COMPANY PROFILE

OROPA MINING & PROJECTS (PVT) LIMITEDExplorations and Mining Company2012/065980/07

CONTACT PERSON: DUMISANI MTHOMBENI011 873 6448 OR 061 029 4353 OR 082 931 9278

dumi@702mail.co.za

OROPA MINING & PROJECTS (PVT) LIMITEDExplorations and Mining Company2012/065980/07

We would like our opencast pit to look just like this one.PRODUCER OF

DIAMONDLOCATION

BARKLY WEST (KIMBERLY, SOUTH AFRICA)

OWNERSHIP

100% OWNED BY MOROPA MINING

TYPE OF MINING

OPEN CAST AND UNDERGROUND MINING LATER

GEOLOGY TYPE

ALLUVIUM AND KIMBERLITE PIPES

MINERAL TYPE

DIAMONDSRESERVE BASE

NOT YET CALCULATED

PRODUCTION RATE+-3CARATS PER 100 TONSLAND SIZE

13.5haKimberley is the capital of the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. It is located approximately 110km east of the confluence of the Vaal and Orange Rivers. The city has considerable historical significance due its diamond mining past and the siege during the Second Boer War. Notable personalities such as Cecil Rhodes and Barney Barnato made their fortunes here, and the roots of the De Beers company can also be traced to the early days of the mining town.mond Fields. Sir Henry Barkly laid the foundation stone in February

Barkly West (Afrikaans: Barkly-Wes) is a town in the Northern Cape province of South Africa, situated on the north bank of the Vaal River west of Kimberley. 30km [20m] north westof the town of Kimberly.

Barkly West was the site of the first major diamond rush, in 1870, on the South African Diamond Fields, and was initially known as Klip Drift. This Dutch name means "stony ford" and is a direct translation from a much older !Kora or Korana name, Ka-aub (or !a |aub) - "stony (place along a) river". Briefly the Klipdrift Diggers' Republic was declared (the town assuming the name Parkerton after President Stafford Parker), before colonial rule was extended here. It became, with Kimberley, one of the main towns in the Crown Colony of Griqualand West and was renamed Barkly West (see the article on New Rush). Like Barkly East, the town is named after Sir Henry Barkly, Governor of Cape Colony and High Commissioner for Southern Africa from 1870-1877. During the Anglo-Boer War the town was occupied by Boer forces and temporarily went by the name Nieuw Boshof. Canteen Koppie, a national monument of historical value, occurs next to Barkly West on the north bank of the Vaal River. Diamonds were discovered there in 1869 and it became the first alluvial diamond diggings in South Africa. The digging continued, albeit on and off in the years leading up to 1948 when the site was proclaimed a national monument. The sediments occur in a structurally controlled and glacially modified depression within the andesitic lavas of the Archaean Ventersdorp Supergroup. The fluvial gravels were deposited, and locally mixed with the colluvium, in the downstream end of a palaeo-loop of the Vaal River as a splay deposit where the channel abruptly widens as it exits this narrow loop.

The gravel accumulation has been described as the 12 m to 16 m terrace package linked to the Younger Gravels of the Vaal Basin and correlated with the Pleistocene Rietputs Formation. There are two gravel facies associations and one sand facies within the splay unit. Colluvial facies are dominant particularly in the upper part and are composed of large andesite fragments which are mostly sub-angular and lacking obvious abrasion features suggesting that these are of local derivation. The gravel of the fluvial facies are crudely cross-bedded and consist of small to medium sized exotic sub-rounded pebbles that have been mixed with the local andesite boulders in the toes of the scree deposits. These facies are more prominent in the lower part of the succession. The red sand facies occurs as thin cover particularly in the distal part of the gravel units and increases in thickness in the lee of the gravel splay. The exotic clasts in the fluvial gravel are derived from the palaeo-Vaal, erosion of nearby Dwyka sediments which can still be found along the north bank of the loop, and by reworking of higher level and older gravels, remnants of which are still present on top of the hill at Canteen Koppie. The input of the coarse andesite clasts is linked to scree slope deposits fed by exfoliation of local bedrock from this hill. The upward coarsening trend of this infill reflects the gradual abandonment of the loop by the palaeo-Vaal and its inability to remove the coarse colluvium during those latter stages of its occupation of this palaeo-loop. A climatic change to more arid periods might have had some influence.

