. Benazir income support

programs intervention would extend maximum support to the women to steer

them out from the clutches of outdated norms of society. And also tend to

improve the health facilities and provide a platform for pursuing modern and

scientific education according to the needs of modern developing world. Marvi

Memon expressed to coordinate the efforts of NGOs and Government into a joint

line of action for the betterment of women folk. Many relevant issues came

under discussion during the time of preceding the conference related to the

women. (Tahir, Kauser et al. 2018)

The participants have stated their views for improving child education

system, maternal health care facilities, polio immunization, women malnutrition,

domestic violence against the women, acid throwing, adult literacy etc. All these

issues were designed especially for suppressed women. Benazir income support

program seek coordination with concerned institutions for women empowerment.

This grand discussion demonstrated the leading role of BISP beneficiaries

committees. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) also highlighted the

women feedbacks regarding their development and the role of United Nations

Office for Project Services (UNOPS). In addition, it also suggested some

remedial measures for the effective functioning of this program.(Menon 2017)

Having an exhaustive look over the gender disparity in the world in the

preliminary education system of the boys and girls reveals a significant

improvement in the development of gender equality in the world. However , on

global context it has developed much according to the expectations of the people.

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More especially in Pakistan it has achieved unprecedented consequences

according to foreign affairs of Pakistan. There are still many countries in sub

Saharan African countries where gender disparity and racial segregation are at

the apogee. However, in Pakistan it has recorded a significant achievement.

According to a report of United Nations Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF)

from 1997 to 2010 thousands of girls have been educationally redressed globally.

Further this report highlighted that there was a time in every corner and every

street of the world girls and women were crying for gender equality to lead a

success life style as man do so.

The suffering of women was much severe in the economic context.

United Nations wing for women development reported that the average income

of girls is much lower in comparison with women. Actually women are more

likely to be engaged in labor works against the men. There works include child

care, domestic duties and farm work without any direct remittances from their

bosses. The employment opportunities of women are much limited. Even though

women and men do the same work yet the remittances paid to the women are

much less than that of the men globally. In this regard women have launched

feminist movements despite having the majority population of the world. United

Nations gender entity for gender equality and empowerment of womenfolk has

reported that 35% of the working women face sexual and physical harassment

from their close partners or the others. It also remarked that during the time o f

natural disaster and any kind of emergencies the rate of violence’s against the

women increases. Hence, the inclusive endeavourers of JICA have proved to

minimize the tendency of such violence’s.(Nosheen 2014)

5.9 PILOT PROJECTS FOR WOMEN IN KP

United Nation Office for Project Services and the embassy of Japan have signed

pilot projects dated 7th September 2016. It aimed at developing of women

especial transportation in KP district at SERENA hotel. Highly influential from

economic affairs, planning commission and transport department, UN resident

coordinators and heads of UN agencies were present. This was predicted to be

controlled through the mutual coordination of UN agencies and KP government

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through the help of economic aids of Japanese government. The financial credits

of Japanese government are estimated to be 191 millions JPY $1.79 million

dollars. (Rix 2010)

UN resident coordinator Mr. Neil Buhne in his speech said public

transportation are the most cheapest sources for women to access their work

Places and educational institutions for the pursuance of quenching their

educational thrust. The high risk of physical and sexual harassment has

drastically declined as the women sought accession to the public transports. This

initiative for giving women buss services would make women feel safe from fear

of harassment when travelling .it has unimaginably reduced the risk of being

potential victims of harassment. There are 14 busses in these pilot projects for

women and they are equally distributed among the three districts of KP

province.(Schadl 2011)

Furthermore, director of UNOPs Muhammad Raza demonstrated that the

sexual harassment of females is not confined to their work places merely. It can

be experienced anywhere with them in Pakistan. Mostly women experience

sexual and physical harassment from contractors, drivers and so on. Women fear

from sexual harassment as a result they quiet their schooling and going to their

work places for earning credits. UNOPs with the joint efforts of JICA are

committed to ease the tendency of women harassment and helping them to take

the opportunity of separate women busses. KP government and concerned

authorities of Japanese embassy are committed to assist women for such

innovative projects.

UN women representative Jamsheed Kazi applauded the introduction of

separate busses for women. It is a potential and innovative notion for women

safety. The alarming increase of women population in the province has raised the

probability of women empowerment in government and private sector. They try

their level best to cost effective and reliable transport, security measures for life

risk, and for fear of life risk. He applauded the robust measures of government to

mitigate the tendency of fear in KP province. The initiative opening of the

separate busses for female in Mardan, Peshawar and Abbotabad will further clear

the way for future prospects for the other remote areas of Pakistan. Provincial

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secretary transport and mass transit department Mr. Zubair Asghar Qurishi was

grateful to the government of Japan for its generous support. He said it gives him

a great deal of pleasure to witness a major initiative that gives a due credit to a

large part of his society. Women from KP have also responded with full zeal and

zest to welcome such generous and innovative initiative for their development in

future.(Sadruddin 2015)

They conceived it a first step of a widened vision. They anxiously wait to

greet a large number of separate busses for women as they account to be more

than 50% of total population throughout the world. The developing works of

connecting it with the mass transit system to the city of Peshawar to cater the

needs of girls and boys in a well-mannered way. By looking over this design it

also tend to improve system of busses in all three districts of KP province in

Pakistan.

Excellency Takashi Kurai from embassy of Japan as ambassador

extraordinary and plenipotentiary says, Japan is keen to extend its support for the

empowerment of women to make realize the world that a society in which all

women shine was one of the preferential priority of Japanese premier Shenzo

Abe. Kurai stressed upon the women empowerment of women and providing

them with most safer and easiest means of travelling to their work places and

educational institutions for the pursuance of knowledge. It may help the females

to lead a life which is free from fear and scarcity of travelling facility. This is a

vital project on the part of Japanese government for emboldening the women in

every sector. Kurai says days are near when we achieve an equilibrium society

where all the people would be dealt without any gender discrimination on the

dominant part of the society in KP province in Pakistan.(Mahmood 2016)

The UNOPS UNOPs is a live and active agent of UN for implementing

$1.4 billion for maintaining peace and prosperity for humanity in every

year.(Gedde 2015) UNOPs is trying hard to become a diligent and active agent

of UN to maintain peace and prosperity for the public welfare projects as already

set out by UN for sustaining economic stability among the people.

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5.10 TRANSPORT SECTORS

UNOPs and the embassy of Pakistan collectively signed a mutual project aiming

to improve transport services for women in three selected districts of KP

provinces. This ceremony was attended by planning commission of Pakistan,

economic affairs, UN resident coordinators, heads of foreign agencies and UN

especial agencies. (Pojani and Stead 2015)

5.11 JAPAN’S MAYOR INTEREST IN MAKING BILATERAL

TIES

Many projects are envisaged to be implemented by the mutual help of UNOPs

office of Pakistan; KP’s transport department and UN women through the

financial assistance of Japanese economic aid which is estimated to be $1.7

million dollars project.

UN resident coordinator Neil Buhne in his opening speech said the fear of

women harassment mitigate the probability of women productivity in economic

sense in each passing day. The transmission of separate busses for women aims

to make them feel safe from any sort of fear from travelling. The project only

pilots in three district at the first phase, that include Mardan, Abbottabad and

Peshawar for which 14 separate busses for women are projected to run. Women

and their children up to 12 years can avail this facility. Pakistan’s Director of

UNOPs Muhammad Haider Raza stressed working women experience

harassment in various forms on each passing day by varying people. It is a great

honor for UNOPs to steer the deprived and underprivileged women from the

perpetual harassment of the people. (Report 2016)

5.12 IMPORTANCE OF PEOPLE TO PEOPLE RELATIONS

It has been learnt that the people of Japan have great love for the people of

Pakistan. Therefore, they strongly believe in helping the people of Pakistan on

social, and humanistic grounds. Apart from this, the representatives of UN Mr

Jamsheed Kazi said the introduction of women separate busses in KP province is

a potential notion to transform the result for developing women folk. He

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appreciated the move and hoped for paving the way for other cities in future on

this designed model. Zubair Asghar the transport and mass transit department

and provincial secretary praised and graduated the move of Japan government,

UN women leaderships, and UNOPs for supporting a fateful initiative in KP

province .Further he expressed that the project would be linked with mass transit

system that is being constructed in the capital city of KP and would cater the

needs of women in targeted quantity. In this connection it will give an impetus to

the public transport to get a boost that would help to meliorate the systems in the

district of KP, published in the daily Express Tribune, December 8, 2016.

5.13 JAPAN TO BUILD MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM IN KP

Japanese aid project $ 1.79 million dollars project for women empowerment and

granting a specific transport system for capital provincial city Peshawar of KP.

Leading political party representatives vowed to complete this project under the

title of bus rapid transport within one and half year of period. Anyhow it was a

good move for PTI government in KP. On the other hand the representative of

provincial secretary transport and mass transit department Zubair Asghar

Qurishi, said to the reporters that they are developing a mass transit transport

system in Peshawar and a feasible study and that may be completed within a very

short span of time till the end of 2018.(Haider 2016)

On the other hand the donors have also expressed their greeting views by

providing ample financial support to complete the first phase in which that

embodies 14 busses to cater the requirements of 10% of women out of one

million in the provincial capital of KP province. This project is estimated to run

out for 12 months. Women and their children up to 12 years would be allowed to

avail the facilities of hired busses. KP government claims 90% of the amount

would be used in materializing the project on ground and 10% of which would be

allocated for administration purposes to run the projects. At the very initial

phase male drivers would be hired at later stage female drivers would be trained

to run the busses. Japanese embassy announced the UNOPs and women

leaderships of UN with the cooperation JICA would run this project without any

hindrances to embolden the females in selected districts of KP. All the highly

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influential officials of Japan embassy, UNOPs country officers of the

government of Pakistan, UN representatives of and other authorities concerned

were present when these announcements were made publicized. This project is

envisaged to be implemented with the coordinated efforts of the UNOPs Pak

office in collaborative partnership with KP transport department and UN women

representatives through the assistance of Japanese generous aids. (Pojani and

Stead 2015)

5.14 7-FOLD INCREASE IN BENEFITS IN EMPOWERING

WOMEN

Where there is a will there is a way. Amna as an inspiring girl from Lahore, one

of the most motivated girl of this project to empower women through giving

them micro level finances. A joint strategy of coca cola and KASHF foundation

of women empowerment was formed. Those joint and collective efforts of coca

cola have 5 by 20 goals of coca cola where the aim is to embolden 5 million girls

throughout the world from 2020. ASHF foundation and Coca Cola jointly vowed

to provide micro loans to those women whom are less privileged and making

them good enough to earn their lively hood through small enterprises domestic

and local services.

The inspirational story of Amna is an eye-catching story in our society.

She is a well-educated and a devoted girl and a precocious girl recently

graduated in fine arts and assist her mother Parveen in domestic affairs. She was

a teacher from an English medium school but still she suffered much financial

difficulties while in teaching. Her monthly income was meager enough and she

was not able enough to meet out her daily meals of her family. On the other hand

her parents were not comfortable to see her going out of their house for meeting

out their ends. Her father is extremely suffering from visual impairment that has

caused much financial problems for her family members. After having a brief

interview of Amna it has been crystal clear that, she was not obliged to assist her

mother with handicrafts, she adapted another way out of her personal interest.

She is an adept and highly skillful girl.(Awan 2012)

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She got some soft loans from coca cola and KASF foundation which has

enormously eased her burden to a large extent. She is now quit able enough to

buy the required raw materials for promoting her daily income. Today she is sole

supporter of her family members, her handicrafts are demand of the targeted

cities of her province, Lahore, Gujranwala, and Faisalabad. Her frequent visits to

these cities with her family members have largely captivated the attention of

common girls in her villages. She has four family members’ two parents and two

younger dependent brothers. She is very proud to play a leading role in her

family to feed their family members by her own personal earnings. She preaches

her innovative ideas of self-help to her colleagues and her friend in her

community. However it is a great deal of pleasure for her to come out from her

house and stand like a brave boy in these current circumstances where most of

the girls are not well equipped to have access to such facilities.(Awan 2012)

Several research reports have revealed that poverty is a social evil that

has crunched the socio economic fabric of our country. According to daily

Express Tribune more than 39% of population of Pakistan is living below the

line of poverty. More than 60% of Pakistan’s population is residing in the remote

areas. It has been reported that there are numerous factors which are responsible

for aggrandizing poverty. Gender gap, illiteracy, gender inequality, putrid radical

mind sets of the parents and strict social norms are the factors of hindering the

path of poverty alleviation in Pakistan. According to the demographic census of

Pakistan in 2011, 49.19% of total population of Pakistan is constituted on women

folks. The job satisfaction opportunity for a large amount of population is

tantamount to none in Pakistan. International agencies, JICA, and the UN

representatives view those women empowerment would bring a drastic change

for rooting out the poverty.(Aslam 2012)

It can only be reduced by disseminating awareness among the masses and

also providing basic facilities to the deprived section of our society through

giving them basic health facilities, education, clean drinking water and self-help

groups ( SHG). A Nobel laureate from Bangladesh Mr. Younus in 1975 coined

this term SHG. He introduced the practical implementation of newly formed

credit method in the remote areas of Bangladesh. This method has largely

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helped the rural people of the Bangladesh to take credits from this system

without any interest. SHG is a micro economic assistance that can share the local

communities deposited credits with their mutual understanding as their common

credits to meet out their ends. Nadir Jan reported in 2010, that SHG is a robust

mechanism to give assistance to the extremely impoverished girls to solve their

financial problems by receiving micro scale credits as aids. The SHG has earned

a vital importance in Bangladesh and India by pouring positive economic

indications. Such researches has not been conducted in Pakistan so for.

This piece of writing would clearly reveal the role of SHGs in the

Gujranwala district in Pakistan and also highlight that for it would be successful

in eliminating the poverty and empowering the women development. We have

collected data through the means of questionnaires and the main focus was to

include the women of SHGS. The descriptive study shows that it has played a

leading role for the uplifting of women social, political, economic and

psychological conditions in Pakistan. SECTION 1 and SECTION 2 of this paper

demonstrate the development of the women. Section 4 recognizes aims and

objectives of this research. Section 5 would suffice the result and consequences

of SHGs in detail in an innovative manner. Women empowerment is technically

defined is the increasing fate of freedom for a person in all senses that may

include social, psychological, political and economics. Empowerment is an

instrument which transforms the putrid mind set to the liberal and tolerant

intellectual understanding.

