Molecular Machines and Motors
307
99 Structure and Bonding Editorial Board: A.J. Bard" I.G. Dance-P. Day" J.A. Ibers- T. Kunitake T.J. Meyer" D.M.P. Mingos" H.W. Roesky J.-P. Sauvage" A. Simon" F. Wudl
Transcript of Molecular Machines and Motors
99 Structure and Bonding
Editorial Board: A.J. Bard" I.G. Dance-P. Day" J.A. Ibers- T. Kunitake T.J. Meyer" D.M.P. Mingos" H.W. Roesky J.-P. Sauvage" A. Simon" F. Wudl
Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo
Molecular Machines and Motors
Volume Editor: J.-p. Sauvage
With contributions by V. Amendola, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, L. Fabbrizzi, M.T. Gandolfi, J.K. Gimzewski, M. G6mez-Kaifer, C. Joachim, A.E. Kaifer, E. Katz, T.R. Kelly, J. Liu, C. Mangano, P. Pallavicini, A.R. Pease, L. Raehm, M. Sano, J.-P. Sauvage, J.P. Sestelo, A.N. Shipway, J.-F. Stoddart, M. Venturi, I. Willner
~ Springer
The series Structure and Bonding publishes critical reviews on topics of research concerned with chemical structure and bonding. The scope of the series spans the entire Periodic Table. It focuses attention on new and developing areas of modern structural and theoretical chemistry such as nanostructures, molecular electronics, designed molecular solids, surfaces, metal clusters and supramolecular structures. Physical and spectroscopic techniques used to determine, examine and model structures fall within the purview of Structure and Bonding to the extent that the focus is on the scientific results obtained and not on specialist information concerning the techniques themselves. Issues associated with the development of bonding models and generalizations that illuminate the reactivity pathways and rates of chemical processes are also relevant.
As a rule, contributions are specially commissioned. The editors and publishers will, however, always be pleased to receive suggestions and supplementary information. Papers are accepted for Structure and Bonding in English.
In references Structure and Bonding is abbreviated Struct Bond and is cited as a journal.
Springer WWW home page: http://www.springer.de
ISSN 0081-5993 ISBN 3-540-41382-0 Sp r inge r -Ve r l ag Berlin He ide lbe rg N e w York
CIP Data applied for
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York a member of BertelsmannSpringer Science + Business Media GmbH http://www.springer.de © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001 Printed in Germany
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Typesetting: Scientific Publishing Services (P) Ltd, Madras Production editor: Christiane Messerschmidt, Rheinau Cover: Medio V. Leins, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 10702298 02/3020 - 5 4 3 2 1 0
Volume Editor
P r o f e s s o r J e a n - P i e r r e S a u v a g e
Universit6 Louis Pas teur Facult6 de Chimie Laboratoire de Chimie Organo-Min&ale 4, Rue Blaise Pascal F-67070 St rasbourg Cedex, France E-mail: [email protected]
Editorial Board
Prof. AUen I. Bard Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas 24th Street and Speedway Austin, Texas 78712, USA B-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Peter Day, FRS Director and Fullerian Professor of Chemistry The Royal Institution of Great Britain 21 Albemarle Street London WIX 4BS, UK E-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Toyohi Kunitake Faculty of Engineering: Department of Organic Synthesis Kyushu University Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812, lapan E-maih [email protected]
Prof. D. Michael P. Mingos Principal St. Edmund Hall Oxford OX1 4AR, UK E-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Jean-Pierre Sauvage Facult~ de Chimie Laboratoires de Chimie Organo-Min~rale Universit~ Louis Pasteur 4, rue Blaise Pascal 67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France E-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Fred Wudl Department of Chemistry University of California LosAngeles, CA 90024-1569, USA E-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Ian G. Dance Department of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia E-mail: [email protected]
Prof. lames A. Ibers Department of Chemistry North Western University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA E-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Thomas J. Meyer Department of Chemistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Venable and Kenan Laboratory CB 3290 Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA E-maik [email protected]
Prof. Herbert W. Roesky Institut fiir Anorganische Chemie der Universit~it GBttingen Tammannstrafle 4 D-37077 GBttingen, Germany E-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Arndt Simon Max-Planck-Institut fiir Festktrperforschung Heisenbergstrat~e 1 70569 Stuttgart, Germany E-mail: [email protected]
Preface
The field of molecules in motion, for which movements and shape changes are triggered and controlled from outside, has been indisputably one of the most rapidly developing areas of the last decade.
Clearly, molecular chemists in general are able to elaborate more and more complex species, as beautifully demonstrated by the synthesis of amazingly complicated natural products. For instance, the total synthesis of compounds such as taxol and brevetoxin B represents a formidable tour de force, as does that of many other recent examples. However, most of the time, once the compound has been made, the target has been reached.
The synthesis of molecules for which given functions are to be expected and explored once sufficient amounts of the compounds are available, requires the interaction of several fields. The multidisciplinary aspect, involving various methodologies from synthesis to electro- and photochemistry, from surface science to spectroscopy and magnetic properties, allows the design and elaboration of molecular objects displaying new functions. Amongst the new functions that chemists want to introduce into their systems, motion is particularly important. In addition, a geometrical change will generally be accompanied by a modification of one or more properties (colour, lumines- cence, catalytic properties, etc...) which could be used as a testimony to the motion and also be of practical interest for future applications.
The machine-like molecular assemblies available today, in large part from the outstanding contributions of the groups whose work is collected in this volume, are nevertheless still primitive, sometimes slow to move and may also lack complete reversibility. However, new and important concepts have been proposed which introduce a new dimension to molecular sciences. For the future, an important step will be to transpose what has been performed on large collections of molecules in solution to ordered 2D- and 3D-arrays and single molecules on a surface.
The first three chapters of the present volume are focused on rotary motors. The first contribution discusses the possibility of elaborating single-molecule rotary machines, while the other two chapters deal with purely organic molecules or transition metal complexes in solution. Of particular note in the second chapter is the introduction by the authors of the important concept of directionality in rotary machines at the molecular level. Chapters 4 and 5 discuss recent examples of molecular systems in motion, based on transition
VIII Preface
metal complexes. Two important notions are introduced: associating a light emission signal with a motion and performing molecular hysteresis by electrochemical reactions. In the sixth chapter, the authors use, in particular, rotaxanes to discuss in-depth practical problems which could be associated with single-molecule devices and possible ways circumventing them. Chapter 7 is related to molecular machines which are set into motion using a photoinduced redox process. The authors of this chapter made an important contribution to popularising the term "molecular machine" at an early stage. Chapter 8 describes some work done by the author's group in the field of logic gates. It also discusses recent literature reports in connection with futuristic "molecular computers". Finally, the ninth and last chapter is related to potential information storage and processing devices, either in solution or on surfaces. It will provide the reader with a detailed discussion of possible future applications.
Strasbourg, March 2001 Jean-Pierre Sauvage
Contents
Single Molecular Rotor at the Nanoscale C. Joachim, J.K. Gimzewski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rotary Motion in Single-Molecule Machines T.R. Kelly, J.P. Sestelo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Molecular Machines and Motors Based on Transition Metal-containing Catenanes and Rotaxanes L. Raehm, J.-P. Sauvage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Molecular Movements and Translocations Controlled by Transition Metals and Signaled by Light Emission V. Amendola, L. Fabbrizzi, C. Mangano, P. Pallavicini . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Molecular Hysteresis by Linkage Isomerizat ions Induced by Electrochemical Processes M. Sano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Switchable Molecular Devices: From Rotaxanes to Nanopar t ides J. Liu, M. G6mez-Kaifer, A.E. Kaifer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Molecular-Level Artificial Machines Based on Photoinduced Electron-Transfer Processes R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, M.T. Gandolfi, M. Venturi . . . . . . .
Computing at the Molecular Level A.R. Pease, J.F. Stoddart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Molecular Memory and Processing Devices in Solution and on Surfaces A.N. Shipway, E. Katz, I. Willner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Author Index Volumes 1-99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part h Organic Assemblies
The Utilization of Persistent H-Bonding Motifs in the Self-Assembly of Supramolecular Architectures M.J. Krische, J.-M. Lehn
Controlling Hydrogen Bonding: From Molecular Recognition to Organogelation R.E. Mel6ndez, A.J. Carr, B.R. Linton, A.D. Hamilton
Heteroaromatic Modules for Self-Assembly Using Multiple Hydrogen Bonds S.C. Zimmerman, P.S. Corbin
Hydrogen-Bonded Liquid Crystals: Molecular Self-Assembly for Dynamically Functional Materials T. Kato
Part Ih Inorganic Assemblies
Molecular Paneling Through Metal-Directed Self-Assembly M. Fujita
! " #$ % !"& ' ( )* + ,-- . /
01 " 2 " 3 4 55,+ "6
. * 7 * * # $ 88 7 * 7 8 7 *( 9 ) 4 7 $ 7 ) 7 4 88 * $ ) 8 4 * 7 % & ) ( . ) 84 * 7 4 7 4 4 7 )4 % ,,& 7( . 7 *) ) 8 (
) 8 : ; ! 4
1 * A ( '' 8* A* 1 ?* ,,
4 4 7 7 8 7 *4 % 7 & 7 ( . 7 $ 7 ) 87 7 8 8* * 4 * ** B C( ? 4 7 7 48 7 D 8 88 87 7 7 ( . * 7 )* 8 $ 7 *4( 0 8 8 484 * ,, 7 8 * ) 4 BC( " 7 * 7 B+C( . 84 ) 7 4 7 * * 88 7 *( ) * 7 4 * 7 ** 8 ) 88 BEC( .4 8 7 8 8 7 * * 7 4 B- <C( . FF ) 7 7 7 ( . * 88 88 8 $ 8 7 4 8 8 # 7 )* 8 ) B=C( 0 4 * 8 ) G ) 7 4 4 4 74 G 8 88( 0 8 4 4 * 7 7 8 7 77) 88 ) B5C( 1 FF) FF ) ) 7 ) 74 B'C( @ 8 # # 8 7 7 * 8 7 ) 7 8 7 * ( . 7 7 ) *4 87 )* ) 7 B ,H C( .7 4 ) 8 7 4 8 FF 7 )* 8 * 8 ( 9 * 88 7 88 ) 7 *4 8 4 7 84 * 7 B'C(
( ((
!
. 7 I * ) 4 ( : 7 ( . ) 7 8 7 ! $ 7 8 7 8 7 ) *) *( 0 4 8 7 $ * 7 ) * 6* $ 7 ( .7 8 7 ) 4 ) 8 B +C(
. 8 /*( ( ") 7 4 7* * J J
+
@7 4 7 $( %& # 8 $
+
4 * 7 B EC( . 7 7 $( %+& $( %& $ 8 7 )) $( %+& 8 7 $ * $ 4 7 * ( . ) 88 7 %%& %&& ) 7 7 $( %& * ( / 8 88 K , 7 %& * )* %%& %&& , ) 7 * *) ( . 8 8 ( . 8 7 * 4 7 * * 8 8 7 * ) 88 (
! * 8 8 7 7 48 /*( 8 7 )* *
$4 8 7 * %& ( 0 7 )4 88 8 7 $( %&( . * 48 7 4 * $) 7 8 ) B -C( .
E ( ((
8 8# * 8 7 ( . 8 7 %& 7 )4 7 88 8 %& 8 # 7 ( 84 7 4 7 4 * 8 7 %& ) 4 B , <C( !) 84 7 4 $ ) ) 7 7 * $( %&(
. * %%& %&& 7 4 # 88 7 %& * 7 %& 7 $( %& ) 7 ( / %& 7 $( %& 7 ( . * 7 ) 7 $ I( L4 8 $ 87 4 88 B =C(
$ % & '( ))
-
8 7 4 *4 * $ 4 # 4 ?* B 5C( . ) 8 7 4 4 7#4 7 8 * % 7 7 8* B 'C&( > 4 7 88 8 7 *4 4 8 *) 7 4 * % 8 &( > 4 4 B,C ) 8 7 4 * 4 4 7 *( 17 * 8 ( < ) 8 (
/ 88 8 /*( 4 FF* * I 7 %/*( &( . * 7 * , , M * I* 8 4 I ( $( % & 8# $ * 4 4 88 * * 8 7 8
< ( ((
7 ) 7 ( 0 88 7 4 7 %& * 7* 7 4 ( (
. 7 7 * 4 88 % ,& 4 ( / % ,& ) %,& 8 ) 7# %& * 7 ,
, ) 8 ) $( %+& $) $( %& $ 7 ( * 8 K N 8 7 , I 4( . 4 8 * ?* * ( . 8 88 4 * %& 7 ,%& * N( . ) 8 7 % ,& 4 4 # 7 %,& 8 )
E
- #
<
07 %,& 8 ) 7 8 8 7 * 7 % & K % & K 8 7 7 8 * 7 7 8 ( :* *4 7 4 $ 88 *4 7 ( . ) *4 ) 8 7 , , * *4 7 4 /*( ( .7 7 ) 8 88 7 4 ( . 8 88 7 ) 8 7 7 ) ( . 8 # 7 ) 8 8 8 7 %,& * 8 7 , (
@7 4 8 # 7 %,& ) 4 $( %E& %-& %<& *4 8 ( > $ ) 8 8 * 8 *) 8* 7 %& * 7 7 *) $4 8 *4( . 7$4 8 ) 7 B < ,C(
=
) 7 ) 8 8 7 *4 4 7 %& * ) 4 ) 7 (
* + ,
" "
# #
$# #!" " =
. 8 7 * 4 8 $ ) ) 4 88 7 8 ( ) ) 7 $ 4 ) 4 8 7 4 ) 8 88 8 # 7 ) B+ EC( . * 8 8 B-C 7 ) 7 $( %=&( / 88 4 $ 4 87 B< =C ) 8 )* 7 7 $ 7 7 (
5 ( ((
" " " " 8 " " '
4 # #* 8 " "
" "
" "
'
+
77 E
8 $ 7 7 ( ? ) 7 ) 4 8 % & 7 7# ( / $( % E& # ) 7 (( 7 ( . 77) 7 7 7 8* ( L 77 ( . 4 8 4 ( ! 88 ( 9 )4 8# 77%& 8 # 8# % & 8 I % & G 4 7 *4 ) $ ( <(
, ( ((
- '(,
. ) 84 * ) ) 4 7 ) * 8 )** 8 ( / 88 4 7 ?1: 8 /*( 88 4 % ,,& 7( . 7 7 * 8* * 7 7 4 * ) %@?A& * .( 0 8 % ,,& 7 84 7 ) ) 9 4 ) 7 7 7 88* 77 7 B'C(
. ?1: 8 @?A % ,,& 7 * 7 ,(,' N +-, B'C( > 7 4 )* 7 * ) 9 4 B'C 7 4 7 ) 8 %/*( E&( > $ * 4 . ( 84 * * 8( . ,(< ,(5 8
* 7 4 * 8 ?1: ( 0 4 7 7 7 ?1: % ,,& 7 4 * . * )* 8 4 * 8 7 * %/*( -&( 8 4 # 88 8 7 7 4 * 8 4 8 7 ?1:( 0 ) 9 7 # ?1: * * 8 4 * 8 7 ( 8 4 8 4 *) )* 4 % *& ) 9 )4 7 4 * 8 7 7 7 * (
. 4 7 ?1: )4 77 7 7 )* I 4( > * 74 * : 7 ?1: *( . ) 4 )4 7 * ?1: %/*( <&( 7 8 )
( ((
88 4 7 ) 4 7 ( 9 7 7 7 )4 ?1: 4 7 ** 8 7 ( . ) 4 ) 9 7 %/*( <&( 0 ) 7 ( 0 ) 84 * 7 * 7 7 ( .8 8 G * 7 7 7 4 ) 7 % ,,& 7( . 7 8 4 * 7 . * 7 %/*( =&( 0 87 7 7 7 ?1: ( 9 ) # 7 8# 8 7 4 )4 8 7 * * 7 . *( ! 7 48 4* % ,,& 7 #* * * 7 8 ( 0 8 8 7 * . * ) 8 * . ) %/*( =&(
8 * 7 * * 7 ) 7 8 4 77 * )4 B'C( > 8 # 48 % ,,& 7 ( . 8 7 7 * *
+
)4 ) 8 4 7 4 7 84 7 ( :* 8 7 * * * 7 ( . 7 . 7 8 7$4 * 7 ? *( 0 ) N( * * B'C(
. 8 4 * ** 8 7 88* ( ) ) 7 7 7 7 7 8# ?1: )4 * 7 8 ( . 4 7 4 7 % ,,& 7( . * * ) 4 $( % E& 7 %& 8 7 ) 7 $ * 8) * ( * 7 8 7 * ) 8 * ) ( . * 7 ) * 8 7 7 ) 7 8 $ ( ) ) # 4 8 8
"# /# +, +: . ) 7 * ?1: ?:1 ( ! ) ( +, . * * ; $ 4 88 * 8 7 ?1: * . * *
E ( ((
. (''
. # 7#4 ** * * 7 $ 4 ) 4( 0 8* ) 7 8 D $ 7 ) 8 I 4 8 7 ) 8 7 ) 7 ( . 7 4 8 * G4* G * B'C( 0 * # ) %& $ 7 8 * 7 * 4 ) %) &( ? ) 88 7 4 88 # ) # 8 .( .7 8 ) %) & 77 8 $ 7 B+,C( 0 8 * * 8) 8 7 G *4 7 * ) 8 7 (
> $ 77( / )4 7 ( .7 4 $( %& % E& 7 77) 4 ) ( 0 7 * 4 77 84 7 %) & $) 8 77 7 7 ) G 4 B=C( 0 #* 4 # ( ? ) $ 7 * )4 ( ) 8 7 ( / 8 ) 7 7 8 ) $ $ %& ( ?* 7 > 8 4 8 7 ) B+ C 88* %/*( 5&( . 84 4 * ( L 84 * 7 *4 4 ) 7 8 ( 0 ) 7 > 7 %88 & 8 ) # 8 (( %/*( 5&(
-
/ ,
L * $ 7 88 7 4 $ 7 ( . ) 8 7 * ) 8 $
< ( ((
8 $ 7 ) 8 4 * 8 88 8 7 ( > * 7 ) ( @* . 8#4 * ) )# 84 # 88 8( ? ) 7 4 84 ) 7 8( L # 7 7 )4 $ G 7 ) ( . 7 8 ** 7 8 7 ) * 7 * ( . $ * 7 * ) 8 (
- /&0 9 8 @ / L7# 7 7 # 88 * 0. /. 8 I FF1 8 ! %1@!&(
0
( >) > %,,,& ! E,5D -E ( 4 " % '< & > 94 3 +( ? " " . 9! % '',& 0 8 =D ' E( 88 1 % ''-& ! =+D <-- -( ! I ? P " P % ''=& ! +5<D '' <( 4 ? O4 > %,,,& ! E,+D EE= =( > ": % ''=& =<D ' = 5( : * 9 % ''=& O ! > @> 'ED + '( "" 3* A .* ? 0 % ''5&
5 D -+ ,( 4 ." : ) ? ) "> % '''& ! E, D -, ( ! ( % '''& ! E, D - ( 3) > : 1 L )* O % ''E& > <D '+'' +( .* ? . % ''=& 7 +5<D - E( 7 O % '=& 2 O4 E-D E-- -( ) 9/ 9 O 9 > %& % ''+& 8 7
1 4D . 8 >88 ) ( L 3
<( 4 ." . 0 O % ''=& >* 0 * +<D 5<< =( . 4 . 94 % '''& O4 ") > -'D , 5( ?* 9 % '<& 2 O4 E,D -, '( /4 "O % '5=& 0D 8 ! : " %& ! : O4D
. 3 > E, >)4 A ( > O 1 8 = ,( % '<+& . 3 7 . 4( 0D /4 "O 3* "1
%& 8 EE 7 . /4 3 O4 ) ( > 94 ! P ( L* % ''5& O4 ") > -=D E-' ( A) : >4) > : O 8 0) ) P O1 %,,,& O4
") 3 5-D -E +( 2 9? % '' & O4 . 4 8 +< E( 4 * 1 . ;> > 8 : 0 9
9 : %,,,& ! E,+D <'
=
-( * % '<& 2 O4 E,D + <( >L 3** > % '5-& O4 ") > + D ,-' =( @ 9 2 9? % '5'& O4 ") : E,D ,= 5( % '5<& O4 > 'D -E' '( O O9? / . O "8 %,,,& ! E,ED +<- +,( >)4 > ! . %,,,& O4 ") 3 5-D + + ( 4 " % '5& O4 5<D +-,E +( 3 4 J % ''=& O4 ") > -<D ++=E
5 ( ((
%# ,/% 5#%# %
6
#%# , !," ? 66 ":?" ! $,3" &&
%% 89 @(' % %#3AA 89 4, 4 %%, 4 89 % %3% #" "% %B# , 4 , # 879 % 3" % , / "/ #% % >>%# %3# AA 8'9 >>%, %AA 819 >>C#%# ,/ %AA 8(9 , , %%# ,/% 8)9 ; 661 54 2 ,, >>% %AA / " !4 8D 69
," , %# # %, A '&: :, %" , 4 3/ E %% 4 " 89 ; ,, 4/ %/ "=% % 3"% 3%# 4#, /, %:% , 3"% B# #% %:/ 2 3 #/ $ F 3 % >>, 3" #3E% 4 3 ,%3, 2/ % 3 % AA 8 &9 G 3# 3 %" ,/,# %# #% , ,/,# % , %:, % 3 4 , ,/%
= /,% % %# % / % /" / / 3"% # #% % , 3% /,, 4 %# 4 ,, , % 4 %2 /" + ,"#, %%% %% 3"% # %% " + :/ % %% #
&
3%# 3 C" ;,, % H 661I , A >>!% AA 8 9 4 % , >>%# AA ,/, % /# %% ,% 4 #% " / , 4 %% " " :% 3"% # + , %,, / G 4 H 661I , ? , ?A >>!% AA 8 79 % 3## ,4" # %% 4 /4 " 4 C"# #" 4# %%
K " 3 3 4/ 4 B# >>4 , 3"% # H % + , ",I # ,#% %,, JAA / %%## 3 L , /# 8 '9 L ,% 3"% % , 3% ,# % 4," % "%
; / ,%, % / #, %" 3" %# ," !% / /,, %:% # , 3#" %#% " =, % %# %" :3 "# , 3# 4 , 4/ 3" /,, %:/ 4 %#% %#:% K %# ,/% %3 %, / 4 3 # #,," 3"%
%# 3"% % 3 %=, , 4 % %% / 4 %" HI 4% ,, #, % /" !# 3" M + , C" 4: 4 2 3# % %/, 3 %" % #" "# 4 #,, %# + C"# 3% , 5+ %=, 3 /
%%% % %% " #, " , % / , ,#% ## 4 ## %% ,/% %#," %% , ,/ 8 69 + %# / #, " 3, #% 3, % / %# B#/ 2 ," , %# 4 " / "", / % "# / ,%, 8&9
E , " %# " / 3 %#, % ,// % HI ", %# # 4 3, % %, 3 " %# % "" 8 9 # % %# " H" I 3 #,, % 6)& 3 4 , ;4# 8&9
% %# " 4 %#%, 3 N 89 #" 4 % ,// %%, 3 3," H$ 5$ N $ I +%%," %# #, "" 3 O HO $ NI , N L % M #
" 3 % , " , , %# % , 3/ " ;,, 5 #, 4 %# " 3/ " 23 / , %, , $ 5 % N , $ 4 " 3 " " ,4 % 6& % 4 # )LD % "" 3 879 " 3 " " #% " , " ,, E "#M /3 # $ 5 2 4 3 "" &' P &' % " ' & P &1 % H" 7I 8'9
3% " %# % 4% 3 ,#33, 3 ;4# >> AA 819 ; 4 3, % 4 3, ,#%, %% ,
%2 % %# " %, 4 %%, % # %% " , " B# #, 3 F %# 8(9 N/ &&& ;4# , %:4 #%%,, " %% " H " 'I 8)9 %" 4 3, % %%, 3 : 3, HI / %2 4 # 4% 4 " , #3 " / , % #3 ,, + 4 , @ L #3#, ,// % 3 , 3 $G , ,=, 3 5
2,, %% " , %#% %%# % %
" 3 " " %# 3/ "
7
, %# / %/ " % , 3 ,
N %# ": %#% //" % # %" % , 2 " " :6 , : & H , I ,/% 4 ,", 3 F 8&%9 4 #, " % , 2 # %# % / %#,, 4 % # %: , " H # , % I 8D9
%# 4 , 6 &:3H% I% , H2 I" % #, 3% %, 6 &:%:
%%% ,/ , %# " H,#%, 4 8&39I
!