Canteen Koppie has also produced an abundance of Acheulian Stone Age artefacts. These are present in both sedimentary facies suggesting that this splay deposit is at least Late Pliocene to Lower and Middle Pleistocene in age. Recent dating of the overlying sands indicates that these are at least 125 000 years old. Finally an analysis of the mining records suggests that this splay deposit might have produced between 10 000 carats and 15 000 carats of diamonds which would have expressed the scree deposits would have acted as important traps for the diamonds.

BARKLY - WEST HISTORICAL THROUGH DIAMONDS

As with many of the towns in the Northern Cape, Barkely west found its humble beginning in the diamond industry. In fact this is where the very first diamond was discovered in South Africa in 1869. Originally established in Barkely west a tiny village until the diamond rush saw hundreds of people of prospectors flocking to the town in search of financial freedom. Located approximately thirty-five kilometers away from Kimberly town. After the discovery of diamonds at Klipdrift on the Vaal River in 1869, this was renamed Barkly West in 1873, having become part of the Crown colony of Griqualand West. Renowned writer Sarah Gertrude Millin grew up in the district. Her father opened and operated a shop in Barkly West. One of the first towns to be affected by the diamond or Alluvial Diamond Diggings: Licensed prospectors still sift the sand and gravel of the Vaal River for ever elusive diamonds.ush, the district's economy is driven by stock and irrigation farming. Alluvial diamond diggings from 1869 onwards revealed many archeological sites along the Vaal River. This is one of the most exceptional. A walking trail is on site.

The Vaal River and Diamond MineralizationCanteen Koppie, a national monument of historical value, occurs next to Barkly West on the north bank of the Vaal River. Diamonds were discovered there in 1869 and it became the first alluvial diamond diggings in South Africa. The digging continued, albeit on and off in the years leading up to 1948 when the site was proclaimed a national monument. The sediments occur in a structurally controlled and glacially modified depression within the andesitic lavas of the Archaean Ventersdorp Supergroup. The fluvial gravels were deposited, and locally mixed with the colluvium, in the downstream end of a palaeo-loop of the Vaal River as a splay deposit where the channel abruptly widens as it exits this narrow loop.

The gravel accumulation has been described as the 12 m to 16 m terrace package linked to the Younger Gravels of the Vaal Basin and correlated with the Pleistocene Rietputs Formation. There are two gravel facies associations and one sand facies within the splay unit. Colluvial facies are dominant particularly in the upper part and are composed of large andesite fragments which are mostly sub-angular and lacking obvious abrasion features suggesting that these are of local derivation. The gravel of the fluvial facies are crudely cross-bedded and consist of small to medium sized exotic sub-rounded pebbles that have been mixed with the local andesite boulders in the toes of the scree deposits. These facies are more prominent in the lower part of the succession. The red sand facies occurs as thin cover particularly in the distal part of the gravel units and increases in thickness in the lee of the gravel splay. The exotic clasts in the fluvial gravel are derived from the palaeo-Vaal, erosion of nearby Dwyka sediments which can still be found along the north bank of the loop, and by reworking of higher level and older gravels, remnants of which are still present on top of the hill at Canteen Koppie. The input of the coarse andesite clasts is linked to scree slope deposits fed by exfoliation of local bedrock from this hill. The upward coarsening trend of this infill reflects the gradual abandonment of the loop by the palaeo-Vaal and its inability to remove the coarse colluvium during those latter stages of its occupation of this palaeo-loop. A climatic change to more arid periods might have had some influence.

Canteen Koppie has also produced an abundance of Acheulian Stone Age artefacts. These are present in both sedimentary facies suggesting that this splay deposit is at least Late Pliocene to Lower and Middle Pleistocene in age. Recent dating of the overlying sands indicates that these are at least 125 000 years old. Finally an analysis of the mining records suggests that this splay deposit might have produced between 10 000 carats and 15 000 carats of diamonds which would have expressed itself in the region of three to five carats per hundred tonnes. The oversize clasts of the scree deposits would have acted as important traps for the diamonds.

