MPU3123: TAMADUN ISLAM DAN TAMADUN ASIA

(SECTION 14) CONTRIBUTION OF INDIAN CIVILISATION ON

ARCHITECTURE

SENARAI NAMA KUMPULAN

BIL NO. ID NAMA CATATAN

1 0320142 Chia Ly Vier

2 0319962 Ooi Yin Ji

3 0320221 Ngieng Tien Yung

4 0320275 Terence Tan Peng Ong

5 0320199 Tan Ming Howe

6 0316058 Yam Hui Shan

7 0324563 Lim Zhi Xin

8 0325750 Ng Siew Qing

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PENILAIAN

ASPEK PENILAIAN MARKAH

PENGENALAN ( /2)

ISI KANDUNGAN ∙ RELEVAN DAN BERTEPATAN ∙ HURAIAN JELAS DAN TERSUSUN ∙ PERBINCANGAN ∙ KESAHIHAN

( /3) ( /3) ( /4) ( /3)

KESIMPULAN ( /2)

BAHASA ( /3)

MARKAH KESELURUHAN ( /20)

PENILAIAN OLEH NAMA : FADHILAH RAIHAN BINTI LOKMAN TANDATANGAN : TARIKH :

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Table of Contents

NO. TITLE PAGE NUMBER

1. Cover page 1­2

2. Table of contents 3

2. Introduction 4­5

3. Discussion 3.1 Theories 3.2 Objectives 3.3 Impacts

6 7

8­13

4. Conclusion 14

5. References 15

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2.0 Introduction One of the most abiding achievements of Indian civilization is undoubtedly its architecture. Indian architecture evolved through centuries, is the result of socio­economic and geographical conditions. Different types of Indian architectural styles include a mass of expressions over space and time, transformed by the forces of history considered unique to India. As a result of immense diversities, an immense range of architectural specimens have evolved, retaining a certain amount of continuity across history. Indian architecture, belonging to different periods of history, bears the stamp of respective periods. Nevertheless the cities of Indus Valley provide substantial evidence of extensive town planning, the beginnings of Indian architecture can be traced back to the advent of Buddhism in India. It was in this period that a large number of magnificent buildings came up. The Great Stupa, a dome­shape monument at Sanchi is the earliest surviving example from the 1st century BC. During the 2nd century BC, it was renovated and enlarged. Apart from cave temples, ancient Indian buildings which were largely made of wood and bricks. Unfortunately none have survived from this early period of India’s history. Apparently they incorporated rounded arches atop their windows and doors, in which case they preceded arched architecture in the West by several centuries. With the establishment of Hindu kingdoms in South India, the south Indian school of architecture began to flourish. The most noticeable achievements of the Pallava rulers were the rock­cut temples of Mahabalipuram and the temples of Kanchipuram. These temples built with intricate decorative work where they pioneered the art of curving shrines out of rock faces. The Chola, Hoyasala and Vijayanagar rulers also did remarkable job in the field of architecture where temples were now built as individual structures. The temples at Thanjavur, Belur and Halebid bear evidence to the architectural excellence of the South Indian rulers. In north India, there developed the Nagara style architecture which took place in Orissa from 7th to 13th century A.D. In central India, a magnificent temple complex which is Khajuraho was built by Chandela rulers. With the coming of the Muslim rulers, there developed a new architectural style in India which is the Indo­Islamic architecture. The Indo­Islamic style was neither strictly Islamic nor strictly Hindu. The architecture of the medieval period can be divided into two main categories which are the Delhi/Imperial Style and the Mughal Architecture.

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It was followed by a new style of architecture, Indo­Saracenic that developed as a result of colonization of India. The Indo­Saracenic architecture combined the features of Islamic, Hindu and western elements. The colonial architecture exhibited itself through civic, institutional and utilitarian buildings such as railway stations, post offices, rest houses and government buildings.

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3.0 Discussion 3.1 Theories

3.1.1 Theories of Hindu Traditional Hindu system of architecture is Vastu shastra and it is literally translates to ‘science of architecture’. Vatsu shastra contain traditional Hindu and Buddhist beliefs.The designs are the combination of architecture and nature,the relative functions of the structures and the ancient beliefs which making use of geometric patterns,symmetry and directional alignments.The knowledge about architecture and design theories from ancient India, Vatsu Shastra is the textual part of Vastu Vidya.The principles of ancient Vastu Shastra are design of Mandir which is also known as Hindu temples and the design as well as the layout of cities both general and in details such as the arrangement for houses and other public areas. The function of Vastu shastra in the modern era has been left to debate on as some architects state that it was arcane and superstitious especially during India’s colonial era while the other architects state that most of the text is about flexible design guidelines. 3.1.2 Theories of Buddhism In the third century BC, Buddhist architecture was developed in India.The Greek influenced the Indian architecture especially the rock­cut art to fall under one of the two categories which is the Mathura school of art and the Gandharva school of art.The nature of the rock­cut art was also influenced by the division of the Buddhism and Hinayana and Mahayana phases. Artifacts used by Buddha were being used to represent Hinayana phase while images of Buddha were being used to represent Mahayana phase.The richness of detail was symbolised by the Jaina temples and can be seen in the Dilwara Temples in Mt. Abu.

