Motivasi emosi
-
Upload
elmakrufi -
Category
Technology
-
view
1.643 -
download
10
description
Transcript of Motivasi emosi
WHAT IS IT ? THE FORCES ACTING ON OR WITHIN AN ORGANISM TO ENERGIZING AND DIRECT BEHAVIOR THE CONCEPT TO EXPLAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE INTENSITY OF BEHAVIOR.MORE INTENSE BEHAVIORS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE THE RESULT OF HIGHER LEVELS OF MOTIVATION THE CONCEPT TO INDICATE THE DIRECTION OF BEHAVIOR. WHEN YOU ARE HUNGRY, YOU DIRECT YOUR BEHAVIOR IN WAYS TO GET FOOD
THEORIST HAVE DIFFERED IN THEIR EXPLANATIONS OF THE MECHANISM THAT ACTIVATE & DIRECT BEHAVIOR
INSTINCTIVE THEORIES : MOTIVATION IS THE RESULT OF PHYSICAL NEEDS ; FOOD, WATER, SEX, AVOIDANCE OF PAIN
COGNITIVE THEORIES : OUR THOUGHTS,
FEELINGS AND ATTITUDES CAN MOTIVATE US. Contoh : orang yang percaya akan berhasil
pada suatu tugas akan rajin berusaha; yang percaya dirinya tidak mempunyai kemampuan tidak akan berusaha. Jadi perasaan atau pikiran dapat memberi atau tidak memberi motivasi.
Teori kognitif menyatakan bahwa untuk mengerti motivasi tingkah laku perlu mengerti proses yang digunakan seseorang pada waktu menginterpretasikan informasi.
SOCIAL APPROACH : WE ARE SOCIALLY MOTIVATED. WE INTERACT WITH OTHERS, AND THIS INTERACTION BOTH GENERATES & DIRECTS BEHAVIOR.
THIS APPROACH POINT OUT THE MOTIVATING PROPERTIES OF THE PRESENCE OF OTHERS.
ACTUALIZATION APPROACH : THE BASIC MOTIVE OF ALL HUMANS IS TO BECOME AS PERSONALLY FULFILLED AS WE CAN.
THIS APPROACH STRESS THE POSITIVE NATURE OF BEHAVIOR & HAVE POINT OF VIEW THAT WE STRIVE TO CONTROL OR AFFECT OUR ENVIRONMENT.
DIGUNAKAN untuk MEMAHAMI PERBEDAAN KONSEP TEORI2 MOTIVASI.
1. ENERGY
THERE’S some SOURCE OF ENERGY that DRIVES BEHAVIOR
SOME THEORIST have PROPOSED that just ONE SOURCE of ENERGY EXIST for ALL BEHAVIOR, that the ENERGY BEHIND BEHAVIOR IS GENERAL.
MAJOR CONSTRUCT IN MOTIVATION
OTHER THEORIST have PROPOSED that the FORCE BEHIND PARTICULAR BEHAVIOR IS SPECIFIC.
ENERGI-ACTIVATING BEHAVIOR can also serve a DIRECTING BEHAVIOR, because EACH BEHAVIOR HAS ITS OWN ENERGI. EX : during hunger, food-getting behavior would be activated and directed, while water-directed behaviors would occur during thirst.
OTHERS THEORIES have PROPOSED that an ENERGY CONCEPT IS UNNECESSARY & WE CAN UNDERSTAND MOTIVATION of BEHAVIOR without having to assume some ENERGY behind behavior.
THUS the CONCEPT of ENERGY is more IMPORTANT in some THEORIES than in OTHERS.
ASSUME that such MOTIVATIONAL MECHANISM are GENETICALLY PROGRAMMED or “WIRED IN” to the ORGANISM. THIS BIOLOGICAL APPROACH TAKEN 2 FORMS: INSTINCT approach & the ACTIVATION CIRCUIT BRAIN
THE INSTINCT approach PROPOSED that
ENERGY ACCUMULATES WITHIN the ORGANISM and LEADS to a MOTIVATED STATE. TRIGGERED BY the SPECIFIC STIMULI that have the EFFETC OF RELEASING the BEHAVIOR.
2. Heredity
THE ACTIVATION CIRCUIT approach PROPOSED THAT CIRCUIT WITHIN the BRAIN MONITOR the STATE of BODY and ACTIVATE BEHAVIORS when CHANGES are DETECTED.
