Montenegro - eea.europa.eu · Artificial development in Montenegro is getting more and more...

Country fact sheet

September 2017

Photo: © Toni García, My City/EEA

Land cover 2012

Montenegro

Montenegro

1

Land cover 2012 Overview of land cover & change 2006-2012 Comparing all three analytical periods of CLC changes, shows a slightly increasing trend in intensity of landscape development in Montenegro. However, with an annual land cover change rate of 0.06%, the overall pace of land cover development in the country is still very low in the European context. Untypically, changes due to natural and multiple causes are the main driver of landscape exchange in this country. This is caused by the occurrence of large forest fires in this period. On the other hand, the intensity of forest creation and management, which was the main driver in the previous period, decreased significantly and its level is comparable with the period 1990-2000. This change is caused by rapid decrease of intensity of both directions of forest internal transitions. Artificial development shows an increasing trend, with an annual land take rate of 0.55%, which is one of the highest rates in Europe. The main drivers of urban extension are sprawl of mines and quarrying areas and of sport and leisure facilities. On the other hand, the intensity of agricultural development is rather low, with prevailing share of internal conversions, in particular conversion from pasture to arable or crop land. Note: The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1:100.000 scale across Europe over more than decade between 2000-2006-2012 - see Corine land cover (CLC) programme for details. Number of years between CLC2006-CLC2012 data for Montenegro: 6

2%0.3%

16%

63%

8%

8%

1%2%

1.1. Land cover 2012[% of total]

-3000

-1000

1000

3000

1.2. Net change in land cover 2006-2012 [ha]

-1.0

1.0

3.0

1.3. Net change in land cover [% of initial year

2006]

A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land

Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies

Summary balance table 2006-2012

Art

ific

ial a

rea

s

Ara

ble

lan

d &

pe

rma

ne

nt

cro

ps

Pa

stu

res

& m

osa

ics

Fo

rest

ed

lan

d

Se

mi-

na

tura

l v

eg

eta

tio

n

Op

en

sp

ace

s/ b

are

so

ils

We

tla

nd

s

Wa

ter

bo

die

s

TO

TA

L[h

un

dre

ds

ha

]

Land cover 2006 241 41 2143 8583 1103 1124 126 287 13650

Consumption of initial LC 1.9 1.0 4.4 38.9 1.0 5.9 0.0 0.0 53

Formation of new LC 9.9 2.1 1.0 12.6 0.0 27.7 0.0 0.0 53

Net Formation of LC 7.9 1.2 -3.5 -26.4 -1.0 21.8 0.0 0.0 0

Net formation as % of initial year 3.3 2.8 -0.2 -0.3 -0.1 1.9 0.0 0.0

Total turnover of LC 11.8 3.1 5.4 51.5 1.0 33.6 0.0 0.0 106

Total turnover as % of initial year 4.9 7.4 0.3 0.6 0.1 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.8

Land cover 2012 249 43 2140 8557 1102 1146 126 287 13650

Montenegro

2

Land cover trends comparison 2000-2006 vs. 2006-2012

0.04%

0.06%

0 300 600 900

2000-2006

2006-2012

2.4. Annual land cover change[ha/year, % of total area]

0 300 600 900

Artificial areas

Arable land& permanent crops

Pastures& mosaics

Forested land

Semi-natural vegetation

Open spaces/ bare soils

Wetlands

Water bodies

2.5. Annual turnover of LC types [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

-500 -200 100 400

Artificial areas

Arable land& permanent crops

Pastures& mosaics

Forested land



Wetlands

Water bodies

2.6. Net annual change of LC types [ha/year]

Summary trend figures 2000-2006 2006-2012

Annual land cover change [ha/year] 587 887

Annual land cover change as % of initial year 0.04% 0.06%Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] 65 132

Agricultural land uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] 31 44

Net uptake of forests and semi-natural land by agriculture as mean annual change [ha/year] 12 6

Net conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops as mean annual change [ha/year] 7 26

Forest & other woodland net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] -77 -439

Dry semi-natural land cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 45 345