3.1.2 Theories of Islamic

The erstwhile Indian architecture was changed slightly in order to adapt with the advent of Islam to allow the traditions of new religion. As a consequences, masjid and mosque been built to form part of the landscape, arches and domes began to be used. A point of focus such as garba­griha was not essential as the core difference lay in the fact that Islam prohibited idol worship but the mihrab on the Western wall of the sanctuary articulating the Qibla offered a notional focus. The core means of adornment was surface ornament through the use of geometry, arabesque and calligraphy as the idolatry has been prohibited. Mosques be built with original material later on. For example,the Jami masjid at Delhi.Unique regional styles that drew a lot of inspiration from the local context were representing the Islamic architecture.

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3.2 Objectives There are some crucial parts of Vastu Shastra that being emphasized in promoting sustainable development. The settlement plans which bring resource­efficient affordable transport patterns.It supply primary demands such as water­supply, environmental health and waste­processing and recycling systems. Furthermore, it also revised according to the building and planning codes to support small­scale production processes and by promoting the use of local building materials and suitable construction technologies. Besides, it also contributes in sustainability and achieve the development targets by executing pollution­control measures and revision to pricing structures.Conserving, recycling, re­using or reclaiming materials were also being emphasized. Low environmental cost, with low­rise, high density metropolis area are the cardinal rules of Vastu Shastra need to comply with. For instance, in the state of Rajasthan is a model of using natural and local resources. In like manner, everything will be reused and recycled in the state of Kerala. The roofs are made of leaves that fall from the palm trees. Although the traditional knowledge has demonstrated the way to cooperate with the environment , climate and material and as the indispensable bridge to the modern world, modern architect had forgotten and has discarded them. Monasteries and Buddhist rock­cut temples were often located near trade routes and these spaces became stopovers and temporary accommodation for traders. While many monasteries, stupas, and temples have been destroyed, only cave temples are better preserved because of their hidden locations and the fact that they are constructed from stone which is more durable material than clay, metal, or wood. The earliest Buddhist monuments in India are attributable to Asoka who exerted his energized and the resources of his empire to the propagation of Buddhist. A monument is a structure which specially created to commemorate a certain important events or a certain person. The term ‘monument’ is usually the buildings or structures that are examples of important architectural and cultural heritage and are often used to improve the appearance of a city as well as designed to convey historical or political information.

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3.3 Impacts There are a few impacts that Indian Civilization contributed to architecture. Architecture is another element that can be seen to examine the development of a civilization which is measured physically. The development of the architecture is influenced by the environment and weather. Indian civilization had a great significant influence upon Malaysia and Southeast Asia in terms of architecture. 3.3.1 Influence of Indian architecture in Malaysia During the 5th century AD, traders from India used the East­West trade route and uses Tanjung Dawai as a stopping point. The traders stop in Malaysia to wait for the monsoon changes and to spread their religion and culture. 3.3.1.1 Candi in Lembah Bujang Kedah became followers of the Sumatran kingdom of Srivijaya. Yeang stated that the beginning of the Indian Kingdoms styles can be tracked in the early architecture of Srivijaya and Majapahit Empires, which is from the 7th to the 14th centuries.The influence that can be seen is during the early Hindu­Buddhist civilisation in Lembah Bujang, Tanjung Dawai, Kedah. The most famous building influenced by the Indian civilisation will be in a form of tomb temples called candi at Lembah Bujang. The candi has two main functions; it is a holy place to pay respect to the late members of the royalties, and it is a place to carry out religious activities. The direction in which a candi faces portrays the religious discipline such as, candi faces east represent Hinduism, candi faces north and south represents Buddhism, while candi faces south east represents the Tantrik or Hindu or Sakhti discipline. Candi in Lembah Bujang has various forms in different locations. It can be determined by the structures and special characteristics of each candi. The first form is squarish in shape with an indent curving inwards. The second form is the squares are facing and apart from each other. The third form is the squares with vimana will be larger than mandapa. The fourth form is the squares with vimana and mandapa are in equal sizes. The fifth form is the two sections face with each other and linked by a corridor. The sixth form has a smaller vimana part compared to the mandapa. The first form has dents that curve inwards at every corner of the entrance that faces south. The body section of the candi has a special decorative pattern where it is started broadly and tighten down to the centre and then widens back again to reach the end. This type of candi faces south