This is some part of the area that we have worked on the licensed area. The area is covered with Rooikoppies formation as a whole, the latter deflated gravel zone consisting of boulders are pebbles of various sizes within the red matrix. These Rooikoppie gravel were mined extensively in the past using primitive methods, during the trial mining period some different sizes of diamonds ranging from 0.5 carats to the biggest solid rock we found which was 29carets. The Rooikoppie formation in river side area proved to be more potential for it produced a grade of estimated between 2carats and 5carats per hundred ton(cpht). This area is not yet mined and the average grade was estimated looking at the work that was done and the little that was produced . In these small pits quite a number of very small diamonds pieces were produced during the trail mining. Looking at this area it real assure us that this part of the licensed needs a very close geological analysis for it has proved to be more potential. There are certain secondary deposits of diamonds which are created by erosion of top soil layer, from volcanic sites. Over time, these diamond ores get deposited and embedded in the seabed and riverbed. There are many such mining sites in the world. To extract the diamonds, a sand breaker or artificial dam is created which holds the water back. Then the sea or river bed is manually or mechanically dug and the ores are sent to a refinery for extraction.

The Archaean basement gneisses are overlain by the karoo cover which is confined to the south east of the licensed block. Sediments are compose of mixed clastic sediments of sandstone and pepple conglomerate of the Ecca Group, which sometimes have limestone and sand stone beds.Most of the area in the licenced block is under undulating Rooikoppie with kopje and groups of small hills breaking the monopoly. The eastern portion of the licensed block, is occupied by the karoo sediments characterized by flat lying grounds while areas covered by basalts give rise to a series of ridges and small hills. The whole sequence of sediments is capped by basalts of the stormberg lava group. Hence, the regions formed from past volcanic activities, are rich in diamond depositions. These are the regions where some of the biggest diamond mines exist.

Thus diamond mining is hard work and one has to scan a lot of area and dig deep, for any chances of success. The process uses huge extraction machinery which has to be customized and built according to the topography of the mining site. The diamond company De Beers uses the tag line 'Diamond: a girl's best friend', but I would say finding these friends for them and affording to buy them, is one hell of a tough job for guys.

The area of a volcanic crater is generally very huge and therefore diamond miners need to cover a lot of ground. Tonnes and tonnes of dirt needs to be dug, before you can find a diamond ore! This is just the same as in life, where one has to go through a lot of crap before the good times come! The diamond rich rock is drilled till the ore is found and then extracted. The ore is then sent to a separate refinery where the rock is broken down carefully by precision tools and unpolished diamond is extracted from it.

Karoo dyke occur throughout the area and these crosscut both the basement gneisses and karoo lithologies. These orthogneisses are essential quartzofeldspathetic in composition with local varieties rich in either biotite or amphiboles. The homogenous and weakly foliated

sis and As the once molten planet earth cooled down and formed a crust, volcanic activity and magma pushed these diamonds to the surface, through volcanic outbursts. In time, these tunnels of magma flow, solidified to form rocks enriched with diamonds. Hardened volcanic pipes got formed which encased millions of diamonds. The diamonds that made it to the surface, got distributed over ocean floors and riverbeds through soil erosion. Diamonds are found in huge amounts, inside extinct volcanoes and there are chances of finding them in the live ones also but that obviously is a difficult task.

The red sand facies occurs as thin cover particularly in the distal part of the gravel units and increases in thickness in the lee of the gravel splay. The exotic clasts in the fluvial gravel are derived from the palaeo-Vaal, erosion of nearby Dyke sediments which can still be found along the north bank of the loop, and by reworking of higher level and older gravels, remnants of which are still present on top of the hill at Canteen Koppie. The input of the coarse and site clasts is linked to scree slope deposits fed by exfoliation of local bedrock from this hill. The upward coarsening trend of this infill reflects the gradual abandonment of the loop by the palaeo-Vaal and its inability to remove the coarse colluvium during those latter stages of its occupation of this palaeo-loop. A climatic change to more arid periods might have had some influence.

Diamonds are formed under tremendous heat and pressure. These conditions exist 150 km to 200 km beneath the earth's surface, where the temperatures are extremely high ranging from 900C to 1300C. For millions of years, carbon atoms deep in the earth's upper mantle have been exposed to these extreme conditions. As a result, these atoms combine their cubic molecular form and ultimately form diamond crystals. During volcanic eruptions, diamond crystals eventually make their way to the earth's surface through pipes and channels. These pipes or channels contain the magma from the volcano, which rises along with the diamonds and deposits them on the surface where they are later found and mined. These are known as the primary deposits of diamond. Kimberlite is a blue rock and the most common host of diamonds found in the earliest volcanic pipes.

Some diamonds get washed away either by erosion or by nearby water bodies, and are thus found near river beds. They are known as alluvial deposits. Millions of years of erosion spread diamonds into streams, rivers and the seas. Many centuries ago, diamonds were first recognized and mined in India along the rivers Penner, Krishna and Godavari. Natural diamond sources have been discovered in 35 countries all across the world. Russia, Botswana and South Africa are the major gem quality diamond producers in the world. Australia is one of the world's biggest industrial diamond producer.

