Mudaliar Commission – Mudaliar Commission – 1952-531952-53

A Power Point PresentationA Power Point PresentationByBy

Sudha PandeyaSudha Pandeya

Commission was comprised ofCommission was comprised of

Chairman- Dr. A. Chairman- Dr. A. Lakshmanswami Mudaliar, V. C. Lakshmanswami Mudaliar, V. C. Madras University.Madras University.

Member Secretary- Principal Member Secretary- Principal A.N. Basu, Central Institute of A.N. Basu, Central Institute of Education, Delhi.Education, Delhi.

Assistant Secretary- Dr. S. M. Assistant Secretary- Dr. S. M. Dhari, Education Officer, Dhari, Education Officer, Ministry of Education, along with Ministry of Education, along with seven members.seven members.

Terms of reference of the Terms of reference of the CommissionCommission

After accepting the proposal of After accepting the proposal of Central Advisory Board of Central Advisory Board of Education, Government of India Education, Government of India appointed Secondary Education appointed Secondary Education Commission on 23 Commission on 23 September1952.September1952.

The area of work and The area of work and investigation of -Commission investigation of -Commission were-were-

To enquire into and report on To enquire into and report on the present position of the present position of Secondary Education in India in Secondary Education in India in all its aspects andall its aspects and

Contd.Contd.Suggest measures for its Suggest measures for its reorganisation and improvement reorganisation and improvement with particular reference to:with particular reference to:

Its relationship to primary, basic and higher Its relationship to primary, basic and higher education.education.

The aims ,organization and content of Secondary The aims ,organization and content of Secondary education.education.

The inter-relation of Secondary Schools of The inter-relation of Secondary Schools of different types and different types and

other allied problem so that a sound and other allied problem so that a sound and reasonably uniform system of Secondary reasonably uniform system of Secondary

Education suited to our needs and resources Education suited to our needs and resources may be provided for the whole country.may be provided for the whole country.

Report of the CommissionReport of the Commission

The Commission prepared a The Commission prepared a questionnaire related to questionnaire related to problems of education and send problems of education and send it to various educationists, it to various educationists, teachers and educational teachers and educational institutes. On the basis of their institutes. On the basis of their answers The Commission had answers The Commission had prepared a report of 244 pages prepared a report of 244 pages which was divided in14/15 which was divided in14/15 Chapters on 29 August 1953 Chapters on 29 August 1953 and presented to the and presented to the Government of India.Government of India.

Recommendations of the Recommendations of the CommissionCommission

Defects of Secondary education Defects of Secondary education are-are-

Secondary education is bookish, Secondary education is bookish, monotonous and stereotyped.monotonous and stereotyped.

It is not suitable to all types of It is not suitable to all types of students.students.

It is not related to life.It is not related to life. It does not develop the all It does not develop the all

round personality of the round personality of the students.students.

It does not give practical It does not give practical knowledge.knowledge.

Contd.Contd.

Defective teaching methods and Defective teaching methods and more stress on examinations.more stress on examinations.

It is one -sided and prepares It is one -sided and prepares students for exams only.students for exams only.

There is no vocational education.There is no vocational education. Rigid time table does not provide Rigid time table does not provide

opportunity for self –expression.opportunity for self –expression. Compulsory English is torturing for Compulsory English is torturing for

weak students.weak students. More students in a class, no More students in a class, no

provision for sports and physical provision for sports and physical training.training.

Aims of Secondary educationAims of Secondary education

Development of democratic Development of democratic citizenship.citizenship.

Initiation into art of living.Initiation into art of living. Development of personality.Development of personality. Improvement of vocational Improvement of vocational

efficiency.efficiency. Education for leadership.Education for leadership. Development of true patriotism.Development of true patriotism.

NeNew organisational pattern of secondary w organisational pattern of secondary educationeducation

Secondary education should be Secondary education should be of 7 yearsof 7 years

It should be for children of 11to It should be for children of 11to 17 years.17 years.

It suggested to end intermediate It suggested to end intermediate college and merge class11 college and merge class11 withsecondary schools and withsecondary schools and class 12 with B.A.class 12 with B.A.

Commission divided secondary Commission divided secondary education into two parts-education into two parts-

Junior secondary education for Junior secondary education for three years and senior three years and senior secondary for 4years.secondary for 4years.

contd.contd.

Degree course should be of three Degree course should be of three years.years.