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and has a Buddhist influence as proved by the statues of Avalokitesvara discovered and the Buddha statue in standing and sitting position. The second form is also influenced by Buddhism. The difference between these two forms is the second form is simple and it is just squarish without any inward dents. There is a square hole in the centre of mandapa. The third form and the fourth form are influenced by the Hindus. The third form is a square made from laterite with seven layers divided into vimana and mandapa. The vimana is bigger than the mandapa and is separated by a double layered square structure with a hole in the middle. The vimana of the fourth form is made from river rocks and has three steps upon three layers which the surrounding vimana­mandapa parts could be clearly seen. The structure has a double function; religious ceremonies will be held around the pedestrian walkway at the vimana section and it is also a place for people to sit. The left part of the candi is the somasutra which allows the water to flow during the sacred cleansing of candi. The fifth form is special for its decoration. It is decorated with peripih lotus in the first part of the body. This form of structure is difficult to differentiate between vimana and mandapa because the separation is not obviously seen. This form of structure is usually used as vihara, which is a place to store paraphernalia for religious functions.

Candi in Lembah Bujang, Kedah

3.3.1.2 Putra Mosque One of the building of Putrajaya, the red mosque is obviously influenced by the Mughal architecture originated from India. It has a huge dome accompanied by several small domes. It looks like a reddish­pink rose clay building as it was built with rose tinted granite which gives the desert­pink hue to offsets the wooden doors, windows and panels. It is a mixture of Malaysian, Persian and Arab­Islamic architectural designs with a combination of traditional design motifs, using local and foreign craftsmanship.

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The main entrance is designed similarly to the public building gate in early Persia. The mosque has a huge reddish­pink minaret with symmetrical designs on it. The minbar, which is the pulpit, and mehrab, which is the niche that denotes direction of Mecca, are decorated with khat or Islamic calligraphy.

Putra Mosque in Putrajaya

3.3.2 Influence of Indian architecture in Southeast Asia The Indian­influenced states of Southeast Asia like Funan, Sri Kshetra, Champa, Khmer, Sri Vijaya, and Majapahit existed until medieval times. Southeast Asian architecture development was once dominated by Indian influence. 3.3.2.1 Angkor Wat in Cambodia Indian influence on Cambodian architecture was abundant during the rule of Pallavas and Chalos in South India. The most momentous structure which portrays the Indian influence is the Angkor Wat which is located at Cambodia, where previously named as Funan. Angkor Wat was built in the first half of the 12th century. The estimated construction time of Angkor Wat is 30 years by King Suryavarman II. He was influenced by the arrival of the believers of Lord Vishnu in South India and addressed his new state temple to Lord Vishnu. Angkor Wat is a temple complex in Cambodia as well as the largest religious monument in the world. In fact, it was originally founded as a Hindu temple for the Khmer Empire. It is strongly related to Hindu Mythology. There are many characteristics in the architecture of Angkor Wat that are common with Pallava and Chola temples which are located in South India. As similar to Pallava temples, the Angkor Wat was built one meter above the ground on a sandstone plith which consists of three levels or tiers. Each of the upper levels are slightly smaller than the lower one to give the whole structure

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a pyramid­like look. The exterior walls of the first level of Angkor Wat features magnificent stone murals in bas­relief style. The murals are mainly depicting the episodes from Ramayana, Mahabharata and Churning of the ocean.

Stone murals on the first level of Angkor Wat

The starkness of the exterior of second level of Angkor Wat is offset by decoration of smiling Apsaras or Divine Dancers in interior part. Divine is one of the Indian classical dance.

Asparas or Divine dancers

The architecture of Angkor Wat was influenced by Hindu religion. It can be seen from the position of Angkor Wat. Angkor Wat is the only temple in Cambodia facing west. Typical Khmer temples face the East as it is the direction which the sun rises. However, it is learnt that West is the direction of Lord Vishnu. Therefore, Angkor Wat is the exception that was made by Suryavarman II. In fact, originally Angkor Wat was known as Vrah Vishnulok, which means residence of Lord Vishnu in Sanskrit.

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Like Chola temple of Thanjavur, Angkor Wat was too designed to represent the sacred mount Meru in the Himalayas to worship Lord Vishnu. The tower rises from the center of Angkor Wat stands for Mount Meru, and the five peaks of Meru are represented by the towers of Angkor Wat. According to Hindu Mythology, an ocean fills up the outer universe and it is shown and represented by the moat around the Angkor Wat.

Angkor Wat in Cambodia

3.3.2.2 The Ananda temple at Bagan, Myanmar

Bagan is a pilgrimage centre and it contains ancient Buddhist shrines which have been repaired and redecorated and are in current use. Buddhism entered Myanmar in three inflows, first in the 5th century through north­eastern India, secondly during 7th century through religious transformation from Sri Lanka and finally in 10­12 century through eastern India. The intense and heavy trade activities between eastern India and Southeast Asia and unstable of political condition of India encouraged the Indian artist to look for new area where he can easily perform his art. Therefore, Bagan in central Myanmar provided suitable political and religious environment to these people. As a result, the architecture in Bagan and its Buddhist religious monumental architecture attained a deep influence of eastern India.