'
%4 4 %/, %%4 L #" 3 ,, + 4#, 2% 4 % 4 % 2 " ,, " 4" % >> "AA " % , K 3," L H$I( H$ID L >>: "AA , % H"I 3/, / /, # 869 5/ %# /" " 2 : 2 " "# %4 #% 4 % 2 , %2 4#, 4 ,4 % ,% % 8&%9 !: %%4 #% # , 4, ,, 3 $ 5 #, ; %#, % " #," H 5 %I # " (& M 4" # # 3," 4 # ,/,# " HQ'& I
; # 3/ " , " / 3 ,#%, %# % #" % # #, 4, %2 %# 4 %,, / , % %: " , 3 # ,/,
"
# % #%# %# # ,
1
, 3," H" 1I 3,"" # #, 23 #, 4 2 , % >>,AA # # 23 % 33 4% ,%3 ,#3:4 " #% 23, 3 "% 87 9
%# # 4 , 3 "%/ , B# ,#:% , %:%#" % 34 , , : 879 #%%# " % , = , %% % %# HLI 4 , , / 3 , %#, %# , 4 4 #3 ,# /
, % 3/ 4 , 3 /3 # $ 5 2 3, % 3 % ," %#, , ,% H" +! I 3% , % H "I #, $ 5 %# H" (I 4 # #,, H# 1& I 3 % ," 4 " +! 4% ,% , , 5 % ; # 3 % ," +! 4 #M 1' %% ,% 6 $ 3/, 4% %% " # 2 & H" )I
# #, " ( , ) % 4 , # % % , , % #," , 4 # 23 , 5 % # , 3 , 2
$ ?3:# 1&& $ $ 5 % H7I " , % ,%, # H,#%, 4 879I
(
7' % , 4 2% &( % 8779 2 %# , 4 # B# , %% %% 4 % % 3 3,
# %
; 66' 4 , = %# "" 4 % %# 3 8719 N %# / M # #, " 3, # # 2% N# ": " 4 %#% %# 3# 4 , 4 , # 4 , ; #, " %# 3 4 , 3 ,/" %# ,/% , 4 4#, " " ,"" %# %,
& ?3:# 1&& $ $ 5 % H7I " , % ,%, # H,#%, 4 879I
)
; ,"" %# 3 4 /, # % :, " , 3 3" %, 3 , %, % #" 2 3 4#, 3 %/, 3 %" % 3 , # H% %I # %2 3 , 3 3 3#%" % % %% 3 " , %=%
*" %:=" HI , 4 ,", # = / %# 3 3 % , , 3B# , % # % 2 ; 4 2%, %2 4 %3% %% " 3B# 4#, 34 3, % 3% " HI 4 4 3, H% 7I #" ,#:% , %:%#" % 4 % # 4 2 , 4 , %% 6:%%32, , =/: % B#% // % , , 3 ,, ,% , " "# / K" % , : 87(9 % 4 3: , , %% (::7:% , , "# C H#I , %#" 4 7: 3B# 87)9 ,, ,, %#
N% 4 , 4 %,, #, % # , 3 3B# #% 3 % # , /, 5 %# 4 % " % B#/ ,# , +,, /# HRS ,S S $"S %I #
! %% , %# ,% %% %# 3
D
#, #, %" $ 5 %# % 4 %2 H 2 % $2 , ) ,4=, % 4 $2 3" %, ,," " 3,I 3# 4 /,% ,% % , 3 4, H 4 3," B#/% " % "I / # 4 & / %" / 4 ": %, 3, 4 %/ 3, 3 % 4 :,3 ,, ,%3 , %
; " #,, 4 @ ,, #% ,, 4 %, %%# % % 2 4 #=% ", , ,, 3 4 3/" " %, , 4 %,A 3% % 3" % %# ,,", 3 % " H33 %%# 2 3B#@ , %2 /3 # 4 4 3%# #, , 3 I
!, # % 4 C23 @ #% 3 4 ,", 3 ," % % # , %%" , ,% % *# /, ##%%# 3%# % % 4 3 , H% 'I
!
/ #% 4 "/" #"", # %#, 3 , "# H" 6I 3# /, #% 3%# % $"S 3 , %/, 3 " %
!
7&
; 3% $"S H I % 4 H% (I , 7& /,%, 3 % $ 5 %# H" &I 4 3 /# 7 " / , % % "/
( #/ % H#I , % %#
7
# H ,I % +,, $"HN7I # #, %" 7& H, I $ 5 %# H" & , I 4 %" %% !:" 2 4% H 4I 2, /# ,#
) +% " 1&& $ $ 5 %# H%:(I /# # 5 7& , % % # % ,%" B#/% H,# / , I + '& 3," C% 4, 3# / )& HI 3,, ,% , 5 %
7
," % 3 " % ' 7 /# + 4 3/, 3," # % 3#3 ," 3 " %
?3:# $ 5 2 H " & , I ,%# "" 3 ; %# 7& , % 4# % " % " B#/ 3%# 5 % B#/% % H" ,I 4 , ,#3 )() , )17 H T I ,# 4 $ , $ % " , ,%" "" 3 # , ! % 3% %, #% 4 # H% D& I H" &I , % B#/ K 7& # 4
+% " 1&& $ $ 5 %# H%:(I H U $"SI 3, 7& 4 7& " & , 7& ="# H,%" I 4 3, '& , )& " &
77
3 "", 4, 4 3 3" /,%, 3 3,, $ , $ & , %%% + 4" %# " $ S $ 3" 3# %2 /3 ,% H)& I 3 %# , #=% ,% , %= >>/3 AA 3 " % 4 ,,, + %# 3 M 2 4, $"S /, , 3 , 8719
; # 4 ,/, = 2 %# 3 3 3 %, 4% 3" 3# % %" /3 %#:% "
$
4" # = % %% % %# % 3 %#%" %# 3 66( 4 #" %# % 8769 % ,/% 4 ,%M % % H" IT HI , % 4 H3I 4 / #,, % 4 , H%I " , 4 % ! " , %# % 4 , 4 , H, ,%I K #" % " 4 3 % # ": " %#
; ,"" %# % 4 /, %#" 4 % 4% 4#, % % 4 , #" % 8'&9 ## / 4 , " 4 %# % , , H" 7I ! / % 3# % 3 ,, 3 " %
2 , %# ,% ,% % % 8'9% #M /, " ' 4% /4 % , #% 4 " % " # % , % % # , # # # " 2# %, %%, #% 4 %% 4
+ %% %T % 4M " 4M " , 4 " 4
7'
, %#%% 4 #" % H #%# 4I 4#, 3 2%, %
$% % %% % %#, 4% % #%# %B#% % # % #% % , % % / %, % / 8769 K % % 3 4 , " 3%# H I / % 4 #" 4#, / #,% , HI / ", #%# , % , %%% "
+ /" %# " " 3 ; , #, 3 5 %B# " 3 , DL) % B#, %# ," %%# H+ I #" %, ,/ # " 8' 9 ,%, #2%, L # L 879% " 3 H) % I " 8'9% H % I % %#, 3 H / "#,I 4 ,# %# 3 # 3 2 4 #"" ,% 3 ,# % 34 :":" % , 3, % 4% / 2" 3 "#, % H/ " 2#I %%3
"# 1 %%#, " #% #, %@% 3, % 4 4 " 3 2%, 4 #% % "# (
, %# %
#, " 4 , #" 3 % % %M # , , # , = 3 % % H% )I "# %, / ,, % %, ,#% # %/" , , : % 8'9% " &V / , H' I
!, 2% 3, 8'9% " 4 #" ':H6: % I HI #" 3 % % " *# /# %% % , = % % F/ # 4
# %#, H+ I "% #, %@8'9% 3, % 4 % %, ::" " O:2
$ %:=" , %%#, # , 2# " %
7(
#, ':#3#, #" : %% # H% DI " 4 8'9 ,, ':H6: % I HI 4 3, 7V / , H' I
! &
! '
7)
3 $ 5 2 H 34I / ,%3 % 4 4% ,% 3 HFI #, %@ 3, 2% ) %
$ 5 # %# " C% 3% 4 " % B#/ + (& 3# 4 # 4/ 3," % H3# %I % 3/, ,%" 4 ,, 2 3, " # 4 4 %# 3 #"" %%% # 3# & 4% %, F 2 1 % /# %3, 3 #, ,%3, 34 , 4% #" % %%#, 3 H$ FI %
F/ 3/ 4 3 ,% % " % 3, " #, 3 3 3# 4#, B# 2/ % : , #%#:, # 5 %B# 8'79 , % ; % 3 3# 3 4 5 % % 4 % 3 4 , 4 H 4I /,
; % 4 2 ,, 3 HFI 2 '1 % 8''9 (& " 3# & ) # %/ $ $3 , $% H " )I , L , L % %%# ,% 34 , #,% , 3,% /3 ; % , /, #, 3 , % 4 ; % / #, 3 , B# " 4 %
; / H I $2 " 4 %/, #" %/ D&:#:, :3/ B#% + /, " ) % %% 4 , %#%% 4 2 2 " % 4 $2 "/ B#/ #
# , #B#/% %%# B# 3 ,% " , 3/ % H #3 # #% 4 4 ,"# 34 #@3,% , % % , 4 % / %% " ,,, # 87639I
=," % " B# 3 ,% 4 % # 4 # 4 #3 %B#% %, G4 , % !# % 4 / #, , =," %##/ +, 4 / 3 ,#%, 3 ,
7D
#3 " %#/ H" 1I #, %@8'9% 3, % 2% ,% 4 3 % $4/ " 1 % %# T 4 " C " " 2# B# " %=% 2% , ,% / %B#% " ," 4% B# # # %3" " # % # 4 % %%% /3 #
=," " , #% % % 4 4% % , 4 %#,# , 6( 3 53 G# % %, 8'19 , , 34
>> ! " #$ # % & % ' ( ) * + ) ) , , - . * / 0
& # 2 (& H%3, #I % $ $3 , $% H I )( ) , (6 H % %/ I " )( 4 , , 4 , /
76
( ) 1 AA
; " " A ,/% H" DI " 2 " , #" / % 4 "/ 3 " 6 " #% B#/ 3 2% " % #% ## 4 , / , % / ,#3 ,# 4 , " =," " B# 3 ,% % % 2%, 3/ !# %", "# 4 " %# A ,/% # " #,% 4# # " 4#, B# / % %%% /3 , %, G4 , %
; # % 8'9% " #%%# %: " %# % %T % %3 % 4 4 , " " , " 2 , " 3,%: #,% # 2" %%% %# % ; 4 %# # #% % 3 #, ,#% #,% /: 5 3% /, 2 % 3 ,# 3 ## % %2 #% %#
' % , 4 % H,#%, 8'19I
'&
&
," %# #% 3 # " # % "# + 4 ," , %# 3 , >>%AA ,/% 4 %%/, 4 %# 8'( ')9 % %# >>%AA 3# % ,, #%: " ,#% #,% 4 % 3 3, " " :% %# % " % # 3"% + ", % # ,#3 %, %, " % " :% +
+ ,, %," % 4 /# 3, 3 % #, % 3, #%# " H" &I 2 1 % , %%# B# 3 ,% 4 " , M %# 4 3 % % %/" " %# // %#" %: 3 " % / %#%% 4 4 #" %% " " / 3 " 3 %/ " %% 4 %
3% " ,#% #,% , , " K 4 %# , " 4 "#, % 1 % 34 # H " 3I 3# 4% %#, 3 , H%% , 3 3% 4 " ,M %# 4 # I 4 3/ # 3 #" ": 4, %% % " , % >>3 %AA "% % # , 4 H/ " 3I % # N% # %/, H" I ,% ,4 , % # 1 % " 4% , ,# #" , # ,% /3 ,/ " :/ / % H1 % %, ,," " 4, %I # 4 " , ! " "%
) >>%AA ,
, " ! , ! " %/ 4 3 ,%M 3# 3 #" %% " " " ! 2% , #,% ,/ 3 "/ /# 2 !
%# % %# , H" &I #, , , % 3 " ,2 2 H/, I 4 %, / 4 4, # %# % #%# " 3 4," %B#, %2 " %#, 3 ,% 3#" 3 ; %# 4 , 3 " 4 %" 3 4 4#, 3 3 % " 34 2 , %# ," #, 4 " H # %%#, $
/# ,% 2 ,, F /# "# 3# 4 / #, B# ##I # 4 #" 3 %" , " % % E% ,=%# % 3 /" 3 ,// " 3
% 6 /, H#" # #I %# , %% #, " ; % % %# 4 #, 4:" HI 3# 2 %%" % , % % H" %, 4:" I %/, 3 % 4 " "/ % ;% %% >>,AA % 4 N$ "# ,2 %, % 3# "#, %
%% %% #, " ," H 2I
'
, N$ "# % $4/ 4 %% 4 % H 3 4 %3 %#%% 4 I 3" % , N$ "# #=% % % H #I # HI % # /3 " % / " H%, M " , / 3I " % #, %@% 2 +3 " 4#, ,/ 2"% #,% %/, " 3 %" %% ,/ "
, ,=%# #%, " 3%# % % , 2# %/3 # 3 , , ,=, 5/ % " ,/, / 3, /# H % (I " + #, % % & , , % % 3 %" % # 3 4#, 3 , 3 K" % 34 , , , , % % , %/" 4#, "/ 4% #, 4 % /3 " "/
+, , 4 , H % I :% HI =/: B#% 4% %%, 4 % "#
! ( , B#% / %% 4, "
! )
!
''
2# @ T' % % , %# , %, 2 #, : % 8'9% '&V , 2# 8'D9 4 !!7 ,, ,,
K 3% , , 4 %,, % H% 7I :%3 4 %, % # 3 %" 4 7:3: : #, 3% %, % %, 4 N$ C#2 ,, ,, %# 2# ; "# 4 4:%3 4 ,#%, 3 % 4 2 HNI :3 % 4 N$ HI , / N "# #, %,% %, , 4:%3 %# " 2# H% 7I
!
'1
!
'(
+ , %#, , #,
!