Wetlands & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 0 0

0

200

400

lcf1

Urb

an la

ndm

anag

emen

t

lcf2

Urb

anre

side

ntia

l spr

awl

lcf3

Spr

awl o

fec

onom

ic s

ites

and

infr

astr

uctu

res

lcf4

Agr

icul

ture

inte

rnal

conv

ersi

ons

lcf5

Con

vers

ion

from

for

este

d &

natu

ral l

and

toag

ricu

lture

lcf6

Withd

raw

al o

ffa

rmin

g

lcf7

For

ests

crea

tion

and

man

agem

ent

lcf8

Wat

er b

odie

scr

eation

an

dm

anag

emen

t

lcf9

Cha

nges

due

to n

atur

al a

ndm

ultip

le c

ause

s

2.7. Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Montenegro

3

Artificial surfaces sprawl (2006-2012)

0.27

%

0.55

%

0

50

100

2000-2006 2006-2012

3.8. Artificial land take [ha/year,

% of initial year]

Artificial development

Artificial development in Montenegro is getting more and more intensive, with an annual artificial land take rate of 0,55%, it became one of the fastest in Europe. The internal structure is quite different, compared with the previous period. The most powerful driver is sprawl of mines and quarrying areas, which occurs in more than doubled intensity than in 2000-2006. Next, sprawl of sport and leisure facilities and industrial and commercial areas, which was almost absent in the previous period, became very powerful in 2006-2012. The residential sprawl in Montenegro is also quite significant, however, only a bit more intensive compared to the previous period. Beside the sprawl itself, artificial development is also represented by frequent urban development/infilling and recycling of developed urban land. Geographically, the artificial development is concentrated mainly around the capital city of Podgorica and also along the seashore. The extension of mining areas is concentrated around the Pljevlja city in the northern part of the country.

81%

7%

3%8% 1%

3.9. Artificial surfaces 2012 [% of total area]

0 20 40 60

3.10. Artificial land take 2006-2012 [ha/year]

0

20

40

Con

tinu

ous

urba

n fa

bric

Dis

cont

inuo

us u

rban

fab

ric

Ind

ustr

ial o

r co

mm

erci

al u

nits

Roa

d an

d ra

il ne

twor

ks a

ndas

soci

ated

land

Por

t ar

eas

Airpo

rts

Min

eral

ext

ract

ion

site

s

Dum

p si

tes

Con

stru

ctio

n si

tes

Gre

en u

rban

are

as

Spo

rt a

nd le

isur

e fa

cilit

ies

3.11. Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year]

2000-2012

2006-2012

Montenegro

4

Agriculture (2006-2012)

Pasture land consumption by artificial sprawl

The intensity of agricultural development in Montenegro is very low in the long term, which is valid also for the period 2006-2012. There occurs some amount of agricultural land consumption by artificial sprawl – compared to previous period, this flow is more intensive. It is represented by consumption of pastures, agricultural land with natural vegetation or complex cultivation patterns by extension of mainly industrial/commercial and mineral extraction sites or urban fabric. From the perspective of internal agricultural flows, the conversion of pasture to arable and permanent crops is more frequent, however, also the intensity of these internal exchanges is quite low. Geographically, agricultural conversions are concentrated almost exclusively in the small lowland around the capital city Podgorica.

2110.4%

2211%

2220.1%

2230.2%

23112%241

0.1%

24213%

24374%

2440.2%

4.12. Agricultural areas 2012 [% of total area]

-9.8

9%

-0.3

6%

-1.1

2%

-0.2

1%

-0.0

6%

4.02

%

7.02

%

0.23

%

0.05

%

0.01

%

-300

-100

100

Non

-irr

igat

ed a

rabl

e la

nd

Per

man

ently

irriga

ted

land

Ric

e fie

lds

Vin

eyar

ds

Fru

it t

rees

and

ber

ry p

lant

atio

ns

Oliv

e gr

oves

Pas

ture

s

Ann

ual/

pe

rman

ent

crop

s

Com

plex

cul

t. p

atte

rns

Agr

icul

ture

with

nat

. ve

g.