Dazzling diamonds have always fascinated women and are considered to be their best friend. They are the best way to express your love for someone special. So, the next time when you venture into a jewelry store and admire an incredible diamond ring, just think about the time, energy and resources that have gone into its making and you'll surely have a better appreciation for it.

Diamond Mining

Diamond mining is a process of extracting diamond ore from various locations. These locations which are considered diamond rich, are determined by geologists who have an understanding of the genesis of diamonds. By genesis, we mean the knowledge of how diamonds are created. Diamonds are transparent gems or crystals made up of Carbon. One interesting fact about a diamond is, that it is the toughest object found on earth. The creation of diamond requires such a high temperature and pressure, that it can be forged only deep inside the fiery belly of the earth, say about 93 miles, below the surface. All natural diamonds are formed and get crystallized inside the core of the earth, over millions of years. Roughly 50% of diamonds come from Africa, although some sources of diamonds have been discovered in India, Russia, Canada and Australia. The diamonds that made it to the surface were forced up volcanic activity, through kimberlite pipes. A typical pipe mine consists of a large vertical shaft and tunnels running from the main pipe. The deepest mine runs about 160 kilometers, down into the earth with hundreds of tons of rock, gravel and sand that need to be blasted, drilled, crushed and processed to yield just 27,000 kg mined annually. Only about 20% of all rough diamonds are suitable for polishing and the rest are used for industrial purposes. Once the rough is found, it is sold to the manufacturers.

As the once molten planet earth cooled down and formed a crust, volcanic activity and magma pushed these diamonds to the surface, through volcanic outbursts. In time, these tunnels of magma flow, solidified to form rocks enriched with diamonds. Hardened volcanic pipes got formed which encased millions of diamonds. The diamonds that made it to the surface, got distributed over ocean floors and riverbeds through soil erosion. Diamonds are found in huge amounts, inside extinct volcanoes and there are chances of finding them in the live ones also but that obviously is a difficult task.

Diamond Mining ProcessMining processes vary according to the nature and the structure of the diamond ore and also the position from where the particular gem has to be extracted. It may be in a secondary deposit like a riverbed or buried deep in a solidified volcanic pipe. Depending on these factors, there are two main processes which are called 'Pipe Mining' and 'Alluvial Mining'. Let us see each one of these processes in detail.

Pipe MiningAs the name suggests, pipe mining is extracting diamond ores from solidified volcanic pipes. This solidified magma, that is the bluish igneous rock, is called 'Kimberlite'. These Kimberlite pipes occur under the mouths of dead volcanic craters. Kimberlite is just one type of volcanic igneous rock that bears diamonds. There are many more and they occur with varying chemical combinations. Usually these dead volcanic craters fill up with water and form lakes. So mining these igneous rocks can be an underwater endeavor. The area of a volcanic crater is generally very huge and therefore diamond miners need to cover a lot of ground. Tonnes and tonnes of dirt needs to be dug, before you can find a diamond ore! This is just the same as in life, where one has to go through a lot of crap before the good times come! The diamond rich rock is drilled till the ore is found and then extracted. The ore is then sent to a separate refinery where the rock is broken down carefully by precision tools and unpolished diamond is extracted from it.Alluvial Mining

There are certain secondary deposits of diamonds which are created by erosion of top soil layer, from volcanic sites. Over time, these diamond ores get deposited and embedded in the seabed and riverbed. There are many such mining sites in the world. To extract the diamonds, a sand breaker or artificial dam is created which holds the water back. Then the sea or river bed is manually or mechanically dug and the ores are sent to a refinery for extraction.