')
%3 / >>:3AA %3 H" 7I F/ %/" " , 3/ " -
":, %/ " %# % = ,", %% 4, %# N% %# , 3 4 #% ,, 4 %,, #, "# %# 4 % 4 %3 !, %, H" , % 6I 4#, ,% # #, "/ >>:3AA %3 % " # #% # #, ,#% # ,, >>:3AA %3 , % ,
K 4 , #, % %, 8" H B#/I , 75 H1 B#/I9 #, 4 7T 2# % , %3 # H" 'I 4 , ;/"/ #, 4, % , %/ %3 # H ,# "% %I , # %%# #" %3 %, H% 1I
+%%," 2 %, 8" 2, 4 (:,H : 3# I , , ,, H1 B#/I9 / %3 %, % 4 % # >>:3AA %3 # 4 ,
$ 5 , H" 3,", I ," , %/ / #%# " 4 ,, %=, 3 %; %" 8'69
'D
2%#/ , D& H " 1I 4# ,% >>:3AA %3 # , (:,H : 3# I , 4 " , ' B#/ "/ ,% # 3# B#, 1 % , # 3 %,
%%# #, H" 1I H" 7I 4 , H%3 %, % I , # %% , 3# %" :" / 3 %3
%% 4, #,% " %# % = ,", %# #% 3 , 3 4 %/ %# %## , / , 3"% , %% %# 2 4/ 4 %T %/ ,
,#% % 4 " #, " % %,
'6
3 , " % 3, % , 3 %/ , , %#, H33 3 % %I # 4 " % %# , ,/ N , %/ # , %% " ( ,% 4 " 4 %% #, " 4 #, 3 " % #,," 3"% ,
# $ 5 %%% " #,% %/ >>: 3AA %3 # / %3 %, ;% , %
$ %% %# " %#
N/ & / "# / , / %# ,/% 23 %, %,, ; # % "# # %/ 3 %# #% 4 4 3 2% ", " %# 3 , >>%AA
# %% "" ## 3# #, %3#, , " , 2" %%% % %# / , /,, %%# " 3"%
( +
HI 2 H 66I 5 T %# % #%#" , %#: K 54 W M H3I G : H 661I #%# % ?$ K F M H%I #" $ H 66(I %# ,/% ;T H,I !"% % 7, , ":?" 54 W M H,I ! ? F :G ,, H 66DI +%% 7 T '&1M HI #/" : H 66DI +%% 7 T '&1
H 6( I ;T F3 $ H,I # , #3" 54 W D % /3 ; T@@22%@ %@
7 2 H 66 I %% , ## 66& ;T % %, !% %" (
' "% N H 66'I / G )T (1( 1 "% N H 667I / G ) T ')) ( +# ! H 66'I / G )T )(( ) HI G3 $# + H 667I ! T 71)M H3I #4 G
+E, + H 66'I / G )T (1M H%I " $ K , H 66'I / G )T 6D'
D #%#2 G !#,# G G3%3 + H 661I / G )'T 1&' 6 //4 / H 661I %% ()T 167 & ? N4 H 66&I +,/ ! (T 6) +3 ! :G H 66I (DT ' 1 G H 661I %# ;T !% ' , K$ , 54
W 1 7 ? ? F H 661I !% , , K 54 W ' N / % #, + 4% 4, 3 ",
%:/ 2 #% 3"# "T HI ! H 66DI +"4 ; , " 7)T 6(M H3I K H 66DI ;3, 7)T 7&DM H%I K" $ N F H 66DI 5# 76 T 1 &
1 !% H 66)I 5# 7D(T )
1
( 5E $ W#, W, H 66)I 5# 7D(T 66 ) % H 6)6I %% &(T 'D D $4, H 66)I 5# 7D6T 1( 6 #" / " %% 2 !4 $ H 6D'I 1&) %%
/ ) , G, #3% !, ;G & /4 %# " HI ;4# $ 4 H 6DDI +%% T
)1M H3I 4 H 6D6I %:N" T 1 M H%I F + %3 + ! H 66)I % )T (
/4 % /% ? / ? 3#/ ; H 6)'I # / '7T 61
HI N H 6)(I +"4 ; , " 1T D)M H3I N H 6D7I % 'T
7 HI " 5 ;4# $ H 6D1I + % &)T '(M H3I ;4# $ H 6D1I #% (T '& M H%I " 5 ;4# $ H 6D(I G ')
' HI F# + + 4 H 6D7I + % &1T '7DM H3I 4, W ;4# $ H 6D7I + % &1T ''6
1 4, W ;4# $ H 6D I , G T 177 ( HI #, K H 6(6I /# " +% F #%#
+% K" M H3I , % H 616I % + &&T (& ) HI " 5 4, W ;4# $ H 6D7I + % &1T 1'6DM H3I " 5
4, W ;4# $ H 6D(I , 'T ()6 D F ++ %3 + ! !+ H 661I , G 7(T D (7 6 ?" 4 H 6)DI +"4 ; , " )T (& 7& !,, H 661I + % )T &(( 7 R" H 66'I + % (T (11 7 HI R" O# R +"# + H 66I + % 'T )7M H3I
R" H 66I +"4 ; , " 7 T 6M H%I R" G#,4% G H 66'I + % (T ')M H,I K# R G H 66I + % 'T D)7&
77 , H 6DI % 5 %% +%,% ", 7' F,3 K !% 5+ G"4 N/ + + # W
R ! H 66 I %% B#, % T % , % F, , !% %% #3 +,
71 !4 ! ? !33" F%. + G" $ H 66'I + % (T 7(1)
7( # %," % 7) B# 4 , :%% %, 3 #: B#%
87(9 7D HI !" F K K% H 66&I +"4 ; , " 6T 6))M
H3I " K H 667I ;T ! " ; H,I / "% / 7 " N2, 'D
76 HI # ; H 66)I +"4 ; , " 7(T D((M H3I # ; H 66DI N" (7T 7(11
'& /4 % % HI $ H 6)'I +"4 ; , " 7T ('6M H3I G/ K$ K H 6D'I # 1T (7M H%I # ?X" H 6D1I # )T % M H,I G# G H 66&I , G 7 T 76D7M HI K 5 G# G H 66I +"4 ; , " 7 T &67M HI $ $# F K#X4 ! $ H 66(I + % DT (&7
' %# H+ I 4 %, # #" %, ,/ # %# ," " HK/#% ;% ;/ +I ? '& % F% 4
' $#""3" $ H 6D&I $/ +% (7T 61 '7 ," % , HI B# K
G"# # ? ! H 6)1I " )T '&(M H3I R3 F
1
3/ H 66 I % # &M H%I +3,# +$ "# + 3,# K H 667I + % 1T 7& & " /4 % : 5 %% % 2%" % G 4 H 66&I / 6&T 671
'' /# F %%#, 3, , " ) 2 %#,, $ H 66I % C4 "% % K 54 W 7D
'1 G" ! , H 6(7I %# % / +,,:K ," + % '(
'( / $ / + H 666I 5# '& T 1& ') ":4, %# ## 5 RE K /
, + $, 5 " !G H 666I 5# '& T 1 5 ,,, T K 4 #, % ," 4 4#, 3 %#,, /# 4 ,, ,%# K "
'D / + / $ R W H&&&I + % T (671 '6 +; +, / &6 *+ 33" %
4442%
! " " " # $ %" " &'' " ( #
" ) " * + ,- , , . , /, "" 0 1. ) ", " " . " , " " ) " " /", , 0 2 ) 3 " " " 4 " )50 6 . , //, " , 5 "," . ,/ ) , ) ) , . " * ) " 0 7 * " , " " ) ), 5 "0 2) " ( " 0 , " . . 0 ( /" ) " /" " ," " * " " / , /(" " /("0
" (" " // 6 ",
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 8
90 6 , : 7" ) ; 2 2" 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
909 ) ; < 2" <(= 7." , " 0 &&
0 0 0 9
0 < 7. > , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 09 < 7 ) // 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $
! 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
% A0 BB / A % 1 9''
) ( " " +/1 ( /"" /" 0- ) 0 , ( /" ) /" *. . / " / 5" +) )- ) " " " / CDE0 " "" ) " " . " /" . " " "" " " . ", . ??)@@ " ??@@ . "" "," " "= <7 " ,,F0 " " " ," C&DBE +) "* "- *. ) , ," *. " " /"" ,0 %, " ). , " 5 " C' E0 7 " "/ ( / " ) <7" C9D&E . " ." /" . , " , ,0 <7" """ ) ??"@@ . & /" + - "" ) , * " * / +- . / ) ) ??@@ +#0 -0 7 " " " "" , . ,,"" ) <7 <7 ", "" . /1 " /"0
7 ) ", " " . " , " " ) " " /", , 0 2) " ( " 0 , " +00 /" "" ) . * "- . "/ . 0 , . " " , /" ) "
< " /" ) <7 ", " , = + - . " " 5( "" " )
"," " . ) / "0 2 ) /" * " " , ) /"" " 00 / "," " ) . " /" " . ) " ""0 <" " , /" #0 9 " /" / .* /" ) " " 0
" . " " / " 5 ) " , " " "," ) " "0 1. " ) " " ) " /" ) / ", ) " "" ) ) "," 0 ( /" ) " /" " ," " * " " / , /(" CE " /(" C8 BE0 2 /, "," " " /""" " " ) , / ) ) " ) . . " /"" ) , ( "0 7 / ) " , " . ) , ) * /" " / /("0 7 " * ", .* " "" , , / "" %F@" C9'D9 E G)@" C9$E /" "/,0 7 " " " " " "," " , /" . " /" ) " " / , " " +#0 -0
2 "," " " * " " , ( " " *. C9D 9E0 # " ")( "
+222- " " ) + 9-0 %, " "/" 5" " )) " /( C +-9E0 2 ", 7 " . " // ,""" C 9D &E0 < / ( / ) ( " " ) "," / "" ) " ) . " "" / #+22- #+222- C 8E0 %, ( " " ) " " +#0 $-0
2 // # .*" CE " . " /"" / D * . &' ) " " F "/" , / ) "," +#0 -0
! " # $ %
8 0 0 0
" 0 7 " "/ " , 4 / " , ) " ), "/ " ) ) , " //+2- /(" +#0 &-0 2 ( "" . "" " / ) . " +#0 &- C BD$E0 2 " F "" . "" " " " +#0 &-0 2 " " " ) , " /) ) //+2- ) $ /(" + " - /"" . , " " . " (", "" . ) ) " " //+2- " #0 & C$9 $ E0
2 " ) " " / . . / / " , ( "0 7 " / "," " ) ?? "@@ " / ) " //0 < 5" . " " // "/," " )" //" ) " /("= 7 " 4 " ) //+2- //+22- *, ))0 7 " " . / ) ) " "," " 0 ; " +!- ) $ ", . , ) " "/" " "," " //+22- 4" "0 7 " , //+22- /(" ! ) +"4 /,
' 1// ) . . ""0 2 " ) ) #+22- /( " /, "0 <) ( #+222- " " C E
B
/, "- & + . 7 "-0 7 " , ". , ) //+2- / /+22- " " " " )) " ) "/ ( "0 7 // " " #0 C$9 $ E " "," ) #0 &0
) " ) , ) . " " * /" " " , 0 7 " " " / "" +1 !- ", 9H " )) " /, * +/, I 9 9 & 9 /,- /( . . "" * / , " //+22- 0 7 " / " . *, /" ( " ) " / C$$E0 7 " . "," " /" #0 80
( " F /""" / , CE
&' 0 0 0
7 " ( ." " /, , ( " " ) % . " / " ) & +#0 &- +1 !-
7 ) H " /, " " , $ " , " /( ) / " /, " C$$E0 7 , " +"4 " - " " /" #0 . "// /" , , , +A- / ,"" (/ " C$$E0
# A " " )) " " +) '0'' 9 A "- //+2- //+22- "/" ) "/" + " ) ) / /, - ". " ) (/ "0 <" . ( /" " "," " "/ , '0 A " ) "/" + / - , ) /* "" ) ( ""0 2 #0 B "/, " " +" D- )) ( "" ) ( H )) "0
&
&9 0 0 0
" " '9 "0 < " ,"" '0 A "" "0 7 + - /) , ) ,"" "/," ( / ) H " . 0 <" +2-+- "/" ) , 4, ") +2-+- "/" ,"" . . ) '$ ") " ) 0 7 " " '0' A " /, K" / ,""0
7 ) "," " " , " ( (H C$9D$$E " ), * ( H 00 " ( / "0 " ) /* "" . " " ) /""" " / H0 1. "" "/ "/" +2-+!-$ +6J9 I H0'9 A- +22-+- +& " 6J9 I '0$ A- C$E /"" " "5 " / , . //+22- "/"0 7 & /( , A " ) ) . ) " /, " // 0
&
&$ 0 0 0
2 " . , ( ) H //+22- " ))" (", "/" ) ) "," 0 7 " /, /( . . ) , /( ) //+22- /, ) " ) . )) " ) " 0 7 " " " / . " ) "/ $ +22- "/" C+22-+-E "/ " /(
+ 7 " ( (H // ( H (
&
C+22-+-E0 2 " " " ) ) +22-+- ). , /( " /, "" ) " "" "" "/" / /, ) " ) " " . " " " /"", "0 7 "4 " ), * (" H + I 9- "/" ). "4 ) "=
2 " . , ( /" ) " D C640 +-E
- # % . .
7 // ) ", "" " " " , 5 , " ", . """ " "// "/" ) /( " "// )."0 7 ) " " ) , "// 0
7 ( C ) (" " " . )" ) + - " E ", "F " /" ) . ""= , +#0 -0 7 , C8 BE " . )) ""= /, , ' / 0
7 " / +//-0 7 /" ) 00 "//" ) ( , "0 7 " " "/" . " " * /" " , / ) 0
&& 0 0 0
+2- /( ( ", C$&E , . , " ( . ) ""0 7") ) ) ( +22- /( ." 4, , ( . " ) +22-+%#$-90
7 ) +2- /(" 00 +//-9 " " " . "" C$ $8E0 7 " ( / ) +22-J+2- " " '0&D'0 A "0 60 " , / " ", ) $ +2- /(" "" "/ +22- "0 7 ( / ) / // /(" C8 B $$E " " 0 # ( / ) /( + /-
9HJH
+/ I 9 B ", ' / - . /, ) ) " ( / " '0' A0 7 " /
&
/" ) ("
)
) (
2 ( . " " '0$ A "/" +22-J+2- /0 7 ) "" ) /*" /J/ " '0B +/
, , " " .* '' A "
&B
/ "/, ", ) /*"- " . ") F ) "/ ) +22- /( " " ) " " +"./ ) /= '' A "-0 7 .* " '0 A " /" ) " " ) 0
7 , , ) +22- ( +#0 9- " , )) ) ) 0 7 / "./ ) " ." " H'0B A / . ") " . " ) +22- " +/ -0 +- +5" " '' A "- " ." . /*"= , " H'0 A ). , " '0 A0 , /* '0B A //" " "./0 2) " " +- )." , ) 5" +- ", ) /* '0 A "" ,0
7 .* /* '0 A +- " /" ) " 4" ) 0 7 /* '0 A " " ) / +22-0 7 " // ) ) ( , . +22- " " /, ) . // ) (0 ", ) " /* " / +2- "/" ) ))" , . "./ , " ") , /, , " ) / " / ) / 9HJH ( "," 0 7 " ) . '0 A // ) /* ) H'0 A " " "/" ) , ) " / F . " // (0 7 " " +- . )." , ) 5" +- 5 " " ""0 2 /* +H'0 A- " // "/ ) " "/"0
7 " . / , , , (/ " 5 " ( * /", " "," " +2- " " " / / +22- " " " 0 ." " " ) "" " " " ", )) ) . ( "" ) 0
7 ", ) /* ) . // ) " /* "/ // """ F ) ( " / ) +00 . // /, // "- " ) +. // " " , . // "- " . " ) , ,0 2 , , "/" '0 A " /"", " . " / "./ " (/ ) /"" . ") " ). , " +6-0 #. ) ! " C$BE " * ) 00 ") ) /
' 0 0 0
+2- +2- ." 0 < ) "
." ) ) * . "/" ) ) J9 ) & " ) / +2- /(0
#0 9 " "" ) F ) +22- (0 7 " " ) ." /) , // ,"" ""4 ) / ." ). , +"0 - K. "* /F H'0 A0 2 / " " /" ) /" ) +22- /( ,0 7 " " ) , " " . . , " / "0
"" ." (/ " ) ", ) ." "0 ; ." ' . , , ) " ." " " /" #0 90 7 " 5 " +22- ( " ) / +22- ( 0
7 * " * ) " ( ) ) "" " " '0'' N '0'' "0 2 ." ) ) ) +22- ( " 9' N ' "0
7 " (/ " )) ) * "" * * ) F /""" "/, ) ) 0 2 *J* " '''0 2 " "," " , " C8 B $$E / )) . "" " "0 ! "" ) "," " " // C9E C8 BE + - . ) ," " " . /""" ".0 # ( H C$$E + - . ( " " . , F /""" . /, " ) " " ) * * " " ) " 0 2 " " / ) , " ( , ( " ) " )" /"" " / "0
7 "," ) "4 " #0 0 7 " //+2- /( " " $ "/" . "
& 6 , ) C9E . )) "0 7 // " " " " ) // /( ( +#) '-
9 0 0 0
( / +H'0& A "0 6 1 !- , " , ) "," + " - " . / //+2-0 7 " ( " , " . / , " , ( / . // ) // (F "0 2", $ +22- /( " " " "/" . "/ &' + I 8''- 1 !0 7 " / , +%9 !%#$- (0
7 " " "/" " " 40 2 " ", , " "/ "/"/, " / ) " , " , +/ L ( I &$' L I 9-0 7 , ) //+22- /( " 5 , /" ) " / ," //" . " ) /" . " "" , "" 0 2" ( / " '0' A "0 6 "F ) //+22- "0 A " "/ "/" /, " & & + I 9- "/ " " / "0 7 " / . ) /( +22-+/,-+/,-+$-9= &$' + I 9'- C' E " . " ) " /( /" //+22- , ", "F C9E0 % //+22- /(" " " "/ ,/ ) $ "/" "/, . /", / /(" " "" C DE0 7 " " /"" " , 6 C&E0 2 ." " " )" " " " /( / ) " " "4 /, /0
< " 4" " ) . ") " " " ) ) " "0 2 ." " " " /"" +2- " )" + ). "" / "" ) "- . " //+22- /( " " " ". /" ", "
) 0 7 " K ) 1 ! + 199- + C#&E
& . # 11
7 " "," . . . """ " " C9E . / " " C$E " . * "0 " "," " " , / , / " / " / )" ) "0 2 / ) " "" " F , " ) " " " " " ) " "," " . / " ) ", " / " "," "0 # " "" , ) " " . " / /, . "" +", H - . 9' CDBE )) "" +00 '9$ ""- . " ) " ) ' " " " " / . /, "" +H ' - ) "" " . ' CDBE +00 B'$B-0
7 // ) " " /" #0 $0 < " " ))" ) " 4 " ) ) +2- +22- "4" ) /) " +!- =
! $ ! ! & ) 2
7 "4 ) ") "/" " "/ , /"" ) #0 $ " , " "0 # " . * " ) & " (F , !H
%#$ 1 ! " " ) & " 5" 0 <" (/ , +A- ) " "/" " " " ) " /( . " . $ " ) (F ) "0 7 " "/ "/ " ." ( I &' . ( )5 + I 8' 1 !- ,/ ) /(" . "0 7 "/ . ""4, ( /( / F " " "/" , ", ,0
" /"" ) " "/" & . )) & . /, " " /( &0 7 & " " "/"/, F " ) ." , , , , " , . "0
. " ) " "," " . !"0 7 / /(" . F " " "/" , " /" "," " . " "/ " " "0
2 " . ," / /" 5" / ", "" ) C&'D&9E ). .* /", /
' < 5 +2- . " " / , 5 , (F C+2- +22-E * "0 6 ) C9E /" . )) ") ) 0 ) /( C+2-!
L E (F " C+22-! E
, , " "/" " . " 5" /( +22-!
, ) +- . 5, ( " +22-!