One year pre- university course for One year pre- university course for high school students to enter in high school students to enter in university.university.

Students who passed pre university Students who passed pre university should be allowed to enter in should be allowed to enter in professional courses.professional courses.

Multipurpose schools should be Multipurpose schools should be established to take care of various established to take care of various abilities of students.abilities of students.

Special arrangement of agriculture Special arrangement of agriculture ,horticulture, animal husbandary ,horticulture, animal husbandary teaching in village schools.teaching in village schools.

Contd.Contd.

Technical education-large Technical education-large number of schools should be number of schools should be opened along with Central opened along with Central Technical Institutions.Technical Institutions.

Such institutions should be Such institutions should be opened near factories so that opened near factories so that students can take practical students can take practical trainings.trainings.

Industrial education cess should Industrial education cess should be levied on industries to be levied on industries to finance technical education.finance technical education.

Contd.Contd.

Other types of school-Other types of school- Public schools should be Public schools should be

reconstructed as secondary reconstructed as secondary schools after 5 yearsschools after 5 years

The boys and girls should be The boys and girls should be provided same education provided same education through co education but there through co education but there should be provision of home should be provision of home science teaching for girls.science teaching for girls.

Girls schools should be opened Girls schools should be opened in the areas where required.in the areas where required.

CurriculumCurriculum

Commission supported flexible Commission supported flexible curriculum which can be related with curriculum which can be related with interest, need and life of students.interest, need and life of students.

It should be such that it can train the It should be such that it can train the students for work and leisure both. students for work and leisure both.

Productive works should be given Productive works should be given importance. importance.

It should include practical knowledge It should include practical knowledge along with theoretical knowledge.along with theoretical knowledge.

Subjects for CurriculumSubjects for Curriculum

Junior High School – Languages, Social Junior High School – Languages, Social Study, General Science, Mathematics, Art Study, General Science, Mathematics, Art & Craft, Music, Physical Education.& Craft, Music, Physical Education.

Secondary Education – Diversification of Secondary Education – Diversification of course has been done. There are some course has been done. There are some core subjects like Hindi, Social Science, core subjects like Hindi, Social Science, Math and one craft which every student Math and one craft which every student has to study. Along with it there are some has to study. Along with it there are some optional subjects classified in seven groups optional subjects classified in seven groups like Humanities, Science, Technical like Humanities, Science, Technical subjects, Commerce, Agriculture, Fine Arts subjects, Commerce, Agriculture, Fine Arts and Home Science.and Home Science.

Study of LanguagesStudy of Languages

Hindi has been taken as the Hindi has been taken as the national language.national language.

For government services Hindi For government services Hindi is compulsory.is compulsory.

English is compulsory for English is compulsory for secondary level. secondary level.

Sanskrit is also included as a Sanskrit is also included as a third language which is optional.third language which is optional.

Medium of InstructionMedium of Instruction

The medium of instruction The medium of instruction should be mother tongue or should be mother tongue or regional languages. regional languages.

Along with the mother tongue Along with the mother tongue and regional languages, and regional languages, national language and a national language and a foreign language should also foreign language should also be taught. be taught.

TextbooksTextbooks

Textbooks should be selected very Textbooks should be selected very carefully. There should be a carefully. There should be a committee for selection and reforms.committee for selection and reforms.

There should be a definite standard There should be a definite standard for printing, cover and front page of for printing, cover and front page of the book.the book.

There should be no such book which There should be no such book which spread hatred, enemity against any spread hatred, enemity against any community, religion or social community, religion or social customs.customs.

There should be more than one There should be more than one textbooks for a subject. textbooks for a subject.

Teaching MethodsTeaching Methods

Teaching method should be adopted according Teaching method should be adopted according to the need of moral, social and mental to the need of moral, social and mental development of students.development of students.

Teaching method should be activity based. It Teaching method should be activity based. It should not stress on verbalism and should not stress on verbalism and memorisation.memorisation.

Various types of expression works should be Various types of expression works should be included in each subject.included in each subject.

Teaching method should be adopted in such a Teaching method should be adopted in such a way that it takes care of individual difference. way that it takes care of individual difference.

There should be more stress on experimental There should be more stress on experimental and demonstration method.and demonstration method.

