Monday, October 05, 2015 1 Understanding Diversity Packet #29 Chapters 17, 19, 20, 23 & 25 © Ryan...

Wednesday, April 19, 2023

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Understanding DiversityPacket #29Chapters 17, 19, 20, 23 & 25

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Diversity How are organisms related? How are organisms different? How and why do we divide

organisms into groups?

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Classification Provides scientists with a means

for sorting and grouping these organisms for easier study

Names and orders organisms in a logical order.

Taxonomy The science of naming organisms and

assigning them to groups

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THE ROLE OF SYSTEMATICS IN TAXONOMY


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Systematics



Scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their “evolutionary” relationships.

The goal of systematics is to reconstruct phylogeny.

An “evolutionary” history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor.

Sub-section of Systematics

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CLADISTICS

Cladistics Cladistics is also known

as phylogenetic systematics.

The organisms are defined, and grouped by the possession of one or more shared characteristics (characters) that are derived from a common ancestor.

In cladistics, a common ancestor MUST always be present. This is different from evolutionary systematics.



Cladistics II Cladisitcs are visually

illustrated on cladograms.

The diagram expresses the evolutionary relationships of organisms.

The diagram also illustrates the branching of taxa.

These points are called nodes.



Cladistics III When interpreting

cladograms, which must be monophyletic, the relationships among taxa are determined by tracing along the branches back to the most recent common ancestor (node).

The cladogram indicates which taxa shared a common ancestor and how recently they shared that ancestor.



TAXONOMY




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Taxonomy Kingdoms Phylums Class Order Family Genus Species

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Nomenclature In order to keep track of millions of species

that have been discovered and classified, a system of naming (nomenclature) has been developed that uses the scheme of classification as its basis.

System of naming uses two names Binomial nomenclature Devised by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century

GENUS--always capitalized Species--always lowercase Latin

Homo--Human sapian--Wise

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Important Vocabulary Autotroph

Organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms.

Two classes Chemoautotroph

Produce food/energy from chemicals found in their environment

Photoautotrophs Produce food/energy from

light via photosynthesis

Heterotroph An organism that obtains

organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.



Important Vocabulary Prokaryote Organism

An organism that have cells that lack membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote Organism An organism have cells

with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other organelles

These eukaryotic cells are present in plants, fungi, animals--hence these organisms are called eukaryotes




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Kingdoms Based upon characteristics, such

as cell type and food sources, organisms are organized into different groups and subgroups.

The class will be introduced to the 6 Kingdom System The grouping of organisms.

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KINGDOM ARCHAE BACTERIA



Kingdom Archaebacteria “archae” means

ancient Extremely old group These bacteria

survive in extreme environments

Characteristics Prokaryotes Shapes

Rods Spirilla (spiral) Cocci



Kingdom Archaebacteria Characteristics

Autotrophs Display asexual

reproduction




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Kingdom Archaebacteria Examples

Chemoautotrophs Methanogens

Live in the deep areas of the ocean where there is no sunlight

Thermophiles Photoautotrophs

Halophiles Live in some of the most extreme conditions

Great Salt Lake (Utah) Dead Sea Salt content is extremely high in these bodies of

water

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KINGDOM EUBACTERIA



Kingdom Eubacteria Known as the “disease

causing agents” Only a few of these

organisms actually cause diseases

Characteristics Prokaryotes Shapes

Rods Spirilla (Spiral) Cocci Bacilli



Kingdom Eubacteria Characteristics

Nutrition Autotrophs Heterotrophs

Oxygen Requirement Aerobic

Require oxygen for respiration

Anaerobic Does not require

oxygen Movement

Via flagella Also found on

sperm cells




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Kingdom Eubacteria Examples

Rickettsias Carried by ticks, fleas or flies Causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Cyanobacteria Converts Nitrogen gas into ammonia, nitrates or

nitrites Remember the Nitrogen Cycle?

Found in the rice patties of Asia (where rice is grown) Rice feeds 75% of the human population

Some species produce toxins dangerous to humans

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Kingdom Eubacteria Examples

Clostridia Clostridium tetani

Causes tetnus Clostridium perfringens

Causes gas gangrene Causes food poisoning

A spore-forming, toxin-producing bacterium that can contaminate meat left at room temperature. The ingested cells release toxin in the digestive tract, resulting in cramps and diarrhea

Clostridium botulinum Causes botulism Used in botox injections

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Clostridum perfringens

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Gas Gangrene


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Archaebacteria vs. Eubacteria



KINGDOM PROTISTA



Kingdom Protista Organisms are

predominantly unicellular with plantlike and/or animal like characteristics

Protists are so diverse that scientists suggest breaking “them” into their own kingdoms



Kingdom Protista Characteristics

Eukaryotes Structure of

Organism Unicellular or

multicellular Nutrition

Autotrophs or heterotrophs

Reproduction Asexual

Amoebas Sexual

Brown Algae



KINGDOM FUNGI




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Kingdom Fungi Considered as the “kingdom of lower plants Organisms live as parasites, symbionts or

saphrophytes Characteristics

Eukaryotes Structure

Unicellular or Multicellular Contain cell walls with no cellulose

Nutrition Heterotrophs

Reproduction Asexual and/or Sexual Reproduction

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Kingdom Fungi Some are pathogenic to

humans and plants because they release poisonous toxins

Superficial Mycoses Ring worm

Caused by Tinea nigra

Subcutaneous Mycoses Lesions that appear at

the site of inoculation/infection

Ergot (Plants) Fungus that infects

various cereal plants



Kingdom Fungi Examples

Phylum Zygomycota Bread mold

Phylum Ascomycota Yeasts

Yeast infection anyone?

Positive impacts of Fungi Source of antibiotics

Penicillin Source of vitamins and

enzymes Used in the production of

alcohol, vinegar and cheese.



KINGDOM PLANTAE



Kingdom Plante Characteristics

Eukaryotes Structure

Multicellular Have cell walls that

contain cellulose Nutrition

Autotrophs Rare exceptions

{Venus Fly Trap}Structure/Shape



Kingdom Plante Characteristics

Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

Gametophytes Display “alternation

of generations” Cells alternate

between haploid and diplod states

Asexual Reproduction African violets



Kingdom Plantae Four Categories of

Plants Bryophytes

Seedless non-vascular plants

Seedless Vascular Plants

Ferns Gymnosperms

Naked seed vascular plants

Angiosperms Seed vascular plants



KINGDOM ANIMALIA



Kingdom Animalia Characteristics

Eukaryote Multicellular

Have members without cell walls

Nutrition Heterotrophs

Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

Humans Asexual

Reproduction Hydra



Kingdom Animalia Multiple

categories that fall within Invertebrates

Roundworms Vertebrates

Class Aves Class Reptila Class Mammalia



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