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Proceedings of The International Conference on Phosphates : Fundamentals, Processes and Technologies October 15-17, 2020

THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PHOSPHATES :FUNDAMENTALS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES15 - 17 OCTOBER 2020

MOHAMMED VI POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

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Proceedings of The International Conference on Phosphates : Fundamentals, Processes and TechnologiesOctober 15-17, 2020

PREFACE

Phosphorus, naturally present in the earth in the form of phosphate ores, is an essential element for life; its cycle is unique among the major biogeochemical cycles because it does not have a gaseous component. As a result, it doesn’t affect the atmosphere. It is a source of life for living beings: phosphate groups are constituents of bones and DNA. It is present in the various processes of the synthesis of living matter and intervenes as a support for the genetic heritage (nucleic acids) and plays an important role in the synthesis of sugars and proteins (enzymatic reactions).

Phosphates are used mainly in agriculture, as fertilizer, to ensure the growth of plants and to enrich fruits and vegetables with sources of phosphorus. They can also bring nitrogen (ammonium phosphate), calcium (calcium phosphates) and aluminum (aluminum phosphate) to the plant. Phosphates are also used in many other special applications including food additives, materials, catalysis and water treatment thanks to research contribution which extends the phosphate applications scope.

R&D is essential for the development of countries, companies and communities, but it can only succeed and bear fruit through close collaboration between researchers from different universities and between academic and industrial institutions. This second edition of the International Conference on Phosphates (ICP2), which brought together multidisciplinary scientists and researchers from different countries for the sole purpose of sharing and disseminating scientific and technical knowledge and contributing to the enrichment and progress of knowledge, is a good example of such collaboration. It highlights the close and necessary involvement of researchers and industry practitioners to foster the emergence of a better, rational and sustainable world.

In this context, Phosphate Research Network (PhoResNet) organizes in collaboration with Mohammed VI Polytechnic University a biennial event “Phosphate Days” in its 2nd edition “Phosphate Days 2020” which provides a unique setting and space to bring together Scientists and Engineers, from all over the world to exchange about research new findings for advancing scientific and technological knowledge in a friendly atmosphere of collaboration and partnership.

PhoResNet is an international network gathering researchers, scientists and Professionals working on phosphates, phosphate derivatives and phosphorus compounds. One of the main objectives of PhoResNet is to promote a high quality of R&D in all scientific and technological fields related to Phosphates by allowing a high visibility to scientific production at the international level and fostering its impact through the creation of synergies between university researchers and industry.

Mohammed VI Polytechnic University is a world-class institution focusing on research and innovation. Founded for research purposes, this university offers an exceptional environment for cutting-edge training and academic excellence with the aim of positioning Morocco as an international platform for innovation to take on the African

continent’s big challenges and issues. The university is open to international collaborations and creates partnerships to bridge between Morocco, Africa and the rest of the world.

Phosphate is a fertilizer, it is also a fertile field for research: while browsing “The International Conference on Phosphates (ICP2)” program, we can only be impressed by the many applications of phosphates and the diversity of fields of scientific investigation that researchers from various specialties can handle.

These proceedings contain the papers presented at “The International Conference on Phosphates (ICP): Fundamentals, processes and technologies” held in a virtual version at the Mohammed VI Polytechnic University from 15 to 17 October 2020.

I hope that the results presented in this Conference can contribute to the progress of science, enhance the knowledge and lead to development of new technologies for the betterment of all humankind.