DIAMOND PROCESSING AND SORTING HARRY OPPENHEIMER HOUSE

DE BEERS HEAD OFFICE stockdale street

Original the headquarters of Banrney Barnatos Kimberly central Diamond Mining Company, this is now the international headquarters of de Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd which was established in 1888 by Cecil John Rhodes. Diamonds from all over South Africa are sorted daily inside this building. Since diamonds are best sorted by gentle natural light, the building has windows only on the south side to prevent direct sunlight from entering. The building is not open to the public. After diamond ore is mined it is transported to a processing plant where it is first fed into huge crushing machines. In the old days diamonds were recovered on vibrating greased tables. After the diamond ore was crushed it was mixed with water and slid down the table. Because of their surface properties, rough diamonds adhere tenaciously to the grease while other materials vibrate on through. Now the crushed rock is moved on a conveyor belt through a darkened chamber and X-rayed. Photo sensor detect the diamond's fluorescence and air jets remove it. Workers then sort the gem quality stones from the industrial diamonds by hand. Gem quality stones are sorted further in the large sorting room at the De Beers headquarters in London. On observing the sorting of five weeks of the worlds production of gem diamonds between two and nine carats in this sorting room, Fred Ward wrote in National Geographic, "I was dazzled with the brilliance of tens of thousands of uncut diamonds. On the counter running the length of the building, keen-eyed workers faced north windows for the indirect, even-color light needed to sort piles of roughs. Eight central tables were laden with sparkling crystals. A DeBeers official told Ward, There are about 180,000 carats on those tables, worth about 70 million dollars. When we have all the stone together for next month's 'sight' or sale, including very small stones and stones over 100 carats, they will bring 250 million.

DIAMOND CUTTING AND POLISHINGDiamond cutters are called lapidarists. Their goal is to get as large and as beautiful a gem as possible from a rough stone without losing too much material. To achieve this goal they essentially use the same techniques they have for the last 600 years. Lapidarist are very careful. They may study a diamond for months before working on it. Student diamond cutter who make two major mistakes fail to get certified. Diamonds can be cut several ways: 1) cleaving, in which the diamond is split with a chisel, is relatively rare these days; 2) sawing with a circular copper blade embedded with diamond dust particles; 3) grinding by pressing the diamond against a covered diamond-dust-covered steel wheel (called a skive) that spins at 3,000 rpms.

Even though diamonds are quite hard they are relatively easy to cut along cleavage lines in their crystalline structure. The only thing that will cut a diamond is another diamond. The advantage of sawing over grinding is that sawing leaves behind saleable pieces of diamonds while grinding produces only dust. grounded stones never touch the wheel. They are pressed close but kept away slightly with a layer of oil. Diamond will shatter so great pains are taken to make sure this doesn't happen. They Lapidarists are especially wary of inclusions (black spots) which cause a diamond to crack.

Most diamonds give a yield of 40 to 45 percent from rough to polished stone using current methods. Sometimes as much as 70 percent of a diamond is lost during the cutting and polishing process, but the price can jump six fold. The 1977 price for colorless 2 carat rough was US$750. A flawless one carat stone can fetch as much as US$20,000. Diamonds are examined mainly by the 'four Cs': carat, clarity, color, and cut. Diamonds are measured in carat; one carat equals 1/5th of a gram. It is believed that diamonds are colorless but they come in different colors like white, yellow, brown, pink, red, blue, purple, green, violet and orange. Out of these, white, yellow and brown are most commonly used. A diamond's color can be determined by studying its face up and down. Clarity of the diamonds determine how pure they are. Diamonds having less blemishes and inclusions have better clarity. Cuts in diamonds enhance their color, shine and hide inclusions. If the cuts are too deep or shallow, the diamond will not have a good dispersion. Pear, emerald, marquise, and brilliant are the most popular diamond cuts.

Diamond cutting processThe diamond cutting process includes these steps; planning, cleaving or sawing, bruting, polishing, and final inspection.

Planning Diamond manufacturers analyze diamond rough from an economic perspective, with two objectives steering decisions made about how a faceted diamond will be cut. The first objective is that of maximum return on investment for the piece of diamond rough. The second is how quickly the finished diamond can be sold. Scanning devices are used to get 3-dimensional computer model of the rough stone. Also, inclusions are photographed and placed on the 3D model, which is then used to find an optimal way to cut the stone.

Maximizing value

The process of maximizing the value of finished diamonds, from a rough diamond into a polished gemstone, is both an art and a science. The choice of cut is influenced by many factors. Market factors include the exponential increase in value of diamonds as weight increases, referred to as weight retention, and the popularity of certain shapes amongst consumers. Physical factors include the original shape of the rough stone, and location of the inclusions and flaws to be eliminated.

Weight retention

The weight retention analysis studies the diamond rough to find the best combination of finished stones as it relates to per carat value. For instance, a 2.20 carat (440mg) octahedron may produce (i) either two half carat (100mg) diamonds whose combined value may be higher than that of (ii) a 0.80 carat (160mg) diamond + 0.30 carat (60mg) diamond that could be cut from the same rough diamond.

