MR. LIPMAN’S APUS MR. LIPMAN’S APUS POWERPOINT POWERPOINT

CHAPTER 5CHAPTER 5Small steps towards democracySmall steps towards democracy

Themes of ChapterThemes of Chapter

Ethnic and Cultural Diversity BeginsEthnic and Cultural Diversity Begins Triangle TradeTriangle Trade Exports to Other Nations GrowExports to Other Nations Grow Great AwakeningGreat Awakening Zenger TrialZenger Trial Democracy starts to spread slowlyDemocracy starts to spread slowly

Increase in population in America in 1700s Increase in population in America in 1700s In 1700 there were 300,000 people in In 1700 there were 300,000 people in

America; 20,000 blacks America; 20,000 blacks

By 1775 there were 2.5 million people in By 1775 there were 2.5 million people in America; 500,000 were black America; 500,000 were black

• 400,000 were new immigrants; an additional 400,000 were new immigrants; an additional 400,000 were black slaves400,000 were black slaves

• The rest was due to the natural fertility of The rest was due to the natural fertility of Americans; colonists doubled their numbers Americans; colonists doubled their numbers every 25 years every 25 years

America as a melting potAmerica as a melting pot

GermansGermans By 1775 were 6% of the population By 1775 were 6% of the population

(150,000)(150,000) In the early 1700s, they settled chiefly in In the early 1700s, they settled chiefly in

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania • Known as Pennsylvania Dutch (“Deutsch” Known as Pennsylvania Dutch (“Deutsch”

means German)means German)• Moved to the backcountry and worked on farmsMoved to the backcountry and worked on farms

Not loyal to British crown Not loyal to British crown Clung to German heritage and language Clung to German heritage and language

Scots-IrishScots-Irish By 1775 were 7% of the population By 1775 were 7% of the population

(175,000)(175,000) Had been exiled to Ireland before Had been exiled to Ireland before

emigration to America emigration to America Settled chiefly in Pennsylvania as Settled chiefly in Pennsylvania as

squatters, but also rural Maryland, squatters, but also rural Maryland, Virginia, and CarolinasVirginia, and Carolinas

Quick to attack and retaliate against Quick to attack and retaliate against IndiansIndians

No loyalty to British government No loyalty to British government Rebelled against colonial governments Rebelled against colonial governments

dominated by eastern elites dominated by eastern elites

Ethnic and Racial Composition of the Ethnic and Racial Composition of the American People, 1790American People, 1790

AgricultureAgriculture 90% of the colonists were involved 90% of the colonists were involved In the Chesapeake, mainly tobacco & some wheatIn the Chesapeake, mainly tobacco & some wheat In the Middle colonies, primarily grain (the “bread” In the Middle colonies, primarily grain (the “bread”

colonies) was grown colonies) was grown Americans enjoyed a higher standard of living because Americans enjoyed a higher standard of living because

of agriculture than any other people in history beforeof agriculture than any other people in history before

Fishing (including whaling) Fishing (including whaling) Principally in New England Principally in New England Stimulated shipbuilding Stimulated shipbuilding Served as training for future navy Served as training for future navy

Commerce (trade) Commerce (trade) Especially in New England, New York, and Especially in New England, New York, and

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania

Shipped food and forest products to Shipped food and forest products to Caribbean Caribbean

Brought gold, wine, and oranges to Europe Brought gold, wine, and oranges to Europe

Brought industrial goods from EuropeBrought industrial goods from Europe

Triangular tradeTriangular trade Very profitable, though small in relation to Very profitable, though small in relation to

total colonial commercetotal colonial commerce

Rum and raw materials shipped from North Rum and raw materials shipped from North to England to Africa for slavesto England to Africa for slaves

Slaves to West Indies for molasses Slaves to West Indies for molasses

Molasses to New England and distilled into Molasses to New England and distilled into rum rum

Triangular Trade across the AtlanticTriangular Trade across the Atlantic

Manufacturing Manufacturing Secondary to farming because plenty of Secondary to farming because plenty of

good land and British restrictions on good land and British restrictions on industryindustry

Rum, beaver hats, iron forges, household Rum, beaver hats, iron forges, household manufacturing (spinning, weaving), manufacturing (spinning, weaving), carpentry carpentry

Lumbering was the most important single Lumbering was the most important single manufacturing activity for shipbuilding manufacturing activity for shipbuilding (primarily in New England) (primarily in New England)

Shipbuilding Shipbuilding Colonies had important (and relatively rare) Colonies had important (and relatively rare)

materials such as tar, pitch, rosin, and materials such as tar, pitch, rosin, and turpentineturpentine

Huge trees in colonies used for British Huge trees in colonies used for British ships; colonists were restricted from cutting ships; colonists were restricted from cutting some down because of this some down because of this

A growing trade imbalance between A growing trade imbalance between Britain and colonies Britain and colonies Americans (with increasing population) Americans (with increasing population)

demanded more and more British productsdemanded more and more British products

British population was reaching a British population was reaching a saturation point for imports from America saturation point for imports from America