Agr

o-fo

rest

ry a

reas

4.13. Development of agricultural areas 2006-2012– detailed balance [ha]

Consumption of initial land cover

Formation of new land cover 211 Non-irrigated arable land

212 Permanently irrigated land

213 Rice fields

221 Vineyards

222 Fruit trees and berry plantations

223 Olive groves

231 Pastures

241 Annual crops associated with permanent crops242 Complex cultivation patterns

243 Agriculture land with significant areas of natural vegetation244 Agro-forestry areas

-40-30-20-10

0102030

Non

-irr

igat

ed a

rabl

e la

nd

Per

man

ently

irriga

ted

land

Ric

e fie

lds

Vin

eyar

ds

Fru

it t

rees

and

ber

ry p

lant

atio

ns

Oliv

e gr

oves

Pas

ture

s

Ann

ual/

per

man

ent

crop

s

Com

plex

cul

t. p

atte

rns

Agr

icul

ture

with

nat

. ve

g.

Agr

o-fo

rest

ry a

reas

4.14. Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Montenegro

5

Forest & nature (2006-2012)

76%

10%

10%

1%3%

5.15. Forest & nature areas 2012

[% of total area]

Forest



Wetlands

Water bodies

Frequent forest and shrub fires

Development of natural landscape is the most powerful land cover change driver in Montenegro. However, much of this flow is realized through frequent forest fires, which occurred between 2006 and 2012. These fires were by far not so frequent in the previous period. As a result, net formation of burnt area is about 217% in this period. Mostly broad-leaved forests or transitional woodlands were destroyed by the fires. Despite losing about half of its intensity, compared to period 2000-2006, forest creation and management is the second most intensive change driver in the country. It is represented mostly by recent felling and also by afforestation of burnt areas. Externally, natural land is consumed by sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures. This mainly concerns broad-leaved forests and transitional woodland and shrub areas.

-0.6

1%

-0.2

9%

-0.2

7%

-0.0

4%

-0.5

8%

-0.3

8%

-0.7

2%

-0.0

3%

-49.

19%

0.02

%

0.01

%

0.40

%

0.28

%

0.03

%

245.

95%

-3000

-1000

1000

3000

Bro

ad-l

eave

d fo

rest

Con

ifero

us for

est

Mix

ed for

est

Nat

ural

gra

ssla

nd

Moo

rs a

nd h

eath

land

Scl

erop

hyllo

us v

eget

atio

n

Tra

nsitio

nal w

oodl

and

shr

ub

Bea

ches

, du

nes,

san

d

Bar

e ro

ck

Spa

rsel

y ve

geta

ted

area

s

Bur

nt a

reas

Gla

cier

s/pe

rp.

snow

Inl

and

mar

shes

Pea

tbog

s

Sal

t m

arsh

es

Sal

ines

Int

ertida

l fla

ts

Wat

er c

ours

es

Wat

er b

odie

s

Coa

stal

lago

ons

Est

uaries

Sea

and

oce

an

5.16. Development of forest & nature areas 2006-2012 – detailed balance [ha]

Consumption of initial land cover

Formation of new land cover

-400

-100

200

Bro

ad-l

eave

d fo

rest

Con

ifero

us for

est

Mix

ed for

est

Nat

ural

gra

ssla

nd

Moo

rs a

nd h

eath

land

Scl

erop

hyllo

us v

eget

atio

n

Tra

nsitio

nal w

oodl

and

shr

ub

Bea

ches

, du

nes,

san

d

Bar

e ro

ck

Spa

rsel

y ve

geta

ted

are

as

Bur

nt a

reas

Gla

cier

s an

d pe

rpet

ual s

now

Inl

and

mar

shes

Pea

tbog

s

Sal

t m

arsh

es

Sal

ines

Int

ertida

l fla

ts

Wat

er c

ours

es

Wat

er b

odie

s

Coa

stal

lago

ons

Est

uaries

Sea

and

oce

an

5.17. Mean annual forest & nature change by class [ha/year]2000-2006

2006-2012

Montenegro

6

Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows 2006-2012

4% 2%8%

73%

2%

11%

6.18. Consumption of land cover2006-2012 [% of total change

area]