Place of Library in SchoolPlace of Library in School

Libraries should be given a form of an Libraries should be given a form of an intellectual laboratory. And it should help intellectual laboratory. And it should help in completing personal and group works, in completing personal and group works, literary interests and co-curricular literary interests and co-curricular activities. activities.

Libraries should be made the most Libraries should be made the most attractive place for students.attractive place for students.

The books and magazines should be The books and magazines should be according to need and interest of the according to need and interest of the teachers and students.teachers and students.

Contd.Contd.

There should be a trained librarian in the There should be a trained librarian in the libraries.libraries.

Libraries should be open during the Libraries should be open during the vacations as well so that students and vacations as well so that students and society can benefit from them.society can benefit from them.

Education of CharacterEducation of Character

School is a small society and the School is a small society and the values, outlook, actions of students values, outlook, actions of students are important from the point of view are important from the point of view of national importance. So, they of national importance. So, they should be trained accordingly.should be trained accordingly.

There should be close relationship There should be close relationship between the teachers and students between the teachers and students for best discipline. for best discipline.

Contd.Contd.

There should be self-government in There should be self-government in the school run by House System, the school run by House System, Prefects, Monitors and Student Prefects, Monitors and Student Council should be given important Council should be given important place.place.

Co-curricular activities should be Co-curricular activities should be encouraged and extra-curricular encouraged and extra-curricular activities should be also included in activities should be also included in school education.school education.

NCC, Scout camps should be NCC, Scout camps should be encouraged.encouraged.

Contd.Contd.

First aid and junior red-cross First aid and junior red-cross work should be encouraged.work should be encouraged.

Code of conduct for students Code of conduct for students should be made and should be made and maintained. maintained.

Guidance in EducationGuidance in Education

There should be appointment of There should be appointment of Guidance officers and career Guidance officers and career masters in the schools for masters in the schools for educational, personal and educational, personal and vocational guidance.vocational guidance.

There should be arrangement There should be arrangement of film shows,excursions related of film shows,excursions related to various industries.to various industries.

Physical Welfare of StudentsPhysical Welfare of Students

There should be School Medical There should be School Medical Service in every state.Service in every state.

There should be provision of regular There should be provision of regular health check-up of every student in health check-up of every student in the school.the school.

Health Report of every student Health Report of every student should be prepared and should be prepared and doctor,parents and class teacher doctor,parents and class teacher should keep one copy of it.should keep one copy of it.

Contd.Contd.

There should be arrangement of There should be arrangement of balanced and nutritious diet in balanced and nutritious diet in hostels and Residential schools.hostels and Residential schools.

Teachers of physical education Teachers of physical education should be treated equally like subject should be treated equally like subject teachers.teachers.

Physical Education Training Centre Physical Education Training Centre should be opened at national level.should be opened at national level.

There should be complete record of There should be complete record of physical activities of students.physical activities of students.

Examination and EvaluationExamination and Evaluation

The number of external examinations The number of external examinations should be reduced.should be reduced.

There should be only one Public There should be only one Public Examination after completion of syllabus.Examination after completion of syllabus.

Questions should be objective and Questions should be objective and subjective elements should be reduced.subjective elements should be reduced.

Questions should be based on the full Questions should be based on the full syllabus.syllabus.

Examiners should be selected cautiously. Examiners should be selected cautiously.

Contd.Contd.

While evaluating the works of While evaluating the works of students, internal examinations, students, internal examinations, periodical tests and school records periodical tests and school records should also be considered. should also be considered.

Students should be evaluated on 5-Students should be evaluated on 5-point scale, where A is distinction, B point scale, where A is distinction, B is credit, C is pass, D & E is fail or re-is credit, C is pass, D & E is fail or re-exam.exam.

There should be provision for There should be provision for compartmental examination for one compartmental examination for one subject.subject.

Improvement in Teacher Improvement in Teacher StatusStatus

The procedure of selection and The procedure of selection and appointment of teachers should be appointment of teachers should be uniform throughout the country.uniform throughout the country.

The probation period of trained The probation period of trained teachers should be one year.teachers should be one year.

Secondary school teachers should Secondary school teachers should be trained graduate and higher be trained graduate and higher secondary school teachers should secondary school teachers should be trained post-graduate.be trained post-graduate.

Contd.Contd.

Teachers who are equally qualified Teachers who are equally qualified should be paid equally throughout should be paid equally throughout the country.the country.

There should be Triple Benefit There should be Triple Benefit Scheme for teachers which includes Scheme for teachers which includes pension, provident fund and life pension, provident fund and life insurance.insurance.