7 /" """ /" // , F F "" " ) " +4 ,""- /
( 7 $ & // /(" 0 7 "/ +22-J+2- ( /" " 0 7 , , " . "4 ) /) "" ) //+22- "" //+2- ( /( " " /(
& 0 0 0
( #
0 * 1 : > > 1 +BB&- < 8= 9$8 90 : > > 1 +BB - < = 9&'B 0 %( %** > > +BB9- < $= &B 8 $0 7 : ;" < +BB&- < " 9B= $ 0 " 7 "* ;* >, 1% +BB&- 9= 88 &0 G G 7* 2. <1 O 7 +BBB- ! B= 9B 0 , 2 1 1 ; * 0 +BB - 9&= 8 80 , 2 ,/."* ; %P" G 0 +BB - 9&= ' B0 : 2 FF" > 0 +BB8- ! B&= 8
'0 6" 7 ; 1 " > +BB8- ! B= ' 0 G ! Q3" ; : < 1 ! # % +BBB- ! $'= 9 90 < " " <>; ;* 6 +BB$- ! '= &9 0 !3 1 O" O" G" G +BB- ! 8&= 9BB $0 ;* 6 +BB8- <. 2 6 = 9 '8 0 <" ; +BB8- < " = 8B &0 %, : +BB8- <. 2 6 = 99B& 0 / : +BB&- <. 2 6 6 = $ 80 < : % * +BB$- < &= B BB B0 < < ! %F A # A % +BB- <
B= 9$ 9'0 <" % %F A 0 +BB- < = 90 <" % %F A 0 +BB- 6 = 9 990 < %F A ) # +BB- < B= 9&B 9 0 % %F A >5 7 0 +BB - <. 2 6 6 9= ' 9$0 %"" < 6 G) <6 # +BB$- ! &B= 90 > ;6 +BB- < '= $' 9&0 % A :% +B8B- < =
= $'0 : % * ! # 0 +BB- !. B=
$'B $0 < :% : % * +BB&- < 8= 98 $90 >R +BB- 7 8= 9 $ 0 >R +BB&- 9'' $$0 >R +BB- !. 9= 9 $0 S" : < +BB&- < 8= B8' $&0 : % * +BB'- 7 $&= ' $0 : % * G +B8B- < = B $80 # G " < : % * < +BB'-
!. $= B $B0 ! " 2 +B&$- < &= '& '0 1" *, 7! +B'- <" 9 = & 0 < > % " F 6 " +B8 -
: 7" 9B 90 1"*/) % % > #"* : +BB&- ! < < B = B 0 % % 1 %"*" 7 0 +B88- : 7" $9B $0 >. < , : ;" 6 ; ; +B8- <
'B= 9BB 0 >. < % >< ;" , : ; +B8B- 2 98=
&0 % # < G ; +BB- 0 :( G6 +BB9- !"," " , ) /
;, !. O* 80 2* < 7" 7 * +BB- &9= &8 B0 , :; +BB - <.0 2 6 6 9= 8B &'0 : % * +B8 - 7 9$= 'B &0 : % * GF +B8 - 7 9$= 'B &90 : % * G +B8$- < '&= '$ & 0 ;"" 6 +B&'- < 89= $$ &$0 > +B- " (" G" < "" !. O* &0 1" 27 1" +B&- < 8B= 9
8 0 0 0
!" "#!$$ %&
& ' () * +,%%- ,%%- ) ,'' ) * & .) - / * /& * & & 0' * & / / 1 * & 2 1 ,- * 0 ,/ 1 * - ,- * * ) 3/ ) * '' ,%%%-4,%%- ,%%-4,%-5' () / 3 / * +,%%- )6 07 * +,%%- / 7 /7) &5 * . * 7 * '
8 ) / ,%%%-4,%%- ,%%-4,%- )
8 = ' 99 8 7 = 0 "$$!
) , ? @ * 0 * ) -' 1 ? * * 1) & @ , & - 7 7 4 7 ' 8 & 1) ** * / 7? ' % * / & ) & * & *' & * * */ * ,'' * * / * 6 * * * ) -' 8 A /7 ) , 7 4 & 7 ) 3!5- 8A & "7 , 7 & ) 3"5- 1 & & & ' % / / *
& @ / * * 7 ' () / / * / & 2 2 * & )6 */ 0 * ) * /& * ' / / / & * / / 1 7? */2' B * & * ) * ,/ 1 - * 0 ,/ & & * / -' 8 / & &
* * &' & & * / & & / ) &' C & / * & /2 * 1 3; >5' %* & 4** / * 1 '
! "#! " $ % & '
:$ ' ' ' '
% 3+,%%-7,-5"F ) 1& & & ? / * * / +,%%- ' % +,%%- & 7 3G5' % & ) 1 & & * * ) * / & * * & * /' +,%%-+ * ,/ & - & @ * & & ' % & ) / ? 2 * / 7 / & & * * & * /' C 1* & & 7 & 2 &' +,%%- 2 )7 &@ & * & * ) * ) ? & / , ' !-' % +,%%-
:!
>:$ ' +,%%- ) * ? & / * * & * & * /& * , ' !-' 77? 7 1 * * @ 7 +,%%-+ ,* "'$EI"'!$ J !':EI!'9$ J - * 7 ' * 0 , * * * * - 2 & 3+,%%-7,-5"F@ * & * * ,'' * 7 /7 -' ?2& * 0 2 # * ) * & * &/ ' + * +,%%- ) * G'"9 2& / && * & 6 * * & 9':!' ** * ,/ * & * >': 2 !- & . ) * * +,%%-+,&- ) ' & * * ) & * +,%%-+ ? & ' * & *
& & & / ) / ' % * * 3+,%%-7,-5"F ) "': / * ) * ' +&
:" ' ' ' '
3+,%%-7,-5"F ) * 24 * 4* & ) & & +,%%-4+,%%%- ' % & &72 * * / +,%%%- ' * +,%%%-4+,%%- / & ! 0 $'#! ' & & . & * & !>7 & & 7 / & * )"&" * / +,%%-%%77+,%%%- ) ' +,%%%- /7 ,# 1 / - 2 )7 )& & , '' & K 7 **-' C & ) & ) * +,%%- ) * / !$; 0C> ,&/ - & * /2 $'9 ' 8( * &/ * * +,%%%- )' * (8< , * * * ? &- )& ' +,%%-77+,%%%- ) * * 6 / & ) , & ? ' "-' . *1 & * +,%%%- +,%%- / ) ' 0/ & * / +,%%%- 0F
* ' % $'" 0C> * & +,%%%- ) * * & * /& * @ )7 +,%%%- ) /
:;
& 1& , ) - / * * & ' +2 ) & * & & 0 * ) ' , .) 7 - & 1) , -' 1) * & * / @ * * * & * * ' B / & 07 *
:> ' ' ' '
0 ; * & 3+,%%-, 0-5;F / & * ' % ;I9 0 3+,%%-, -5"F ) / * )& ' 0 9 * 3+,%%-, -,C0-5F
*@ & * / ) * ' & 1 * 0 * " !" 2 . * * ' % ' ; & * % & 0 * ' % @
() +) * 0 * . & * +,%%-4 &' * ,* - & ? * 7 3 & * +,%%- 5' ? , * - * / )& 3/ * * * +,%%- ) * 5
:E
? & * 3+,%%-, 0-5;F $'$:; (C0 $'"# * ' 0 ; */ & * 7
& * ) / & ? * . G$M * & & @ * , ' > * / / 9 * * +,%%- >'> J -' 2 * 7. * & * / N 7 +,%%- * / & * ) . ? * ' 7 * 7 / , ' >- * / ? N &' * * * ' % & * C0
* +,%%-77+,%%%- ) 2 * & *1 +,%%-77 N * ' % 24 * 1* +,%%-
/ 07 * & ? 4* * * ' 0/ ) * ** / / . & , & -' ** & * */ C0 ' 8 & * &
)& / 4** / & * ) , 0 ) - * * & & * / 39I!;5' +,%%-7 & ** * @ 7/7** / / ' C '' ,%%- +,%%- )
& ' B 7 ,%%- ) ) ? &' / ) ?7& &' 7 7 / * * ,%%- / / ' * ,%%-7 & 3,%%-, 0-5;F ) E": , !"9 ! !- / 3,%%-, -5F E:$ , !:$ ! !-' % * * ,%%- * +,%%- ) & * 3* ,%%-7 & D >'$56 * * * ,%%-
:G ' ' ' '
* ,%%- * +,%%- / ) * * : ,* /7 7 - ? * / ) & 9 2 ,%%-' C . * ,%%-7 & /* /& / +,%%-7' E & *
? * ,%%- )' & * +,%%- &@ 3,%%-, 0-5;F 3,%%-, -5"F 3,%%-, -,C0-5F' % ' 0 1 / & +,%%- /7 1 )' 1 * . & , >$M- * ,%%- ,! >';-6 ? 7 * *1 & * N ,%%-' & 2 3,%%-, -5"F F 0"C O 3,%%-, -,C0-5F F 0F ? ," :'E- / % / "$M * ,' G-' 0/ ? &
:#
* * +,%%-7 & ,'' * & )& / -' % * 3,%%-, -5"F / & & & )7 & C0 * ' % * C0 * ? & * / * ' * 2 * & & ) * ? . ' & +77 N * *1 +,%%-77 N * 3+,%%-, -,C0-5F ) / ? & ,% / "M-' * & 2 *
72 & / & & * ' ) * & $ / 7 7 ! E7 )& & & 2 & / 7 1 > >7& ' # 3!>5' % + &
& * & 2 & 1 * 7 * ' * *7 ) & * 7 * ,) E!E GE$ ! !- / * ' 8& $ / /7 $';E $'#! ' 8(' 1 & * * / * ' % * > >7& * * & & '
() -) * 07 * . & * ,%%-4 &' = * ,%%- / * ? * . , & * -' % ,* - & & ) @ * * & ) * 2 * ? * . , "$M-
:: ' ' ' '
7 ' C * & 2 * & . ! E7 )& * ' % * *7) & . * & *& ? * & * , & /7 & ) - * ,* 7 ) -' % / ) & ? * ! E7 )& * ' 0/ / & ) & ) / * /2 $'>$ ' 8( ,'' E$ (!4" * 1 /7 & & 1- . & * * / ' * .) &)& 2 , - & & / * * / * * N ) . ? ' + . ? / / ?& *1 * 3,%%-, 0-5;F * & 7 )' & ) * / "F / 1 7 / 7) * , ? & * 3,%%-, 0-5;F ) / !4; * * -' 0/ * )
() .) < )7 4 * 7 / 7 & ' 2 + * & )
:9
& $ & 7 * E!E & * * & ' C */ /7 ) & 7 ' C) & & ,* & )& + -' ? ) * 7 * 7 & 2
/ & 8 2 !9:$ ' : 3!E !G5' % & % 7 / / & / )& * !:7/ 7G ' * / 7 / / ' % & & * ) 1 / * & * /& * ' % 7N ) ++ / & % & @ :$M "$M ' % * & / & ' <7 !$$M * / * * / 7 & / 2 & / ' % ;$ * * E'9 ' % / / , / - / ) &
() /) 7 * / & 2 / ' 77 * * ' *7) * & * & / )& * / ' ) ,77 7 - 2 / &
9$ ' ' ' '
) * * * * 1 & * 3!#5' % & % 74 *1 & * 7 / & /2 '
* ! "#! $ !
& 1 / / / ** * & ? * ) ,) & &-' B / 1) */2 & , - /2' 0/ ) /& /2 @ '' & 2 & ** / */2' *1 & ? * ? * ) ,'' * 0 * ) * - ' * / / */ 1 /& ' % */ / / ) * * , & 0 ) - * , & * ) -'
*) !0 $
& / 7? = * = & * 0 ' 07 ? * '' & =P * 7 ?@ 0 F 0F' ? * / & ' * 1 * * * = / * 0 ' % / * ) ? F @
9!
,%%- +,%%- * ,%%%- ' & .) = / * * '
& & ) ( *1 ?7 * * 0 3!95' = & 1 @ , * 0"- / / ' % / * & *
() 1) * 0 * / / * ' C * & * =P 0 O F 0F ?' %* *1 & ? / R = R 0 7 * * =
9" ' ' ' '
F * & 2 0 * " & 7 7 ' & " & ) * & )' * = * / / & ' * = ) * 0" & / * "' *1 & ? ? * 07 @ " = 0"' % & * +,%%- / = * ( & ' * * !@! ) / +,%%- ( ,
*/ 0"- +40"C ) ,>@! 4- & 0 & / ' !$' 1 * ? "I!" 0 / * ) /
() 2) * ? ? * +,%%- * ( ,M * )-' < @3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F 9$M 0 #'E / +,%%- = 3+,%%-, -5 !$$M 0 9'E / +,%%- & " ' B " +,%%- / ?7 & ,/7 &/ >E$ !$; ! !-@ * / 0 * & * , )-
9;
7 7? * 07 ' / ) #I!$ 0 @ ) * 3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F / 9$M 0 #'E ) * & 3+,%%-, -5 / !$$M 0 9' % ) 3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F = / ) 3+,%%-, -5 & " ' & * * / ) ' 3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F ) , H 0 #'E- ) / /2 7 G$G , !! ! !- :"$ , E ! !-' && / 7 +,%%- , / & )" &" " -' & / / ? )& * / / ' & ? & * * * 3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F ) ,/ * 0 E #'E- & ? * /2 * ? * ;9" ' C * 3+,%%-, -5 ) &/ / & , !$; ! !- >E$ ' 8 && / +,%%- ) * ? & / * / ? ) 7 ' * * / / ' )& 7 / " * / * +,%%- / ,/ 1 /7 -' 0 * #'E 9 2 +,%%- * = & * 1 * +,%%- @ * 7 , - /7 , -' * & & , * &/- & , * * 3+,%%-, -5 ) >E$ ' Q & =77 2 *
7./ ) / * >E$ / ? * +,%%- ( H 0 #'E , 9$M * 3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F ) & !- ) / ** 0 9'E ,0(8 ** & "-' *& * * ) / ' !!' * 17 $'"E L $'$! ' C / &/ H
0 9'E !$$M * 3+,%%-, -5 ) 0 2 #'E ?2& = ' * 77=
9> ' ' ' '
*/ & 7./ 7 ? & & * >E$ ) / * 3+,%%-, -5 H 0 9'E ,& !- / ) / * 0((8 ** ,0 #'E & "-' +& ,77=- / * 1 & / & * "'" L $'! ' % & * * ' =770" * 7 +,%%- / "77= * /7 +,%%- ' & /7 : ? , * 3+,%%-, -5 )- / * * & ( & & / 7 : , * 3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F )- 3"$5' % *
* ( ,/ & * & -' %
' 17 & * * $'"E L $'$!
/ * ? "I!" 0 & / ' !"' % * * 3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F / 7 +,%%- 7 = , 7 ? - & ) ,:$M- 0 # / ) 3+,%%-, -5 / /7 +,%%- " , 7 - * !$$M 0 9' / & ) +,%%- 2 * / / & 0 ,* # 9 - '' * */ * ' & & * 3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F 3+,%%-, -5 & & ** & & 2 . & ' ' !" / & * , - % ,* - / 0 # '' / ) * 3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F
() ) * ? ? * +,%%- * . ) ,M * )-' < @ 3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F :$M 0 #'$ / +,%%- & = 3+,%%-, -5 !$$M 0 :'E / +,%%- & & " ' C . & * * & 2 */2 * )' B +,%%- & = * . ' B " * 2 * +,%%- ) . / . ?
9G ' ' ' '
+,%%- / = * * * / &' 0 % */ 1 ? * . 0 9 / !$$M * 3+,%%-, -5 * , ' !"-' * +,%%- / & ) & & * @ / = . 6 / " . **' ? ) 3+,%%-, -5
* * * +,%%- & ) . N & & ) +,%%%- 7 ' C 1 0 #'E * " 2 = / 1 * /2 7 / * ) +,%%%- @ ? . *& ' * +,%%- & 0 . ? 7 & ' !;' 1 ? / * / * & & * , - / 4** & , * - /&' &
*/ & & . 7./ ) & 17 & * %' =770" 7 , !" L ! - * "77= 2 , GG L !" - & * & (' 0/ * 2& / * ) * (' & * 2& / / / * / 2
() *) / * +,%%- / )' & ? 4 * / ,. **- * /& * . ,. -' & 1 ? / * / & , . * - / 4** , * 1 & & * * / -
9: ' ' ' '
B C040"C ) ,>@! 4- 0 9 / ,%%- ' * ? 7 & & / * * & & * &' % * + * ' * 0 2 ' !E' * * / * + & T7 & ** & ) 3"! ""5' < 7 / / * * !$$ * * !": * + ;E ' 8 * ,%%- ' C 2 & ,! 0C>- 2 0F ,%%- / & / ,-' & ' !E
* * 1 * / / & ' % * * ,%%- ) * * + * ,/ / - */ & * '
)3>5 * & & & 8 2 3";5' )7 , ) ! ;7 * / @ +C>7/ 72 & ,)&)&-
99
' * ,/ & * ! ;7 *- ,%-' ? ? +C> / */ / = & *1 & / ,%- 7 ) / ' % = ,%- 1 * 7 / * )& * 7 / * )3>5 */26 / & / 1 & * = ' = * & * =P 2 =0F' ( ) & & * =0F / )& / ' *1 & ? ,= =0F- * * 7 ?' % 0""40;C0 ,>@! 4- ?
* ,%- , & +C>7/ 72 ' 0 ,%- & & / */2@ * +C> & *& / 7 ' 2 ,%- * +C> & * H * / / ' !G' .7. / / / "$ ' C * ) . 0""
* +C>7/ ,%- ' !#'
!$$ ' ' ' '
* ? ,%- S A & * ! ;7 )3>5 ,' * & * ! ;7 )3>5 & * & !07+< ) * +F DF F 3"> "E5' & ,%-4, * / )3>5 & )&)& * +C>7/ ' ) , * - 7 & ,)&)&- ' / & & * 7 ,%- , ) * UF F ,V ? E': !$9 /
() -) H * +C> / * * )3>5 , ,%- ' .7. * * +C> ' % 0""40;C0 ,>@! 4 - / / / "$
!$!
* UF F ,0FV ? "'" !$"-' S2 A 2 +C>7/ * @ ) "C; / . ? * & / * / &' C ,%- 2 & 7 / ' * / ) / / '
*) "#!0 $
/ ) , F!-F4 F / /7) & 2 * ) ' % * / '' & 1 *1 & * ) * , F!-F / = & ) / * F' %* , F!-F = !@! / & ' = * , F!-F & & F / * / 1 & & * & * =' 77= & 2 ' !:' ) / 2
2 * / = ' * * / = / *& * / & & ' () * )7 / /7 & & * ,%%%-4,%%- ,%%-4,%- '
() /) * )7 * / / ' ) / ) * & & * 7 ) ' / & ** '' = ' % ) , - / * & / * , - / & =' * ) */ ) 4 / ? & / =
!$" ' ' ' '
1 ) * * & * ) 8 ,%%%-4,%%- 3"G5' * ,%%%- * & )7 * 7+,C-,C-7' 7& ) ) ,%%%- ) ? ; ? * * !$;$ 3"#5' * * ,%%- * " "7& ,&- * @ 3,%%-,&-;5"F ) ) & 7 & & , ; !#'E- 3":5 & ) * G ' % /7 7 & ) & / */2@ 7 & &' 2 * 7 / ' !9' C * ? * ,%%%- ? *
7/ / ,) >"$ ">$$ ! !-' * & * ,%%%-77& ) ) & 7& ) & * ' C / ,'' -
() 1) )7 * / 3 ,& )- / 6 * & ,%%%-5 3," "7& - 6 & ,%%- -' ,/ - ) ,/ )& *- 2 *
!$;
,) E>$ >#$$ ! !- * / 3,&-;5
"F ' ,%%%-77,%%- * * ) ' !9' & / & * * "" * & / * GE * & / 7 & ' C /& 2 7& ) / *1 H & 7 ' % * / * ,%%%- * ) ,+0>-"8"C: #$ W 8 * * '
& * ,%%%-4,%%- ) & & B 3"9I;!5' 2 ' !: & * ? & ) =' * & @ &
!$> ' ' ' '
** / )& ' ) 1 & ) & 1 *1 & / ,%%%- 7 ' = 2 & & & " "7& * * * /7 ,%%-' !@! ) * ,%%%- 40"C / ,) >G$ ;"$$ ! !- ) * 7& 7 ,%%%- ) ,%%%- ' C * ,'' - & / ,) E#> ";$$ ! ! / E>; ""E$ ! !-' * 3,%%-,&-5"F =' * E!$ & / ? * ' B / ) ,0"C"- * ,%%- ) & & ** ,%%%-77& )' 0& ) 7 ) & ) ,0"C" F " "C0- / * C0 * & &' D 2 !$ '' * / 8 A ' & .)& * & ' )7 / 1 *
,%%%-4,%%- 2 / - 2 ' "$ 3;"5' * >7& * / " G' " / & )& , * -' 7 S A * ,%%%- @ )7 * ,%%%- / & / 8 ,8 +-' G = / * & / & )& , / -' = & S*A * ,%%- ' / ? )7 ' % + * 2 * = */ ) ,%%%-4,%%- &' 8 * 2 ' "$' & /
)& / 2' C ) / * */ ' & 1 * )&
& 2 * ,%%-4,%- ) ' / & *1 & / ,%%- ,%- 3;;5' % ,%%- ) * & 7 / * * ' % *
() 2) & * / /7 ,%%%-4,%%- ) ' / ) * * 3,%%%- 5 3,%%- 5' / * ) 3 ,%%%- ,%%- / )7 5 & ,8 +-
!$G ' ' ' '
Editorial Board: A.J. Bard" I.G. Dance-P. Day" J.A. Ibers- T. Kunitake T.J. Meyer" D.M.P. Mingos" H.W. Roesky J.-P. Sauvage" A. Simon" F. Wudl
Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo
Molecular Machines and Motors
Volume Editor: J.-p. Sauvage
With contributions by V. Amendola, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, L. Fabbrizzi, M.T. Gandolfi, J.K. Gimzewski, M. G6mez-Kaifer, C. Joachim, A.E. Kaifer, E. Katz, T.R. Kelly, J. Liu, C. Mangano, P. Pallavicini, A.R. Pease, L. Raehm, M. Sano, J.-P. Sauvage, J.P. Sestelo, A.N. Shipway, J.-F. Stoddart, M. Venturi, I. Willner
~ Springer
The series Structure and Bonding publishes critical reviews on topics of research concerned with chemical structure and bonding. The scope of the series spans the entire Periodic Table. It focuses attention on new and developing areas of modern structural and theoretical chemistry such as nanostructures, molecular electronics, designed molecular solids, surfaces, metal clusters and supramolecular structures. Physical and spectroscopic techniques used to determine, examine and model structures fall within the purview of Structure and Bonding to the extent that the focus is on the scientific results obtained and not on specialist information concerning the techniques themselves. Issues associated with the development of bonding models and generalizations that illuminate the reactivity pathways and rates of chemical processes are also relevant.