The round brilliant cut and square brilliant cuts are preferred when the crystal is an octahedron, as often two stones may be cut from one such crystal. Oddly shaped crystals, such as macles are more likely to be cut in a fancy cutthat is, a cut other than the round brilliantwhich the particular crystal shape lends itself to.

Even with modern techniques, the cutting and polishing of a diamond crystal always results in a dramatic loss of weight, about 50% Sometimes the cutters compromise and accept lesser proportions and symmetry in order to avoid inclusions or to preserve the weight. Since the per-carat price of a diamond shifts around key milestones (such as 1.00 carat), many one-carat (200mg) diamonds are the result of compromising Cut quality for Carat weight. Some jewelry experts advise consumers to buy a 0.99 carat (198mg) diamond for its better price or buy a 1.10 carat (220mg) diamond for its better cut, avoiding a 1.00 carat (200mg) diamond, which is more likely to be a poorly cut stone.

Color retention

The 253-carat Oppenheimer Diamondan uncut diamond does not show its prized optical properties.

In colored diamonds, cutting can influence the color grade of the diamond, thereby raising its value. Certain cut shapes are used to intensify the color of the diamond. The radiant cut is an example of this type of cut.

Natural green color diamonds most often have merely a surface coloration caused by natural irradiation, which does not extend through the stone. For this reason green diamonds are cut with significant portions of the original rough diamond's surface (naturals) left on the finished gem. It is these naturals that provide the color to the diamond.

Turn around minimization

The other consideration of diamond planning is how quickly a diamond will sell. This consideration is often unique to the type of manufacturer. While a certain cutting plan may yield a better value, a different plan may yield diamonds that will sell sooner, and thereby returning the investment sooner.

Cleaving or sawing

Cleaving is the separation of a piece of diamond rough into separate pieces, to be finished as separate gems.

Sawing is the use of a diamond saw or laser to cut the diamond rough into separate pieces.

Bruting

Bruting is the process whereby two diamonds are set onto spinning axles turning in opposite directions, which are then set to grind against each other to shape each diamond into a round shape. This can also be known as girdling.

Polishing

Polishing is the name given to process whereby the facets are cut onto the diamond and final polishing is performed. The process takes the steps blocking, faceting, also called "brillianteering", and polishing.

Final inspection

The final stage involves thoroughly cleaning the diamond in acids, and examining the diamond to see whether it meets the quality standards of the manufacturer.

Cutting process

It is possible only because the hardness of diamond varies widely according to the direction in which one is trying to cut or grind.

A simplified round brilliant cut process includes the following stages:

Sawing the rough stone.

Table setting where one facet is created. The table facet is then used to attach the stone into a dop (a lapidary tool holding gemstones for cutting or polishing).

Bruting the girdle.

Blocking four main pavilion facets.

Transferring to another dop in order to rotate the stone.

Blocking four main crown facets.

Cutting and polishing all pavilion facets.

Transferring to another dop.

Cutting and polishing all crown facets.

This is just one, although a fairly common way of creating a round brilliant cut. The actual process also includes many more stages depending on the size and quality of the rough stone. For example, bigger stones are first scanned to get the three-dimensional shape, which is then used to find the optimal usage. The scanning may be repeated after each stage and bruting may be done in several steps, each bringing the girdle closeDiamond Mining Equipment

Heavy mining machinery is required in mining for exploration and development, to remove and stockpile overburden, to break and remove rocks of various rigidity and hardiness, to process the ore and for reclamation efforts after the mine is closed. Bulldozers, drills, explosives and trucks are all necessary for dig the land. In the case of placer removal, unconsolidated gravel, or alluvium, is fed into equipment consisting of a hopper and a shaking screen or trammel which frees the desired raw materials from the waste gravel. The raw materials are then intense using sluices or jigs. Large drills are used to sink shafts, dig stops and obtain samples for analysis. Trams are used to transport miners, raw materials and waste. Lifts carry miners into and out of mines, as well as touching rock and ore out, and equipment in and out of dissident mines. Zenith has been a world famous diamond mining machinery supplier. We provide various types of diamond extraction plant for sale including quarry machine, crushing plant, grinding mill, screening machine, conveying system, separation machine, processing plant etc. Their diamond processing plant has been exported to many countries such as South Africa, India, Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Ghana, Indonesia, Brazil etc.