Women should not be viewed as beneficiaries for us they also should be

dealt as active member of a live society. Women empowerment can be achieved

by giving preferences to the genuine issues of the women in the society and

giving practical assertions to the solution of the women development hindrances.

According to Deepthi (2001) and Kabeer (1999) women empowerment is a

lifelong process that requires potential ability to make personal life choices

according to the best interest of the women and also furnishing them equal

opportunities to utilize their innate potentialities for the attainment of her

lifelong cherished dreams once they have been deliberately chocked off by less

accession of the potential facilities. In rural and for flung areas of Pakistan

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women have got benefits from the SHGS in large after a gradual process of its

commencement. This piece of writing has figured out the role of SHGs in the

development of women. SHGs would support the women to be the active

participant of decision making process regarding small enterprises.

Women active participation in microeconomic entrepreneurs would boost

up the self-confidence of women and provide her a bet platform to utilize her

potentialities for credit earnings. Manimekalai & Rajeswari (2002) their study

demonstrated that all those small scale businesses launched through the help of

SHGs were successful, Anand (2002). SHGs show a great deal of women

empowerment as well as improving her social statuses (Vijayachandran &

Harikumar, 2006) According to these studies the active participation of women

in different programs of SHG’s programs have brought forth several positive

impacts upon the women development. In which they have organized their

communities and societies to settle varying women related problems.

In Pakistan it was very rare for the UN women representatives and self-

help groups (SHG’s) to be organized in remote districts of Pakistan. In recent

years it’s becoming a contributing factor for poverty alleviation and empowering

women folks. SHG reveals that the rural poor women are managing their own

pocket money; however it is a significant achievement for the people of Pakistan

in rural areas. Goblin & Herani (2010) reported that SHG in Pakistan especially

in Punjab consists of nearly 25 members: An individual as a human prepares the

SHG, and selects two representatives selected from the local group of our rural

areas. The estimated working period of SHG’s is about to be two years. The

members of SHG’s conduct their weekly meetings to discuss the emerging

women related problems on the path of their development. They monitor

community related programs, paying and repayment bank loans, community

savings and funds rotations and many more other related issues.

Having a glance over the history of Pakistan, government has taken

stringent measures to empowering women in 1970. A complete chapter in

Pakistan constitution principles of policies article 34 ensures the active

participation of women in national life. Article 35 ensures the protection of

mothers and its children in the jurisdiction of Pakistan. And also several other

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constitutional amendments have been made to assure and secure the life of

women. Financial feature is one of the key features for women empowerment

that requires a deepening concentration from the concerned authorities. Most

distressingly it is to say these efforts for the poverty alleviation and women

developments were insufficient to embolden women and poverty alleviations.

Numerous foreign financial institutes have rendered their utmost and

untiring efforts by providing financial aids to the targeted remote areas yet the

thrust of the people has not been quenched. Self Help Groups’ importance is

gaining momentum from day to day; most the rural people are pursuing their

required financial needs from SHG’s method. People are seeking mutual

cooperation for quenching their thrust collectively. United Nations in 2009

reported that Self Help Groups members are emboldened by taking active

participations in microeconomic programs leading women towards the path of

prosperity and success.

5.15 JAPAN’S SECURITY INCREASE INVESTMENT IN

PAKISTAN

The Japanese government has agreed to widen a permit help of worth 500

million Japanese Yen (Rs. 453 million or $4.43 million) to Pakistan for

presenting Face Recognition Systems at genuine widespread air terminals of the

country for improvement of security. The stamping administration to this effect

was held here where Takashi Kurai, Ambassador of Japan to Pakistan and Tariq

Mahmood Pasha, Secretary of Economic Affairs Division (EAD), denoted the

documents for their different governments. Japan has agreed to grow a give

assistance of 500 million Japanese yen’s to Pakistan under its "Monetary and

Social Development Program (MSDP)". This permit encourage is planned to

enable the progression of money related and social headway in the field of

security to change and counter-fear mongering by giving pushed Face

Recognition Systems to noteworthy overall air terminals of Pakistan.

This system is outfitted with bleeding edge Japanese advancement hoping

to improve wellbeing endeavors taken by the air terminal security staff to shield

explorers from any unforeseen condition. A year back, the organization of Japan

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has given 200 million Japanese Yen to Pakistan for presenting impelled Face

Recognition System at Karachi International Airport which is being executed

starting at now. The Face Recognition System is a PC application prepared for

perceiving or affirming a man from a mechanized picture of human face mages

got by CCTVs.

Starting late it has been used more in security structures due to its

capacity of mass recognizing evidence and non-contact process, not in any way

like one of a kind finger impression. Despite this wander, Japan has been helping

Pakistan through use of various exercises in the field of security. X-pillar

checking contraptions have been presented at three worldwide plane terminals,

including Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad and a comparative dare to Karachi and

Bin Qasim International Ports is directly ahead of time. In 2015, Japan gave

more than 123 Japanese Hybrid Vehicles Toyota Prius to the Ministry of Interior

and National Highway Police for viewing. Furthermore, in a joint exertion with

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Pakistan, a 4-year stretch

out on sustaining edge organization and illegal pharmaceutical control is

advancing since last May.

At the stamping capacity, Takashi Kurai, Ambassador of Japan to Pakistan

conveyed his most significant sensitivity to the setbacks of the dread

strikes in Lahore on the February 13 and moreover in Peshawar and better places

on the of February 15 by communicating "Fear attack can't be guarded for any

reasons". Ambassador Kurai expressed: "This give assistance reflects our strong

obligation with respect to reinforce the attempts of Pakistan against fear based

persecution". He in like manner complemented the criticalness of further change

of security situation for powerful monetary progression in Pakistan and restored

his feeling of obligation in regards to continue to assist and team up with

Pakistan. Japan has assented to expand a give assistance of Rs453 million ($4.43

million) to the lawmaking body of Pakistan under its "Money related and Social

Development Program".

According to a declaration issued by the Japanese embassy in an open

articulation that the yield will be utilized to present defy affirmation systems, a

PC application fit for perceiving or affirming a man from a propelled picture of

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human face pictures got by CCTVs at huge overall plane terminals in Pakistan. A

give assistance assertion in this issue was set apart between Japanese

Ambassador Takashi Kurai and Economic Affairs Division Secretary Tariq

Mahmood Pasha at the EAD on Friday for the advantage of their individual

governments. The surrender relate has been expected to progress budgetary and

social enhancements in the field of security change and counterterrorism by

giving the face affirmation systems at Pakistani air terminals, said the off icial

proclamation. It incorporated that the structure, equipped with front line

Japanese development, means to shield close-by and worldwide voyagers from

any startling situation by enhancing air terminal security.


Chapter 5 specifically speaks for the Japanese aid toward the empowerment of

the women in the Pakistani society. The feminist movements around the world in

the late 17th and 18th centuries created enough environments for the political rise

of the women for the first time since the Greek city states, but still majority of

the women around the world are vulnerable toward their male superiors. The

contribution of Japan in the empowering of the women is through the aid to SHG

(Self Help Groups). These groups are very valuable groups. They are created by

the communities without external support at the first place. Most of these SHG’s

work at the community level aimed at developing the opportunities for the

women. Foreign aid is contributing, but not the provincial or central government.

a very perturbing way of life the people in the rural areas shows how serious the

government is toward elevating their life standards.

Comprehending the significance of the women in the modern world,

SHG’s are working to enroll more and more girls at the schools, rebuilding the

sewerage system in order to avoid some very basic health hazards that might

create enormous diseases. Women are weak, physically and psychologically.

Thousands of years of exploitation and domination at the hands of the male

superiors have weakened women. They are under fear. They live in fear in the

rural areas of Pakistan where they are systematically subjected to domestic

violence and psychological torment. Confined to homes, beaten at homes, not

allowed to attain education, not given access to health as compared to their male

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superiors, women are subjected to mental torture. Most of the males are

preferred in every aspect of life; women are not given the equal chance to move

forward.

The scars run too deep for them to do something for encouraging. The

(Self Help Groups) formulated at the community basis are making endeavors to

change this impact. They want to drive the women out of the fear and the torture

they have been subjected to for centuries. Punjab is on the lead in SHG’s and

efforts in the Gujranwala district done by the SHG with the help of the aid

received from Japan are laudable. They are working to encourage the women to

work in different sectors in the urban areas also. In the advanced cities and urban

centers, most of the women are confined to medical and education field.

The financial sectors in Pakistan are also opening their doors for the

women, but still they are marginalized in the private sector. The efforts of SHG

need to be stretched to other parts of the country in such critical lack of

concentration of the government. Independent community service is filling the

vacuum of the oblivion of the government. True, that the aid of Japan does not

and cannot directly sponsor the community based organizations unless the funds

first go to the government and then directed to certain community based services.

At least the government is channeling some of the funds to these services is still

a hope that government is not fully oblivious of its public.

4.17 CONCLUSION

This study reveals the importance of Pak-Japanese relations and the efforts of

Japan in empowering women in Pakistan. Japan has been assisting Pakistan

financially and physically to ensure the fully empowerment of women. The

SHGs in Pakistan which has helped a lot for poverty alleviation through women

empowerment by making them financially self-sufficient, has been supported by

Japan. It has been proved that SHGs has created confidence building and self-

reliance among the girls in our society. However, this study has some limitations

which did not allow the fully empowerment of women in Pakistan. Moreover,

some remote areas of Pakistan in the Punjab province are on the top. Therefore,

it is a bit difficult to apply the rural findings upon urban areas in Punjab and

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other cities in Pakistan. Our data collection process has not gone through the

relevant organizations and NGO’s, but we have taken much assistance from

SHGs and related schemes running in different areas of the world in general and

Punjab province in particular.

The effectiveness of SHGs cannot be brought to the comparison with

other related schemes for the purpose of poverty reduction and women

empowerment. We can do for the effective mechanism of poverty reduction in

better way in the future. However, in the future this piece of writing would be

expanded to get the better of these limitations and we expect a much cherished

consequences for different readers, researchers and practitioners with vital

significant insights for poverty diminution and women development.

The Self Help Groups’ efforts at one side are more than a community

service and must be held in high esteem, but at the same time, they are not

enough for a large scale. Still the country is lurching into darkness. Miseries are

not yet drawn to their end. Every community and every district must do the

same. Every community who seeks the help of the higher authorities and the

government remains in sullen silence to their cause, and then they must not sit

idle crossing their figures. They must create Self Help Groups’ at their own

community levels and must work in their own capacity to promote the interests

of the public. They must work in collaborating with other social organizations

and NGO’s. If the government does not directly help in eradicating all the

miseries, but as a matter of fact, the government can ensure the channel of funds

from Japan and other countries for the humanitarian cause must not end.

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CHAPTER 6

PROMOTING EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN; JAPAN’S

CONTRIBUTION

6.1 INTRODUCTION

Pre-independence of sub-continent, the land of India and Pakistan experienced

the British system of education which was only based on the Three Rs (Reading,

Writing and Arithmetic) since Britishers aimed to introduce the said system

education was to maintain clerical work in their respective industries. However,

after the independence of Pakistan and India, both introduced their own

respective educational system. The early leadership vacuum, political instability

and economic crisis in Pakistan badly affected the educational sector in Pakistan.

Professor. Dr. Rasool Bakhsh Rais strongly maintain that Pakistan never

has to compromise on its quality education. Maintaining quality education in

Pakistan has been an uphill task for the government of Pakistan due to lack of

proper and sound planning by the concerned authority. Therefore, Pakistan lags

far behind in term of education as compare with other neighbouring countries.

No doubt, the government of Pakistan has been trying its utmost best to meet the

primary objective of the standard education in the country; however, it has

succeeded to bring certain reforms in educational sector, but still needs to bring

more reforms. What displeases the government the most is the poor enrolment of

children in primary education where government needs to work sincerely. On the

other hand, the government sector schools have also failed to faster the ratio of

the enrolment in schools despite the increase of population.

It ought to be noted that the government of Pakistan has taken certain

measures which are intended to strengthen the quality education in primary level

by providing teachers’ training and other logistic supports; however, in order to

meet the quality standard of regional states, the government still has to bring

more improvements and reforms in the education sectors. In addition, Pakistan

needs to bring more positive step to fight back against the lacking areas

according to the policies to achieve the positive goal as aimed.

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Furthermore, Pakistan’s very initial problem is to tackle the issue

occurring in the country is the shortage of assets and poor quality of facilities.

Training being a basic area of improvement in the educational quality is far

reaching. Therefore, teachers without training are unable to maintain the aimed

quality education of government. Moreover, the lack of basic facilities in

education created hurdles and challenges for government to claim the quality

education in primary level. Nonetheless, the government of Pakistan currently

planned to meet quality education by conducting mass awareness programs in

village level so that they get encouraged to enroll their children in schools. The

government of Pakistan is also committed to end the ghost schools within the

countries which is huge challenge itself. It is very much important to note that

without expanding the ratio of enrollment of children in schools, the desired

results hard to meet since improving the enrollment ratio, would bring the

suitable result to increase the numbers of students in the schools which will

automatically expand the primary education system. However, Dr. Muhammad

Shakeel Ahmed believes that Pakistan to get the help of Japan to improve its

educational sector.

Human security has been at risk in Pakistan, Japan has been actively

observed in supporting Pakistan to develop the educational, social and economic

sectors of Pakistan.(Kazmi and Quran 2005) Being a staunch supporter of the

notion to empower the people of the developing countries in social and economic

fields, Japan is consistently supporting most of the developing countries

generally and Pakistan specifically since 1990. İn addition, Japanese assistance

to the development of various sectors in Pakistan is dated back to 1954,

Provision of technical assistance and granting ample amount of loans in the

decade of the 1960s and 1970s were mainly intended for the development of

various sectors in Pakistan. Japan is actively supporting the government of

Pakistan to revive the economy and bring a dramatic reduction in the ratio of

poverty which has been alarming some years before. Even Japan has taken some

other initiatives and started certain programs regarding poverty reduction in

Pakistan which were purely aimed to reduce poverty in Pakistan thoroughly.