As a rule, contributions are specially commissioned. The editors and publishers will, however, always be pleased to receive suggestions and supplementary information. Papers are accepted for Structure and Bonding in English.
In references Structure and Bonding is abbreviated Struct Bond and is cited as a journal.
Springer WWW home page: http://www.springer.de
ISSN 0081-5993 ISBN 3-540-41382-0 Sp r inge r -Ve r l ag Berlin He ide lbe rg N e w York
CIP Data applied for
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York a member of BertelsmannSpringer Science + Business Media GmbH http://www.springer.de © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001 Printed in Germany
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Typesetting: Scientific Publishing Services (P) Ltd, Madras Production editor: Christiane Messerschmidt, Rheinau Cover: Medio V. Leins, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 10702298 02/3020 - 5 4 3 2 1 0
Volume Editor
P r o f e s s o r J e a n - P i e r r e S a u v a g e
Universit6 Louis Pas teur Facult6 de Chimie Laboratoire de Chimie Organo-Min&ale 4, Rue Blaise Pascal F-67070 St rasbourg Cedex, France E-mail: [email protected]
Editorial Board
Prof. AUen I. Bard Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas 24th Street and Speedway Austin, Texas 78712, USA B-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Peter Day, FRS Director and Fullerian Professor of Chemistry The Royal Institution of Great Britain 21 Albemarle Street London WIX 4BS, UK E-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Toyohi Kunitake Faculty of Engineering: Department of Organic Synthesis Kyushu University Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812, lapan E-maih [email protected]
Prof. D. Michael P. Mingos Principal St. Edmund Hall Oxford OX1 4AR, UK E-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Jean-Pierre Sauvage Facult~ de Chimie Laboratoires de Chimie Organo-Min~rale Universit~ Louis Pasteur 4, rue Blaise Pascal 67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France E-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Fred Wudl Department of Chemistry University of California LosAngeles, CA 90024-1569, USA E-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Ian G. Dance Department of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia E-mail: [email protected]
Prof. lames A. Ibers Department of Chemistry North Western University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA E-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Thomas J. Meyer Department of Chemistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Venable and Kenan Laboratory CB 3290 Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA E-maik [email protected]
Prof. Herbert W. Roesky Institut fiir Anorganische Chemie der Universit~it GBttingen Tammannstrafle 4 D-37077 GBttingen, Germany E-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Arndt Simon Max-Planck-Institut fiir Festktrperforschung Heisenbergstrat~e 1 70569 Stuttgart, Germany E-mail: [email protected]
Preface
The field of molecules in motion, for which movements and shape changes are triggered and controlled from outside, has been indisputably one of the most rapidly developing areas of the last decade.
Clearly, molecular chemists in general are able to elaborate more and more complex species, as beautifully demonstrated by the synthesis of amazingly complicated natural products. For instance, the total synthesis of compounds such as taxol and brevetoxin B represents a formidable tour de force, as does that of many other recent examples. However, most of the time, once the compound has been made, the target has been reached.
The synthesis of molecules for which given functions are to be expected and explored once sufficient amounts of the compounds are available, requires the interaction of several fields. The multidisciplinary aspect, involving various methodologies from synthesis to electro- and photochemistry, from surface science to spectroscopy and magnetic properties, allows the design and elaboration of molecular objects displaying new functions. Amongst the new functions that chemists want to introduce into their systems, motion is particularly important. In addition, a geometrical change will generally be accompanied by a modification of one or more properties (colour, lumines- cence, catalytic properties, etc...) which could be used as a testimony to the motion and also be of practical interest for future applications.
The machine-like molecular assemblies available today, in large part from the outstanding contributions of the groups whose work is collected in this volume, are nevertheless still primitive, sometimes slow to move and may also lack complete reversibility. However, new and important concepts have been proposed which introduce a new dimension to molecular sciences. For the future, an important step will be to transpose what has been performed on large collections of molecules in solution to ordered 2D- and 3D-arrays and single molecules on a surface.
The first three chapters of the present volume are focused on rotary motors. The first contribution discusses the possibility of elaborating single-molecule rotary machines, while the other two chapters deal with purely organic molecules or transition metal complexes in solution. Of particular note in the second chapter is the introduction by the authors of the important concept of directionality in rotary machines at the molecular level. Chapters 4 and 5 discuss recent examples of molecular systems in motion, based on transition
VIII Preface
metal complexes. Two important notions are introduced: associating a light emission signal with a motion and performing molecular hysteresis by electrochemical reactions. In the sixth chapter, the authors use, in particular, rotaxanes to discuss in-depth practical problems which could be associated with single-molecule devices and possible ways circumventing them. Chapter 7 is related to molecular machines which are set into motion using a photoinduced redox process. The authors of this chapter made an important contribution to popularising the term "molecular machine" at an early stage. Chapter 8 describes some work done by the author's group in the field of logic gates. It also discusses recent literature reports in connection with futuristic "molecular computers". Finally, the ninth and last chapter is related to potential information storage and processing devices, either in solution or on surfaces. It will provide the reader with a detailed discussion of possible future applications.
Strasbourg, March 2001 Jean-Pierre Sauvage
Contents
Single Molecular Rotor at the Nanoscale C. Joachim, J.K. Gimzewski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rotary Motion in Single-Molecule Machines T.R. Kelly, J.P. Sestelo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Molecular Machines and Motors Based on Transition Metal-containing Catenanes and Rotaxanes L. Raehm, J.-P. Sauvage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Molecular Movements and Translocations Controlled by Transition Metals and Signaled by Light Emission V. Amendola, L. Fabbrizzi, C. Mangano, P. Pallavicini . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Molecular Hysteresis by Linkage Isomerizat ions Induced by Electrochemical Processes M. Sano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Switchable Molecular Devices: From Rotaxanes to Nanopar t ides J. Liu, M. G6mez-Kaifer, A.E. Kaifer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Molecular-Level Artificial Machines Based on Photoinduced Electron-Transfer Processes R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, M.T. Gandolfi, M. Venturi . . . . . . .
Computing at the Molecular Level A.R. Pease, J.F. Stoddart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Molecular Memory and Processing Devices in Solution and on Surfaces A.N. Shipway, E. Katz, I. Willner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Author Index Volumes 1-99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part h Organic Assemblies
The Utilization of Persistent H-Bonding Motifs in the Self-Assembly of Supramolecular Architectures M.J. Krische, J.-M. Lehn
Controlling Hydrogen Bonding: From Molecular Recognition to Organogelation R.E. Mel6ndez, A.J. Carr, B.R. Linton, A.D. Hamilton
Heteroaromatic Modules for Self-Assembly Using Multiple Hydrogen Bonds S.C. Zimmerman, P.S. Corbin
Hydrogen-Bonded Liquid Crystals: Molecular Self-Assembly for Dynamically Functional Materials T. Kato
Part Ih Inorganic Assemblies
Molecular Paneling Through Metal-Directed Self-Assembly M. Fujita
! " #$ % !"& ' ( )* + ,-- . /
01 " 2 " 3 4 55,+ "6
. * 7 * * # $ 88 7 * 7 8 7 *( 9 ) 4 7 $ 7 ) 7 4 88 * $ ) 8 4 * 7 % & ) ( . ) 84 * 7 4 7 4 4 7 )4 % ,,& 7( . 7 *) ) 8 (
) 8 : ; ! 4
1 * A ( '' 8* A* 1 ?* ,,
4 4 7 7 8 7 *4 % 7 & 7 ( . 7 $ 7 ) 87 7 8 8* * 4 * ** B C( ? 4 7 7 48 7 D 8 88 87 7 7 ( . * 7 )* 8 $ 7 *4( 0 8 8 484 * ,, 7 8 * ) 4 BC( " 7 * 7 B+C( . 84 ) 7 4 7 * * 88 7 *( ) * 7 4 * 7 ** 8 ) 88 BEC( .4 8 7 8 8 7 * * 7 4 B- <C( . FF ) 7 7 7 ( . * 88 88 8 $ 8 7 4 8 8 # 7 )* 8 ) B=C( 0 4 * 8 ) G ) 7 4 4 4 74 G 8 88( 0 8 4 4 * 7 7 8 7 77) 88 ) B5C( 1 FF) FF ) ) 7 ) 74 B'C( @ 8 # # 8 7 7 * 8 7 ) 7 8 7 * ( . 7 7 ) *4 87 )* ) 7 B ,H C( .7 4 ) 8 7 4 8 FF 7 )* 8 * 8 ( 9 * 88 7 88 ) 7 *4 8 4 7 84 * 7 B'C(
( ((
!
. 7 I * ) 4 ( : 7 ( . ) 7 8 7 ! $ 7 8 7 8 7 ) *) *( 0 4 8 7 $ * 7 ) * 6* $ 7 ( .7 8 7 ) 4 ) 8 B +C(
. 8 /*( ( ") 7 4 7* * J J
+
@7 4 7 $( %& # 8 $
+
4 * 7 B EC( . 7 7 $( %+& $( %& $ 8 7 )) $( %+& 8 7 $ * $ 4 7 * ( . ) 88 7 %%& %&& ) 7 7 $( %& * ( / 8 88 K , 7 %& * )* %%& %&& , ) 7 * *) ( . 8 8 ( . 8 7 * 4 7 * * 8 8 7 * ) 88 (
! * 8 8 7 7 48 /*( 8 7 )* *
$4 8 7 * %& ( 0 7 )4 88 8 7 $( %&( . * 48 7 4 * $) 7 8 ) B -C( .
E ( ((
8 8# * 8 7 ( . 8 7 %& 7 )4 7 88 8 %& 8 # 7 ( 84 7 4 7 4 * 8 7 %& ) 4 B , <C( !) 84 7 4 $ ) ) 7 7 * $( %&(
. * %%& %&& 7 4 # 88 7 %& * 7 %& 7 $( %& ) 7 ( / %& 7 $( %& 7 ( . * 7 ) 7 $ I( L4 8 $ 87 4 88 B =C(
$ % & '( ))
-
8 7 4 *4 * $ 4 # 4 ?* B 5C( . ) 8 7 4 4 7#4 7 8 * % 7 7 8* B 'C&( > 4 7 88 8 7 *4 4 8 *) 7 4 * % 8 &( > 4 4 B,C ) 8 7 4 * 4 4 7 *( 17 * 8 ( < ) 8 (
/ 88 8 /*( 4 FF* * I 7 %/*( &( . * 7 * , , M * I* 8 4 I ( $( % & 8# $ * 4 4 88 * * 8 7 8
< ( ((
7 ) 7 ( 0 88 7 4 7 %& * 7* 7 4 ( (
. 7 7 * 4 88 % ,& 4 ( / % ,& ) %,& 8 ) 7# %& * 7 ,
, ) 8 ) $( %+& $) $( %& $ 7 ( * 8 K N 8 7 , I 4( . 4 8 * ?* * ( . 8 88 4 * %& 7 ,%& * N( . ) 8 7 % ,& 4 4 # 7 %,& 8 )
E
- #
<
07 %,& 8 ) 7 8 8 7 * 7 % & K % & K 8 7 7 8 * 7 7 8 ( :* *4 7 4 $ 88 *4 7 ( . ) *4 ) 8 7 , , * *4 7 4 /*( ( .7 7 ) 8 88 7 4 ( . 8 88 7 ) 8 7 7 ) ( . 8 # 7 ) 8 8 8 7 %,& * 8 7 , (
@7 4 8 # 7 %,& ) 4 $( %E& %-& %<& *4 8 ( > $ ) 8 8 * 8 *) 8* 7 %& * 7 7 *) $4 8 *4( . 7$4 8 ) 7 B < ,C(
=
) 7 ) 8 8 7 *4 4 7 %& * ) 4 ) 7 (
* + ,
" "
# #
$# #!" " =
. 8 7 * 4 8 $ ) ) 4 88 7 8 ( ) ) 7 $ 4 ) 4 8 7 4 ) 8 88 8 # 7 ) B+ EC( . * 8 8 B-C 7 ) 7 $( %=&( / 88 4 $ 4 87 B< =C ) 8 )* 7 7 $ 7 7 (
5 ( ((
" " " " 8 " " '
4 # #* 8 " "
" "
" "
'
+
77 E
8 $ 7 7 ( ? ) 7 ) 4 8 % & 7 7# ( / $( % E& # ) 7 (( 7 ( . 77) 7 7 7 8* ( L 77 ( . 4 8 4 ( ! 88 ( 9 )4 8# 77%& 8 # 8# % & 8 I % & G 4 7 *4 ) $ ( <(
, ( ((
- '(,
. ) 84 * ) ) 4 7 ) * 8 )** 8 ( / 88 4 7 ?1: 8 /*( 88 4 % ,,& 7( . 7 7 * 8* * 7 7 4 * ) %@?A& * .( 0 8 % ,,& 7 84 7 ) ) 9 4 ) 7 7 7 88* 77 7 B'C(
. ?1: 8 @?A % ,,& 7 * 7 ,(,' N +-, B'C( > 7 4 )* 7 * ) 9 4 B'C 7 4 7 ) 8 %/*( E&( > $ * 4 . ( 84 * * 8( . ,(< ,(5 8
* 7 4 * 8 ?1: ( 0 4 7 7 7 ?1: % ,,& 7 4 * . * )* 8 4 * 8 7 * %/*( -&( 8 4 # 88 8 7 7 4 * 8 4 8 7 ?1:( 0 ) 9 7 # ?1: * * 8 4 * 8 7 ( 8 4 8 4 *) )* 4 % *& ) 9 )4 7 4 * 8 7 7 7 * (
. 4 7 ?1: )4 77 7 7 )* I 4( > * 74 * : 7 ?1: *( . ) 4 )4 7 * ?1: %/*( <&( 7 8 )
( ((
88 4 7 ) 4 7 ( 9 7 7 7 )4 ?1: 4 7 ** 8 7 ( . ) 4 ) 9 7 %/*( <&( 0 ) 7 ( 0 ) 84 * 7 * 7 7 ( .8 8 G * 7 7 7 4 ) 7 % ,,& 7( . 7 8 4 * 7 . * 7 %/*( =&( 0 87 7 7 7 ?1: ( 9 ) # 7 8# 8 7 4 )4 8 7 * * 7 . *( ! 7 48 4* % ,,& 7 #* * * 7 8 ( 0 8 8 7 * . * ) 8 * . ) %/*( =&(
8 * 7 * * 7 ) 7 8 4 77 * )4 B'C( > 8 # 48 % ,,& 7 ( . 8 7 7 * *
+
)4 ) 8 4 7 4 7 84 7 ( :* 8 7 * * * 7 ( . 7 . 7 8 7$4 * 7 ? *( 0 ) N( * * B'C(
. 8 4 * ** 8 7 88* ( ) ) 7 7 7 7 7 8# ?1: )4 * 7 8 ( . 4 7 4 7 % ,,& 7( . * * ) 4 $( % E& 7 %& 8 7 ) 7 $ * 8) * ( * 7 8 7 * ) 8 * ) ( . * 7 ) * 8 7 7 ) 7 8 $ ( ) ) # 4 8 8
"# /# +, +: . ) 7 * ?1: ?:1 ( ! ) ( +, . * * ; $ 4 88 * 8 7 ?1: * . * *
E ( ((
. (''
. # 7#4 ** * * 7 $ 4 ) 4( 0 8* ) 7 8 D $ 7 ) 8 I 4 8 7 ) 8 7 ) 7 ( . 7 4 8 * G4* G * B'C( 0 * # ) %& $ 7 8 * 7 * 4 ) %) &( ? ) 88 7 4 88 # ) # 8 .( .7 8 ) %) & 77 8 $ 7 B+,C( 0 8 * * 8) 8 7 G *4 7 * ) 8 7 (
> $ 77( / )4 7 ( .7 4 $( %& % E& 7 77) 4 ) ( 0 7 * 4 77 84 7 %) & $) 8 77 7 7 ) G 4 B=C( 0 #* 4 # ( ? ) $ 7 * )4 ( ) 8 7 ( / 8 ) 7 7 8 ) $ $ %& ( ?* 7 > 8 4 8 7 ) B+ C 88* %/*( 5&( . 84 4 * ( L 84 * 7 *4 4 ) 7 8 ( 0 ) 7 > 7 %88 & 8 ) # 8 (( %/*( 5&(
-
/ ,
L * $ 7 88 7 4 $ 7 ( . ) 8 7 * ) 8 $
< ( ((
8 $ 7 ) 8 4 * 8 88 8 7 ( > * 7 ) ( @* . 8#4 * ) )# 84 # 88 8( ? ) 7 4 84 ) 7 8( L # 7 7 )4 $ G 7 ) ( . 7 8 ** 7 8 7 ) * 7 * ( . $ * 7 * ) 8 (
- /&0 9 8 @ / L7# 7 7 # 88 * 0. /. 8 I FF1 8 ! %1@!&(
0
( >) > %,,,& ! E,5D -E ( 4 " % '< & > 94 3 +( ? " " . 9! % '',& 0 8 =D ' E( 88 1 % ''-& ! =+D <-- -( ! I ? P " P % ''=& ! +5<D '' <( 4 ? O4 > %,,,& ! E,+D EE= =( > ": % ''=& =<D ' = 5( : * 9 % ''=& O ! > @> 'ED + '( "" 3* A .* ? 0 % ''5&
5 D -+ ,( 4 ." : ) ? ) "> % '''& ! E, D -, ( ! ( % '''& ! E, D - ( 3) > : 1 L )* O % ''E& > <D '+'' +( .* ? . % ''=& 7 +5<D - E( 7 O % '=& 2 O4 E-D E-- -( ) 9/ 9 O 9 > %& % ''+& 8 7
1 4D . 8 >88 ) ( L 3
<( 4 ." . 0 O % ''=& >* 0 * +<D 5<< =( . 4 . 94 % '''& O4 ") > -'D , 5( ?* 9 % '<& 2 O4 E,D -, '( /4 "O % '5=& 0D 8 ! : " %& ! : O4D
. 3 > E, >)4 A ( > O 1 8 = ,( % '<+& . 3 7 . 4( 0D /4 "O 3* "1
%& 8 EE 7 . /4 3 O4 ) ( > 94 ! P ( L* % ''5& O4 ") > -=D E-' ( A) : >4) > : O 8 0) ) P O1 %,,,& O4
") 3 5-D -E +( 2 9? % '' & O4 . 4 8 +< E( 4 * 1 . ;> > 8 : 0 9
9 : %,,,& ! E,+D <'
=
-( * % '<& 2 O4 E,D + <( >L 3** > % '5-& O4 ") > + D ,-' =( @ 9 2 9? % '5'& O4 ") : E,D ,= 5( % '5<& O4 > 'D -E' '( O O9? / . O "8 %,,,& ! E,ED +<- +,( >)4 > ! . %,,,& O4 ") 3 5-D + + ( 4 " % '5& O4 5<D +-,E +( 3 4 J % ''=& O4 ") > -<D ++=E
5 ( ((
%# ,/% 5#%# %
6
#%# , !," ? 66 ":?" ! $,3" &&
%% 89 @(' % %#3AA 89 4, 4 %%, 4 89 % %3% #" "% %B# , 4 , # 879 % 3" % , / "/ #% % >>%# %3# AA 8'9 >>%, %AA 819 >>C#%# ,/ %AA 8(9 , , %%# ,/% 8)9 ; 661 54 2 ,, >>% %AA / " !4 8D 69
," , %# # %, A '&: :, %" , 4 3/ E %% 4 " 89 ; ,, 4/ %/ "=% % 3"% 3%# 4#, /, %:% , 3"% B# #% %:/ 2 3 #/ $ F 3 % >>, 3" #3E% 4 3 ,%3, 2/ % 3 % AA 8 &9 G 3# 3 %" ,/,# %# #% , ,/,# % , %:, % 3 4 , ,/%
= /,% % %# % / % /" / / 3"% # #% % , 3% /,, 4 %# 4 ,, , % 4 %2 /" + ,"#, %%% %% 3"% # %% " + :/ % %% #
&
3%# 3 C" ;,, % H 661I , A >>!% AA 8 9 4 % , >>%# AA ,/, % /# %% ,% 4 #% " / , 4 %% " " :% 3"% # + , %,, / G 4 H 661I , ? , ?A >>!% AA 8 79 % 3## ,4" # %% 4 /4 " 4 C"# #" 4# %%
K " 3 3 4/ 4 B# >>4 , 3"% # H % + , ",I # ,#% %,, JAA / %%## 3 L , /# 8 '9 L ,% 3"% % , 3% ,# % 4," % "%
; / ,%, % / #, %" 3" %# ," !% / /,, %:% # , 3#" %#% " =, % %# %" :3 "# , 3# 4 , 4/ 3" /,, %:/ 4 %#% %#:% K %# ,/% %3 %, / 4 3 # #,," 3"%
%# 3"% % 3 %=, , 4 % %% / 4 %" HI 4% ,, #, % /" !# 3" M + , C" 4: 4 2 3# % %/, 3 %" % #" "# 4 #,, %# + C"# 3% , 5+ %=, 3 /
%%% % %% " #, " , % / , ,#% ## 4 ## %% ,/% %#," %% , ,/ 8 69 + %# / #, " 3, #% 3, % / %# B#/ 2 ," , %# 4 " / "", / % "# / ,%, 8&9
E , " %# " / 3 %#, % ,// % HI ", %# # 4 3, % %, 3 " %# % "" 8 9 # % %# " H" I 3 #,, % 6)& 3 4 , ;4# 8&9
% %# " 4 %#%, 3 N 89 #" 4 % ,// %%, 3 3," H$ 5$ N $ I +%%," %# #, "" 3 O HO $ NI , N L % M #
" 3 % , " , , %# % , 3/ " ;,, 5 #, 4 %# " 3/ " 23 / , %, , $ 5 % N , $ 4 " 3 " " ,4 % 6& % 4 # )LD % "" 3 879 " 3 " " #% " , " ,, E "#M /3 # $ 5 2 4 3 "" &' P &' % " ' & P &1 % H" 7I 8'9
3% " %# % 4% 3 ,#33, 3 ;4# >> AA 819 ; 4 3, % 4 3, ,#%, %% ,
%2 % %# " %, 4 %%, % # %% " , " B# #, 3 F %# 8(9 N/ &&& ;4# , %:4 #%%,, " %% " H " 'I 8)9 %" 4 3, % %%, 3 : 3, HI / %2 4 # 4% 4 " , #3 " / , % #3 ,, + 4 , @ L #3#, ,// % 3 , 3 $G , ,=, 3 5
2,, %% " , %#% %%# % %
" 3 " " %# 3/ "
7
, %# / %/ " % , 3 ,
N %# ": %#% //" % # %" % , 2 " " :6 , : & H , I ,/% 4 ,", 3 F 8&%9 4 #, " % , 2 # %# % / %#,, 4 % # %: , " H # , % I 8D9
%# 4 , 6 &:3H% I% , H2 I" % #, 3% %, 6 &:%:
%%% ,/ , %# " H,#%, 4 8&39I
!
