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Monitorizarea perioperatorieDana Tomescu
SRATI SINAIA 2010
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Inceputurile monitorizarii
Mana pe puls
Din latina: monere =
a avertiza
Dimensiunilepupilei
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Definitie
Monitorizarea ne permite urmarirea
parametrilor fiziologici prin masuratori
rapide, frecvente si reproductibile ceea
ce duce la recunoasterea si evaluareala timp a modificariloraparute pentru
instituirea unei terapii precoce si
adecvate de corectare.
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Clasificare
Monitorizare standard: simpla fara riscuri pt screening costuri mici creste siguranta actului
medical
Monitorizare avansata:management monitoring
pt pacientul la risc sauchirurgie la risc
indicatii specifice cu evaluarea
risc/beneficiu
trebuie sa duca la
imbunatatireaprognosticului
in general scump
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Contents
Introduction What is monitoring?
Which, Why and How to monitor?
Level of monitoring
Standards for basic intraoperativemonitoring ( ASA)
Systematic monitoring
Conclusion
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Standarde ASA ptr monitorizarea
standard intraoperatorie
Standard I
Personal calificat pentru anestezie trebuie sa fieprezent in sala de operatie pe tot parcursuldesfasurarii actului anestezic (AG, ALR, MAC)
Standard II
Pe toata durata anesteziei, se evalueaza continuurespiratia (ventilatie, oxigenare), circulatia sitemperatura
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Monitorizarea standard
Monitorizarea Ecg Pulsoximetria TA non-invaziva
Capnografia Temperatura Diureza
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Monitorizarea ECG
Ritmul cardiac Tulburari de ritm si de
conducere D2
(ischemie, tulburareelctrolitica, stimul
nociceptiv etc) Modificari ischemice
intraoperatorii: V5analiza segment ST
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Segmentul ST - subdenivelare
Semn de ischemie
miocardica
Ischemia miocardicaperioperatorie asociata
cu morbiditate si
mortalitate
postoperatorie
crescuta
Ischemiaperioperatorie estesilentioasa
Depistarea in timp realpermite interventie
terapeutica prompta
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Pulsoximetria
Metodaspectrofotometrica
Diferentiaza oxi- dedeoxihemoglobina prindiferentele in absorbtiela 660nm si 940nm
Estimeaza frecventacardiaca masurandschimbarile ciclice intransmiterea luminii
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Infarctul miocardic perioperator
Pacientul fr risc: 0,5 % risc pt MI Pacient cu risc: 5 % risc pt IM periop chirurgie noncardiac
IM periop are mortalitate 10-50% CIFRE, CRITERII Dg i RAPORTARE VARIABILE Boala arterei coronareduce la IM ... Atenie la ANAMNEZ
IM n ultimele 3 luni Rat de reinfarctizare 27 %
IM cu 3-6 luni nainte Rat de reinfarctizare10 %
IM cu mai mult de 6 luni nainte Rat de reinfarctizare 5-8 %
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Monitorizarea obligatorie standard (EKG; SPO2, TA; diureza, temperatura, Et CO2)
Monitorizarea avansat/invaziv: la indicaie
Presiune arterial continu Presiune venoas central Presiune n artera pulmonar blocat/ debit cardiac Cateter n artera pulmonar PICCO (monitorizarea minim invaziv a debitului cardiac prin cateter
arterial) NICCO (monitorizarea neinvaziv a debitului cardiac prin msurarea
CO2 n aerul expirat)
Ecografie transesofagian /doppler esofagian Segment ST continuu
3. Monitorizare
ADECVAT
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Monitorizare
Ischemia trebuie cutat agresiv,tocmai pentru a preveni apariiacomplicaiilor
Edem pulmonar Instabilitate hemodinamicAritmii Infarct miocardic
Cum o cutm?ECG TEE
Cateter arter pulmonar
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Monitorizarea ischemiei
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Monitorizare ECG
Sensibilitatea metodei crete dac:1. Monitorizarea segment ST
Leung JM, Voskanian A, Bellows WH, Pastor D: Automated electrocardiograph ST segment trending monitors:
accuracy in detecting myocardial ischemia. Anesth Analg 1998; 87:4-10.
2. Numrul de derivaii1. II/V5 sensibilitate 80%
2. II/V5/V4 sensibilitate 96%Landesberg G, Mosseri M, Wolf Y, Vesselov Y, Weissman C: The probability of detecting perioperative
myocardial ischemia in vascular surgery by continuous 12-lead ECG. Anesthesiology 2002;
96:264-70.