More specifically, Japan has been observed in working and developing the

educational sector which is termed to be the most crucial sector. Moreover,

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human security related cooperation and collaboration of Japan to Pakistan has

not only strengthened Pak-Japanese relations, it has also brought huge reforms in

the educational sector of Pakistan.

Japan’s aid is crucial in improving the standards of education and

extending it to the far flung areas of the country since in the field of

education,(Kazmi and Quran 2005) no doubt, Pakistan has been working to

introduce the modern system of education in Pakistan, but it seems extremely

tough for Pakistan to introduce the desired system in villages and far flung areas.

Therefore, the aid and support of Japan in respect of the promotion of education

in whole villages of Pakistan is inevitable and inescapable.

Japan has worked on the higher level education as well, especially,

assisting the science and engineering colleges of different universities and

colleges. Moreover, the Japanese government has been observed to grant

financial supports to the government of Pakistan totaling 17 millions of dollars

to Pakistani NGO’s related to the health and education related projects. They are

mainly intended to create learning awareness among the masses and conduct

motivational programs for the people in Pakistan. Those areas of Pakistan which

are very backward and underdevelopment are brought under these projects to

improve the status of the people rapidly, so that the people of remote areas could

easily compete with the modern needs of the world.

It has been estimated that more than 5,400 students (Statistics and

Schedules 2014) can get maximum benefits from the programs initiated by Japan

in Pakistan through Official Development Assistance. It ought to be noted that

most of the beneficiaries would most probably hail from the outskirt cities of

Islamabad where the educational and health related facilities are desperately

lacking. During the time of the ceremony before signing this project ambassador

Inomata has delivered a speech that the ultimate aim of the Japanese government

is to eradicate the social menaces and also improve the educational and health

related facilities of the under privileged people in remote areas of the country.

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6.2 PAK-JAPANESE COOPERATION IN EDUCATION

SECTOR

Right after the establishment of the diplomatic relations on April 28th, 1952,

Pakistan and Japan steadily developed their bilateral trade and commercial

relations as Pakistan opened its first commercial office in Japan. Moreover,

Pakistan also played an important role in boosting up Japan's economy in the

1950s by exporting cotton and jute to Japan.(Poonawala 1971) In return,

Pakistan was imported textile machinery from Japan. In order to further

strengthen the bilateral trade relations, exchange of highly officials’ visits in

both sides were observed so frequently. The visit of the then Prime Minister of

Pakistan, Hassan Shaheed Suharwardy in Japan in April 1957(Malik 2008) and

the return visit of the then Japanese Prime Minister, Hayato Ikeda in Pakistan

on 17–20 November 1961 opened new chapters in Pak-Japanese relations since

during his visit to Pakistan, he offered a Yen loan of 20 million(Poonawala

1971) to Pakistan in developing its social and educational sectors in Pakistan.

The official visit of the then Prime Minister of Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto

to the Funeral Ceremony of Emperor Showa in February, 1989 brought both

states closer.(Chaudhri 1989) Moreover, the technical assistance, aid and loan of

Japan to Pakistan boosted in the 1990s, which were truly aimed to bring reforms

in the social sector including the education sector. However, the nuclear test of

Pakistan on May 28th, 1998 resulted the closure of the economic assistance and

cooperation of Japan for Pakistan.(Rizvi 1999) Economic relations along with

the assistance and collaboration between Japan and Pakistan were suspended.

But Japan wished that both India and Pakistan would sign anti -nuclear treaties so

that the aid of Japan would continue with Pakistan. For the very purpose,

Japanese Prime Minister, Yoshiro Mori visited Pakistan on August 20–21, 2000.

The visited was marked a great diplomatic breakthrough in Pakistan since Pak-

Japanese relations after the blast again became on the road of improvement. İn

addition, in order to maintain good ties, the government of Japan granted an

emergency aid of 20 million yen to cope with the disaster in Pakistan. (Ensign

1992) Moreover, it was further extended up to 481 million yen on October

3,2000.

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The tragic incident of 9/11 which shook the entire world, bringing a U-turn

foreign policy in most of the states of the world, also so many security risks for

Pakistan. As US pressure developed in Pakistan to do more, the appreciable

comments about Japan on the sacrifices of Pakistan during the Afghan war

extended.

Working in the education sector was one of the top priorities of Japan in

Pakistan. Since the commencement of official educational development

assistance program in Pakistan. Moreover, Japan has built 530 basic educational

institutions from 1454 till the present era said Mr. Ino Meta. The year 2016 was

marked the 62nd anniversary of Japan Official Development Assistance in

Pakistan.(Adhikari 2016) Japanese premier Shenzu Abe embarked upon a global

commitment to implement ODA program of worth 3 Billion dollars by the end of

2017, a society in which women shine said by ambassador of Pakistan from

Japan. Mr. Ino Meta emphasized that the following mega projects for Sindh is

the part of prime self-national commitment.

No doubt the significance of girls’ education holds a pragmatic validity

especially Mr. Inumeta says “the more women are educating the more likely that

their children get basic healthcare services and education”. Ambassador reported

that improving women education would bring a dynamic shift in the future

prospect of Pakistan in the near future. On behalf of Pakistan government, a

leading journalist Seethi expressed that since and appealing appreciation for

Japan’s efforts in promoting women education in past and present.

6.3 EDUCATION: A KEY TO DEVELOPMENT

Education is the base, and quality of education is necessary for the survival of

any nation, no nation can develop without imparting the quality education among

its nations. Moreover, it brings prosperity, development and improvement in the

country since it builds the nation. Education leads the nation towards success,

integrity, and development. A well-educated nation guarantees the political

stability, economic prosperity and social integrity. İn order to improve the

educational sector in Pakistan, Japan has been actively supporting

Pakistan.(Malik 2007) For instance, Sindh University Mirpurkhas campus

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invited Japan’s Consul General in Karachi Akira Ouchi on November 17, 2014

where he delivered lecture on country’s diplomacy and international

contribution .He delivered an effective lecture and encouraged to the students by

giving them tips of getting scholarships for higher education in Japan. At the

occasion, he highlighted the importance of Pak-Japanese relations. He further

said that Japan had been playing active roles in improving the educational

sectors in Pakistan.

Mr Ouchi Further said that Japan had given $3 billion under the umbrella

of ODA to meet the targeted goals in Pakistan in which the education sector was

set.(Akiko 2000) He was reported to have quoted that South Asia with a

population of over 1.6 billion was becoming increasingly important among the

comity of nations. He accepted the fact that in the future, Pakistan has great

potential of development. Moreover, he maintained that education was the key to

success, and basic education for all ought to be maintained. In addition, he said

that the higher education especially in the field of science and technology has

been the most important factor in Pakistan for economic development. More

importantly, he assured that Japan would continue to play its role in the

development of education in Pakistan and scholarships would be given to the

students of Pakistan.(Komai 1995) He highlighted the fact that the Sindh

province has miserably lagged behind in the education sector as compared to

Punjab province. No doubt, Pakistan has been working for the betterment in the

education sector as compared to other countries of the region, In the last five

years the literacy and enrollment increased significantly.

6.4 ROLE OF PJCA IN PAKISTAN’S HIGHER EDUCATION.

PJCA, being a mutual formed association between Pakistan and Japan, has

helped for the promotion of cultural activities between the both countries.

Moreover, the said association has conducted many kinds of Japanese cultural

activities (Ikebana demonstration, Jujitsu demonstration etc.). There are four

branches of PJCA located in Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar. Two

hundred students from Pakistani have been registered for study purposes in

higher educational institutions such as universities in Japan as of 2014. Out of

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two hundred ,sixty students are still studying under Japanese Government

Scholarship Program and one of them is getting education under Young

Leaders’ program student as of 2015.(Mansoor 2005)

6.5 MEXT’S ROLE IN PAKISTAN’S EDUCATION

Government of Japan has played an important role in promoting education

among Pakistani students. The performance of the Ministry of Education,

Culture, Sports, Science and are highly appreciable since with the efforts of the

said association, many students of Pakistan were awarded scholarships for

getting higher education in Japan. Moreover, through the said association, ten

researchers are sent to Japan in each year to get education. However, the year of

2015 witnessed two teachers getting trained in Japan under Ministry of

Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). Getting

scholarships for higher education has brought huge reforms in Pakistan. (Farooq

1994) Nobody can deny the efforts of Japan in imparting education in Pakistan.

(Ahmad, Abbas et al.) Japan has also provided trainings to the bureaucrats of

Pakistan. In this regards, Japan has started Young Leader’s Program for Pakistan

and under this program three officers were sent to Japan in 2013 and one another

officer was sent in 2015, approximately eighteen offices have been sent in this

program since 2004.

6.6 PAK-JAPAN NEXUS IN TRAINING JOURNALISTS IN

PAKISTAN

The Government of Japan has played an important role in educating the Pakistani

Journalists. For instance, Japan under the umbrella of “Invitation Program”

invited the journalists of Pakistan to Japan to deepen the understanding of Japan

and to strengthen the bilateral relations. Furthermore, in the field of education,

Japan has enhanced its support towards the improvement of basic education as

well as guaranteeing the provision of quality education. Furthermore, Japan has

realized the importance of technical education and skills training at the

secondary and post-secondary school level which is extremely necessary to bring

improvement in the middle class society of Pakistan. No doubt, Japan has

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focused on many sectors of development in Pakistan; however, the main

importance was given to education, health and infrastructure.(Curtis 2007)

6.7 JAPAN’S ROLE IN PROMOTING EDUCATION IN

PAKISTAN.

History has witnessed that Japan has been a great source for the social

development in Pakistan. Nobody can deny the role of Japanese government and

its immeasurable efforts in uplifting the education in Pakistan. İn addition, Japan

has been keenly interested in seeing an educationist and a healthy nation in

Pakistan; therefore, the government of Japan has promised $171,920 worth of

financial aid for the enhancement of health and education facilities in the

capital’s periphery and Khyber Agency in the tribal areas. The Japanese

government ensured the fully and proper utilization of the said amount on the

desired places. In order to spend the said amount in proper way, the Learning

Awareness and Motivation Program was formed which received an amount of

$101,260 out of the total amount to impart education in Khyber Agency and the

Capital. The said funding has rendered several facilities in health and education

sectors of Pakistan. Japan’s premier focus on primary education in Pakistan is

worth appreciable. Additionally, LAMP has constructed a building of a primary

school in Lashora village of Khyber Agency. 170 above students were supposed

to carry on the study who previously were studying in open-air.(Memon 2007)

Facilities would help students learn in newly-built buildings of School. However,

Japan gives JPY 1,967 million (USD 17.5 million) to strengthen Energy and

Education in Pakistan. Japan International Cooperation Agency is one of the

world’s largest Multilateral Development Agencies with around about figure of

10.3 billion US dollars in financial resources.(Ciplet, Müller et al. 2010) Mainly,

the concept of JICA’s programs is humanitarian defence which focuses on

education and health projects for the benefit of masses. JICA usually deals with

yen loan, whereas, grants are dealt by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government

of Japan.

http://tribune.com.pk/story/764110/japan-pledges-grant-for-improvement-in-health-education/


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6.8 JICA AND GIRLS’ EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has been playing a pivotal role

in strengthening the energy sector and developing the girls’ education in

Pakistan. The Japan government has approved to grant Pakistan, nearly, worth

1,967 million Yen (approx. 17.5million USD) through JICA which aims to work

on the power grid operations and the constructions of twenty five girls’ schools

in Pakistan.

No doubt, Japan has focused deeply to upgrade the girls’ schools from

primary to elementary In this connection, the two dimensional projects in Japan

have been under process in Sindh which are related to girls’ education. In

addition, Japan wants to see the reforms in girls' education. Hence Japan has

taken determined steps in this regard. "The Project for Upgrading Primary Girls

Schools into Elementary Schools in Northern Rural Sindh", which actually is the

second phase of the on-going project, and would construct around 25

elementary-middle schools for girls in the less developed areas of Northern

Sindh Province In order to reform and expand girls' access to middle education

in rural areas of Sindh, the government of Japan is currently, at the first step,

constructing 29 schools in Hyderabad, Badin, Tandoo Allahyar, Jamshoro,

Nawbshah and Mirpurkhas.

Japan considers education a foundation of a nation. Therefore, it has

prioritized health and education in Pakistan. For this, Japan has decided to keep

up these projects in Pakistan. Mr. Tojo, Chief Representative of JICA , has said

that "JICA would continue in supporting Pakistan's both in energy and education

sector. The expansion of education opportunities is one of the Japan's

development priority areas in Pakistan. Therefore, Japan has built over 500

schools so far in various parts of Pakistan.

JICA has accepted and trained 6,478 Pakistani trainees both in Japan and

in Pakistan since 1954 until the end of 2016. It’s a very positive and constructive

endeavor on the part of the japans government. Total 175 trainees were approved

in 2011and 161 trainees in 2012 and 214 trainees in 2013 and 686 trainees in

2014 and so on.

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6.9 PAKISTAN JAPAN DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE

It has been extremely hard for country like Pakistan to stand a quality education

in Pakistan since it has to begin from the very beginning. Therefore, Pakistan has

been in search of foreign funding for its educational sector. More importantly,

Japan and US, both have been keenly interested to work for human security in

Pakistan especially in education and health sectors. However, the support and aid

of Japan to Pakistan for educational sector, is inevitable.

i. As a matter of fact, in the ODA, Japan stands as the third largest

donor of aid. The second is United Kingdom (UK) and the first is

of course USA.

ii. Total amount of assistance since 1954: ¥1,278 billion (Loan: ¥976

billion, Grant: ¥253 billion, Technical Cooperation: ¥50 billion)

(FY2013)

Japan has been supporting PIMS through financial aids, since 1982 (Children’s

Hospital, Mother and Child Health care Centre and College of Nursing and

Paramedical Institute). The total grants of Japan were amounted 11 billion

Japanese yen.(YAMASHITA, URABE et al. 1993)

6.10 JAPAN PLEDGES GRANT FOR IMPROVEMENT IN

EDUCATION

The government of Japan has guaranteed $171,920 (approximately Rs.17

million) worth of financial support for the improvement of health and education

facilities in the capital’s outskirts and Khyber Agency in the tribal areas.