Mining Process

Open Pit Mining: Open-Pit diamond mining or Open-Cast Mining is a technique of extracting rock or minerals from the ground by taking away from an open pit or hole. Open pit mines are utilized when deposits of minerals are established near the surface or along kimberlitic pipes. Our operationsemploy conventional open-pit mining techniques using primarily truck and shovel methods. First the topsoil is removed, stockpiled and protected from erosion with a grass mixture. Overburden is removed after the topsoil. Often this rocky material must be drilled and blasted with explosives and loaded onto dump trucks by shovels and loaders/excavators and hauled to waste dumps outside of the activepit for stockpiling. The diamonds are removed, sorted and washed before being transported to the storage then to the bank.Open-pit mines are normally developed from top to bottom in a series of horizontal cuts known as benches.

The Mining Plans will detail how the company plans to mine and later reclaim the site. The plans will describes how soils and overburden will be removed, stockpiled and replaced after the diamond is mined. The types of vegetative covers to be used on stockpiles and after reclamation will be identified. Post-mining land uses will be explained in the reclamation plan. The company will also give a timetable for completion of each step and an estimated cost for reclamation.

Diamonds and supplementary valuable and semi-precious gemstones are excavated from the earth level via 4 main types on mining. These diamond withdrawal methods vary depending on how the minerals are situated within the earth, the steadiness of the material neighboring the preferred mineral, and the nonessential damage done to the surrounding environment.

Hard Rock Mining: The name Hard Rock Diamond Mining refers to a variety of techniques used to mine precious stones & gems, minerals, and ore bodies by making tunnels underground and generating subversive rooms or stopes held in position by timber pillars of station rock. Access to the underground ore is achieved via a decline or a shaft.

Placer Mining: Placer Diamond mining, also termed as sand bank mining is utilized for hauling diamonds and minerals from alluvial derived deposits. Placer Mining is a variety of open-pit or open-cast mining utilized to haul out minerals from the surface of the earth devoid of the usage of tunneling.

Marine Mining: Marine mining method only became commercially feasible in the early 1990s. Marine diamond mining uses both vertical and horizontal methods to take out diamonds from offshore placer deposits. Vertical marine mining possesses a 6 to 7 meter diameter drill skull to slash into the seabed and suck up the diamond demeanor material from the sea bed.

CAPITAL REQUIRED IS R 40 000 000.00DISCOVERY AND ADVANCED EXPLORATION =R 10 000 000.00Discovery has been made and advanced exploration has to take place for something of value has been actually found. At this stage, higher impact activities such as further ground geophysics, channel sampling, trenching and diamond drilling, generally has to take place. If the proposed work and activities are going to be above the threshold limits, land use permits and water licences are already available.

DEVELOPMENT/EQUIPMENTS /CONSTRUCTION = R20 000 000.00Development/construction is next if, based on economics (is an area or deposit worth mining), and if shareholders approve, a company decides to go ahead with the project. During this stage the company raises money in order to begin construction and develop a mine. This is the most expensive phase of the mining cycle. The manner in which a mineral or metal occurs in the earths crust determines the type of mining operation required to extract it and the costs to develop a mine, as well as the amount of waste produced in the extraction process.

Evaluation and appraisal: This determined the technical feasibility and commercial viability of mineral deposits found during exploration and the designation of proven and probable reserves. It is at this stage, that decisions were made as to develop a particular area at the site.

Development: Currently, Pre-production activities are being undertaken to prepare to mine to a depth where there are mineral reserves. Typically this will include opening up a pit, permanent excavations, building perimeter fencing and other infrastructure and initial removal of overburden. This will require plant and machinery.

Construction: This will be establishing and commissioning facilities, (e.g., buildings (the store room for explosives), machinery and equipment) to extract the gemstones. Some construction may occur during the development stage.

OPERATION AND PRODUCTION =R 10 000 000.00Operation and production is the actual mining, milling, and processing of the diamonds. The length of time a mine is in production (the mine life) depends on the amount (reserves) and quality (grade) of the mineral, metal or gems and whether the operation is still profitable. It is at this stage that companies start to see a return on their investment (make some money). But they still have expenses (operating costs) such as wages, fuel, transportation, equipment and maintenance in order to keep the mine running.