The Ananda temple is a Buddhist temple built in 1105 AD of the Pagan Dynasty. It is one of the four surviving temples in Bagan which is a best known and most beautiful temple. It is a symmetrical masterpiece of Mon architectural style and North Indian influence, reflects the transition from the early to the middle period of Bagan architecture. In terms of design and architecture, it is highly inspired by the Indian architecture style which can be seen in temples of Bengal and Odissa in India. The temple has been built by Indian architects. Besides, it has been found out and observed that the architecture of this temple matches greatly with the Ananta cave temple in Udaygiri hills in Orissa, India. Both of them portrayed rock­cut architectural style. It is

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said that everything in Ananda temple from Shikara to basement, as well as the numerous stone sculptures found in its corridors, bear the undoubtable mark of Indian craftsmanship.

One of the most noticeable and beautiful features is the gilded top called sikhara, which is situated on the centre of the building. This tower like structure originates from North India. It shows Indian influence in architectural style of Ananda Temple. The Ananda temple houses four standing Buddhas, each оne facing the direction оf East, North, West аnd South. It has been constructed with plaster and bricks showing iconographic pictures in plaques and stones with the main aim of enlightening the people of the area in the religious philosophy of Theravada Buddhism.

The Ananda Temple in Bagan, Myanmar

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4.0 Conclusion

In this project, in a group of 8, we are requested to do research about contribution of Indian Civilization in Architecture. Our assignment contains the introduction of Indian Civilization as well as the theories, objectives and impacts beyond the influence of Indian Civilization in architecture.

We discovered how the Indian civilization began its inception, the earliest of Indian writing, how they ran the Caste system and the rise and fall of an empire. Besides that, we also learnt the theories and objectives of the architecture in India civilization.

Lastly, we also knew about the contributions of Indian Civilization in Architecture. Indian civilization helped to contribute in several ways such as systematic town planning, drainage system, the invention of bricks and the design of lattice windows are also widely used as Eastern art nowadays. As there are several religions and cultures influenced, Indian civilization also contributed different style of architecture design such as Buddhist Architecture, Indo­Islamic Architecture and Mughal Architecture. These architecture designs are still used in several buildings nowadays. In this project, we realised that India architecture styles are more focus on cultures and religions and these cultural features are still survived today. These features are very appreciable and memorable. Indian civilization actually taught us to remain our cultures even though there are several modern technology nowadays.

After doing this project, we learnt a lot about Indian civilization and the contribution of Indian civilization in Architecture. This makes us understand more about the culture and history of the Indian civilization and appreciate these precious cultures. We also learnt more about teamwork. We worked as a team to complete our tasks successfully.

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5.0 References

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http://www.ushistory.org/civ/8a.asp

2. Indus Valley Civilization. (2014, April 15). Retrieved October 13, 2015, from

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Indus_Valley_Civilization

3. Chakrabarti, V. (2013). Indian Architectural Theory and Practice Contemporary Uses of

Vastu Vidya. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.

4. Chung, S. (2015, October 6). Photographer on the hunt: Discovering India's ancient

stepwells. CNN Style. Retrieved October 13, 2015, from

http://edition.cnn.com/2015/10/06/architecture/victoria­lautman­wells/

5. Nagara Style of Architecture. (2008, August 11). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from

http://www.indianetzone.com/23/nagara_style_architecture.htm

6. BUDDHIST AND HINDU ARCHITECTURE. (2012, September 10). Retrieved

October 17, 2015, from

http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab96]

7. Great Mosques of Putrajaya – When Beauty Meets Serenity. (2014, December 24).

Retrieved October 17, 2015, from

http://www.floriaputrajaya.com.my/great­mosques­putrajaya­beauty­meets­serenity

8. Van Wijnen, B. (n.d.). Bujang Valley. Retrieved October 17, 2015, from

http://www.malaysiasite.nl/bujangeng.htm

9. Mehanath, S. (2009, April 6). How did Tamil Kingdoms influence Angkor Wat, the

world's biggest religious structure?Frequently asked in. Retrieved October 17, 2015, from

https://www.quora.com/How­did­Tamil­Kingdoms­influence­Angkor­Wat­the­worlds­bi

ggest­religious­structure

10. Verma, D. (2013, October 23). Bagan: The Ancient Lost Temple City of Myanmar ­

India Opines. Retrieved October 17, 2015, from

http://indiaopines.com/bagan­ancient­lost­temple­city­myanmar/

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