An agreement in this regard is to be signed between them. The

ambassador of Japan Mr. Hiroshi Inomata and representatives of two non-

government organizations have under pinned a memorandum of understanding to

keep n check with collective services of both the countries.

Among the total financial aids, the Learning Awareness and Motivation

Program are to get $101,260 and the True Worth Foundation $70,660 for the



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development of educational and health facilities of the adjoining areas of the

federal capital Islamabad and Khyber Agency etc.

However, the financial grant of the True worth Foundation will be

utilized for the improvement and development of a health centre in Chatha

Bakhtawar, Islamabad. Moreover, that includes the provision of an ambulance,

establishment of a medical laboratory and the improvement of the other

facilities.

This study shows that approximately 5,400 masses from the

underdeveloped communities will be benefited from this mega project of Japan.

It also intends to make quick starts of numerous other minor projects for the

development of the communal people.

The grant of the LAMP will be utilized for the construction of primary

educational institutions in Lashora village of Khyber Agency in KP district. It

has been expected that more than 170 students whom are currently studying

under the open sky if ample facilities would be given to make them able to learn

in a newly-built school building in the Khyber Agency region.

Speaking at the signing ceremony of this project, Ambassador Mr.

Hiroshi Inomata remarked that Japan’s Official Development Assistance

Program to Pakistan confers a high priority to the development of health and

educational facilities in the country.

Mr. Hiroshi Inomata expressed hope that these financial grants would

contribute to Pakistan’s goals of providing equal opportunities for good and

quality education as well as improving access to healthcare facilities to the

common people, and in doing so; it would certainly strengthen good and friendly

nexus between the people of both the countries.

The Japanese government has granted to make available to grant around a

worth of 1967 million Japanese Yen. The grant is to be given to the government

of Pakistan through a Japan International Agency. Therefore, JICA is to strong

the training facilities on the power grind operations and to build schools. Its

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foremost aim is to make twenty five girls schools to promote the education of

girls to strength their capability of knowing the operational power in them which

can have a great influence in the process of girl’s education in the country. (Kato

2016)

For this purpose there are to an agreement between the JICA and the

government of Pakistan. The agreements were to be signed for the “The Project

for Strengthening Training Center on Grid System Operations and Maintenance”.

The agreements were made on the in order to get the grant up to 994 million

Yen. It also includes the project for the girls’ schools till the elementary schools

which cover the most south areas of south Sindh. The Project for Upgrading

Primary Girls schools into Elementary Schools in the Northern rural of Sindh

It includes the worth of 973 Yen, to the Pakistan. Similarly on the same

time the secretary Economics Affairs Division has announced to grant the

agreements between the two of the states for the better educational affairs

through these projects. Furthermore, Mr Yasuriho Tojo is the chief

representative of the JICA program. Also the joint secretary of the EAD had

similar details on the program.

The projects to stronger the strength of the training centers for

maintaining the operations of the projects. It also develops the training courses

with the help of the Japanese. The Japanese well effected technologies have

brought advancement too in the progress for their beneficial effects. It s imilarly

strengthens the training availabilities in Technical Service Group (TSG) and

National Transmission and Dispatch Company (NTDC). Furthermore, it has

helped the bringing and the installation of the training purpose to get the goals of

their aims on the basis of the projects between the organizations and the

government of the both respective countries.

According to the reports JICA has been able to complete its projects in

the 2014. The JICA’s projects were to bring capacity building in the issues of the

trainers in the country.(Jumani, Rahman et al. 2011) In 2014 the JICA’s web

system worked for the operators of the NTDC to bring improvement in the

projects. The successful completion of such grind by the projects such as JICA

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laid landmark for the rest of the projects. Such grant for these projects will he lp

the greater results in the near future. And today’s signed project will without any

doubt are expected to bring the increase in the effectiveness which will result a

together positive conclusion in the technical cooperation in the projects as well

the field which is needed in the country like Pakistan which is lacking all these

in its existences. However, JICA’s completed technical collaboration project in

the mentioned year 2014 for capacity construction for trainer of grid system

operators of NTDC. This grant aid project signed today will bring about a

synergy with outcome of the technical cooperation.

6.11 JAPAN AS A TOP DONOR TO PAKISTAN

Since 1954 in the very early stage of the country it was facing all sorts of

problems. It included the technical issues as one of the foremost problems of the

state at that period of time. As after the separation of the subcontinent especially

becoming two main states India and Pakistan. Pakistan had to face several issues

onward. Technical issue was one of those. So at that point of time in 1954 Japan

has started economic support to the Pakistan. Japan started its economic support

to the state of Pakistan in the technical awareness fields since then. This

assistance had helped the newly born state to progress smoothly after it was left

for God’s mercy by the past colonies.

At that point Japan’s aids become worthy especially in the technical fields

where the state of Pakistan had nothing. Japanese aids in 1954 have helped

Pakistan more in the development of technical way of live to compete with other

nations of the world. Furthermore, in 1961 the Japanese continue to aid Pakistan.

In 1961 the Japanese government had given the aid to grant in the development

process of the country which was in a deep trouble in the earlier stages of its

growth. Japans ODA loan in 1961 and 1970 continuously helped the process of

assistance in the country. (Organization 2014)

1961 and 1970’s aid of japan had provided a great improvement in the

field of technical program in Pakistan.(Inada 1989) Through the improvement in

the technical field Pakistan had played a very great role to continue its success

for a good and prosper future in the future and continuous development by the

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Japanese aid to the Pakistan had lightened a bright future ahead of her. The

Japanese had given a great amount of sum to the government of Pakistan to

steadily cover its undeveloped area of the technical process. The gradual increase

in the total amount of Japan's economic assistance to Pakistan was around 1,094

billion Yen 549 billion Pakistani rupees (1Yen = 0.5 Pakistan Rs.) until CY 2005

on commitment basis.

These funds and aid came to an end when the government of Pakistan had

changed its technical progress to another world. For aiming to become a nuclear

weapon holder country Pakistan has tested the first nuclear in 1998. After that

the foreign government like Japan had stopped its continued funds and aid for

Pakistan to progress in the technical studies fields. Pakistan getting the funds

from a nation which seen a dark age due to the chemical weapons had used its

aid which hunger the Japanese to call off to the funds through which the country

was developing in the field of technology. It also ended the progress of new

projects that Japanese were thinking about to give the aids to Pakistan.

Though Pakistan had used the technical assistance from the Japanese

government in a different way yet the Japanese government continues its aid in

different fields to give Pakistan help in the bad time to improve its other field

except technical fields after 1998 nuclear test in its own soul which listed

Pakistan a nuclear country in the map of world. However, on the eve of nuclear

test explosion in 1998 by Pakistan, Japan had suspended its all sorts of aid to

Pakistan, including the educational and social sectors aids. (Long 2001)

It has already been clarified that Japan had suspended technical assistance

to the government of Pakistan after her nuclear tests but the country yet

remained sensible towards the government of Pakistan on the other fields. Japan

had given Pakistan emergency funds to develop its structure when the country is

hit by a disaster or any other natural disaster in the country which are more

likely to occur in the country. Furthermore the Japanese government not only

gives aid to the emergency level to the government of Pakistan but it had help

Pakistan in the humanitarian basis too to give the assistance in the country,

grassroots projects, and technical cooperation in the line too. And it had given

the government of Pakistan the aid and the loan for current and ongoing projects

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to develop itself in the world as a well develop country in the world

map.(Organization 2014)

The continuous terror attacks occurring from September 11, 2001 Japan

came to know about Pakistan part in the scenario. Japan knowing the

contribution of Pakistan in counter terrorism and the Pakistan’s efforts against

the international terrorism are well respected by Japan. Therefore to help

Pakistan in the process Japan once again declared to continue the aids which

were to be banned by 1998 May’s nuclear test. These led Japan to continue the

dismissed aid once more in the year 2001 for the all sectors like the past as Japan

give assistance to the Pakistan government. The announcement was made on

October 26th, 2001 after the 1998 disapproval of all aid which was continued in

the country of Pakistan by the government of Japan. Consequently, Japan

promised an agreement of grant of US$ 300 million in November 2001. Japan

also rearranged the money owing worth US$ 4.5 billion in March 2003 in

persuasion of agreed minutes of the Paris Club between the two states.

Moreover, in April, 2005 the Japanese Prime Minister had publically announced

the carrying on of Japanese ODA Loan program to Pakistan so as to improve the

country's capacity to undertake large scale road and rail network development

projects which would enable the country to bounce back from the rooted

problems of the country.

6.12 JAPAN'S COUNTRY ASSISTANCE PROGRAM FOR

PAKISTAN

In 2005 the government of Japan under its another medium term policy on the

basis of ODA the country Japan had agreed to approve the development program

toward the developing nation on the occasion of 3rd February 2005 as mentioned

early. To know the considerable differences occurring in the international

surroundings around the Pakistan. Therefore, Japan has at the length closely

studied the development problems which are being encountered Pakistan and has

defined its standard and long-term goals for the country that are aimed at

“Building a Sustainable Society”. (Kohama 2004)

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6.13 JAPAN'S OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE FOR

PAKISTAN

Japan has realized that peace and harmony can be planted in the entire world

with the help of education and development. Therefore, Japan has been

witnessed in supporting the developing countries, like Pakistan to bring

betterment in their social and educational sectors. Japan has embarked upon the

policy of helping and supporting the countries in social sectors. In the education

sector, Japan recently has wholesale its support towards promoting the basic

education (elementary and secondary) as well as ensuring the stipulation of

excellence education. At the same time, Japan understands that the increase of

technical education and skills training at the secondary and post-secondary

school level is necessary to bring about an expansion in the middle class society

of Pakistan. It is the reason the government of Japan is trying its best to provide

essential and technical education to the Pakistani children in all level of

educational process to engage the generations with the touch of educational

institutions rather than any other bad activity which are frequently happening in

the state of Pakistan which not only destabilize the country’s peace but it will

also put negative perceptions on world peace too.

Japan continued its all three priority goals of Country Assistance Program

in Pakistan. Moreover, Japan started its goals in Pakistan in February 2005; these

goals were aimed to ensure human security and human development (mainly in

the area of education and health). Japan has started manifold education and

health projects, above all, the number of schools and hospitals with latest

infrastructure and equipment in education and health sectors, secondly Japan has

brought many improvement in sound market economy.

Japan recently has extended its support towards promoting education

sector in both elementary and secondary educations, ensuring the provision of

quality education.(Kazmi and Quran 2005) Japan at the same time understands

that the expansion of technical education and skills training at the secondary and

post-secondary school level is necessary in order to develop the middle class

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society of Pakistan. Japan has taken these steps considering Human capital is one

of the largest factors influencing a country's development.

Human capital is one of the leading factors effecting a country's

enlargement. However, in the education sector, Japan recently has wholesale its

support towards promoting the basic education (elementary and secondary) as

well as ensuring the stipulation of excellence education. At the same time, Japan

understands that the increase of technical education and skills training at the

secondary and post-secondary school level is necessary to bring about an

expansion in the middle class society of Pakistan. It is the reason the government

of Japan is trying its best to provide essential and technical education to the

Pakistani children in all level of educational process to engage the generations

with the touch of educational institutions rather than any other bad activity

which are frequently happening in the state of Pakistan which not only

destabilize the country’s peace but it will also put negative perceptions on world

peace too.(Alam 2003)

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TABLE 6. 1 ODA TO PAKISTAN THROUGH STATISTICAL ORDER-

1990-2015

SOURCE: (a) Japan's ODA White Paper and Japan's ODA Annual Report, Ministry of Foreign

Affairs of Japan; (b) JICA's internal Statists

Fiscal Year ODA Loan (100mil. Yen)

Grant Aid (100mil. Yen)

Technical Cooperation (100mil. Yen)

1990 416.33 75.41 8.64

1991 350.02 75.82 13.48

1992 122.47 71.53 11.03

1993 584.16 74.05 12.97

1994 348.18 63.52 15.17

1995 498.04 69.90 14.04

1996 296.51 61.07 16.84

1997 320.30 57.08 13.47

1998 0 5.66 11.13

1999 0 8.56 10.99

2000 0 20.42 8.65

2001 40.32 107.83 8.75

2002 31.49 75.90 14.18

2003 0 63.13 17.99

2004 0 48.63 17.32

2005 275.82 100.13 21.40

2006 231.57 51.96 25.30

2007 0 47.63 13.93

2008 479.43 60.89 11.79

2009 233.00 121.10 19.00

2010 197.00 43.50 24.30

2011 49.90 78.90 19.30

2012 0 65.20 17.90

2013 0 38.60 14.50

2014 50.00 49.42 17.58

2015 50.00 54.57 24.12

2016 112.90 21.67 N/A

2017 -------- 50.9 N/A

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6.13.1 Improvement in basic education

Punjab Literacy Promotion Project is an on-going project in the four model

districts of Punjab so as to strengthen the administrative and planning capacity of

the literacy department both at provincial and district levels. The project has

developed the comprehensive information system for an efficient and effective

management of literacy program.

By Japanese ODA Loan is also an on-going project which aims to

improve access and quality of middle level education and to bring about

reduction in gender disparity. Japan is supporting up gradation of two hundred

primary schools to the level of middle schools, construction of science rooms

and technical workshops, with the provision of necessary equipment. A Japanese

expert is also working in collaboration with the department for the project to

strengthen the function of educational administration at the provincial as well as

district government level.

Resource development to ensure sustainable supply of water for

agriculture is extremely important, considering its impact on the life of the

masses in Pakistan. Especially, the Indus Irrigation system is the backbone of

Pakistan's economy. Having suitable climatic conditions, KP has a vast potential

for agriculture. JICA has been supporting the development of value added

products in the field of livestock, aquaculture and fruits processing. Such region

specific products will contribute to the entire rural economy by promoting food

processing and marketing as well as agricultural production.(Alam 2003)

Fortifying the Technical Education and Vocational Training is one of the

made degrees out of national change saw by the Government of Pakistan.