RECLAMATION

Reclamation of a site and protection of the environment starts at the beginning of the project. All existing and new mines in theSouth Africamust have closure and reclamation plans and are required to set aside in a trust, the total estimated reclamation costs. The goal is to protect the environment right from the beginning, to make sure the site is as productive as possible and safe for people and animals when the mine closes. Reclamation begins with rough grading of the mined overburden back into the pit. When this first phase of reclamation is completed, restoration of the land to its approximate original contour follows. To ensure the soil will support vegetative growth, the company will use equipment that will minimize soil compaction. The plan will also specify a particular crop followed by a grass-legume mix that helps restore soil structure and bacteria needed for good plant growth. The company will create a fund to cover such future costs and environmental obligations, in the event of closing the mine and retiring the plant that was being used. After exhausting the reserves, the pit will be covered (filled) with waste rock and the top 3m will be covered with soil. Indigenous trees and grass will have to be planted. The vegetation will be monitored for two years to ensure growth.

EQUIPMENT, TOOLS AND OPERATORS

2 x Land Excavators 30 tones

R 7 400 000.00 (R 3 700 000.00) 3 x Dump trucks

R 1 060 000.00 (R 530 000.00)

1 x Front Loader

R 450 000.002 x Crushers

R 3 600 000.00 (R 1 800 000.00)

1 x 4 x4 Van

R 330 000.00

2 x 265cfx Compressors

R 350 000.00 (R 175 000.00)

Other equipments & tools

R 3 000 000.00

Total required equipments and tools isR 16 190 000.00Required Operators and Their Salaries

1 x Project manager

R 560.00 per hour1 x mine manager

R 160 per hour3 x Land Excavators Operators

R 75 per hour (R 225.00)3 x Dump Trucks

R 67 per hour (R 201.00)1 x Front loader

R 67 per hour

2 x Crusher operators

R 52 per hour (R 104.00)1 x Van Driver

R 52 per hour

12 x General workers

R 30 per hour (R 360.00)

Salaries per months1 x Project manager

R 89 600.00(R 89 600.00)

1 X Mine manager

R 25 600.00 (R 25 600.00)

3 x Land Excavators Operators

R 12 000.00(R 36 000.00) 3 x Dump Trucks Operators

R 10 720.00(R 32 160.00)

1 x Front Loader Operator

R 10 720.00(R 10 720.00)

2 x Crushers Operators

R 8 320.00(R 16 640.00)

1 x Van Driver

R 8 320.00 (R 8 320.00)

12 x General workers

R 4 800.00(R 57 600.00)Total monthly salaries

R 276 640.00

Fuel consumption Diesel

Fuel type Diesel @ R15 per literLand excavator

120 litres in 8 hours or per day

120 litres x R15 per litre =R 1 800.00 per day = R 9 000.00 per week =R 36 000.00 per month per 1 excavatorDiesel for excavator =2400 litres per excavator per month =R 36 000.00.

2 Excavators will consume 4 800 litres of diesel per month which will be equal to R 72 000.00Dump trucks

80 litres in 8 hours or per day80 litres x R15.00 per litre R 1 200.00 per day =R 6 000.00 per week=R 24 000.00 per month

3 dump trucks will consume 240litres per day, 1 200 litres per week

= 4 800 litres per month.

3 Dump trucks will consume 4 800 litres of diesel per month which will be equal to R 72 000.00 Compressors 265 cfx

80 litres in 8 hours or per day80 litres x R15.00 per litre = R 1 200.00 per day =R 6 000.00 per week

=R 24 000.00 per month

2 compressors will consume 160 litres per day, 800 litres per week= 3 200 litres per month x R15.00 = R 48 000.00

Mine vehicle

60 litres in 8 hours or per day

60 litres x R15.00 per litre = R 900.00 per day, R 4 500.00 per week

=R 18 000.00

Explosive consumptions To drill at least 180 to 350 holes every night and blast them using a power code of 200m.=R 175 000.00 per month

Safety clothingWork suits 50@ R 160.00

R 8 000.00

Safety shoes 25@ R 650.00

R 16 250.00

Gumboots25@ R 220.00

R 5 500.00

Helmets 25@ R120.00

R 3 000.00

Mine lights 25@ R520.00

R 13 000.00Rain suits 25@R250.00

R 6 000.00Reflectors 25@R 60.00

R 1 500.00

Gloves 25@R75.00

R 1 875.00

Total safety clothing will be

R 55 125.00

Estimated Monthly Production volumeProduction Ratio 100 tons = 2 carats240 000 tons per month of mined ore at a rate of 12 000 tons per day240 000 /100 = 2400 x 2 carats = 4800 x $ 500.00 Price of rough diamonds $us2 400 000.00 x R9.50 = R 22 800 000.00

This is a copy of Moropa Project, Distribution without authority is prohibited