'
%4 4 %/, %%4 L #" 3 ,, + 4#, 2% 4 % 4 % 2 " ,, " 4" % >> "AA " % , K 3," L H$I( H$ID L >>: "AA , % H"I 3/, / /, # 869 5/ %# /" " 2 : 2 " "# %4 #% 4 % 2 , %2 4#, 4 ,4 % ,% % 8&%9 !: %%4 #% # , 4, ,, 3 $ 5 #, ; %#, % " #," H 5 %I # " (& M 4" # # 3," 4 # ,/,# " HQ'& I
; # 3/ " , " / 3 ,#%, %# % #" % # #, 4, %2 %# 4 %,, / , % %: " , 3 # ,/,
"
# % #%# %# # ,
1
, 3," H" 1I 3,"" # #, 23 #, 4 2 , % >>,AA # # 23 % 33 4% ,%3 ,#3:4 " #% 23, 3 "% 87 9
%# # 4 , 3 "%/ , B# ,#:% , %:%#" % 34 , , : 879 #%%# " % , = , %% % %# HLI 4 , , / 3 , %#, %# , 4 4 #3 ,# /
, % 3/ 4 , 3 /3 # $ 5 2 3, % 3 % ," %#, , ,% H" +! I 3% , % H "I #, $ 5 %# H" (I 4 # #,, H# 1& I 3 % ," 4 " +! 4% ,% , , 5 % ; # 3 % ," +! 4 #M 1' %% ,% 6 $ 3/, 4% %% " # 2 & H" )I
# #, " ( , ) % 4 , # % % , , % #," , 4 # 23 , 5 % # , 3 , 2
$ ?3:# 1&& $ $ 5 % H7I " , % ,%, # H,#%, 4 879I
(
7' % , 4 2% &( % 8779 2 %# , 4 # B# , %% %% 4 % % 3 3,
# %
; 66' 4 , = %# "" 4 % %# 3 8719 N %# / M # #, " 3, # # 2% N# ": " 4 %#% %# 3# 4 , 4 , # 4 , ; #, " %# 3 4 , 3 ,/" %# ,/% , 4 4#, " " ,"" %# %,
& ?3:# 1&& $ $ 5 % H7I " , % ,%, # H,#%, 4 879I
)
; ,"" %# 3 4 /, # % :, " , 3 3" %, 3 , %, % #" 2 3 4#, 3 %/, 3 %" % 3 , # H% %I # %2 3 , 3 3 3#%" % % %% 3 " , %=%
*" %:=" HI , 4 ,", # = / %# 3 3 % , , 3B# , % # % 2 ; 4 2%, %2 4 %3% %% " 3B# 4#, 34 3, % 3% " HI 4 4 3, H% 7I #" ,#:% , %:%#" % 4 % # 4 2 , 4 , %% 6:%%32, , =/: % B#% // % , , 3 ,, ,% , " "# / K" % , : 87(9 % 4 3: , , %% (::7:% , , "# C H#I , %#" 4 7: 3B# 87)9 ,, ,, %#
N% 4 , 4 %,, #, % # , 3 3B# #% 3 % # , /, 5 %# 4 % " % B#/ ,# , +,, /# HRS ,S S $"S %I #
! %% , %# ,% %% %# 3
D
#, #, %" $ 5 %# % 4 %2 H 2 % $2 , ) ,4=, % 4 $2 3" %, ,," " 3,I 3# 4 /,% ,% % , 3 4, H 4 3," B#/% " % "I / # 4 & / %" / 4 ": %, 3, 4 %/ 3, 3 % 4 :,3 ,, ,%3 , %
; " #,, 4 @ ,, #% ,, 4 %, %%# % % 2 4 #=% ", , ,, 3 4 3/" " %, , 4 %,A 3% % 3" % %# ,,", 3 % " H33 %%# 2 3B#@ , %2 /3 # 4 4 3%# #, , 3 I
!, # % 4 C23 @ #% 3 4 ,", 3 ," % % # , %%" , ,% % *# /, ##%%# 3%# % % 4 3 , H% 'I
!
/ #% 4 "/" #"", # %#, 3 , "# H" 6I 3# /, #% 3%# % $"S 3 , %/, 3 " %
!
7&
; 3% $"S H I % 4 H% (I , 7& /,%, 3 % $ 5 %# H" &I 4 3 /# 7 " / , % % "/
( #/ % H#I , % %#
7
# H ,I % +,, $"HN7I # #, %" 7& H, I $ 5 %# H" & , I 4 %" %% !:" 2 4% H 4I 2, /# ,#
) +% " 1&& $ $ 5 %# H%:(I /# # 5 7& , % % # % ,%" B#/% H,# / , I + '& 3," C% 4, 3# / )& HI 3,, ,% , 5 %
7
," % 3 " % ' 7 /# + 4 3/, 3," # % 3#3 ," 3 " %
?3:# $ 5 2 H " & , I ,%# "" 3 ; %# 7& , % 4# % " % " B#/ 3%# 5 % B#/% % H" ,I 4 , ,#3 )() , )17 H T I ,# 4 $ , $ % " , ,%" "" 3 # , ! % 3% %, #% 4 # H% D& I H" &I , % B#/ K 7& # 4
+% " 1&& $ $ 5 %# H%:(I H U $"SI 3, 7& 4 7& " & , 7& ="# H,%" I 4 3, '& , )& " &
77
3 "", 4, 4 3 3" /,%, 3 3,, $ , $ & , %%% + 4" %# " $ S $ 3" 3# %2 /3 ,% H)& I 3 %# , #=% ,% , %= >>/3 AA 3 " % 4 ,,, + %# 3 M 2 4, $"S /, , 3 , 8719
; # 4 ,/, = 2 %# 3 3 3 %, 4% 3" 3# % %" /3 %#:% "
$
4" # = % %% % %# % 3 %#%" %# 3 66( 4 #" %# % 8769 % ,/% 4 ,%M % % H" IT HI , % 4 H3I 4 / #,, % 4 , H%I " , 4 % ! " , %# % 4 , 4 , H, ,%I K #" % " 4 3 % # ": " %#
; ,"" %# % 4 /, %#" 4 % 4% 4#, % % 4 , #" % 8'&9 ## / 4 , " 4 %# % , , H" 7I ! / % 3# % 3 ,, 3 " %
2 , %# ,% ,% % % 8'9% #M /, " ' 4% /4 % , #% 4 " % " # % , % % # , # # # " 2# %, %%, #% 4 %% 4
+ %% %T % 4M " 4M " , 4 " 4
7'
, %#%% 4 #" % H #%# 4I 4#, 3 2%, %
$% % %% % %#, 4% % #%# %B#% % # % #% % , % % / %, % / 8769 K % % 3 4 , " 3%# H I / % 4 #" 4#, / #,% , HI / ", #%# , % , %%% "
+ /" %# " " 3 ; , #, 3 5 %B# " 3 , DL) % B#, %# ," %%# H+ I #" %, ,/ # " 8' 9 ,%, #2%, L # L 879% " 3 H) % I " 8'9% H % I % %#, 3 H / "#,I 4 ,# %# 3 # 3 2 4 #"" ,% 3 ,# % 34 :":" % , 3, % 4% / 2" 3 "#, % H/ " 2#I %%3
"# 1 %%#, " #% #, %@% 3, % 4 4 " 3 2%, 4 #% % "# (
, %# %
#, " 4 , #" 3 % % %M # , , # , = 3 % % H% )I "# %, / ,, % %, ,#% # %/" , , : % 8'9% " &V / , H' I
!, 2% 3, 8'9% " 4 #" ':H6: % I HI #" 3 % % " *# /# %% % , = % % F/ # 4
# %#, H+ I "% #, %@8'9% 3, % 4 % %, ::" " O:2
$ %:=" , %%#, # , 2# " %
7(
#, ':#3#, #" : %% # H% DI " 4 8'9 ,, ':H6: % I HI 4 3, 7V / , H' I
! &
! '
7)
3 $ 5 2 H 34I / ,%3 % 4 4% ,% 3 HFI #, %@ 3, 2% ) %
$ 5 # %# " C% 3% 4 " % B#/ + (& 3# 4 # 4/ 3," % H3# %I % 3/, ,%" 4 ,, 2 3, " # 4 4 %# 3 #"" %%% # 3# & 4% %, F 2 1 % /# %3, 3 #, ,%3, 34 , 4% #" % %%#, 3 H$ FI %
F/ 3/ 4 3 ,% % " % 3, " #, 3 3 3# 4#, B# 2/ % : , #%#:, # 5 %B# 8'79 , % ; % 3 3# 3 4 5 % % 4 % 3 4 , 4 H 4I /,
; % 4 2 ,, 3 HFI 2 '1 % 8''9 (& " 3# & ) # %/ $ $3 , $% H " )I , L , L % %%# ,% 34 , #,% , 3,% /3 ; % , /, #, 3 , % 4 ; % / #, 3 , B# " 4 %
; / H I $2 " 4 %/, #" %/ D&:#:, :3/ B#% + /, " ) % %% 4 , %#%% 4 2 2 " % 4 $2 "/ B#/ #
# , #B#/% %%# B# 3 ,% " , 3/ % H #3 # #% 4 4 ,"# 34 #@3,% , % % , 4 % / %% " ,,, # 87639I
=," % " B# 3 ,% 4 % # 4 # 4 #3 %B#% %, G4 , % !# % 4 / #, , =," %##/ +, 4 / 3 ,#%, 3 ,
7D
#3 " %#/ H" 1I #, %@8'9% 3, % 2% ,% 4 3 % $4/ " 1 % %# T 4 " C " " 2# B# " %=% 2% , ,% / %B#% " ," 4% B# # # %3" " # % # 4 % %%% /3 #
=," " , #% % % 4 4% % , 4 %#,# , 6( 3 53 G# % %, 8'19 , , 34
>> ! " #$ # % & % ' ( ) * + ) ) , , - . * / 0
& # 2 (& H%3, #I % $ $3 , $% H I )( ) , (6 H % %/ I " )( 4 , , 4 , /
76
( ) 1 AA
; " " A ,/% H" DI " 2 " , #" / % 4 "/ 3 " 6 " #% B#/ 3 2% " % #% ## 4 , / , % / ,#3 ,# 4 , " =," " B# 3 ,% % % 2%, 3/ !# %", "# 4 " %# A ,/% # " #,% 4# # " 4#, B# / % %%% /3 , %, G4 , %
; # % 8'9% " #%%# %: " %# % %T % %3 % 4 4 , " " , " 2 , " 3,%: #,% # 2" %%% %# % ; 4 %# # #% % 3 #, ,#% #,% /: 5 3% /, 2 % 3 ,# 3 ## % %2 #% %#
' % , 4 % H,#%, 8'19I
'&
&
," %# #% 3 # " # % "# + 4 ," , %# 3 , >>%AA ,/% 4 %%/, 4 %# 8'( ')9 % %# >>%AA 3# % ,, #%: " ,#% #,% 4 % 3 3, " " :% %# % " % # 3"% + ", % # ,#3 %, %, " % " :% +
+ ,, %," % 4 /# 3, 3 % #, % 3, #%# " H" &I 2 1 % , %%# B# 3 ,% 4 " , M %# 4 3 % % %/" " %# // %#" %: 3 " % / %#%% 4 4 #" %% " " / 3 " 3 %/ " %% 4 %
3% " ,#% #,% , , " K 4 %# , " 4 "#, % 1 % 34 # H " 3I 3# 4% %#, 3 , H%% , 3 3% 4 " ,M %# 4 # I 4 3/ # 3 #" ": 4, %% % " , % >>3 %AA "% % # , 4 H/ " 3I % # N% # %/, H" I ,% ,4 , % # 1 % " 4% , ,# #" , # ,% /3 ,/ " :/ / % H1 % %, ,," " 4, %I # 4 " , ! " "%
) >>%AA ,
, " ! , ! " %/ 4 3 ,%M 3# 3 #" %% " " " ! 2% , #,% ,/ 3 "/ /# 2 !
%# % %# , H" &I #, , , % 3 " ,2 2 H/, I 4 %, / 4 4, # %# % #%# " 3 4," %B#, %2 " %#, 3 ,% 3#" 3 ; %# 4 , 3 " 4 %" 3 4 4#, 3 3 % " 34 2 , %# ," #, 4 " H # %%#, $
/# ,% 2 ,, F /# "# 3# 4 / #, B# ##I # 4 #" 3 %" , " % % E% ,=%# % 3 /" 3 ,// " 3
% 6 /, H#" # #I %# , %% #, " ; % % %# 4 #, 4:" HI 3# 2 %%" % , % % H" %, 4:" I %/, 3 % 4 " "/ % ;% %% >>,AA % 4 N$ "# ,2 %, % 3# "#, %
%% %% #, " ," H 2I
'
, N$ "# % $4/ 4 %% 4 % H 3 4 %3 %#%% 4 I 3" % , N$ "# #=% % % H #I # HI % # /3 " % / " H%, M " , / 3I " % #, %@% 2 +3 " 4#, ,/ 2"% #,% %/, " 3 %" %% ,/ "
, ,=%# #%, " 3%# % % , 2# %/3 # 3 , , ,=, 5/ % " ,/, / 3, /# H % (I " + #, % % & , , % % 3 %" % # 3 4#, 3 , 3 K" % 34 , , , , % % , %/" 4#, "/ 4% #, 4 % /3 " "/
+, , 4 , H % I :% HI =/: B#% 4% %%, 4 % "#
! ( , B#% / %% 4, "
! )
!
''
2# @ T' % % , %# , %, 2 #, : % 8'9% '&V , 2# 8'D9 4 !!7 ,, ,,
K 3% , , 4 %,, % H% 7I :%3 4 %, % # 3 %" 4 7:3: : #, 3% %, % %, 4 N$ C#2 ,, ,, %# 2# ; "# 4 4:%3 4 ,#%, 3 % 4 2 HNI :3 % 4 N$ HI , / N "# #, %,% %, , 4:%3 %# " 2# H% 7I
!
'1
!
'(
+ , %#, , #,
!