Upgrading human asset change particularly through specific and limit movement

is relied on to contribute the change of basic worth included hoarding with

refreshed general forcefulness in the district. Also, the Government of Pakistan

expects extension of limit movement program will bolster determination of as

often as possible broadening vigorous people groups into the work advance. The

Government of Pakistan drafted the National Skills Strategy (NSS) 2009-2013

inquisitively to set a heading of invigorating TVET works out. Setting up

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Industry Specific Centers of Excellence is one of the techniques of the National

Skills Strategy. The meander is to help the change of purpose of union of wonder

for mechanical and design courses which can give the wellness prepare

tremendous to the necessities of associations. Emerged from Japan, work

coordinating was never a touch of the movement designs of Pakistan.

Plans for work were not even a touch of progress designs up to the sixth

game-plan. Thus, Pakistan developed a champion among the most clueless

nations, having more than 60% nonappearance of guideline. Regardless, Japan

was in advantage having made HR and uncommon mechanical base. In Japan,

the signs of current change began to show up before 1890. It had completed 99%

preparing by 1920. The made work, beneficial and taught society, appropriate

sorting out and vigorous work helped them to brisk range in the advanced cash

related headway had put the establishment for takeoff, disregarding the way that

the after-effects of such progress were definitely not begun to spill down.

Additionally, incredible centrality was given to moral values,

insignificant mechanical change and prepare of HR. Regardless, Pakistan does

not have these establishments even today. Its 25% teenagers still discover no

school to go. Also, human asset progress was disregarded, which accomplished

mass nonattendance of preparing and joblessness. The sections' needs continue

changing without accomplishing their objectives

The Japanese economy has raised the most grounded budgetary

essentialness of the world. Today it is the second most prominent economy of the

world, having an expansive exchange excess. Then again, Pakistan took

afterward change systems and wound up with stacking up expansive

unsustainable national duty, which means more than 90% of its GDP. The

dedication redesigning is washing away its all budgetary growth. These issues

have incited keep it adolescent. Given this foundation, the paper is secured to

examine major cash related and exchange strategies followed in the two nations.

The honest to goodness focus interest is to address exchange relations between

the two nations. To break down the over, the paper is managed as under.

190


The aid of Japan being put in the promotion of education is not fully filling the

vacuum of the government oblivion, but its efforts to a great extent bolster the

other social organizations come forward and play their role. No aid is absorbed

permanently in the social sector; much of it is consumed in corruption when it

comes from ODA to the local NGO’s. Only a meager amount of the funds

reaches the people who actually deserve it. Millions of dollars pour in every year

from different donor countries from cross the world to Pakistan. If they were

properly used, they could have drastically changed the entire landscape of the

education system of the country. Still, Pakistan is one of the least literate

countries of South Asia. Pakistan has not even met the millennium development

goals of United Nations which it should have met in 2015, but two years of the

expiration of the given goals, Pakistan’s half of the population is out of the

schools.

The achievements of the aid of Japan with the help of the of the local

NGO’s and other social groups bear testimony to the fact that the excessive

enrollment of the children in the primary schools will not only reduce the

number of children out of the schools, but it will uplift the literacy rate entirely.

However, there is one problem that may prevail and go unnoticed. Only

constructing more and more school buildings and enrolling more and more

students in the given schools may not solve the problem entirely. It may solve

the problem of educating the students for the time being, but the problem of

quality education may still persist. By contributing schools and enrolling

children in those schools by overcrowding the schools may create some more

problems.

The overcrowded children will need new teachers. If the funds and

projects are under the supervision of the government, then the government has

the capacity to recruit new teachers and can afford to maintain their training.

Besides, the government has the capacity to maintain the training schedule for

quite long times and keep monitoring them. Nevertheless, the private sector does

not have the large capacity to ensure such management. The private sector

cannot afford highly trained teachers to be recruited. So it may recruit teachers

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with some basic requirements whilst giving them comparatively lesser payments.

Once the teachers are recruited, the social organizations cannot afford to keep up

the training that is the cornerstone of revolutionizing the careers of the students.

Adding more to these concerns, the syllabus that is taught in the new schools is

government sponsored which is obsolete and with too many flaws requirement

tremendous amendments. If the curriculum of the government is not used and the

curriculum of the other private schools is adopted, that is too expensive to be

afforded by the already impoverished people belonging to the far flung rural

areas of tribal areas and other rural areas of the rest of the provinces. The social

groups and other organizations working for the promotion of education in the

country do not afford to create a new and affordable syllabus cheap enough for

the impoverished people to purchase. The efforts for the education by the donor

agencies along the social organizations are without a shadow of a doubt, have

established the foundation for more of such remarkable visions.

The Japanese aid is quite helpful there is no denying in that, but the work

of the aid donors is done once the investment is made and the results are shown.

Then the rest of the deals are not the problem of the donor agencies. The training

of the teachers on a regular basis and maintaining the management are not the

area of concern for the donor agencies. Their work is over when the funds are

channeled and invested in certain projects. This criticism is not meant to

discourage the donor agencies’ efforts or to criticize the weakness of the social

groups, but the fact of the matter is that the participation of the government in

certain efforts is equally important if the projects want long term results.

Collaboration and coordination of the donor agencies with the social

organizations and government is quintessential.

6.15 CONCLUSION

The commitment of the government of Pakistan has been improving the quality

and courage of the education with the help of effective and quality education and

installing mammoth amount of expenditures. The literacy rate and the tendency

of the enrolment are dramatically lagging behind not only in Pakistan but other

areas of the world. The education has been meliorating since five years. For the

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betterment and effective educational installation requires the provision of the

quality and standard educational system. Government should allocate a

mammoth amount of expenditures for a better futuristic consequence. Giving

training to the teachers and furnishing sophisticated and qualitative educational

facilities would tacitly boost the education slander.

The role played by Japanese Government and JICA is highly appreciable

in every context. Japanese Government has rendered its services with its full

commitment for achieving a positive result in a very short period of time.

According to an estimation of Japanese based magazine, more than 200 Pakistani

students have been given scholarships to the different universities in Japan for

garnering different field experts for Pakistan. Among them 60 of them have got

overseas full bright scholarships and one of the, is placed among the young

leaders program students in 2015.

This study demonstrates that around 10 research scholars are annually

dispatched to Japanese universities after every year. Further it shows that in the

year of 2015, 2 teachers training students have been sent to Japanese universities

for polishing their skills. Moreover, the majority of the students belong to the

association of MEXT alumni in Pakistan. Although there remains number of

other associations performing the same functions yet the MEXT association has a

unique style of imparting skills and techniques to its members to gain chances of

going abroad. The youth programs are merely conducted for youths to attain the

administrative skills and for the government civil servants to perform active

performances in their future as politicians and administrators in the country. The

child of today is the founding father of the base of a country in context of

education or any other sector which massively contributes for the development

of a state. Pakistan and Japan ought to seek their bilateral relations irrespective

of the fact that how and what they interests they pursue in their relations with

other countries.

Meanwhile, some officers have been sent to Japan in 2015 and some have

been sent in 2016. The study depicts that more than 18 Pakistani officers have

been sent to Japan in 2014 to take part in the affairs of the administrations of the

Japanese government for seeking administrative educations. The premier of

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Japan Shinzo Abe announced some 2.0 program in which Pakistani government

has sent 77 higher secondary schools and university cadets to Japan in 2013.

Some other 75 students have been sent to Japan in January 2016 and some 12

students have been sent in March 2016. It has been envisaged that the current

ratio of the students going to japans has been doubled in 2017 and it is expected

to be in the rise in the coming years.

The government of Japan provides an intensive program to the Pakistani

students to understand Japanese language. This course would however be for a

period of 8 months. The foreign services have been sent to Japan to render their

duties for the achievement of the destined goals since 1980’s. It has been

reported that more than 20 Pakistani diplomats have tacitly joined these

programs. It has always been seen on the part of the Japanese Government to

give warm invitations to the journalist of Pakistan to make them help to

understand and deepen the bilateral ties between the countries. The role can be

played by the journalists of a country for boosting the ties of the countries could

always be unparalleled.

Pakistan is focusing on the education sector which is appreciable but

needs more attention towards the education, because education is an important

factor for the development of any nation. Natural resources are not in Japan but

Japan is rich in human resources, who are very well educated and providing their

services for betterment of the Japan .Japan’s role for promotion of human

security is appreciable in general and her support in education is particular.

From economic point of view, Japan has placed at third number at World

level, very rich in technology and having organizational advancement in the

country. Moreover, Pakistan has received many benefits by using Japan’s

technologies and advancement; moreover, it should continue in future. Japan

should increase the number of scholarships for Pakistani students and must invite

more bureaucrats for the professional trainings, because it will bring

improvement in the performance of officers in providing their services for the

country. Moreover, the bilateral economic and political relations between

Pakistan and Japan need to be converted into a phase where both formulate a

mechanism to protect and ensure the human security. Japan has to play the role

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in strengthening the education sector of Pakistan by funding money, awarding

scholarships to the students of Pakistan and ought to run certain agencies that

work for the education at gross root in district and village level of Pakistan.

Along with USAID, Japan also ought to maintain certain policy to increase the

basic enrollment in Pakistan. It is for sure that until and unless people in general

from gross root are education, peace and extremism in the religion are in name

only. Therefore, Japan has to adopt certain policy related to the education in

Pakistan.

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CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Throughout the world history, it has been traditionally considered that security is

the main aspect to protect a country from terrorism or other enemies. However,

this kind of realist theory prevailed before the cold war and right after the

gigantic change which occurred in the cold war is known as the New World

Order. It emerged right after the disintegration of Soviet Union, brought so many

changes as the world was converted into unipolarism. The only hegemonic power

of US at international level starting threatening the security of many developing

states. Therefore, the countries either preferred to make regional economic

alliance or political alliance with the regional powers. The structural change of

the world also caused the threat for human security.

According to this change, in past the security of nation state was more

important but now security of individual has become more important than the

security of state. This however witnesses that the individual security has become

obligatory by the state. So the importance of human security has increased.

Therefore, it is obvious that the concerns about security have changed from time

because before cold war the security emphasized on the value of national

security by increasing the race of arms but after cold war it gradually

emphasized more on the security of human life and started working strictly on

the development of human health, education and to provide them good jobs.

In modern era the state must play a vital role in the development of

individual health and empowering them to increase the budget of state.

Furthermore United Nations is also working on making this concept workable by

giving various scholarships by its different organizations and also emphasized

the states to work on this.

There are some countries in world which worked hard more on individual

development and today those countries are example for the world because they

have progressed far more than the other countries for instance Japan who

internationally in her foreign policy described the value of individual security

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rather than national security it means Japan is insisting on the value of individual

security more. It clearly shows that Japan wants to become complete independent

on every field of life. Consequently Japan in order to achieve its goals is working

on a modern state which completely spends its economy on the development of

every aspect of human life, health education and providing fundamental rights to

its citizens rather than buying or selling weapons.

The bilateral trade between Pakistan and Japan has faced complications at

the time of atomic tests by Pakistan in 1998 when due to international pressure

Japan had to abandon its trade with Pakistan. On the other hand Japan has always

helped Pakistan on international matters because Pakistan is a member of the

Friends of Democratic Pakistan (FODP) group.

Moreover: the depth of friendship further dug deeper when Japan aided

Pakistan at the time of 2005 earth quake and 2010 floods when Pakistan needed

it most. In February 2005 Japan in order to assist Pakistan formed three main

aspects according to which Japan had to assist Pakistan Providing good human

development second development of economy and third there must be a equal

development in society and economy.

Japan has also assisted Pakistan by giving support through World Bank in

donors’ conference 2009 in order to eliminate terrorism and also promised to

give a billion dollar in couple of years. On the other hand, Japan also supported

Pakistan and as well as Afghanistan by its new assistance package which was

announced after the destruction of 2010 floods to reconstruct the affected areas.

However, Japan also ensured to help Afghan refugees and help Pakistan to

counter insurgents and other terrorist activities in afghan border areas.

For the purpose of prevailing democracy in Pakistan, Japan had also

helped Pakistan to conduct bi-elections in 2010. Furthermore, to achieve this

goal Japan has spent more than 7 billion dollars to conduct fair elections in

Pakistan and managed a group of members who belonged to the foreign affairs of

Japan to look after the elections in Pakistan. Japan also helped building up the

human development programs in Pakistan especially the spoiled regions of

Pakistan such as FATA.

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Japan has also been active in promoting the Japanese culture in Pakistan by

conducting various festivals such as speech contests, arts, music exhibitions and

Japanese movies are very famous in Pakistan nevertheless Pakistan had promoted

Japanese civilization. The six years long lasting friendship has helped a lot

bringing both sides closer which was shown by the Pakistani government and

people who joined hands to aid Japan when in 2011 tsunami and earthquake hit

Japan causing a very massive destruction throughout in Japan.

It has been seen out that Japan is helping to Pakistan by providing

assistance through JICA and ODA in health and education sectors on the one

hand, and on the other hand Japan language centres have been established in

Pakistan to learn Japanese language, Pakistan is also a good market for Japanese

goods to be sale out. These are the signs of good relations between Japan and

Pakistan. In other words, MOFA either cannot exploit fully the utility of the

concept of human security or cannot find the concept useful. Nevertheless, it

does not necessarily mean that the Japanese government is not enthusiastic

regarding issues defined as “threats to human security.”

According to diplomatic bluebook 2003 the individual security has

become a main issue worldwide because every issue which promulgated in the

world is all because of the problems of human security for instance the crimes

which are spreading In shape of smuggling, kidnapping, genocide, and curing

diseases these all problems come in the circle of human security. However this

diplomatic blue report of 2003 shows the Japanese point of view about the world

behavior towards human security which certifies that Japanese foreign policy

does not accept the behavior of world towards human security.

Japan has been constantly providing assistance to Pakistan in many

sectors whether that is health, education development programs. Nevertheless

Japan and Pakistan both are working on medical department since 1982, the

pioneer partnership is shown by the formidable work of Pakistan Institute of

Medical Sciences PIMS because Japan has helped building it. Consequently

Japanese government provided 106 million yen to provide latest technology and

equipment for PIMS, and as well as provided approximately 1,423 billion yen for

child health institute in Karachi which helped a lot in the development of Sindh

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hospitals. In addition, Japan for 19 long years has been helping Pakistan to

eradicate polio. For this purpose Japan assisted developing cold places for

keeping vaccine and moreover encouraged social awareness throughout Pakistan

about polio. The total amount of Japanese assistance is 16 billion yen. There is

also an agreement going to be signed between two countries according to which

Pakistan will get $171,980 for enhancement of educational and health facilities on

the border areas of federal capital and Khyber Agency and also will be used in

Islamabad regions. Through this project these underdeveloped areas of Pakistan will

get various kinds of medical facilities and approximately more than 5000 people

will be benefited.