3. Traseul ECG este imprimat pe hrtie Pe ecran sunt recunoscute doar 15-40% din evenimentele
ischemiceMuller JG, Barash PG: Automated ST-segment monitoring. Int Anes Clin 1993; 31:45-55
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Monitorizarea TEE
TEE: sensibilitate mare + scdere a morbiditiiKallmeyer IJ, Collard CD, Fox JA et al: The safety of transesophageal echocardiography: A case series of 7200 cardiac surgical
patients. Anesth Analg 2001; 92: 1126-1130
Limitri Se pierd evenimentele preinducie Interpretarea real-time are acuratee mai sczut Distrage atenia anestezistului
Miller JP, Lambert S, Shapiro WA et al: The adequacy of basic intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography performed byexperienced anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg 2001; 92:1102 1110
Valoare pozitiv predictiv pt IM periop de aprox 25%, puin pestevaloarea monitorizrii ECG 12 derivaiiHollenberg MJ, London MJ, Leung JM et al: Monitoring myocardial ischemia during noncardiac surgery; A technology assessment
of transesophageal echocardiography and 12-lead electrocardiography, JAMA 1992; 268:210-216.
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Monitorizare CAP
metod puin sensibil n monitorizareaischemiei miocardice
van Daele MERM, Sutherland G, Mitchell MM et al: Do changes in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure adequately reflect
myocardial ischemia during anesthesia: A correlative perioperative hemodynamic, electrocardiographic and
transesophageal echocardiographic study. Circulation 1990; 81: 865-871
nu scade mortalitatea i morbiditareapacienilor cu risc crescut
Sandham JD, Hull RD, Brant RF et al: A randomized, controlled trial of the use of pulmonary artery catheters in high-risk
surgical patients. N Engl J Med 2003;348:5-14.
limitm utilizarea pe criteriul beneficiu-cost
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Managementul postoperator
Perioada postop prezint cel mai mare risc demorbiditate cardiac! IMA Insuficien cardiac Hipertensiune arterial Valvulopatii Aritmii Tulb de conducere Oprire cardiac
Majoritatea evenimentelor ischemice suntsilenioase
Monitorizarea evenimentelor ischemice trebuies creasc de la
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Pulsoximetria 2
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SpO2 si PaO2
SpO2 evalueaza cantitatea de oxigen legatade hemoglobina
Echivalenta cu SaO2 masurata in laborator
Exceptionala ca metoda non-invaziva PaO2 indica oxigenul dizolvat in plasma
Masurat invaziv prin prelevari de sange arterial
Echivalenta SpO2 PaO2 80-100 mm Hg corespunde cu 95-100% SpO2 60 mm Hg corespunde cu 90% SpO2 40 mm Hg corespunde cu 75% SpO2
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Limitele pulsoximetriei
Carboxihemoglobina Anemia Hipovolemia Hipotensiunea Hipotermia
Miscarea, agitatia
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Capnometrie
Metoda simpla, non-invaziva, fiabila Capnografia = inregistrarea grafica a
variatiilor concentratiei CO2 in timpul
ciclului respirator
Capnometria = masurareaconcentratiei de CO2 in gazele
respiratorii
Evaluare: - FCO2 (%)- pETCO2 (mmHg)
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Capnograma normala
val. PEtCO2 =concentratia
alveolara medie
N = 30-40 mmHg PaCO2 - PEtCO2 =
2-5mmHg
morfologiecapnogramei FI FII FIII FI
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Utilitatea capnogramei
Ventilatie ajustarea
parametrilorventilatori
neuro-chirurgie:PaCo2 - PIC
chirurgialaparoscopica
Hemodinamica: DC Metabolica hipertermie maligna trezire, decurarizare
Intubatiaaccidentala inesofag
detectareaemboliei pulmonare
depistareadisfunctionalitatilorla nivelul aparatuluide anestezie
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Diagnostic capnografic
sindrom obstructiv
reinhalare
emboliepulmonara
decurarizare
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Monitorizarea functiei
neuro-musculare
Mare variabilitateindividuala ca
raspuns la actiuneacurarelor
Evaluarea
imprecisa adecurarizarii
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Monitorizarea functiei
neuro-musculare 2
Modele de stimulare