Americans found new markets for their Americans found new markets for their goods in foreign countriesgoods in foreign countries

Foreign tradeForeign trade Exports to Europe had to pass through Exports to Europe had to pass through

Britain & pay a slice of the profitsBritain & pay a slice of the profits Most important trading partner for colonists Most important trading partner for colonists

was trade with West Indies was trade with West Indies

1733 – Molasses Act1733 – Molasses Act British West Indian planters pressured British West Indian planters pressured

Parliament to stop American trade with Parliament to stop American trade with French West Indies French West Indies

Would cripple American foreign trade and Would cripple American foreign trade and hurt colonists’ standard of livinghurt colonists’ standard of living

Colonists got around law by smuggling and Colonists got around law by smuggling and bribingbribing

Colonial Trade Patterns in 1770Colonial Trade Patterns in 1770

RELIGION ISSUERELIGION ISSUE Two “established” (tax-supported) Two “established” (tax-supported)

churches in 1775 – Anglican and churches in 1775 – Anglican and Congregational Congregational

Considerable part of population did no Considerable part of population did no worship at any church worship at any church

In those colonies that had an established In those colonies that had an established religion only a minority of people belonged religion only a minority of people belonged to that church to that church

The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening

By mid 1700s, religion less fervent than in By mid 1700s, religion less fervent than in the 1600s:the 1600s: The Puritan church had 2 burdens:The Puritan church had 2 burdens:

1. Elaborate doctrines1. Elaborate doctrines2. Compromises to liberalize membership 2. Compromises to liberalize membership requirements requirements

Puritan preachers preached overly complex, Puritan preachers preached overly complex, intellectual, and boring sermons, beyond the intellectual, and boring sermons, beyond the understanding of the membership understanding of the membership

Great Awakening began in 1734 in Great Awakening began in 1734 in Massachusetts with Massachusetts with Jonathan EdwardsJonathan Edwards Edwards preached “Sinners in the Hands Edwards preached “Sinners in the Hands

of an Angry God” of an Angry God”

Fought idea that good works were enough Fought idea that good works were enough to be saved – God’s grace was only way to to be saved – God’s grace was only way to get to heaven get to heaven

Preaching style was learned and closely Preaching style was learned and closely reasoned, but used brutal doctrines to reasoned, but used brutal doctrines to catch people’s attention catch people’s attention

In 1738 George Whitefield became In 1738 George Whitefield became prominentprominent Used speaking skills to reach peopleUsed speaking skills to reach people Travelled the colonies, preaching in Travelled the colonies, preaching in

outside forums to thousands of peopleoutside forums to thousands of people Preached message of human helplessness Preached message of human helplessness

and divine omnipotence and divine omnipotence Countless sinners converted; the “saved” Countless sinners converted; the “saved”

groaned, shrieked, and rolled around on groaned, shrieked, and rolled around on ground under influence of God’s powerground under influence of God’s power

Whitefield also inspired many imitators Whitefield also inspired many imitators

Effects of the Great AwakeningEffects of the Great Awakening Increased membership of “new light” churches Increased membership of “new light” churches

(Baptists, Presbyterians) (Baptists, Presbyterians) Undermined “old light” religions (whose authority Undermined “old light” religions (whose authority

had come from education) had come from education) Increased number and competitiveness of Increased number and competitiveness of

American religions American religions Encouraged missionary workEncouraged missionary work ““new light” universities founded (Princeton, Brown, new light” universities founded (Princeton, Brown,

Rutgers, Dartmouth) Rutgers, Dartmouth) First mass movement of American peopleFirst mass movement of American people

• Broke down sectional and denominational linesBroke down sectional and denominational lines• Gave Americans sense that they were a single Gave Americans sense that they were a single

peoplepeople

Schools and CollegesSchools and Colleges

Elementary schools existed in middle Elementary schools existed in middle colonies and South colonies and South Some tax-supported, some privateSome tax-supported, some private

Schools in South hampered by Schools in South hampered by population spread out over large areaspopulation spread out over large areas Wealthy families used private tutors for Wealthy families used private tutors for

their children their children

Corporal Punishment in Schools: Corporal Punishment in Schools: Could We Use Some Today?Could We Use Some Today?