Since the commencement of Japan’s economic assistance to the rural

development of Pakistan has brought a dramatic shift in the socio economic

uplifting of the people. The main objectives of the government of Pakistan were

to seek the assistance of Japanese aids was to improve the educational standard,

which has been lagging behind since decades. The primary objective was to

improve the status of women especially in the rural areas in general Gujranwala

district in particular where women are for from the modern facilities to avail

socio economic opportunities through the help of education. Back to five years

government has fully realized to ameliorate the plight condition of the women by

creating among them the self-help programs to make them confident to earn their

livelihood without the assistance of men.

All the government schools and private schools were given direction to

increase their coverage of expanding education. The improved enrolment of

children in the schools has largely satisfied the government. The principal aim of

the government was to reach the enrolment ratio of the school children to the

number of the women child birth rates. However, the literacy rate in Pakistan has

shown a significant increase in last five years. Yet the country is unable to reach

at the climax envisioned in the Millennium development Goals in 2015 to reach

it from 58% literacy to 85% literacy rate. It remains for behind in the world

competition.

Moreover, the lapses of fundamental facilities are the main source of the

impairment on the path of progression. Lack of teacher trainings and crediting

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them sound salaries are the key issues of impairment. The government is

committed to furnish basic facilities to the schools managements and aims to

provide enough quality education to improve the status of the women in

Pakistan. It intends to provide a simple platform to the women to access

education easily. Such stringent strategies would soon help the management to

improve the expanding enrolment of school children and also increase the

enthusiasm of the people in large towards assessing education.

Under article 18 of the Pakistan Penal Code, the control of the education

system of the provinces by the centre has been abolished. They were given the

responsibility to frame the curriculum according to the cherished dreams of the

basic localities and include other necessary sections as already enshrined in the

constitution of the country in 1973. All those sections were derogated which may

be repugnant according to the tenets of Islamic ideology. Planning and

developments of the education above grade twelve were confined to the federal

board of education. All the four provinces have committed to express their

willingness to follow the national educational policy of the federation in 2009.

The national educational policy is a keystone which includes numerous

issues in regards to public grievances related to education system of Pakistan.

Provision of early child education, provision of universal and rudimental

education, improve facilities in the primary schools, adopting the strategies of

furnishing comprehensive education to the children, and also assess the demands

of the public regarding the improved status of basic educational and technical

skills are the top prioritized issue of the people were largely address with the

assistance of Japanese financial assistance.

The partnership of Japan and Pakistan is essential one. They have

affiliated with UNDP in sustainable development works in every field. The

commitment of Japanese government to extend its assistance for sustainable

development works is running under UNDP giving priority to three top most

areas. Among them the economic condition, social condition and guaranteeing

the human security in the border region of our country where the needs of these

three sections are imperatively required. Since 2008 Japanese government has

allocated 44$ million dollars to meliorate the livelihood of the people more

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especially in the federally administrative areas and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

province. It sought the assistance of various nongovernmental organizations.

There affiliations with the other UN agencies were also ratified working on the

same mission in frontier regions of Pakistan and border areas of Afghanistan.

They are working under the direct thumb of UNDP to restore the internally

displaced person sand also bringing social unity and cohesion among them in a

cordial way.

The financial assistance of US was 34.8 million to give a boost to the

Japanese projects working in the frontier regions to improve the livelihood of the

people through the help of the strengthening local government system in the

regions. They have furnished basic social setups to the people to foster their

innate talents with self-help groups to find out their lively hoods. The main aims

of the program were to ameliorate the developing skills of the masses and make

them self-reliant. Japan also extends its assistance in favor of UNDP working in

the region for the pursuance of people’s self-relicenses. UNDP was assigned to

perform electoral functions and giving training to the masses to exercise their

voting rights in a well-mannered way. People in large were stuck in many natural

barricades since 2010 when a flood inundated a vast areas of this region.

UNDP Japanese Government and Pakistan collectively launched a mega

project to recover the people from their old status by investing 90 million. In this

critical circumstances Japan was the largest donor to set out this project. It

contributed 50 million. Her support played a leading role for the uplifting of

4000 villages throughout the country. The special focus of these projects was to

improve the living standard of the depressed women. Government of Japan has

contributed in building peace and prosperity in the region. It also worked for the

economic recovery in KP and Malakand division. The works of UNDP’s and

other nongovernmental organizations were seemed unsuccessful without the

assistance of Japanese government. Consequently Japanese assistance made it

possible. All the national and international institutions were brought under a

single platform to work for the development of frontier regions and KP province.

This credit goes to the Japanese government’s sincere efforts for the

development of the masses.

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Japanese assistance to the development of various sectors in Pakistan is

date back to 1954. Provision of technical assistance and granting ample amount

of loans in the decade of 1960s and 1970s were mainly intended to the

development of various sections in Pakistan. Japan is actively supported and

supporting our government to revive their economy and bring a dramatic

reduction in the ratio of poverty which has been alarming some years before. In

doing so it has taken some other initiatives regarding poverty reduction to be

taken thoroughly. The following sectors were marked as crucial for the

development of our country, education, health, agriculture, sanitation, economic

development and improving irrigation system through applying modern

techniques.

Human resource is one of the key factors influencing a countries

development. In education sector Japan government has extended its full-fledged

assistance to our government to promote primary education system of Pakistan.

Japan realizes that the provision of technical education at the primary and

secondary level schools of the country would the fate of the middle class society

of Pakistan. However, the promotion of education would reduce many plagues

stuck in our social system due to illiteracy. Pakistan enjoys the largest canal

system in the world. Government of Japan under its medium term policy to

extend its assistance for the official development ratified its assistance for

Pakistan in February 2005.

Pakistan, being the world 6th most populated country in the world with its

estimated population of 2.7 millions. Japan has started building cordial relations

with Pakistan in 1954 and developed friendly relations with it. In 2009 Japan has

managed to conduct a donor conference in Tokyo (capital city of Japan). All the

donor countries and other countries having close relations with Pakistan ensured

their presence. More especially Japan and other countries have lauded the role

played by Pakistan in countering terrorism and working for its economic

recovery. They have showed solid supports to the Pakistani government to carry

out such a mission. Japans financial assistance to the Pakistan has a vital

significance for the development of Pakistan. It has helped to develop a moderate

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and modern Islamic state within the state of Pakistan. It furnishes peace and

prosperity to the world community.

The motto of Japanese government was to create a sustainable and a

stable society with the help of economic bomb in Pakistan. It has been reported

that in 2050 Pakistan would be ranked among the 4th most populated country in

the world. However, it would be a critical moment for Pakistan to develop a

sustainable and a vigorous social set up to fight the population bomb. Pakistan is

already in the grip of electricity shortfall. Japan has vowed to grant assistance to

Pakistan to fight the key challenges efficiently. Poverty is also a social menace

existing in the society since the very inception of the country. Unfortunately

after passing 67 yet the poverty has embroiled total socioeconomic structure.

Japan has paid much heed for the reduction of poverty through giving technical

training to the people and forcing them to bring up their self-potentials to earn

their lively hoods.

Provision of primary education to the children is the principal duty of the

governments. Japan has extended its full supports to the provision of the primary

education to the children. After the working of Japan the enrollment ratio of the

primary schools have increased 7.4% was a dramatic shift in the educational

policies of the government and it was said that in coming years the ratio of

primary enrolment would be increased in a great number and there would be

formed friendly strategies to reduce the alarming rate of drop out in the primary

schools. The overall education system has shown a slight improvement. In the

previous years of 2011 and 2012 it was 39 million as compared to the previous

years is 38 million.

This depicts an increase of 4% of the total enrolment ratio. In 2011 the

government was granted 2.2 billion rupees by Public Sector Development

Program (PSDP) for development and expansion of education system with the

help of JICA. Under which approximately all the basic facilities of the children

schooling were furnished. Students from all grades were given indigenous and

overseas scholarships to pursue higher education. According to a report 180

students from Baluchistan and federally administered tribal areas were given

scholarships for the pursuance of better education by the Japanese assistance.

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According to dawn report 14 cadet colleges were approved under these projects

which have engaged some 40,000 teachers and other stops for the cadet colleges.

In all the four provinces awareness campaign were launched to provide

primary education to all and sundry. In Punjab province 1000 science schools

and laboratories and 450 elementary schools were constructed. In Sindh province

Provincial Institute of Teachers Education (PITE) were introduced for weak

students. Many educational programs were introduced for the children and adult.

And some post graduate programs were established for the master’s students. In

KP 100 primary schools and 300 additional rooms were constructed in the

schools for the children. Many strategies have been taken to reduce the dropout

rate of the females in the schools. In Baluchistan province a 50 primary schools

were given up gradation to middle status.

In a nutshell, Japan is helping Pakistan in health sector at maximum level

improves the health of Pakistani people on one hand and on the other hand it

develops good relations between the two countries. Many schools were lacking

drinking water facilities so this project has furnished drinking water facilities to

the government schools and also constructed the buildings of colleges to ease the

burden of provincial government. There were some major programs that included

establishing degree colleges for boys and girls, construction of computer labs,

providing technical and vocational education to the people, empowering women

and ending discrimination against the women were the guiding principles of

JICA and the Government of Japan in Pakistan. The assistance of Japan in every

developing sector in Pakistan is undeniable. Japans contribution for the

socioeconomic development, taking women out from the perpetual grudges of

the common people, vegetating the inner potentials of the women through the

help of the self-help practices has earned a great fame in the history of Pakistan.

Further it is imperative for the japans government to consider the security

situation of Pakistan.

Health Security aims to guarantee a minimum protection from diseases

and unhealthy lifestyles. Japan has helped Pakistan a lot in health sector, but it

needs more help to prevent diseases like HIV, AIDS and other health issues. In

order to meet these challenges of health, research laboratories must be

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established in Pakistan. According to the UN, in both developing and industrial

countries, threats to health security are usually greater for poor people in rural

areas. Child health is another issue, this is due to malnutrition and insufficient

access to health services, clean water and other basic necessities. So, Pakistan

ought to strengthen its relations with Japan in order to get benefited from Japan’s

highly developed health facilities.

There is a wide gap between the rural and urban areas of Pakistan as for

as their development is concerned. The rural areas need more attention. In this

regard, the improvement of public schools must be focused. Japan’s economic

and technological development is very much linked with its advanced

educational system. Japan’s educational system may serve as a model if it is

introduced into Pakistan.

In education sector, Japan must help to build sound education system in

Pakistan. Rural areas in Pakistan could be developed if their social and economic

infrastructure is modernized and the living conditions of the people are

improved. Japan can contribute to Human Security by creating job opportunities

for youth through its investment and technological based programs. Promoting

investment will help to reduce poverty. The government of Japan is already

working in the social development sector of Pakistan through the Grant

Assistance for Gross roots Human Security Projects (GGP).The network of such

projects must be extended and development oriented organizations in Pakistan be

provided with financial assistance by the government of Japan ,in order to

improve the social wellbeing of the people.

7.1 SUGGESTIONS FOR HUMAN SECURITY AT

INTERNATIONAL LEVEL

The human security basically needs the peace which prevails in the atmosphere

of a country where the people must live without the fear of terrorism and they

can live according to their well and wishes. So this is the responsibili ty of state

to provide the basic needs to its people and organize such policies which can

assist to prosper the human development. However, it has also been found that

human development is not possible without peace so it is important for a welfare

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state to provide security to individual. After the cold war many developments

have been made to strengthen the human security because the modern philosophy

shows that the progress of a state is not possible without the development of

human security. So those countries who previously invested more on their

defense budget have now changed their investment direction more towards the

human development programs. After suffering from the nuclear destructions in

Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan realized that going through arms race is not the

way for the development but through human resources it can develop itself far

more. Therefore Japan has shaped the foreign policy to avoid further destructive

wars and also for this purpose Japan is investing in other countries to avoid wars

making attempts for peace and security.

Most of the Pakhtoon and some of the Baloch tribes hail from warrior

backgrounds whose tribes underwent centuries of intermittent warfare and

invasions. The tribes have always been responsible for their own security,

therefore, they are accustomed to still maintaining that position where most of

the families of the tribe keep small weapons with them and do not rely on other

for their defense, they not even on the state of Pakistan for their security.

Keeping weapons, especially guns and swords is not a shame, but a matter of

pride. Therefore, there is a heavy presence of weapons in certain tribes. Keeping

the weapons is not the core problem, but the proliferation of weapons from the

tribes to other parts of the country is a matter of surprise and concern. Some

tribal families sell their weapons through illegal mean to make a living.

These weapons most of the times fall into the hands of the smugglers who

later transport and sell these weapons into various corners of Pakistan.

Sometimes it happens that the heavily militarized tribes turn loggerheads with

the state which marks insurgency in the country pushing the country toward

more disintegration and chaos. If the social welfare work from the ground level

is worked upon, they have to first make plans and strategies to eradicate the

given above mentioned system of keeping weapons and going on tribal feuds on

the slightest pretext. What will be the use of the enormous development projects,

if the peace within the individual mind is not achieved? What will be the use of

enrolling more and more children at schools, if they witness bloodshed and blood

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bath with their own eyes either within their families or within the society? How

can the foreign funds reach out to those areas which are regarded as highly

sensitive? Proper strategies are required to be planned and proper work has to be

done on the ground for laying the foundation of a better tomorrow the society

has to let go certain practices that have a part of our society for centuries, but

now they are unusual for competing with the world.

7.1.1 Diversified Public Opinion

It is the combination of various conditions which lead to the formation of public

opinion. First of all, there must be an issue as the opinion cannot be molded

unless there is an issue waiting to be adhered or opposed to.

Thus, the first condition towards composing public opinion is the issue no

matter of which origin or appropriation. As there is a chain of intellectuals and

other social actors like the media, the public representatives and social activists

who communicate the issue to the public. Therefore, the second condition is that

there must be a considerable portion of individuals in the society to communicate

it to the public. They not only communicate the issue or the idea to the public,

they express their views and opinion to the public and the public receives

strength or inspiration from those expressions to mold its behavior.