Dr. Abdelaâli KOSSIRConference Co-Chair

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PLENARY TALKS ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11

Maghreb des sciences dans la civilisation de l’islam …………………………………………………………………………………… 12

Industrial Mining Development for Social and Economic Integration of Africa ……………………………………………… 12

Environmental impact of materials mining, production, use and recycling …………………………………………………… 13

A materials approach to sustainable ammonia production …………………………………………………………………………… 13

Adopting agriculture to degrading soils and changing climate in Africa ……………………………………………………… 14

The emerging role of geometallurgy in enhancing circular mining economy approaches ……………………………… 14

KEYNOTES ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16

Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS):An innovative hydrogeophysical method for aquifer exploration - Challenges and limits ……………………………… 17

Phosphates by-products reuse: opportunities and challenges ……………………………………………………………………… 18

Surface-reactive phosphorus-conjugated nanomaterials …………………………………………………………………………… 18

Rheology of powders: Maxwell, Jeffreys and the quicksand castle modelCould it be a pow(d)erful tool in phosphate industry? …………………………………………………………………………………… 19

Use of Phosphorus Isotopes for Improving Phosphorus Management in Agricultural Systems ……………………… 19

The material design role in the performance of TiO2 as an anode electrode for Li-ion batteries ……………………… 20

WORKSHOPS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21

Workshop 1 : Planning and control of ports activities : Focus on bulk ports in the era of industry 4.0 …………… 22

Workshop 2 : Sustainable Development of nanotechnology in agriculture …………………………………………………… 23

PHOSPHATE MINING VALUE CHAIN ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 25

Microstructural and mechanical properties of red mud-based geopolymer materials ………………………………… 26

Selective flotation of sedimentary phosphate ores toward an integrated tailings management …………………… 27

Application of ultrasound-assisted leaching procedures for P2O5 losses optimization ………………………………… 28

Modeling, Simulation and Control of a Phosphate Classification Unit …………………………………………………………… 29

Smart Quality Management in the Age of Industry 4.0 ………………………………………………………………………………… 30

Excess heat recovery in Sulfuric Acid Plants using Phase Change Materials ………………………………………………… 31

Study of the phosphate adhesion on stainless steel surfaces: investigation of clogging ……………………………… 32

COMPLEX FLUIDS MODELING ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33

Thermal conductivity of composite materials for a sustainable building: Modelling and measurements ……… 34

Machine Learning Application in Radiography Non-Destructive Testing of Process Piping Welds ………………… 35

Rheological behavior of slurry, in the phosphoric acid production reactor ………………………………………………… 36

Modelling and optimization of P2O5 losses in Phosphoric Acid Reactor,using response surface model coupled with desirability function ………………………………………………………………… 37

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Dynamic Modelling, Simulation and Optimization of an Industrial Sulphur Dioxide Conversion Unit …………… 38

In-situ rheological characterization of plaster-based formulationsfor additive manufacturing by 3D extrusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 39

Progress on flow and rheological aspects of Ore-based Slurries ………………………………………………………………… 40

Numerical models for contaminant transport in oceans with open boundary conditions …………………………… 41

A general comparison between the solutions generated by the SRNH scheme for 2-D SWE and the different exact solutions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 42

Simulation of Slurry Flows in Horizontal Pipelines ……………………………………………………………………………………… 43

Space-time mesh-free method for inltration through porous media …………………………………………………………… 44

Deep Learning and Finite Elements Methods to Predict Mining Vibrating Screens Failures …………………………… 45

An Industrial Screening Unit Decision Support System Based Machine Learning and Expert Systems ………… 46

Optimal multiperiod operational planning for chemical fertilizer production plant ……………………………………… 47

CFD investigation of hydrodynamic flow within an industrial preneutralizer chemical reactor used for diammonium phosphate fertilizer production ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 48

Modelling and simulation of the dissolution of phosphate ore in a phosphoric acid solution ……………………… 49

Rhelogical behavior of concentrated phosphate slurry ……………………………………………………………………………… 50

An engineering model for particle crushing ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 51

CHEMISTRY, PROCESSES AND MATERIALS …………………………………………………………………………………………… 52

Photocatalytic photo-electrocatalytic and photoluminescence innovative multifunctionalphosphate systems for the depollution of wastewater ………………………………………………………………………………… 53