Single Impulse or Twitch (ST) Train of Four (TOF) Tetanus Double Burst Simulation (DBS)
Post Tetantic Count (PTC)
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degete, ocular (muschi mici)
extremitati trunchi gat
intercostalidiafragm
Revenirea se face invers
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Monitorizarea profunzimii anesteziei
SistemulBIS
Quantitative EEG Correlationswith Brain Glucose
Metabolic Rate duringAnesthesia in VolunteersAlkire, Anesthesiology 1998
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The BIS index was recognized as measuring the hypnotic
components of the anesthetic and was relatively
insensitive to the analgesic (e.g., opioid) components of
an anesthetic
A, Clinical correlations of thebispectral (BIS) index. Maintainingthe BIS index from 45 to 60 duringgeneral anesthesia appears toensure unconsciousness with ahypnotic/opioid anesthetictechnique while providing for rapidemergence
B, Electroencephalographic (EEG)changes observed with increasingdepth of anesthesia. (Adapted fromJohansen JW, Sebel PS:Development and clinicalapplication ofelectroencephalographicbispectrum monitoring.Anesthesiology 93:1336, 2000.)(Redrawn From Kelley SD:
Monitoring Level of Consciousnessduring Anesthesia and Sedation.Natick, MA, Aspect MedicalSystems, 2003.)
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Monitorizare invaziva
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Presiunea arteriala invaziva
Cateter intraarterial
Transductor Monitor
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Presiunea arteriala invaziva 2
Stabilirea punctului zero egalizareapresiunii cu presiunea atmosferica
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Presiunea arteriala invaziva 3
Can J Cardiol 2000; 86: 121-124
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Presiunea arteriala invaziva 4
Artere ce pot ficateterizate
Radiala
Brahiala Axilara Femorala Pedioasa
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Presiunea arteriala invaziva 5
Presiunea sistolica Informatii asupra volumului si vitezei de
ejectie a VS, complianta aortei
Presiunea medie cel mai bun indicator de perfuzie tisulara
Presiunea diastolica
Informatii asupra rezistentei vasculare
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Presiunea arteriala invaziva
complicatii
Sangerare,hematom
Tromboza, embolie Infectie
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PVC
Indicatii: Evaluarea statusului
volemic
Masurarea ScVO2
Valori Adult 0-8 mmHg (0-
11 cmH2O)
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PVC 2
Cateterizarea uneivene centrale
(jugulara interna,
subclavie)
Acelasi sistem deraportare
presionala ca si la
artera
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PVC - complicatii
Pneumotorax incidenta 0.5-6% Punctia arteriala accidentala Sangerare Infectie nozocomiala Migrarea cateterului Erodarea peretelui vascular
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Cateterul de arter
pulmonar (CAP) Swan-Ganz
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CAP - valori
Valori masurate: POAP PVC
temperatura Valori derivate: DC/IC Rezistente
vasculare
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Obiectivele monitorizarii cu ajutorul
CAP
Monitorizarea schimbrilor hemodinamice Ghidarea terapiei in funcie de parametrii
hemodinamici
Evaluarea funciei ventriculare drepte sistangi
Informaii diagnostice
Tabel 2 : Sindroame hemodinamicediagnosticate prin msurareaparametrilor obinui cu CAP
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Indicatiile actuale ale
monitorizarii cu CAP (1)
Pacient instabil hemodinamic care nurspunde conform ateptrilor la tratamentulconvenional
Pacient refractar la terapia initiala Pacieni care prezint concomitenthipoperfuzie i congestie pulmonar
Pacieni la care statusul volemic i presiunilede umplere sunt neclare
Pacieni cu hipotensiune arterialsemnificativ i funcie renal in agravare
1.Mebazaa A, Gheoghiade M, Pia IL et al. Practical recommendations for prehospital and early in-hospital
management of patients presenting with acute heart failure syndromes. Crit Care Med 2008;S129
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Pi%C3%B1a%20IL%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Pi%C3%B1a%20IL%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstract -
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CAP cu DC si SvO2 continuu
form modificat a CAP permite evaluarea continu a DC pe
baza metodei termodiluiei precum si
evaluarea continu a SvO2 permite depistarea mai precoce a unei
modificri hemodinamice
ghidarea terapiei in funcie demodificarile SvO2. (1,2)
1.Burchell SA, Yu M, Takiguchi SA, Ohta RM, Myers SA, Evaluation of a cardiac output and mixed venousoxygen saturation catheter in critically ill surgical patients, Critical Care Medicine, 25, 3, 1997: 388-398
2.Weil, MH, The assault on the Swan-Ganz catheter. Chest 113,1379-1386
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Variabile Abreviere Modalitate de msurare sau formul de calcul Valori normale
Frecventa cardiaca HR Masuratoare directa 7288 bpm
Tensiune arteriala sistemica medie MAP Masuratoare directa 81102 mm Hg
Presiune venoasa centrala CVP Masuratoare directa 19 mm Hg
Tensiune arteriala pulmonara medie MPAP Masuratoare directa 1115 mm Hg
Presiune pulmonara blocata PAOP Masuratoare directa 012 mm Hg
Index cardiac CI Masuratoare directa 2.83.6 l/min/m
Volum bataie indexat SI SI = CI/HR 3050 ml/m
Lucru mecanic al ventriculului stang indexat LVSWI LVSWI = SI x MAP x 0.0144 44 - 68 gxm/m
Lucru mecanic al ventriculului drept indexat RVSWI RVSWI = SI x MPAP x 0.0144 48 gxm/m
Rezistenta vasculara sistemica indexata SVRI SVRI = 79.92 x ( MAP
CVP )/CI 1760
2600 dyne/second/cm-5
/ m
Rezistenta pulmonara indexata PVRI PVRI = 79.92 x ( MPAPPAOP )/CI 45225 dyne/second/cm-5/ m
Hemoglobina Hgb Masuratoare directa 1216 g/dl
Ph arterial ph Masuratoare directa 7.367.44
Presiune arteriala a oxigenului PaO2 Masuratoare directa 10.713.3 kPa
Presiunea oxigenului in sangele venos amestecat PvO2 Masuratoare directa 4.47.1 kPa
Saturatia arteriala a oxigenului SaO2 Masuratoare directa 9599 %
Saturatia oxigenului in sangele venos amestecat SvO2 Masuratoare directa 7579 %
Continutul arterial in oxigen CaO2 CaO2 = ( Hgb x SaO2) + ( PaO2 x 0.0032 ) 1520 ml/dl
Continutul sangelui venos amestecat in oxigen CvO2 CvO2 = ( Hgb x SvO2 ) + ( PvO2 x 0.0032 ) 1015 ml/dl
Diferenta arterio-venoasa a continutului in oxigen C(a-v)O2 C(a-v)O2 = CaO2CvO2 45.5 ml/dl
Aportul de oxigen indexat DO2l DO2l = CaO2 x CI x 10 520720 ml/min/ m
Consumul de oxigen indexat VO2l VO2l = C(a-v)O2 x CI x 10 100180 ml/min/ m
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De ce monitorizare DC?
Presarcina, contractilitatea, postsarcina sitransportul de oxigen sunt frecvent
anormale la bolnavul critic
Evaluarea corecta a functieihemodinamice la bolnavul critic permite o
terapie agresiva, goal-directed pentru
ameliorarea morbiditatii si mortalitatii
Cheatham, Critical Care Refresher Course, 2005, 183-192
Sindroame hemodinamice
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Sindroame hemodinamice
diagnosticate prin msurarea
parametrilorobinui cu CAP
PVC POAP IS RVS
Hipovolemie
Hipervolemie
Disfunctie VS N N
Disfunctie VD N N
Disfunctie biventriculara N
Sindrom hiperdinamic N N
SIndrom vasoplegic N
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The Goals of InitialResuscitation
(during first 6 hours)
CVP(Central Venous
Pressure)
8 12 mmHg
MAP(Mean Arterial Pressure)
> 65 mmHg
Urine Output > 0.5ml/Kg h
Scv or SVO2 > 70 %
Surviving Sepsis Campaign, CritCareMed, 2004
C t t S G
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Cateter Swan-Ganz -
complicatii
Tromboza venoasa Tromb intracardiac Embolie pulmonara Ruptura arterei pulmonare Infectie, Sepsis
Nod de cateter
Pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) complications, Cruz Lopez 2004
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Crit Care Med 2005
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PULSION PiCCO
Sistem pentrumasurareacontinua a DC,presarcinii, volumultotal de apaintratoracica,utilizand analizaconturului undei de
puls dupa calibrareprin metoda dilutieitranspulmonare
PiCCO i i i 2 techniques diffrentes:
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KT Artrielspcial
KT central
veineux
Tbinjection
t
Stewart-Hamilton method