The third condition which composes it is the consensus building. As there

are a number of intellectuals or individuals and there expressions may differ with

each other, so there must be some sort of consensus among at least some of the

opinions only then it can take the shape of public opinion. The last and fourth

condition for the composition of public opinion is the influence. If there is an

issue, there is a considerable number of individuals and if there is a general

consensus, but if all this does not either directly or indirectly influence the public

and it public opinion cannot take place. For this key reason, the views must have

some influence upon the society whether directly and indirectly.

Public opinion is the sum aggregate of a collection of many factors which

together influence the formation of public attitude. There is no denying the fact

that most of the grass-root masses are either partially ignorant of their

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surroundings or highly engrossed in earning a living for their families, thus, they

are so deeply engaged into their personal life that they more or less cannot create

any opinion about a particular issue, that is the reason they receive influence

from other forces which they consider a part of their social lives.

Cultural values and social traits are very important and integrated part of

any society. Even if the ordinary public is much less educated, they have close

attachment with the cultural values that anything or any policy against these

values is resisted and rejected. That is why all the social forces keep the culture

as a base for forming public opinion.

Intellectuals and other social forces come next in forming public opinion.

Intellectuals analyze and explain the issues to the public and they give a

direction to the public sentiments. Through their writings and debates, they mold

the attitude of the public toward an issue of critical value. The social forces

might be influential individuals from business base; religious base or adhering to

other ideologies have a massive impact on the society and public sentiments.

Then comes media, it plays a defining role as it demonstrates as a mirror to the

public that holds the state institutions are performing. All the political forces and

economic forces convey their messages through media. The ordinary people

listen to radio, watch TV, read newspapers and hear the intellectual debates and

get an impression which later molds their opinion and their attitude about

something.

The public is so entangled with all the problems of the state and so

terrified that it does not think of development as the major concern the country

could face. Their priorities of life are determined by the state. The state will of

course then dominate their mindset by project the image that the country needs

more military strength than education and health. If the fund from Japan are

planned to be used for the better living standard of the public, then the

diversified public opinion cannot work. It has to change. The public need to be

taken into confidence. The public needs to be told every bit of fund consumed in

the name of foreign welfare aid. The public should know and from where the

funds come, if the funds from Japan are flowing into Pakistan, the public must

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know that how much fund is coming from Japan each year and how much of it is

actually being invested in the public projects and where it is being invested.

7.1.2 Work on human capital and human resources

There was a time when the national development was only confined to the

development of the industries and the agricultural sector or the means of

development were attached to the national wealth even if that wealth was

possessed by a very few. The world has witnessed tremendous change in the

notions of development since the world ushered in to a new era of bipolar Cold

War after the fallout of the Second World War. Gigantic changes have occurred

in the world politics since then, so the concepts of development have changed

too. There was a time when the population was regarded as a burden, it is still

regarded as a burden if the population is way too large like that of India, but

countries like Pakistan having a fairly average population, not very less, not way

too large, but according to its landscape and area, the population can work as a

different kind of wealth. The population is the drive behind the national

development in the modern world.

Human is a kind of capital too in the modern economies of the world, just

a different kind of capital. Human resources are way too abundant, yet as crucial

for a country as any other kind of resources can be. Human skills and their

innovate behavior are the radical form of change the counties seek to compete

with other countries. Pakistan is a country with around 190 millions people,

though, most of them are still not fully educated and not in their maximum

potential, yet they are important for Pakistan if they attain the required material

resources and the training to use their skills for the course of national

development. The aid of Japan given to Pakistan focusing on different aspects of

humanitarian growth ought to see this aspect as well. Too little work is being

done to nurture the skills and innovative creativity of the individuals who have

the potential but do not have the opportunity to use that potential. NGO’s have

been working on this issue, but not that much seriously. They conduct their

seminars in the close rooms gathering a handful of people and demonstrating that

they are providing awareness to the public, but on the actual grounds, they are

wasting the resources given to them in the name of social welfare.

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Security is vital for any state because it is link to the survival of a state. Due to

the impacts of globalization survival of nation state is in danger .Weaker and

failed state have more threats than the strong states. Agents of globalization like

Multinational Companies (MNCs), WB, International Monetary Fund (IMF),

World Trade Organization (WTO), NGOs and non-state actors like media are

strong enough to influence the states like Pakistan. These agents are playing

across the borders of nation states independently through the tools of

globalization.

Civil wars, environmental security and degradation, overpopulation,

refugee movements, international terrorism, spread of disease and ethnic conflict

are some of the leading non-conventional threats to the national security of any

county. Involvement of non-state actors like NGOs, media and financial

institutions into the matters of nation states through the means of soft power is

nonmilitary and non-traditional security threat.

The theoretical relationship between states’ foreign policy behaviors and

the behavior of aid donor agencies is dynamic and conditional, with the influence

of NGOs on states’ behaviors depending on the host states’ regime type and the

age of the influencing donor agencies. More broadly, study shows that NGOs are

one of the important main actors in international politics, influencing

government decisions in the foreign policy arena. The relationship between the

donor agencies and the government has to be cordial and coordinating.

Pakistan is no exception from these challenges, which has been

confronting for many years. Lack of good governance, poor economic look, and

underdevelopment coupled with external factors like power play of regional and

world players have made Pakistan the hotbed of Non State Actors(NSA). Due to

globalization the states are declining in importance and that NSAs are gaining

powerful status and influence. There are many types of non-violent NSAs

working in Pakistan like NGOs these are institutions that are established by

NSAs.

Some NGOs have over stepped from their declared agendas like for

example HRW based in USA issued a highly controversial statement in memo

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gate issue. In the case of director of Human Right Watch, Mr. Ali Dayan Hasan,

a highly objectionable hearing in USA Congress about issue of Balochistan was

declared. Thus one can make out the actual motives and involvement of these

NGOs in the internal affairs of Pakistan. These NGOs are involved in many

illegal activities like money laundering illegal weapon movements and human

trafficking possess potential threats to the national security of Pakistan. This

shows that some of NGOs are playing an active role of intelligence agencies.

From these facts, it is obvious that the NGO’s are not working on the human

capital in spite of the fact; they are working and running their projects in the

name of human resources.

NGOs are not non-government organizations because they gains funds

from foreign governments and work as private sub-contractors of local

government. These NGOs are not accountable to the local people but to overseas

donors who review and oversee their performance according to their own

criteria. He argues that the NGOs approach has not been and is still not

concretely useful and beneficial for the people in need for help. Here emerges

the main problem that how the NGO’s whether local or INGO’s, can be trusted

with the foreign aid received from Japan if they have lost the credibility with

which they could have built a better image. How these organizations can be

trusted to invest on human capital and promote human resources if they are not

sincere with the very goal they seek.

A capable state is one that has all the attributes of a modern, strong,

responsible and responsive state. Although the state has traditionally been

considered as the focal point of this process, other sectors including non-state

ones have an important role to play and the importance of this role has grown

over the past couple of decades. NGO’s are those entities which are participating

or acting in the sphere of international relations. These are organizations with

sufficient power to influence and cause change in politics and not belonging to a

state structure or established institution of a state. It is time for Pakistan to

demonstrate to the world that it is capable of ensuring transparency in utilizing

the foreign aid in creating space and environment for the human resources to use

the human capital in the maximum possible capacity.

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7.1.3 Transparency in the use of the funds

Transparency of the funds is another critical issue needing to be addressed. The

fact that foreign aid can change the entire landscape of a nation and can steer it

on the road to development if the funds given to a country are used in the manner

best suited for public interests and for which transparency is critical. All the

donor agencies, especially, from the ODA send the funds to the social

organizations of their own if they are present in that country otherwise they send

them to the government agencies. But one thing is clear-cut; all the funds given

to any organization are in the knowledge of the government. So if there is any

kind of embezzlement at any level or misuse of the funds, then the government is

equally responsible for the dismaying situation. Funds meant for the public ought

to be used for public projects.

Sometimes, the projects started in the name of public like creating clinics,

vaccination programs and contraceptive programs or gender parity awareness

programs are left in the middle with the excuse that the funds are running dry.

However, the funds do not go dry as the donor agencies do not plan anything

recklessly. They plan each and everything with the proper cost and benefit scale

accurately. If the funds go dry, that means the funds have been misused and there

has been some sort of corruption. In this regard, the government has to take this

accountability because it is not only the matter of funds from Japan, all the funds

that flow from different parts of the world to Pakistan come in millions of dollars

each year, with such amounts of money at hands, small scale corruption often

goes unnoticed. The government has to bear the accountability and to ensure that

there will be thorough accountability and transparency in the investment of the

funds to ensure the public get what they deserve.

7.1.4 Maximum participation of the government

Maximum participation of the government is highly valuable for the success of

any major project even if that project is privately sponsored. The government

runs the state, a structure with a proper foundation and with proper agencies;

therefore, the government can create a very viable situation for the projects to be

successful. Besides, the government can provide technical and political

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assistance to the given private projects. Certain projects like countrywide

vaccination also need the help of the government in terms of security. The social

organizations go to the sensitive areas, with the help of the government by

providing them security; they can deliver their services in a better and finer way.

7.1.5 Use of the human security vision in domestic policies

The use of the human security vision in the domestic policies of Pakistan is

significant. Pakistan is a country preoccupied with security hazards and fears of

Indian hegemony run high all the time. Pakistan spends much of its annual

budget on building up its military and working on its nuclear program. There is

very little space for human welfare programs when it comes to the government

funds. There is no denying the fact that aid from Japan is being invested on

human security, but that is not sufficient by any means to alleviate poverty

overnight. Pakistan has to create space for human security in its own policies

dealing with its own public. Relying on foreign funds may ease the burden on the

Pakistani government, but it cannot eliminate that burden entirely. Demotic

policies must seek development and lessen their reliance on foreign funding

which helps to strengthen the human security.

7.1.6 Improving ties with Japan for development of all areas

Pakistan needs to improve its bilateral ties with Japan on the entire spectrum of

development. From technical assistance to loans, from grants to presence of

Japanese NGO’s on Pakistani soil, from working on telecommunication and

infrastructural development, all aspects of development must be sought by

Pakistan through cordial means and coordination on mutual basis.

7.1.7 More technical assistance than loans

It is learnt that no more NGO’s and social organizations ought not to be allowed

to operate in the country since the number of the given organizations working in

the country is already way too high. What should be done is to ensure whatever

NGO’s and social organizations are already present in Pakistan, they should get

more technical assistance. At the moment when these organizations have fail ed

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to deliver welfare to the public, technical assistance is more important than

loans.

Pakistan as well as in most of third world countries, many academics feel NGOs

are actually part of the neo-liberal agenda to roll back the state, open

international borders for globalized commerce, deregulate labor markets to make

hiring and firing easy and push all service provision into the hands of private

sector. Third sector is hegemonic in itself. Certain highly funded NGOs

dominate civil society to such an extent that even state seems much less powerful

as compared to them. Absence of accountability sometimes leads NGOs to fund

those projects which are directly opposed to what they had originally aimed for.

The Punjab government is provided them good health and education

facility in all rural areas and scholarship opportunity in city School College and

universities. The NGOs are more active in these areas because of good security

situation. The villagers support NGOs works and help their workers giving them

to access in rural areas and provide them volunteer support to work for their

people.

The second developing province is Sindh in Pakistan. Karachi is capital

of Sindh province and known as backbone of Pakistan economy because of its

industrial progress. Nearly 150 million people are living in Karachi from

different areas of Pakistan. Sindh education literacy rate is also good in cities. In

rural areas of Sindh if they are not educated but have awareness about social

welfare works. The Sindh people are also cooperative with NGOs and with their

workers and work voluntarily with NGOs to help the people.

Now come to the two restive province of Pakistan one is Balochistan and

second is Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Both province are rationally same rest of their

population have tribal system. The big city of KP is Peshawar and it is developed

from other cities of province. In urban areas education literacy rate is high the

KP people are participating in different projects of government and doing

government jobs.

Now the same condition is in Balochistan but has some difference from

all provinces. Balochistan people are facing law and order situation in the

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province. Even Balochistan capital is not safe for NGOs in the province because

of active terrorist networks belonging to various banned organizations. People of

Balochistan are tradition tribal people. They are cooperative people and support

NGOs works in province.

The rural and far-flung areas of Balochistan which are highly hit by

insurgency, are not saved in sense of any organizations to work out there.

Moreover, the Baloch insurgents hit areas especially in Baloch belt of

Balochistan where NGOs hesitate to visit are in miserable condition. It is

appalling to learn that the NGOs either not allowed to go to those areas by the

authority or they feel the threat of insurgency, thus, the area faces so many

problems and issue. However, the NGOs are working in many villages in

Balochistan without facing any security problem. They are comparatively more

secular than the other people of the other provinces in Pakistan. The villagers are

supporting NGOs in Balochistan and hundreds of volunteers are helping the

NGOs to work in their areas. However, in spite of the fact that many NGOs are

involved in work in the rural areas, it seems that none of their agendas has been

achieved and the problems of the people remain the same, rather their presence

has not changed any ground reality which is hurting the human security.

Active diplomacy in the international arena, encouraging the community

based services and development on the priority basis are other crucial aspects to

be pursued with full vigor.

7.1.8 Individual roles do matter

The role of the individual in the growing world of globalization and

modernization is not only essential, but inevitable for the success of anything

from a vision to a mission. In addition, the role individual plays, so much

important since he/she know which areas ought to be covered. Moreover, that

individual can a political leader, can be a businessmen or an industrials, can be

social activists or social servant or any ordinary man with a coherent and clear

vision. Individuals have changed the face of the world today. It is dominated by

individuals. A single person with a proper guidance and creativity or devotion

can create or destroy the world. For instance, Adolf Hitler was a single man, an

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individual who was bent upon taking vengeance upon the Europe for their

treatment of the Germans in the wake of the First World War.

As a result, he drove the world on the brink of destruction through the

initiation of the second Great War, the costliest, the deadliest and the most

largely devastating war in the recorded history of the humans. He was a person

with a bad vision. It is not necessary that every individual should have a negative

role to play like Hitler did, but the fact of the matter is that how an individual

can change the entire landscape of the ground situation for a country, region or

for the entire world. the individual can play a positive role like that of Franklin

Roosevelt, the former president of USA, who laid the foundations of the United

Nations along with Winston Churchill, he was the key figure behind all the

political conferences and agreements that eventually led to the creation of the

United Nations, the only global peace promoting organization of the world.