')
%3 / >>:3AA %3 H" 7I F/ %/" " , 3/ " -
":, %/ " %# % = ,", %% 4, %# N% %# , 3 4 #% ,, 4 %,, #, "# %# 4 % 4 %3 !, %, H" , % 6I 4#, ,% # #, "/ >>:3AA %3 % " # #% # #, ,#% # ,, >>:3AA %3 , % ,
K 4 , #, % %, 8" H B#/I , 75 H1 B#/I9 #, 4 7T 2# % , %3 # H" 'I 4 , ;/"/ #, 4, % , %/ %3 # H ,# "% %I , # %%# #" %3 %, H% 1I
+%%," 2 %, 8" 2, 4 (:,H : 3# I , , ,, H1 B#/I9 / %3 %, % 4 % # >>:3AA %3 # 4 ,
$ 5 , H" 3,", I ," , %/ / #%# " 4 ,, %=, 3 %; %" 8'69
'D
2%#/ , D& H " 1I 4# ,% >>:3AA %3 # , (:,H : 3# I , 4 " , ' B#/ "/ ,% # 3# B#, 1 % , # 3 %,
%%# #, H" 1I H" 7I 4 , H%3 %, % I , # %% , 3# %" :" / 3 %3
%% 4, #,% " %# % = ,", %# #% 3 , 3 4 %/ %# %## , / , 3"% , %% %# 2 4/ 4 %T %/ ,
,#% % 4 " #, " % %,
'6
3 , " % 3, % , 3 %/ , , %#, H33 3 % %I # 4 " % %# , ,/ N , %/ # , %% " ( ,% 4 " 4 %% #, " 4 #, 3 " % #,," 3"% ,
# $ 5 %%% " #,% %/ >>: 3AA %3 # / %3 %, ;% , %
$ %% %# " %#
N/ & / "# / , / %# ,/% 23 %, %,, ; # % "# # %/ 3 %# #% 4 4 3 2% ", " %# 3 , >>%AA
# %% "" ## 3# #, %3#, , " , 2" %%% % %# / , /,, %%# " 3"%
( +
HI 2 H 66I 5 T %# % #%#" , %#: K 54 W M H3I G : H 661I #%# % ?$ K F M H%I #" $ H 66(I %# ,/% ;T H,I !"% % 7, , ":?" 54 W M H,I ! ? F :G ,, H 66DI +%% 7 T '&1M HI #/" : H 66DI +%% 7 T '&1
H 6( I ;T F3 $ H,I # , #3" 54 W D % /3 ; T@@22%@ %@
7 2 H 66 I %% , ## 66& ;T % %, !% %" (
' "% N H 66'I / G )T (1( 1 "% N H 667I / G ) T ')) ( +# ! H 66'I / G )T )(( ) HI G3 $# + H 667I ! T 71)M H3I #4 G
+E, + H 66'I / G )T (1M H%I " $ K , H 66'I / G )T 6D'
D #%#2 G !#,# G G3%3 + H 661I / G )'T 1&' 6 //4 / H 661I %% ()T 167 & ? N4 H 66&I +,/ ! (T 6) +3 ! :G H 66I (DT ' 1 G H 661I %# ;T !% ' , K$ , 54
W 1 7 ? ? F H 661I !% , , K 54 W ' N / % #, + 4% 4, 3 ",
%:/ 2 #% 3"# "T HI ! H 66DI +"4 ; , " 7)T 6(M H3I K H 66DI ;3, 7)T 7&DM H%I K" $ N F H 66DI 5# 76 T 1 &
1 !% H 66)I 5# 7D(T )
1
( 5E $ W#, W, H 66)I 5# 7D(T 66 ) % H 6)6I %% &(T 'D D $4, H 66)I 5# 7D6T 1( 6 #" / " %% 2 !4 $ H 6D'I 1&) %%
/ ) , G, #3% !, ;G & /4 %# " HI ;4# $ 4 H 6DDI +%% T
)1M H3I 4 H 6D6I %:N" T 1 M H%I F + %3 + ! H 66)I % )T (
/4 % /% ? / ? 3#/ ; H 6)'I # / '7T 61
HI N H 6)(I +"4 ; , " 1T D)M H3I N H 6D7I % 'T
7 HI " 5 ;4# $ H 6D1I + % &)T '(M H3I ;4# $ H 6D1I #% (T '& M H%I " 5 ;4# $ H 6D(I G ')
' HI F# + + 4 H 6D7I + % &1T '7DM H3I 4, W ;4# $ H 6D7I + % &1T ''6
1 4, W ;4# $ H 6D I , G T 177 ( HI #, K H 6(6I /# " +% F #%#
+% K" M H3I , % H 616I % + &&T (& ) HI " 5 4, W ;4# $ H 6D7I + % &1T 1'6DM H3I " 5
4, W ;4# $ H 6D(I , 'T ()6 D F ++ %3 + ! !+ H 661I , G 7(T D (7 6 ?" 4 H 6)DI +"4 ; , " )T (& 7& !,, H 661I + % )T &(( 7 R" H 66'I + % (T (11 7 HI R" O# R +"# + H 66I + % 'T )7M H3I
R" H 66I +"4 ; , " 7 T 6M H%I R" G#,4% G H 66'I + % (T ')M H,I K# R G H 66I + % 'T D)7&
77 , H 6DI % 5 %% +%,% ", 7' F,3 K !% 5+ G"4 N/ + + # W
R ! H 66 I %% B#, % T % , % F, , !% %% #3 +,
71 !4 ! ? !33" F%. + G" $ H 66'I + % (T 7(1)
7( # %," % 7) B# 4 , :%% %, 3 #: B#%
87(9 7D HI !" F K K% H 66&I +"4 ; , " 6T 6))M
H3I " K H 667I ;T ! " ; H,I / "% / 7 " N2, 'D
76 HI # ; H 66)I +"4 ; , " 7(T D((M H3I # ; H 66DI N" (7T 7(11
'& /4 % % HI $ H 6)'I +"4 ; , " 7T ('6M H3I G/ K$ K H 6D'I # 1T (7M H%I # ?X" H 6D1I # )T % M H,I G# G H 66&I , G 7 T 76D7M HI K 5 G# G H 66I +"4 ; , " 7 T &67M HI $ $# F K#X4 ! $ H 66(I + % DT (&7
' %# H+ I 4 %, # #" %, ,/ # %# ," " HK/#% ;% ;/ +I ? '& % F% 4
' $#""3" $ H 6D&I $/ +% (7T 61 '7 ," % , HI B# K
G"# # ? ! H 6)1I " )T '&(M H3I R3 F
1
3/ H 66 I % # &M H%I +3,# +$ "# + 3,# K H 667I + % 1T 7& & " /4 % : 5 %% % 2%" % G 4 H 66&I / 6&T 671
'' /# F %%#, 3, , " ) 2 %#,, $ H 66I % C4 "% % K 54 W 7D
'1 G" ! , H 6(7I %# % / +,,:K ," + % '(
'( / $ / + H 666I 5# '& T 1& ') ":4, %# ## 5 RE K /
, + $, 5 " !G H 666I 5# '& T 1 5 ,,, T K 4 #, % ," 4 4#, 3 %#,, /# 4 ,, ,%# K "
'D / + / $ R W H&&&I + % T (671 '6 +; +, / &6 *+ 33" %
4442%
! " " " # $ %" " &'' " ( #
" ) " * + ,- , , . , /, "" 0 1. ) ", " " . " , " " ) " " /", , 0 2 ) 3 " " " 4 " )50 6 . , //, " , 5 "," . ,/ ) , ) ) , . " * ) " 0 7 * " , " " ) ), 5 "0 2) " ( " 0 , " . . 0 ( /" ) " /" " ," " * " " / , /(" " /("0
" (" " // 6 ",
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 8
90 6 , : 7" ) ; 2 2" 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
909 ) ; < 2" <(= 7." , " 0 &&
0 0 0 9
0 < 7. > , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 09 < 7 ) // 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $
! 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
% A0 BB / A % 1 9''
) ( " " +/1 ( /"" /" 0- ) 0 , ( /" ) /" *. . / " / 5" +) )- ) " " " / CDE0 " "" ) " " . " /" . " " "" " " . ", . ??)@@ " ??@@ . "" "," " "= <7 " ,,F0 " " " ," C&DBE +) "* "- *. ) , ," *. " " /"" ,0 %, " ). , " 5 " C' E0 7 " "/ ( / " ) <7" C9D&E . " ." /" . , " , ,0 <7" """ ) ??"@@ . & /" + - "" ) , * " * / +- . / ) ) ??@@ +#0 -0 7 " " " "" , . ,,"" ) <7 <7 ", "" . /1 " /"0
7 ) ", " " . " , " " ) " " /", , 0 2) " ( " 0 , " +00 /" "" ) . * "- . "/ . 0 , . " " , /" ) "
< " /" ) <7 ", " , = + - . " " 5( "" " )
"," " . ) / "0 2 ) /" * " " , ) /"" " 00 / "," " ) . " /" " . ) " ""0 <" " , /" #0 9 " /" / .* /" ) " " 0
" . " " / " 5 ) " , " " "," ) " "0 1. " ) " " ) " /" ) / ", ) " "" ) ) "," 0 ( /" ) " /" " ," " * " " / , /(" CE " /(" C8 BE0 2 /, "," " " /""" " " ) , / ) ) " ) . . " /"" ) , ( "0 7 / ) " , " . ) , ) * /" " / /("0 7 " * ", .* " "" , , / "" %F@" C9'D9 E G)@" C9$E /" "/,0 7 " " " " " "," " , /" . " /" ) " " / , " " +#0 -0
2 "," " " * " " , ( " " *. C9D 9E0 # " ")( "
+222- " " ) + 9-0 %, " "/" 5" " )) " /( C +-9E0 2 ", 7 " . " // ,""" C 9D &E0 < / ( / ) ( " " ) "," / "" ) " ) . " "" / #+22- #+222- C 8E0 %, ( " " ) " " +#0 $-0
2 // # .*" CE " . " /"" / D * . &' ) " " F "/" , / ) "," +#0 -0
! " # $ %
8 0 0 0
" 0 7 " "/ " , 4 / " , ) " ), "/ " ) ) , " //+2- /(" +#0 &-0 2 ( "" . "" " / ) . " +#0 &- C BD$E0 2 " F "" . "" " " " +#0 &-0 2 " " " ) , " /) ) //+2- ) $ /(" + " - /"" . , " " . " (", "" . ) ) " " //+2- " #0 & C$9 $ E0
2 " ) " " / . . / / " , ( "0 7 " / "," " ) ?? "@@ " / ) " //0 < 5" . " " // "/," " )" //" ) " /("= 7 " 4 " ) //+2- //+22- *, ))0 7 " " . / ) ) " "," " 0 ; " +!- ) $ ", . , ) " "/" " "," " //+22- 4" "0 7 " , //+22- /(" ! ) +"4 /,
' 1// ) . . ""0 2 " ) ) #+22- /( " /, "0 <) ( #+222- " " C E
B
/, "- & + . 7 "-0 7 " , ". , ) //+2- / /+22- " " " " )) " ) "/ ( "0 7 // " " #0 C$9 $ E " "," ) #0 &0
) " ) , ) . " " * /" " " , 0 7 " " " / "" +1 !- ", 9H " )) " /, * +/, I 9 9 & 9 /,- /( . . "" * / , " //+22- 0 7 " / " . *, /" ( " ) " / C$$E0 7 " . "," " /" #0 80
( " F /""" / , CE
&' 0 0 0
7 " ( ." " /, , ( " " ) % . " / " ) & +#0 &- +1 !-
7 ) H " /, " " , $ " , " /( ) / " /, " C$$E0 7 , " +"4 " - " " /" #0 . "// /" , , , +A- / ,"" (/ " C$$E0
# A " " )) " " +) '0'' 9 A "- //+2- //+22- "/" ) "/" + " ) ) / /, - ". " ) (/ "0 <" . ( /" " "," " "/ , '0 A " ) "/" + / - , ) /* "" ) ( ""0 2 #0 B "/, " " +" D- )) ( "" ) ( H )) "0
&
&9 0 0 0
" " '9 "0 < " ,"" '0 A "" "0 7 + - /) , ) ,"" "/," ( / ) H " . 0 <" +2-+- "/" ) , 4, ") +2-+- "/" ,"" . . ) '$ ") " ) 0 7 " " '0' A " /, K" / ,""0
7 ) "," " " , " ( (H C$9D$$E " ), * ( H 00 " ( / "0 " ) /* "" . " " ) /""" " / H0 1. "" "/ "/" +2-+!-$ +6J9 I H0'9 A- +22-+- +& " 6J9 I '0$ A- C$E /"" " "5 " / , . //+22- "/"0 7 & /( , A " ) ) . ) " /, " // 0
&
&$ 0 0 0
2 " . , ( ) H //+22- " ))" (", "/" ) ) "," 0 7 " /, /( . . ) , /( ) //+22- /, ) " ) . )) " ) " 0 7 " " " / . " ) "/ $ +22- "/" C+22-+-E "/ " /(
+ 7 " ( (H // ( H (
&
C+22-+-E0 2 " " " ) ) +22-+- ). , /( " /, "" ) " "" "" "/" / /, ) " ) " " . " " " /"", "0 7 "4 " ), * (" H + I 9- "/" ). "4 ) "=
2 " . , ( /" ) " D C640 +-E
- # % . .
7 // ) ", "" " " " , 5 , " ", . """ " "// "/" ) /( " "// )."0 7 ) " " ) , "// 0
7 ( C ) (" " " . )" ) + - " E ", "F " /" ) . ""= , +#0 -0 7 , C8 BE " . )) ""= /, , ' / 0
7 " / +//-0 7 /" ) 00 "//" ) ( , "0 7 " " "/" . " " * /" " , / ) 0
&& 0 0 0
+2- /( ( ", C$&E , . , " ( . ) ""0 7") ) ) ( +22- /( ." 4, , ( . " ) +22-+%#$-90
7 ) +2- /(" 00 +//-9 " " " . "" C$ $8E0 7 " ( / ) +22-J+2- " " '0&D'0 A "0 60 " , / " ", ) $ +2- /(" "" "/ +22- "0 7 ( / ) / // /(" C8 B $$E " " 0 # ( / ) /( + /-
9HJH
+/ I 9 B ", ' / - . /, ) ) " ( / " '0' A0 7 " /
&
/" ) ("
)
) (
2 ( . " " '0$ A "/" +22-J+2- /0 7 ) "" ) /*" /J/ " '0B +/
, , " " .* '' A "
&B
/ "/, ", ) /*"- " . ") F ) "/ ) +22- /( " " ) " " +"./ ) /= '' A "-0 7 .* " '0 A " /" ) " " ) 0
7 , , ) +22- ( +#0 9- " , )) ) ) 0 7 / "./ ) " ." " H'0B A / . ") " . " ) +22- " +/ -0 +- +5" " '' A "- " ." . /*"= , " H'0 A ). , " '0 A0 , /* '0B A //" " "./0 2) " " +- )." , ) 5" +- ", ) /* '0 A "" ,0
7 .* /* '0 A +- " /" ) " 4" ) 0 7 /* '0 A " " ) / +22-0 7 " // ) ) ( , . +22- " " /, ) . // ) (0 ", ) " /* " / +2- "/" ) ))" , . "./ , " ") , /, , " ) / " / ) / 9HJH ( "," 0 7 " ) . '0 A // ) /* ) H'0 A " " "/" ) , ) " / F . " // (0 7 " " +- . )." , ) 5" +- 5 " " ""0 2 /* +H'0 A- " // "/ ) " "/"0
7 " . / , , , (/ " 5 " ( * /", " "," " +2- " " " / / +22- " " " 0 ." " " ) "" " " " ", )) ) . ( "" ) 0
7 ", ) /* ) . // ) " /* "/ // """ F ) ( " / ) +00 . // /, // "- " ) +. // " " , . // "- " . " ) , ,0 2 , , "/" '0 A " /"", " . " / "./ " (/ ) /"" . ") " ). , " +6-0 #. ) ! " C$BE " * ) 00 ") ) /
' 0 0 0
+2- +2- ." 0 < ) "
." ) ) * . "/" ) ) J9 ) & " ) / +2- /(0
#0 9 " "" ) F ) +22- (0 7 " " ) ." /) , // ,"" ""4 ) / ." ). , +"0 - K. "* /F H'0 A0 2 / " " /" ) /" ) +22- /( ,0 7 " " ) , " " . . , " / "0
"" ." (/ " ) ", ) ." "0 ; ." ' . , , ) " ." " " /" #0 90 7 " 5 " +22- ( " ) / +22- ( 0
7 * " * ) " ( ) ) "" " " '0'' N '0'' "0 2 ." ) ) ) +22- ( " 9' N ' "0
7 " (/ " )) ) * "" * * ) F /""" "/, ) ) 0 2 *J* " '''0 2 " "," " , " C8 B $$E / )) . "" " "0 ! "" ) "," " " // C9E C8 BE + - . ) ," " " . /""" ".0 # ( H C$$E + - . ( " " . , F /""" . /, " ) " " ) * * " " ) " 0 2 " " / ) , " ( , ( " ) " )" /"" " / "0
7 "," ) "4 " #0 0 7 " //+2- /( " " $ "/" . "
& 6 , ) C9E . )) "0 7 // " " " " ) // /( ( +#) '-
9 0 0 0
( / +H'0& A "0 6 1 !- , " , ) "," + " - " . / //+2-0 7 " ( " , " . / , " , ( / . // ) // (F "0 2", $ +22- /( " " " "/" . "/ &' + I 8''- 1 !0 7 " / , +%9 !%#$- (0
7 " " "/" " " 40 2 " ", , " "/ "/"/, " / ) " , " , +/ L ( I &$' L I 9-0 7 , ) //+22- /( " 5 , /" ) " / ," //" . " ) /" . " "" , "" 0 2" ( / " '0' A "0 6 "F ) //+22- "0 A " "/ "/" /, " & & + I 9- "/ " " / "0 7 " / . ) /( +22-+/,-+/,-+$-9= &$' + I 9'- C' E " . " ) " /( /" //+22- , ", "F C9E0 % //+22- /(" " " "/ ,/ ) $ "/" "/, . /", / /(" " "" C DE0 7 " " /"" " , 6 C&E0 2 ." " " )" " " " /( / ) " " "4 /, /0
< " 4" " ) . ") " " " ) ) " "0 2 ." " " " /"" +2- " )" + ). "" / "" ) "- . " //+22- /( " " " ". /" ", "
) 0 7 " K ) 1 ! + 199- + C#&E
& . # 11
7 " "," . . . """ " " C9E . / " " C$E " . * "0 " "," " " , / , / " / " / )" ) "0 2 / ) " "" " F , " ) " " " " " ) " "," " . / " ) ", " / " "," "0 # " "" , ) " " . " / /, . "" +", H - . 9' CDBE )) "" +00 '9$ ""- . " ) " ) ' " " " " / . /, "" +H ' - ) "" " . ' CDBE +00 B'$B-0
7 // ) " " /" #0 $0 < " " ))" ) " 4 " ) ) +2- +22- "4" ) /) " +!- =
! $ ! ! & ) 2
7 "4 ) ") "/" " "/ , /"" ) #0 $ " , " "0 # " . * " ) & " (F , !H
%#$ 1 ! " " ) & " 5" 0 <" (/ , +A- ) " "/" " " " ) " /( . " . $ " ) (F ) "0 7 " "/ "/ " ." ( I &' . ( )5 + I 8' 1 !- ,/ ) /(" . "0 7 "/ . ""4, ( /( / F " " "/" , ", ,0
" /"" ) " "/" & . )) & . /, " " /( &0 7 & " " "/"/, F " ) ." , , , , " , . "0
. " ) " "," " . !"0 7 / /(" . F " " "/" , " /" "," " . " "/ " " "0
2 " . ," / /" 5" / ", "" ) C&'D&9E ). .* /", /
' < 5 +2- . " " / , 5 , (F C+2- +22-E * "0 6 ) C9E /" . )) ") ) 0 ) /( C+2-!
L E (F " C+22-! E
, , " "/" " . " 5" /( +22-!
, ) +- . 5, ( " +22-!