PiCCO : principiu2 techniques diffrentes:thermodilution
transpulmonaire:
DC moyen
lanalyse de londe de pouls :DC batt/batt (=VES)
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PICCO
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NICO
Masoara non-invaziv
debitul cardiacbazandu-se pe
determinarea de
dioxid de carbon
expirat, conformprincipiului Fick
As simple as
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As simple as
breathing
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Parametrii masurati
Rezistenta
Fluid
Flux Stroke Volume / Index (SV / SI)Cardiac Output / Index (CO / CI)
Systemic Vascular Resistance /
Index (SVR / SVRI)
Systolic Time Ratio (STR)Pre-ejection Period (PEP)LV Ejection Time (LVET)Velocity Index (VI)Acceleration Index (ACI)
Thoracic Fluid Content (TFC)
Contractilit
Ecocardiografia in
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Ecocardiografia in
masurarea debitului cardiac
Masurarea debitului cardiac prin douametode
Estimarea volumelor ventriculare pe baza carorase va calcula volumul de ejectie sistolica
Efectul doppler masurarea velocitatii sangeluice traverseaza o suprafata vasculara sau
valvulara si estimarea secundara a debitului de
sange
Ecografia transtoracica in evaluarea DC labolnavul critic are limite: masuratoarea nu
este continua, fereastra ecografica poate sa
nu fie buna la bolnavul ventilat etc
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Doppler esofagian
Masurarea non-invaziv a vitezei de scurgere asangelui n aorta toracic ascendent saudescendenta permite estimarea debituluicardiac (masurare continua)
Fluxul sanguin din aorta toracic este identificatpe baza velocitatilor afisate pe ecran i asunetului caracteristic dat de fluxul aortic
Forma curbelor de velocitate permite evaluarea
funciei ventriculare stangi, a umplerii sau apostsarcinii ventriculare
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Cum
functioneaza ?
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Excess gain
Correct gain
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Intracranial Pressure Cerebral perfusion
pressure (CPP) CPP=MAP-ICP; MAP =
mean arterial pressure< orequal to 70 mmHgcontrol
ICP & BP Jugular Bulb venous
oxygen saturation SjvO2catheter (often fiberoptic)inserted into the jugularbulb< 50% saturationcontrolICP & CPP
Brain Tissue oxygenmonitoring PtiO2
http://www.pharmacology2000.com/822_1/page1.htmhttp://www.pharmacology2000.com/822_1/page1.htmhttp://www.pharmacology2000.com/822_1/page1.htmhttp://www.pharmacology2000.com/822_1/page1.htmhttp://www.pharmacology2000.com/822_1/page1.htmhttp://www.pharmacology2000.com/822_1/page1.htmhttp://www.pharmacology2000.com/822_1/page1.htmhttp://www.pharmacology2000.com/822_1/page1.htm -
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Brain Tissue Oxygenation The oxygen electrode is a simple
device in which a currentproportional to [O2] is generatedby polarization of a Pt-electrode toreduce the O2. The configurationused for measuring respiration orphotosynthesis is that suggestedby Clark (the Clark oxygenelectrode), and available in manycommercial forms. In thisconfiguration, the Pt-electrodearea is kept small, so as tominimize the rate of consumptionof oxygen, and the Pt andreference electrodes are separatedfrom the reaction medium by anoxygen permeable membrane."--(A. R. Crofts), University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign, Biophysics354; http://www.life.uiuc.edu/crofts/bioph354/lect13.html
Concluzii sistemul ideal de
http://www.life.uiuc.edu/crofts/bioph354/lect13.htmlhttp://www.life.uiuc.edu/crofts/bioph354/lect13.htmlhttp://www.life.uiuc.edu/crofts/bioph354/lect13.htmlhttp://www.life.uiuc.edu/crofts/bioph354/lect13.html -
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Concluziisistemul ideal de
monitorizare
s urmareasca un parametrucrucial dar uor de interpretat s evidenieze modificri ce
reflect o agresiuneamenintoare de via
monitorizarea lui s fie catmai puin invaziv monitorizare continu dac
este cu putin beneficiu mult mai mare decat
riscurile pe care le implic monitorul s fie uor de
manevrat i cat mai ieftin
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A fool with a tool is still a fool