The role of the individuals can also be crucial in the promotion of the

humanitarian cause and for the promotion of Human security if this notion is still

deemed important. The individuals in the political circle of Pakistan are not

interested in the promoting this agenda, this has been obvious from their attitude

for the past six decades, the fact of the matter is that if any individual is there in

Japanese political circles who can take this mission. If no figure appears to

adhere to this mission, then the social activists can come forward and take this

responsibility. They need to ensure a positive pressure group is evolves in the

social sector that exerts sustained pressure on the government for the utilization

of the funds for the betterment of the society rather than consuming the funds in

promoting the military agendas. Individuals as non-state actors do have the

capacity to rise to the occasion and champion the cause of humanity.

Those individuals can be from the human rights activists, from the NGO’s

working on health, education for the women rights. The individuals in the eyes

of public are important as for the delivering of the services; the public do not

cooperate with the NGO’s and foreign workers unless they see a person from

their own community representing their cause or interest. The confidence of the

public is integral for the success of any project anywhere in the world, it is

integral in Pakistan especially in the sense that for decades the public have been

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fooled with false promises and false pledges of giving them the services they

need, now the trust of the public on the NGO’s and upon the government

whether central or provincial has vanished. To regain that trust, the individuals

from the same community can lead their way for coordination. They can create a

link of understanding between the organizations working to promote those

services and among the public to cooperate with on different matters. Therefore,

the role of the individuals in certain issues cannot be denied. Any aid from Japan

or any other country can only be successful if the public coordination is

guaranteed. Otherwise, the phase of development will be as slow as it has been

for the past six decades. These are the immediate areas need to be focused.

Being a new phenomenon, the human security needs to be incorporated in

the international conferences. As the environment has emerged as a global hot

issue and discussed in every important conference and organizational platform,

like the human security needs to be elevated to the level of importance in the

eyes of the world leaders. Understanding that human security is the future to

symbolize global peace, countries like Japan and Canada and Norway have taken

the initiatives to take to the cause of human security. It is not a well -defined path

only for the developed countries; the smaller and poorer, underdeveloped

countries can also incorporate human security in their own domestic policies as

well without needing to depend on the foreign donors. The way to live on foreign

aid makes a country dependent and maintenance of tie aid destroys the entire

potential of its human resources.

The hegemonic ambitions of the major powers want to keep the status quo

as it is and want to maintain their hegemony, in return of their hegemony they

use the foreign aid as a tool to either gain influence over the policy making

decisions of the weaker states or to gain some strategic purpose. Either way, the

foreign aid goes to the hands of the corrupt elite that embezzle the money or the

aid goes up to the smoke, totally wasted without achieving the cause for which

the aid is given. On the other hand, the most of the foreign aid is given for

military purposes, aid in the name of humanity is not only rare, but given by very

few countries. Even the aid given by Japan to Pakistan is not based on military of

some strategic interests, yet very meager of its amount is sued on purpose. The

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political structure in Pakistan is not so properly organized and transparent that an

aid may get to the grass root level without being some of its amount consumed

by corruption.

One wonders that billions of rupees have been given in aid to Pakistan

over the years for different purposes, yet poverty stays at the top, illiteracy has

plagued the country and polio like diseases are the order of the day in the

country. Why the billions of rupees have failed to even eradicate a disease like

polio which all countries of the region have eradicated long ago continues to

perturb Pakistanis. Why still the half of population is out of schools and the

other half who are enrolled are also not receiving the standardized education they

deserve. The potential of the youth is going on wasted and the ratio of

unemployment is lingering taller and taller. The gap between the people with too

much and the gap between the people with less is widening and the gap between

the opposite genders remains the same as it was two almost a decade ago. People

in the rural areas still suffer from lack of health facilities. Child mortality rate is

the highest in Balochistan and tribal areas in South Asia. Children suffer from

malnutrition and from lack of facilities for vaccination at birth. Resources of

sanitation are too contaminated causing numerous health hazards, to deal with

which the people of rural areas have no financial resources to improve their

standards and the ill-accountability of the government from top layer to the

municipal level is obvious. It is high time the ground situation of the poor

masses is realized and policies are made accordingly. Had the loans and grants

been used more accurately and with more transparency, the shape of present

Pakistan might have been much different.

Human security not only protects, but also empowers people and societies

as a means of security. People contribute by identifying and implementing

solutions to insecurity. By considering the importance of human security it must

be protected and steps must be taken by all states at international level not only

by Japan. Furthermore, as Japan already focusing on human security must

increase the amount of funds in order to make enhance the quality of services in

concerned sectors, like health and education etc. A dignified way of living is the

core objective of human security.

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7.2 SUGGESTIONS FOR HUMAN SECURITY IN JAPANESE

FOREIGN POLICY

After cold war scenario Japan realized the importance of human security and

took many measures for the human security by making part in its foreign policy.

In Post-Cold War Era Japan’s turn of foreign policy towards human security is

appreciable but needs more additions like enhancement in budges on the one

hand and to increase projects on the other hand. The human security basically

needs itself a security which is the security from various types of diseases

because a nation being infected by different kind of diseases will not be able to

progress so in order to gain a prosper healthy nation it is obviously important to

keep its people away from the diseases. The people are dying because of various

diseases such as cancer, AIDS, malnutrition etc. mostly in underdeveloped

countries there is a major scarcity of nutrition and because of which the children

are dying each year because the basic needs of growth in children are not being

fulfilled. So the state must take care of basic needs of their people such as by

providing pure water, medicine and promoting health campaigns in such areas

where there is no such facility and educate the families who have no knowledge

about pharmacy and other medical treatments. Also the increase in industries and

factories has also alarmed the issue of increasing pollution in the atmosphere due

to which various kinds of gases are found in the atmosphere. The increase of

such gasses has increased many diseases such as asthma and other lung

infections which is the cause of many deaths. Furthermore the drainage system in

rural areas in third world countries is also a major problem because such water

increases many types of diseases such as malaria typhoid dengue and other

dangerous diseases. Diseases are too dangerous in the modern world of

globalization as they spread way too fast owing to the growing communication

and interaction of the people from different backgrounds and different races.

Epidemics are growing more rapidly than ever, new kinds of diseases like

Zika Virus, Dengue Virus, Congo Virus, the diseases that the world knew little

about are taking their roots in the slums of the mega cities. People are

desperately looking for ways to avoid these diseases. As the matter goes more

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serious, many of these diseases are highly contagious and it is almost impossible

to avoid having come in contact with them.

The only way to get rid of these diseases is to roll back the pace of globalization

and retrieve to the age of isolation and backwardness because the more people

want globalization, the more they need to interact with the world, unless, they

pursue some other ways. These diseases are sings of the need of human security.

The world can continue with the pace of advancement and globalization

with ever growing interaction if the human security is considered by every

country for its tourism. By prioritizing this notion, the states can ensure a healthy

and clean environment for the tourists even if the tours are meant for business or

politics. The world needs to understand the ways and means to check the menace

of the given epidemics through domestically adopted measures. Interaction is

inevitable, globalization and development is indispensable, therefore, health

hazards must be dealt with by Pakistan if it wants to promote its tourism industry

which is one of the poorest tourist industries in South Asia.

7.3 SUGGESTIONS FOR HEALTH SECURITY

Japan has helped a lot to Pakistan in health sector throughout the history of

having good bilateral relations but needs more to do research on latest diseases

like HCV, AIDS and other health issues, in order to meet these challenges of

health many research laboratories must be established and steps should be taken

to avail medicine as well.

7.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR BETTERMENT IN PAKISTAN’S

EDUCATION

Japan is contributing a lot in field of education in Pakistan, but still needs to do

more because many children of Pakistan are out of school having shortage of

buildings and teachers, we need more scholarships from Japan in coming years

for higher studies, and program of training to offices must be increased. In recent

past many projects were started which are listed below like as around 10 research

students are sent to Japan every year. In 2015, 2 teacher’s training students were

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also sent to Japan. Most alumni of the scholarship program belong to MEXT

Alumni Association of Pakistan (MAAP). The MAAP members which are 154

members as of August 2015) have widely contributed to the Pakistani and

international society as well as the Japan-Pakistan bilateral relations. The Young

Leaders’ program is for young public administrators and government officials

who are expected to play active roles in the future as national leaders in their

home countries. Three officers were sent to Japan in 2013, and 1 officer was sent

in 2015. So far 18 Pakistani officers took part in this program since 2004.

It is also discussed earlier that Pakistan is getting financial support from

Japan especially in health and education. Non-military support is the part of

japans foreign policy hence assistance in non-traditional security is increased.

This assistance is a cause to have good relations between Japan and Pakistan.

Pakistan also expressed its solidarity and support to the government and

people of Japan in the aftermath of devastating earthquake and tsunami that hit

Japan in March 2011. Both nations have been sharing cordial relations for over

half a century now. Therefore, the ties of Japan and Pakistan are strongly mature

and amicable which led them to sign so many agreements related to human

security. Moreover, it ought to be noted that Japan has been helping Pakistan

economically and financially through different means, however, it has to

increase the aid for the cause of human development and human welfare.

Japan is the largest aid donor of the world. (Rix 2010) In addition,

Pakistan and Japan ought to seek their bilateral relations irrespective of the fact

that how and what they interests they pursue in their relations with other

countries. Pakistan has to take the maximum benefits from the relations with

Japan and has to lobby for enhancing the ratio of the funds given to Pakistan

which currently stand at a meager just above 2 percent.

The lobbies should be based on the actual plight of the poor masses that

live their live in misery and grinding poverty. The current public backwardness

of Pakistan is not hidden to the world and every person in the world knows that

Pakistan is somewhat a victim of the war on terror and its public has been the

worst sufferers after the people of that of Afghanistan. The need of the hour is to

221

now lobby in this regard to promote their interest, to attract more and more aid

from Japan and to gain credence that the aid will be purely used for the public

welfare of the people. The ratio of the aid needs to be enhanced from 2 percent

to at least 5 percent so the social services can be expanded throughout the

country. There is a great need for the people of Pakistan for gaining international

support for their efforts in eradicating some of the miseries facing the country. In

the terms of the military capability, Pakistan is one of the top ten countries of the

world, with a potential to face and thwart attacks from countries like India. But

in terms of social welfare of the people, Pakistan is one of the most backward

countries of South Asia and its statistics in the field of social welfare are mostly

compared to the backward countries. Pakistan is still one of the three countries

where polio is not fully eradicated. The other two countries are Somalia and

Syria. on the other hand, polio has become a far and remotely threatening d isease

for other countries of the world as it has been eradicated from their countries

long time ago and the campaigns to maintain the healthy situation are highly

active.

Pakistan is one of the very few countries which is in dire need of

technical assistance to improve the health standards. As the countries of the

African continent face lack of access to pure water and sanitation, the same

situation is prevailing in the rural areas of Balochistan and Sindh in Pakistan as

the people of the countries of African continent fail to gain standard and

innovative education, the same situation is present in Pakistan. Let alone the

quality of education or its productivity to develop the innovative skills of the

youth, the half of the population is still out of schools needing to be enrolled.

Under all the given circumstances, Pakistan has to ensure a strong lobby in the

eyes of the world to prove that Pakistan is really in need of the international help

and Pakistan is still in need to drive itself out of the miserable condition for most

of which its own domestic policies and excessive oblivion is responsible. The

more the lobbies attract the attention of the world, the more they can create a

situation of constant flow of the funds waiting to be consumed properly in the

social welfare sector.

222

Therefore, even in relations with Japan, Pakistan has to lobby for its

interests and try to persuade the Japanese authorities to increases the ratio of the

grants and loans in the shape of aid given to the former every year. They have to

lobby to increase the ratio of the aid to at least 5 percent or equivalent to that of

what India is receiving so the current projects for health and education and

gender priority running in mainstream cities of Pakistan can be stretched to other

areas as well. Vigilant government in cooperation with its foreign office and

active diplomats has to make it work when the relations of these two countries

are in a smooth sail.

223

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APPENDIX A

Open-ended Questionnaire

The researcher is currently enrolled in PhD at IR Department at University of

Sindh, Jamshoro and working on the title. “Japan’s Human Security

Assistance to Pakistan in Post-Cold War Era” for the said purpose, the

researcher needs your opinions, ideas and knowledge.

Ethical Consideration

It is ensured that the answers of the asked questions would be used for the thesis

only and would not be published in any print or electronic media. It is also

ensured that your answers would not be shared with any other scholar without

your kind permission.

Name of the Respondent:_________________________________

Designation of the Respondent:_____________________________

Email:_______________________________________________

i. What are the characteristics of Japan’s human security assistance in

general?

ii. To what extent is Japan’s human security assistance important to

Pakistan?

iii. What are the motives of Japan’s human security assistance to

Pakistan?

iv. What are Japan’s key tools in its pursuit of Human Security?

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v. Is Human security assistance a means to strengthen Japan’s

representation in the international community?

vi. To what extent is the concept of Human Security important in the

foreign policy of Japan?

vii. What are the Japanese concerns about the multiple challenges that

Pakistan is currently facing?

242

APPENDIX B

The author interviews Associate Professor Dr. Ravi Chandra, Faculty member at

the School of History, Politics and Strategy, Faculty of Social Sciences &

Humanities, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, about the Japanese economic aid

to Pakistan.

243

Professor. Dr. Rasool Bakhsh Rais, Department of Humanities and Social

Sciences LUMS, Lahore has been interviewed by the author about the impacts

of economic aids of Japan on Pakistan.

244

Dr. Naeem Ahmed, Associate Professor of International Relations, Karachi

University was interviewed about Pak-Japanese Economic Relations.

245

Professor. Dr. Shaista Tabassum, Chairperson of the Department of International

Relations was interviewed about the Human Security situation in Pakistan.

246

Assistant Professor, Dr. Muhammad Shakeel Ahmed, Centre for Policy Studies

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology-Islamabad, Pakistan, was

interviewed by the author about the impacts of Japanese aids on the women

empowerment in Pakistan.

MUHAMMAD RAMZAN - HEC

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