7 /" """ /" // , F F "" " ) " +4 ,""- /
( 7 $ & // /(" 0 7 "/ +22-J+2- ( /" " 0 7 , , " . "4 ) /) "" ) //+22- "" //+2- ( /( " " /(
& 0 0 0
( #
0 * 1 : > > 1 +BB&- < 8= 9$8 90 : > > 1 +BB - < = 9&'B 0 %( %** > > +BB9- < $= &B 8 $0 7 : ;" < +BB&- < " 9B= $ 0 " 7 "* ;* >, 1% +BB&- 9= 88 &0 G G 7* 2. <1 O 7 +BBB- ! B= 9B 0 , 2 1 1 ; * 0 +BB - 9&= 8 80 , 2 ,/."* ; %P" G 0 +BB - 9&= ' B0 : 2 FF" > 0 +BB8- ! B&= 8
'0 6" 7 ; 1 " > +BB8- ! B= ' 0 G ! Q3" ; : < 1 ! # % +BBB- ! $'= 9 90 < " " <>; ;* 6 +BB$- ! '= &9 0 !3 1 O" O" G" G +BB- ! 8&= 9BB $0 ;* 6 +BB8- <. 2 6 = 9 '8 0 <" ; +BB8- < " = 8B &0 %, : +BB8- <. 2 6 = 99B& 0 / : +BB&- <. 2 6 6 = $ 80 < : % * +BB$- < &= B BB B0 < < ! %F A # A % +BB- <
B= 9$ 9'0 <" % %F A 0 +BB- < = 90 <" % %F A 0 +BB- 6 = 9 990 < %F A ) # +BB- < B= 9&B 9 0 % %F A >5 7 0 +BB - <. 2 6 6 9= ' 9$0 %"" < 6 G) <6 # +BB$- ! &B= 90 > ;6 +BB- < '= $' 9&0 % A :% +B8B- < =
= $'0 : % * ! # 0 +BB- !. B=
$'B $0 < :% : % * +BB&- < 8= 98 $90 >R +BB- 7 8= 9 $ 0 >R +BB&- 9'' $$0 >R +BB- !. 9= 9 $0 S" : < +BB&- < 8= B8' $&0 : % * +BB'- 7 $&= ' $0 : % * G +B8B- < = B $80 # G " < : % * < +BB'-
!. $= B $B0 ! " 2 +B&$- < &= '& '0 1" *, 7! +B'- <" 9 = & 0 < > % " F 6 " +B8 -
: 7" 9B 90 1"*/) % % > #"* : +BB&- ! < < B = B 0 % % 1 %"*" 7 0 +B88- : 7" $9B $0 >. < , : ;" 6 ; ; +B8- <
'B= 9BB 0 >. < % >< ;" , : ; +B8B- 2 98=
&0 % # < G ; +BB- 0 :( G6 +BB9- !"," " , ) /
;, !. O* 80 2* < 7" 7 * +BB- &9= &8 B0 , :; +BB - <.0 2 6 6 9= 8B &'0 : % * +B8 - 7 9$= 'B &0 : % * GF +B8 - 7 9$= 'B &90 : % * G +B8$- < '&= '$ & 0 ;"" 6 +B&'- < 89= $$ &$0 > +B- " (" G" < "" !. O* &0 1" 27 1" +B&- < 8B= 9
8 0 0 0
!" "#!$$ %&
& ' () * +,%%- ,%%- ) ,'' ) * & .) - / * /& * & & 0' * & / / 1 * & 2 1 ,- * 0 ,/ 1 * - ,- * * ) 3/ ) * '' ,%%%-4,%%- ,%%-4,%-5' () / 3 / * +,%%- )6 07 * +,%%- / 7 /7) &5 * . * 7 * '
8 ) / ,%%%-4,%%- ,%%-4,%- )
8 = ' 99 8 7 = 0 "$$!
) , ? @ * 0 * ) -' 1 ? * * 1) & @ , & - 7 7 4 7 ' 8 & 1) ** * / 7? ' % * / & ) & * & *' & * * */ * ,'' * * / * 6 * * * ) -' 8 A /7 ) , 7 4 & 7 ) 3!5- 8A & "7 , 7 & ) 3"5- 1 & & & ' % / / *
& @ / * * 7 ' () / / * / & 2 2 * & )6 */ 0 * ) * /& * ' / / / & * / / 1 7? */2' B * & * ) * ,/ 1 - * 0 ,/ & & * / -' 8 / & &
* * &' & & * / & & / ) &' C & / * & /2 * 1 3; >5' %* & 4** / * 1 '
! "#! " $ % & '
:$ ' ' ' '
% 3+,%%-7,-5"F ) 1& & & ? / * * / +,%%- ' % +,%%- & 7 3G5' % & ) 1 & & * * ) * / & * * & * /' +,%%-+ * ,/ & - & @ * & & ' % & ) / ? 2 * / 7 / & & * * & * /' C 1* & & 7 & 2 &' +,%%- 2 )7 &@ & * & * ) * ) ? & / , ' !-' % +,%%-
:!
>:$ ' +,%%- ) * ? & / * * & * & * /& * , ' !-' 77? 7 1 * * @ 7 +,%%-+ ,* "'$EI"'!$ J !':EI!'9$ J - * 7 ' * 0 , * * * * - 2 & 3+,%%-7,-5"F@ * & * * ,'' * 7 /7 -' ?2& * 0 2 # * ) * & * &/ ' + * +,%%- ) * G'"9 2& / && * & 6 * * & 9':!' ** * ,/ * & * >': 2 !- & . ) * * +,%%-+,&- ) ' & * * ) & * +,%%-+ ? & ' * & *
& & & / ) / ' % * * 3+,%%-7,-5"F ) "': / * ) * ' +&
:" ' ' ' '
3+,%%-7,-5"F ) * 24 * 4* & ) & & +,%%-4+,%%%- ' % & &72 * * / +,%%%- ' * +,%%%-4+,%%- / & ! 0 $'#! ' & & . & * & !>7 & & 7 / & * )"&" * / +,%%-%%77+,%%%- ) ' +,%%%- /7 ,# 1 / - 2 )7 )& & , '' & K 7 **-' C & ) & ) * +,%%- ) * / !$; 0C> ,&/ - & * /2 $'9 ' 8( * &/ * * +,%%%- )' * (8< , * * * ? &- )& ' +,%%-77+,%%%- ) * * 6 / & ) , & ? ' "-' . *1 & * +,%%%- +,%%- / ) ' 0/ & * / +,%%%- 0F
* ' % $'" 0C> * & +,%%%- ) * * & * /& * @ )7 +,%%%- ) /
:;
& 1& , ) - / * * & ' +2 ) & * & & 0 * ) ' , .) 7 - & 1) , -' 1) * & * / @ * * * & * * ' B / & 07 *
:> ' ' ' '
0 ; * & 3+,%%-, 0-5;F / & * ' % ;I9 0 3+,%%-, -5"F ) / * )& ' 0 9 * 3+,%%-, -,C0-5F
*@ & * / ) * ' & 1 * 0 * " !" 2 . * * ' % ' ; & * % & 0 * ' % @
() +) * 0 * . & * +,%%-4 &' * ,* - & ? * 7 3 & * +,%%- 5' ? , * - * / )& 3/ * * * +,%%- ) * 5
:E
? & * 3+,%%-, 0-5;F $'$:; (C0 $'"# * ' 0 ; */ & * 7
& * ) / & ? * . G$M * & & @ * , ' > * / / 9 * * +,%%- >'> J -' 2 * 7. * & * / N 7 +,%%- * / & * ) . ? * ' 7 * 7 / , ' >- * / ? N &' * * * ' % & * C0
* +,%%-77+,%%%- ) 2 * & *1 +,%%-77 N * ' % 24 * 1* +,%%-
/ 07 * & ? 4* * * ' 0/ ) * ** / / . & , & -' ** & * */ C0 ' 8 & * &
)& / 4** / & * ) , 0 ) - * * & & * / 39I!;5' +,%%-7 & ** * @ 7/7** / / ' C '' ,%%- +,%%- )
& ' B 7 ,%%- ) ) ? &' / ) ?7& &' 7 7 / * * ,%%- / / ' * ,%%-7 & 3,%%-, 0-5;F ) E": , !"9 ! !- / 3,%%-, -5F E:$ , !:$ ! !-' % * * ,%%- * +,%%- ) & * 3* ,%%-7 & D >'$56 * * * ,%%-
:G ' ' ' '
* ,%%- * +,%%- / ) * * : ,* /7 7 - ? * / ) & 9 2 ,%%-' C . * ,%%-7 & /* /& / +,%%-7' E & *
? * ,%%- )' & * +,%%- &@ 3,%%-, 0-5;F 3,%%-, -5"F 3,%%-, -,C0-5F' % ' 0 1 / & +,%%- /7 1 )' 1 * . & , >$M- * ,%%- ,! >';-6 ? 7 * *1 & * N ,%%-' & 2 3,%%-, -5"F F 0"C O 3,%%-, -,C0-5F F 0F ? ," :'E- / % / "$M * ,' G-' 0/ ? &
:#
* * +,%%-7 & ,'' * & )& / -' % * 3,%%-, -5"F / & & & )7 & C0 * ' % * C0 * ? & * / * ' * 2 * & & ) * ? . ' & +77 N * *1 +,%%-77 N * 3+,%%-, -,C0-5F ) / ? & ,% / "M-' * & 2 *
72 & / & & * ' ) * & $ / 7 7 ! E7 )& & & 2 & / 7 1 > >7& ' # 3!>5' % + &
& * & 2 & 1 * 7 * ' * *7 ) & * 7 * ,) E!E GE$ ! !- / * ' 8& $ / /7 $';E $'#! ' 8(' 1 & * * / * ' % * > >7& * * & & '
() -) * 07 * . & * ,%%-4 &' = * ,%%- / * ? * . , & * -' % ,* - & & ) @ * * & ) * 2 * ? * . , "$M-
:: ' ' ' '
7 ' C * & 2 * & . ! E7 )& * ' % * *7) & . * & *& ? * & * , & /7 & ) - * ,* 7 ) -' % / ) & ? * ! E7 )& * ' 0/ / & ) & ) / * /2 $'>$ ' 8( ,'' E$ (!4" * 1 /7 & & 1- . & * * / ' * .) &)& 2 , - & & / * * / * * N ) . ? ' + . ? / / ?& *1 * 3,%%-, 0-5;F * & 7 )' & ) * / "F / 1 7 / 7) * , ? & * 3,%%-, 0-5;F ) / !4; * * -' 0/ * )
() .) < )7 4 * 7 / 7 & ' 2 + * & )
:9
& $ & 7 * E!E & * * & ' C */ /7 ) & 7 ' C) & & ,* & )& + -' ? ) * 7 * 7 & 2
/ & 8 2 !9:$ ' : 3!E !G5' % & % 7 / / & / )& * !:7/ 7G ' * / 7 / / ' % & & * ) 1 / * & * /& * ' % 7N ) ++ / & % & @ :$M "$M ' % * & / & ' <7 !$$M * / * * / 7 & / 2 & / ' % ;$ * * E'9 ' % / / , / - / ) &
() /) 7 * / & 2 / ' 77 * * ' *7) * & * & / )& * / ' ) ,77 7 - 2 / &
9$ ' ' ' '
) * * * * 1 & * 3!#5' % & % 74 *1 & * 7 / & /2 '
* ! "#! $ !
& 1 / / / ** * & ? * ) ,) & &-' B / 1) */2 & , - /2' 0/ ) /& /2 @ '' & 2 & ** / */2' *1 & ? * ? * ) ,'' * 0 * ) * - ' * / / */ 1 /& ' % */ / / ) * * , & 0 ) - * , & * ) -'
*) !0 $
& / 7? = * = & * 0 ' 07 ? * '' & =P * 7 ?@ 0 F 0F' ? * / & ' * 1 * * * = / * 0 ' % / * ) ? F @
9!
,%%- +,%%- * ,%%%- ' & .) = / * * '
& & ) ( *1 ?7 * * 0 3!95' = & 1 @ , * 0"- / / ' % / * & *
() 1) * 0 * / / * ' C * & * =P 0 O F 0F ?' %* *1 & ? / R = R 0 7 * * =
9" ' ' ' '
F * & 2 0 * " & 7 7 ' & " & ) * & )' * = * / / & ' * = ) * 0" & / * "' *1 & ? ? * 07 @ " = 0"' % & * +,%%- / = * ( & ' * * !@! ) / +,%%- ( ,
*/ 0"- +40"C ) ,>@! 4- & 0 & / ' !$' 1 * ? "I!" 0 / * ) /
() 2) * ? ? * +,%%- * ( ,M * )-' < @3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F 9$M 0 #'E / +,%%- = 3+,%%-, -5 !$$M 0 9'E / +,%%- & " ' B " +,%%- / ?7 & ,/7 &/ >E$ !$; ! !-@ * / 0 * & * , )-
9;
7 7? * 07 ' / ) #I!$ 0 @ ) * 3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F / 9$M 0 #'E ) * & 3+,%%-, -5 / !$$M 0 9' % ) 3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F = / ) 3+,%%-, -5 & " ' & * * / ) ' 3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F ) , H 0 #'E- ) / /2 7 G$G , !! ! !- :"$ , E ! !-' && / 7 +,%%- , / & )" &" " -' & / / ? )& * / / ' & ? & * * * 3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F ) ,/ * 0 E #'E- & ? * /2 * ? * ;9" ' C * 3+,%%-, -5 ) &/ / & , !$; ! !- >E$ ' 8 && / +,%%- ) * ? & / * / ? ) 7 ' * * / / ' )& 7 / " * / * +,%%- / ,/ 1 /7 -' 0 * #'E 9 2 +,%%- * = & * 1 * +,%%- @ * 7 , - /7 , -' * & & , * &/- & , * * 3+,%%-, -5 ) >E$ ' Q & =77 2 *
7./ ) / * >E$ / ? * +,%%- ( H 0 #'E , 9$M * 3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F ) & !- ) / ** 0 9'E ,0(8 ** & "-' *& * * ) / ' !!' * 17 $'"E L $'$! ' C / &/ H
0 9'E !$$M * 3+,%%-, -5 ) 0 2 #'E ?2& = ' * 77=
9> ' ' ' '
*/ & 7./ 7 ? & & * >E$ ) / * 3+,%%-, -5 H 0 9'E ,& !- / ) / * 0((8 ** ,0 #'E & "-' +& ,77=- / * 1 & / & * "'" L $'! ' % & * * ' =770" * 7 +,%%- / "77= * /7 +,%%- ' & /7 : ? , * 3+,%%-, -5 )- / * * & ( & & / 7 : , * 3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F )- 3"$5' % *
* ( ,/ & * & -' %
' 17 & * * $'"E L $'$!
/ * ? "I!" 0 & / ' !"' % * * 3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F / 7 +,%%- 7 = , 7 ? - & ) ,:$M- 0 # / ) 3+,%%-, -5 / /7 +,%%- " , 7 - * !$$M 0 9' / & ) +,%%- 2 * / / & 0 ,* # 9 - '' * */ * ' & & * 3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F 3+,%%-, -5 & & ** & & 2 . & ' ' !" / & * , - % ,* - / 0 # '' / ) * 3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F
() ) * ? ? * +,%%- * . ) ,M * )-' < @ 3+,%%-, 0"-5
"F :$M 0 #'$ / +,%%- & = 3+,%%-, -5 !$$M 0 :'E / +,%%- & & " ' C . & * * & 2 */2 * )' B +,%%- & = * . ' B " * 2 * +,%%- ) . / . ?
9G ' ' ' '
+,%%- / = * * * / &' 0 % */ 1 ? * . 0 9 / !$$M * 3+,%%-, -5 * , ' !"-' * +,%%- / & ) & & * @ / = . 6 / " . **' ? ) 3+,%%-, -5
* * * +,%%- & ) . N & & ) +,%%%- 7 ' C 1 0 #'E * " 2 = / 1 * /2 7 / * ) +,%%%- @ ? . *& ' * +,%%- & 0 . ? 7 & ' !;' 1 ? / * / * & & * , - / 4** & , * - /&' &
*/ & & . 7./ ) & 17 & * %' =770" 7 , !" L ! - * "77= 2 , GG L !" - & * & (' 0/ * 2& / * ) * (' & * 2& / / / * / 2
() *) / * +,%%- / )' & ? 4 * / ,. **- * /& * . ,. -' & 1 ? / * / & , . * - / 4** , * 1 & & * * / -
9: ' ' ' '
B C040"C ) ,>@! 4- 0 9 / ,%%- ' * ? 7 & & / * * & & * &' % * + * ' * 0 2 ' !E' * * / * + & T7 & ** & ) 3"! ""5' < 7 / / * * !$$ * * !": * + ;E ' 8 * ,%%- ' C 2 & ,! 0C>- 2 0F ,%%- / & / ,-' & ' !E
* * 1 * / / & ' % * * ,%%- ) * * + * ,/ / - */ & * '
)3>5 * & & & 8 2 3";5' )7 , ) ! ;7 * / @ +C>7/ 72 & ,)&)&-
99
' * ,/ & * ! ;7 *- ,%-' ? ? +C> / */ / = & *1 & / ,%- 7 ) / ' % = ,%- 1 * 7 / * )& * 7 / * )3>5 */26 / & / 1 & * = ' = * & * =P 2 =0F' ( ) & & * =0F / )& / ' *1 & ? ,= =0F- * * 7 ?' % 0""40;C0 ,>@! 4- ?
* ,%- , & +C>7/ 72 ' 0 ,%- & & / */2@ * +C> & *& / 7 ' 2 ,%- * +C> & * H * / / ' !G' .7. / / / "$ ' C * ) . 0""
* +C>7/ ,%- ' !#'
!$$ ' ' ' '
* ? ,%- S A & * ! ;7 )3>5 ,' * & * ! ;7 )3>5 & * & !07+< ) * +F DF F 3"> "E5' & ,%-4, * / )3>5 & )&)& * +C>7/ ' ) , * - 7 & ,)&)&- ' / & & * 7 ,%- , ) * UF F ,V ? E': !$9 /
() -) H * +C> / * * )3>5 , ,%- ' .7. * * +C> ' % 0""40;C0 ,>@! 4 - / / / "$
!$!
* UF F ,0FV ? "'" !$"-' S2 A 2 +C>7/ * @ ) "C; / . ? * & / * / &' C ,%- 2 & 7 / ' * / ) / / '
*) "#!0 $
/ ) , F!-F4 F / /7) & 2 * ) ' % * / '' & 1 *1 & * ) * , F!-F / = & ) / * F' %* , F!-F = !@! / & ' = * , F!-F & & F / * / 1 & & * & * =' 77= & 2 ' !:' ) / 2
2 * / = ' * * / = / *& * / & & ' () * )7 / /7 & & * ,%%%-4,%%- ,%%-4,%- '
() /) * )7 * / / ' ) / ) * & & * 7 ) ' / & ** '' = ' % ) , - / * & / * , - / & =' * ) */ ) 4 / ? & / =
!$" ' ' ' '
1 ) * * & * ) 8 ,%%%-4,%%- 3"G5' * ,%%%- * & )7 * 7+,C-,C-7' 7& ) ) ,%%%- ) ? ; ? * * !$;$ 3"#5' * * ,%%- * " "7& ,&- * @ 3,%%-,&-;5"F ) ) & 7 & & , ; !#'E- 3":5 & ) * G ' % /7 7 & ) & / */2@ 7 & &' 2 * 7 / ' !9' C * ? * ,%%%- ? *
7/ / ,) >"$ ">$$ ! !-' * & * ,%%%-77& ) ) & 7& ) & * ' C / ,'' -
() 1) )7 * / 3 ,& )- / 6 * & ,%%%-5 3," "7& - 6 & ,%%- -' ,/ - ) ,/ )& *- 2 *
!$;
,) E>$ >#$$ ! !- * / 3,&-;5
"F ' ,%%%-77,%%- * * ) ' !9' & / & * * "" * & / * GE * & / 7 & ' C /& 2 7& ) / *1 H & 7 ' % * / * ,%%%- * ) ,+0>-"8"C: #$ W 8 * * '
& * ,%%%-4,%%- ) & & B 3"9I;!5' 2 ' !: & * ? & ) =' * & @ &
!$> ' ' ' '
** / )& ' ) 1 & ) & 1 *1 & / ,%%%- 7 ' = 2 & & & " "7& * * * /7 ,%%-' !@! ) * ,%%%- 40"C / ,) >G$ ;"$$ ! !- ) * 7& 7 ,%%%- ) ,%%%- ' C * ,'' - & / ,) E#> ";$$ ! ! / E>; ""E$ ! !-' * 3,%%-,&-5"F =' * E!$ & / ? * ' B / ) ,0"C"- * ,%%- ) & & ** ,%%%-77& )' 0& ) 7 ) & ) ,0"C" F " "C0- / * C0 * & &' D 2 !$ '' * / 8 A ' & .)& * & ' )7 / 1 *
,%%%-4,%%- 2 / - 2 ' "$ 3;"5' * >7& * / " G' " / & )& , * -' 7 S A * ,%%%- @ )7 * ,%%%- / & / 8 ,8 +-' G = / * & / & )& , / -' = & S*A * ,%%- ' / ? )7 ' % + * 2 * = */ ) ,%%%-4,%%- &' 8 * 2 ' "$' & /
)& / 2' C ) / * */ ' & 1 * )&
& 2 * ,%%-4,%- ) ' / & *1 & / ,%%- ,%- 3;;5' % ,%%- ) * & 7 / * * ' % *
() 2) & * / /7 ,%%%-4,%%- ) ' / ) * * 3,%%%- 5 3,%%- 5' / * ) 3 ,%%%- ,%%- / )7 5 & ,8 +-
!$G ' ' ' '