18%

4%

2%

24%

52%

6.19. Formation of land cover 2006-2012 [% of total change

area]

A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land

Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies

lcf13%

lcf22%

lcf313%

lcf45%

lcf51%

lcf724%

lcf952%

6.20. Drivers of change (LC FLOWS)2006-2012 [% of total change area]

lc f1 U rban land management

lc f2 U rban res idential sprawl

lc f3 Sprawl of economic s ites and infras truc tures

lc f4 A griculture internal convers ions

lc f5 C onvers ion from fores ted & natural land to agriculture

lc f6 Withdrawal of farming

lc f7 Fores ts c reation and management

lc f8 Water bodies c reation and management

lc f9 C hanges due to natural and multiple causes

Montenegro

7

Artificial areas

Arable land &

permanent crops4%

Pastures & mosaics

29%

Forested land49%

Semi-natural

vegetation12%

Open spaces / bare soils

6%

7.21. Consumption by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]

Disc. urban fabric12%

Industrial/commerc.

17%

Road/rail network

5%

Mineral extraction

37%

Dump sites4%

Construct.10%

Sport/leisure17%

7.22. Formation by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]

0.26%

0.55%

0 50 100

2000-2006

2006-2012

7.23. Net formation of artificial area [ha/year, % of initial year]

-20 10 40

lcf11Urban development/ infilling(cons.)

lcf11Urban development/ infilling(form.)

lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (cons.)

lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (form.)

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (cons.)

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (form.)

lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl

lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl

lcf31 Sprawl of industrial &commercial sites

lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks

lcf33 Sprawl of harbours

lcf34 Sprawl of airports

lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarryingareas

lcf36 Sprawl of dumpsites

lcf37 Construction

lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (cons.)

lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (form.)

lcf54 Conversion from developed areasto agriculture

lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation

lcf81 Water bodies creation

lcf911 Semi-natural creation

lcf913 Extension of water courses

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires

lcf93 Coastal erosion

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(form.)

7.24. Artificial development by change drivers(LC FLOWS) [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Montenegro

8

Agriculture

Broad-leaved forest36%

Natural grassland

18%

Transition. woodland/

shrub44%

8.25. LC consumed by agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

Vineyards24%

Pastures15%

Agriculture with

natural veg.61%

8.26. Formation of agricultural land from non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

Non-irrigated arable11%

Pastures34%

Complex cultivation patterns

20%

Agriculture with

natural veg.35%

8.27. Consumption of agricultural landby non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]


Industrial/commercial

38%

Road/rail network

3%

Mineral extraction

28%

Construct.7%

Sport/leisure

6%

8.28. Formation of non-agricultural landfrom agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

-1 1 3 5

Conversion from forest toagriculture

Conversion from dry semi-natural& natural land to agriculture

Conversion from wetlands toagriculture

Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation

8.29. Main annual conversions between agriculture and forests & semi-natural land

2006-2012 [ha/year]

-35 -15 5

Extension of pasture, set asideand fallow land

Conversion from pasture toarable and permanent crops

8.30. Mean annual conversion between arable land and pasture [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Montenegro

9

0 20 40

lcf411 Uniform extension ofset aside fallow land and

pasture

lcf412 Diffuse extension of setaside fallow land and pasture

lcf421 Conversion from arableland to permanent irrigation

perimeters

lcf422 Other internalconversions of arable land

lcf431 Conversion from olivesgroves to vineyards and

orchards

lcf432 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards to

olive groves

lcf433 Other conversionsbetween vineyards and

orchards

lcf441 Conversion frompermanent crops topermanent irrigation

perimeters

lcf442 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards tonon-irrigated arable land

lcf443 Conversion from olivegroves to non-irrigated arable

land

lcf444 Diffuse conversion frompermanent crops to arable

land

lcf451 Conversion from arableland to vineyards and orchards

lcf452 Conversion from arableland to olive groves

lcf453 Diffuse conversion fromarable land to permanent

crops

lcf461 Conversion frompasture to permanentirrigation perimeters

lcf462 Intensive conversionfrom pasture to non-irrigatedarable land and permanent

crops

lcf463 Diffuse conversion frompasture to arable and

permanent crops

lcf47 Extension of agro-forestry

9.31. Mean annual agriculture internalconversions [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

-40 -20 0 20

lcf13 Development of green urban areas

lcf2 Urban residential sprawl

lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites andinfrastructures

lcf511 Intensive conversion from forestto agriculture

lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest toagriculture

lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. cons.)