Literature Literature Phyllis Wheatley Phyllis Wheatley

• Was a poet who as a slave girl brought to Boston at age 8Was a poet who as a slave girl brought to Boston at age 8

Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin• Edited Poor Richard’s Almanack (1732 – 1758) Edited Poor Richard’s Almanack (1732 – 1758)

Collection of quotes and sayings; Collection of quotes and sayings; homespun wisdom like “Honesty is the homespun wisdom like “Honesty is the best policy”best policy”

More widely read in America than More widely read in America than anything else but Bible anything else but Bible

• Also wrote his famous AutobiographyAlso wrote his famous Autobiography

Pamphlets, leaflets, journals Pamphlets, leaflets, journals Printed by hand-operated printing pressesPrinted by hand-operated printing presses

By 1775, 40 colonial newspapers were in print By 1775, 40 colonial newspapers were in print • Weeklies consisting of 1 large sheet, with complex Weeklies consisting of 1 large sheet, with complex

essays signed with Roman-sounding namesessays signed with Roman-sounding names

• ““news” might lag weeks behind the eventnews” might lag weeks behind the event

Newspapers were powerful way colonists could Newspapers were powerful way colonists could rally support around rebellion against British rally support around rebellion against British

The Zenger caseThe Zenger case Arose in New York Arose in New York John Peter Zenger, newspaper printer, brought to John Peter Zenger, newspaper printer, brought to

court for criticizing a corrupt royal governor court for criticizing a corrupt royal governor Charged with seditious libel (sedition means inciting a Charged with seditious libel (sedition means inciting a

rebellion; libel means printing something that rebellion; libel means printing something that damages someone’s reputation) damages someone’s reputation)

British law said the truth or falsity of what Zenger British law said the truth or falsity of what Zenger wrote did not matter {can’t criticize “king”)wrote did not matter {can’t criticize “king”)

Zenger’s lawyer (Andrew Hamilton) eloquently Zenger’s lawyer (Andrew Hamilton) eloquently argued that “the very liberty of both exposing and argued that “the very liberty of both exposing and opposing arbitrary power” was at stakeopposing arbitrary power” was at stake

The Trial of Peter ZengerThe Trial of Peter Zenger

The Zenger decisionThe Zenger decision Jury sided with Hamilton, returning verdict of Jury sided with Hamilton, returning verdict of

not guilty not guilty

Because it was contrary to existing law, it was Because it was contrary to existing law, it was not immediately accepted by other judges not immediately accepted by other judges

Helped establish doctrine that true statements Helped establish doctrine that true statements about public officials were not libellous about public officials were not libellous

Made newspapers (eventually) free to publish Made newspapers (eventually) free to publish responsible criticism of powerful officials responsible criticism of powerful officials

The Great Game of PoliticsThe Great Game of Politics

In 1775, the 13 colonies had governments that In 1775, the 13 colonies had governments that took a variety of formstook a variety of forms

Colonial governors Colonial governors 8 had royal governors 8 had royal governors 3 (Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware) were under 3 (Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware) were under

proprietors who appointed governors proprietors who appointed governors 2 (Connecticut, Rhode Island) elected their own 2 (Connecticut, Rhode Island) elected their own

governors under self-governing charters governors under self-governing charters

Colonial legislatures (assemblies) Colonial legislatures (assemblies) Most had 2-house legislaturesMost had 2-house legislatures

The upper house was chosen by those who The upper house was chosen by those who appointed the governor (the crown, proprietors, or appointed the governor (the crown, proprietors, or voters in self-governing colonies)voters in self-governing colonies)

The lower house was chosen by people (those with The lower house was chosen by people (those with enough property to qualify) enough property to qualify)

Backcountry voters were generally underrepresented Backcountry voters were generally underrepresented and resented governmental elitesand resented governmental elites

Self-taxation through direct and local representatives Self-taxation through direct and local representatives was an important privilege colonial to voterswas an important privilege colonial to voters

Colonial assemblies’ attempts to assert their Colonial assemblies’ attempts to assert their authority authority Withheld governor’s salary unless he did Withheld governor’s salary unless he did

what they wanted (“power of the purse”)what they wanted (“power of the purse”)

The London government should have paid The London government should have paid governors from independent sources governors from independent sources • 1767 – Townshend taxes arranged to 1767 – Townshend taxes arranged to

pay governors independent of pay governors independent of legislatures; but by that time colonists legislatures; but by that time colonists were already angry over taxation & were already angry over taxation & became angrier over new taxesbecame angrier over new taxes

DemocracyDemocracy In 1775, America was not a true In 1775, America was not a true

democracydemocracy

BUTBUT America was far more America was far more democratic than England and the rest democratic than England and the rest of Europe, and America was moving of Europe, and America was moving toward democracy toward democracy

By mid 1700s colonies growing together By mid 1700s colonies growing together and becoming similarand becoming similar All basically English in language, customs, All basically English in language, customs,

and Protestantism and Protestantism Widespread presence of diversity Widespread presence of diversity

(ethnic/religious) led to some toleration(ethnic/religious) led to some toleration People had opportunities for social mobility People had opportunities for social mobility

that Europeans did not havethat Europeans did not have All had some self-government (though not full All had some self-government (though not full

democracy) democracy) Communication and transportation among the Communication and transportation among the

colonies was improvingcolonies was improving

Keys to the ChapterKeys to the Chapter

Triangle TradeTriangle Trade

Great AwakeningGreat Awakening

Zenger TrialZenger Trial

Power of the PursePower of the Purse