There should be arbitration board to There should be arbitration board to solve the grievances of teachers.solve the grievances of teachers.

The retirement age of teachers The retirement age of teachers should be 60 years. should be 60 years.

Contd.Contd.

The teacher’s ward should study free The teacher’s ward should study free in the school.in the school.

Teachers should be provided Teachers should be provided residential and medical facilities, residential and medical facilities, study leave, traveling allowances, study leave, traveling allowances, etc.etc.

Private tuition should be banned.Private tuition should be banned. To improve their social status, To improve their social status,

teachers should be honoured time to teachers should be honoured time to time.time.

Teacher’s TrainingTeacher’s Training

Higher Secondary teachers should Higher Secondary teachers should be given two-year training and be given two-year training and graduates should be given one-year graduates should be given one-year training.training.

Pupil teachers should be trained in Pupil teachers should be trained in one or more extra-curricular one or more extra-curricular activities.activities.

There should be provision for There should be provision for Refresher Course and Practical Refresher Course and Practical Training and Workshops in Training Training and Workshops in Training colleges.colleges.

Contd.Contd.

Training Colleges should not Training Colleges should not charge any fee from pupil charge any fee from pupil teachers. State should provide teachers. State should provide stipends.stipends.

There should be hostels in There should be hostels in training colleges.training colleges.

The teachers who have three The teachers who have three year teaching experience only year teaching experience only should be eligible for M.Ed. should be eligible for M.Ed.

AdministrationAdministration

Director of education should be Director of education should be direct in touch with education direct in touch with education minister.minister.

There should be a board of 25 There should be a board of 25 members for inspection and co-members for inspection and co-ordination of education.ordination of education.

Central Advisory Board of Education Central Advisory Board of Education should work as a coordinator in should work as a coordinator in solving the problems of education at solving the problems of education at national level.national level.

Contd.Contd.

Eligibility criteria for applying for school Eligibility criteria for applying for school inspectors should be – inspectors should be –

10 years of teaching experience.10 years of teaching experience. Headmasters of the high-school.Headmasters of the high-school. Able teachers of training colleges.Able teachers of training colleges.School should be given recognition School should be given recognition

only when they fulfill all the only when they fulfill all the conditions.conditions.

In rural areas, schools should be at the In rural areas, schools should be at the reach of people of surrounding reach of people of surrounding villages.villages.

Contd.Contd.

Every classroom should have the capacity Every classroom should have the capacity of accommodating 30-40 students.of accommodating 30-40 students.

Every schools should have co-operative Every schools should have co-operative stores so that students can get the stores so that students can get the necessary things. necessary things.

School should work at least 200 days in a School should work at least 200 days in a year and teaching work should be done 35 year and teaching work should be done 35 periods per week.periods per week.

There should be at least 2 month vacation in There should be at least 2 month vacation in summer and 10-15 days holidays in summer and 10-15 days holidays in winter. winter.

FinanceFinance

On secondary level for technical and On secondary level for technical and vocational education, Industrial vocational education, Industrial Education Cess should be imposed.Education Cess should be imposed.

Some part of the income from Some part of the income from railway, telecommunication and post railway, telecommunication and post should be spent for developing the should be spent for developing the technical education. There should technical education. There should not be imposition of income tax on not be imposition of income tax on the development fund of secondary the development fund of secondary education. education.

Merits of CommissionMerits of Commission

Activity based education.Activity based education. Stress on agricultural education.Stress on agricultural education. Discussion of aims of secondary Discussion of aims of secondary

education.education. Child-centered education.Child-centered education. Improvement in teacher’s salary Improvement in teacher’s salary

and position. and position. Co-curricular activities.Co-curricular activities.

Contd.Contd.

No more stress on external No more stress on external examinations.examinations.

Stress on multi-purpose schools.Stress on multi-purpose schools. Suggestion to open technical Suggestion to open technical

schools near industries. schools near industries.

Demerits of the CommissionDemerits of the Commission

The suggestions are given in haste, The suggestions are given in haste, so problems are still there.so problems are still there.

No new statement regarding the No new statement regarding the improvement of social and economic improvement of social and economic conditions of teachers.conditions of teachers.

No suggestion regarding women No suggestion regarding women education.education.

Still stress on English. Still stress on English.

Thank YouThank You