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. form.)

lcf53 Conversion from wetlands toagriculture

lcf54 Conversion from developed areasto agriculture

lcf61 Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation


lcf913 Extension of water courses

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires

lcf93 Coastal erosion

lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri.cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri.form.)

9.32. Mean annual conversions between agricultureand other LC types [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Montenegro

10

Forest & nature

10.33. LC consumed by forest & nature2006-2012 [% of total]

10.34. Formation of forest & nature land from non-forest /nature 2006-2012

[% of total]


Coniferous forest3%

Mixed forest10%Natural

grassland7%

Scleroph. veg.11%

Transition. woodland/

shrub29%

Beaches, dunes,

sand plains2%

Sparsely vegetated

areas5%

10.35. Consumption of forest & nature landby non-forest/nature 2006-2012 [% of

total]


Industrial/commerc.

6%

Road/rail network

6%

Mineral extraction

39%

Dump sites5%

Construct.10%

Sport/leisure21%

Vineyards1%

Pastures1%

Agriculture with

natural veg.4%

10.36. Formation of non-forest/nature landfrom forest & nature 2006-2012 [% of total]


Conifer. forest11%

Mixed forest12%

Transit.woodland

shrub34%

10.37. Forested land 2012 [% of total area]

0 30 60 90

Consumption of forest land byurban sprawl

Conversion from forest toagriculture

Recent fellings and transitions

Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

Forest creation, afforestation

Conversion from transitionalwoodland to forests

Forest creation over wetlands

10.38. Main trends in woodland & forests consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

Montenegro

11

Natural grassland

44%

Moors and

heathl.0.2%

Scleroph. veget.

5%

Beaches, dunes

and sand 1%

Bare rock7%

Sparsely veget. areas42%

Burnt areas2%

11.39. Dry semi-natural areas 2012 [% of total area]

0 30 60 90

Consumption of dry semi-naturalland cover by urban sprawl

Conversion of semi-natural landcover to agriculture

Forest creation, afforestation overdry semi-natural land

Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation

Decrease of permanent snow andglaciers

11.40. Main trends in dry semi-natural land consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

Inland marshes

27%

Salt marshes

0.3%

Salines4%

Water courses

1%

Water bodies68%

11.41. Wetlands & water 2012[% of total area]

0 0

Consumption of wetlands by urbansprawl

Conversion of wetlands toagriculture

Forest creation and afforestationover wetlands

Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation

Net water bodies creation

Net wetlands creation

11.42. Main trends in wetlands & water consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

-500 -200 100



lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures

lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to agriculture

lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to agriculture

lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation

lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (cons.)

lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (form.)


lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.)

lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.)

lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.)

lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.)

lcf8 Water bodies creation and management

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.)

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.)

11.43. Mean annual conversions of forest & other woodland[ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Montenegro

12

-100 100 300 500




lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuous…

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation


lcf74 Recent felling and transition

lcf8 Water bodies creation and management

lcf82 Water bodies management

lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)

lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.)

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.)

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.)

lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.)

lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.)

lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.)

12.44. Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

-1 1 3




lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation


lcf8 Water bodies creation and management (cons.)


lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other thanLCF91)

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other thanLCF912)

lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)

lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.)

12.45. Mean annual conversions of wetlands and water LC [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Montenegro

13

CLC Changes 2006-2012

CLC Changes 2000-2006

Montenegro

14

Drivers of change 2006-2012

Drivers of change 2000-2006

Montenegro

15

Artificial sprawl 2006-2012

Artificial sprawl 2000-2006

Montenegro

16

Agriculture 2006-2012

Agriculture 2000-2006

Montenegro

17

Forest and nature 2006-2012

Forest and nature 2000-2006

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