THE ACTIVATION of these CIRCUITS than LEADS to the MOTIVATION OF RESPONSES, which may be either INNATE OR LEARNED
CLARK HULL (1940) OUTLINED the INTERRELATIONSHIPS of LEARNING and MOTIVATION IN GENERATING BEHAVIOR
LATER THEORIST have stressed the ROLE of INCENTIVES in CONTROLLING GOAL-DIRECTED BEHAVIOR
RESEARCH EXAMINED: CLASSICAL & OPERANT CONDITIO-NING maybe INVOLVED in the DEVELOPMENT of MOTIVE STATES
SOME MOTIVES also seem to be LEARNED through OBSERVATION (NAMED is MODELLING)
3. Learning
OUR INTERACTIONS with OTHERS can also be MOTIVATING
RESEARCH in SOCIAL PSY : POINTED to the POWER of the GROUP in MOTIVATING US to CONFORM and to the POWER of AUTHORITY FIGURES in MOTIVATING US to OBEY
THE PRESENCE of OTHERS often REDUCES that INDIVIDUAL will PROVIDE HELP in an EMERGENCY SITUATION
SOCIAL SITUATION have a LARGE INFLUENCE on our BEHAVIOR because the PRESENCE of OTHERS ALTERS our MOTIVATION
4. Social Interaction
THE KINDS of INFORMATION we “TAKE IN” & the WAYS in which that INFORMATION is PROCESSED have IMPORTANT INFLUENCES on our BEHAVIOR
THEORIES : HEIDER’S BALANCE theory, FESTINGER’S COGNITIVE DISSONANCE theory
ATTRIBUTION theory has also EMPHASIZED the ROLE of COGNITION in the INTERPRETATION of OTHERS (and our own) BEHAVIOR and INDICATES that OUR BEHAVIOR will be BASED on these INTERPRETATIONS
5. Cognitive Process
HOMEOSTATIS : the IDEA that an OPTIMAL LEVEL STATE of the BODY
WHEN the BODY DEVIATES too far from this OPTIMAL LEVEL, MOTIVATIONAL CIRCUITS are TRIGGERED by the, and BEHAVIORS will BRING the BODY BACK to its OPTIMAL LEVEL are BEGUN
THE PURPOSE OF MOTIVATION
1. HOMEOSTATIS
2. HEDONISM
HEDONISM assume that we are MOTIVATED by PLEASURE and PAIN.
WE LEARN to approach SITUATION that are PLEASURABLE and SIMILARLY LEARN to AVOID SITUATIONS that are PAINFUL
MODERN HEDONISTIC PROPOSED that
PLEASURE & PAIN EXIST ALONG a CONTINUUM, and that what is PAINFUL OR PLEASURABLE will CHANGE as CONDITIONS CHANGE
Ex : ditraktir makan dalam kondisi kenyang, is NOT PLEASURABLE !
3. GROWTH MOTIVATION
GROWTH MOTIVATION stresses the IDEA that HUMANS are MOTIVATED to REACH their FULL POTENTIAL–PHYSICALLY, PSYCHOLOGICALLY & EMOTIONALLY
ROGERS DISCUSS THIS GROWTH MOTIVATION in RELATION to the FULLY FUNCTIONING INDIVIDUAL
MASLOW uses TERM SEL-ACTUALIZATION to Describe the MOTIVATION to STRIVE for PERSONAL FULFILLMENT
GROWTH MOTIVATION theories SUGGEST that HUMANS are STRONGLY MOTIVATED to TEST and IMPROVE their CAPACITIES
Understanding Emotional Experience
Feelings that can affect behavior and generally have both physiological and cognitive elements
and that influence behavior
The functions of Emotion
Preparing us for action
emotions act as a link between events in our environment and our response.
Example : Angry dog = emotional reaction (fear)
Shaping our future behavior
emotions help us learn information that improves our chances of making appropriate responses in the future. Something unpleasant = teaches us to avoid, pleasant = lead us to seek out similar situation in the future
Helping us interact more effectively with others
The Roots of Emotion
The James-Lange Theory The belief that emotional experience is a
reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation ( “I feel sad because I am crying” )
The James-Lange theory poses difficulty : physiological arousal does not invariably produce emotional experience
The Roots of Emotion
Canon-Bard Theory of Emotion The belief that both physiological and
emotional arousal are produces simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus
The Roots of Emotion
Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion The belief that emotions are determined jointly
by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues.
INTELLIGENCE
IntelligenceThe capacity to understand the
world, think rationally, and use resources effectively
when faced with challenge
Intelligence TestTest devised to identify a
person’s level if intelligence
Mental AgeThe average age of individuals who achieve a particular level
of performance on a test
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)A score that takes into account
an individual’s mental and chronological ages