Adsorption des polluants sur des matériaux naturels d’origines végétale et animale :Cas des ions ortho phosphates …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 54

Influence of A cation size on the structural, vibrational and adsorption capacityof the lacunar apatites APb2Ca2(PO4)3 with A= Na, K and Li ……………………………………………………………………… 55

Solar thermal treatment of phosphate ore for dehumidification operations by using a parabolictrough collector connected to a fluid-bed …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 56

Effect of crystallizable glass addition on microstructures and energy storageproperties of BNN ceramics ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 57

Optimization of phosphate/clay microfiltration membrane using Box-Behnkendesign for the treatment of industrial wastewater ………………………………………………………………………………………… 58

Influence of heat treatment on the erosion and corrosion resistanceof high-chromium carbon steels ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 59

Development of advanced material coating to enhance corrosion resistancein chemical installations Study of 304 austenitic steel and carbon steel ……………………………………………………… 60

Solvent extraction of rare earth elements from wet-process phosphoric acid ……………………………………………… 61

Applications of lamellar nanomaterial birnessite-type for the removal of heavy metalsin an aqueous medium and commercial phosphoric acid …………………………………………………………………………… 62

Elaboration of nanosheets based on manganese: Application for the removalof heavy metals in aqueous medium and phosphoric acid …………………………………………………………………………… 63

Rare earths recovery from wet process phosphoric acid using resin technology ………………………………………… 64

The manufacture of elemental sulphur-enriched phosphate fertilizer of improved physical quality ……………… 65

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Valorization of seawater reverse osmosis brine for zero liquid discharge ……………………………………………………… 66

Ultrasound-assisted multicomponent green synthesis of novel 1,2,3-triazole-sulfonamides catalyzed by copper (II) poroushydroxyapatit ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 67

Phosphorylated biopolymer-based microcapsules for smart anticorrosion self-healing coating …………………… 68

Bismuth based oxide as Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in HCl Medium ………………………………………………… 69

Improvement of the dielectric properties and the energy storage performanceof Sodium niobate ceramic with Na2O - Nb2O5- P2O5 phosphate glass addition …………………………………………… 70

Synthesis, characterization possible application of the new layered phosphatepigment ATP 6 AHA in corrosion applications ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 71

Heavy metals released by phosphogypsum into environment:Removal process using cerium doped activated carbon ……………………………………………………………………………… 72

From Argan Nut Shells towards mesoporous activated carbons …………………………………………………………………… 73

Effect of the Ba/K ratio on structural, dielectric and energy storage propertiesof BaO-K2O-TiO2-P2O5 glass-ceramics ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 74

Experimental and theoretical study of IR and Raman spectra of metacarboxyphenylammonium dihydrogenomonophosphate (C7H4NH3OOH)H2PO4 (m-C AMP) …………………………………………… 75

Phosphate Functionalized Starch to Formulate Composite Cements for Orthopaedic Applications ……………… 76

Ultrasound-assisted green synthesis of novel N-allyl 5-arylidene-thiazolidine-2,4-diones and their isoxazoline/isoxazole analogues via oxidative cyclisation using trisodium phosphate in aqueous media ………………………… 77

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of phosphorene under different pH valuesusing density functional theory (DFT) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 78

Formulation and In Vitro investigation of Phosphate based Composites as a Biomaterialfor Drug Delivery Platform and Bone Repair ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 79

Valorization of rare earth elements containing in phosphogypsum ……………………………………………………………… 80

Chemical preparation, crystallographic characterization and Raman-Infrared vibrational studies of three new monophosphates associated to zirconium Na0.5M0.25Zr2(PO4)3 (M = Mn, Ni, Co) …………………………………………… 81

Association of an antibiotic with calcium phosphate composite cement:Study of the setting, rheological, mechanical properties, and release behavior …………………………………………… 82

CoFeOPO4@C Oxyphosphate as Potential Negative Electrode Material for Sodium-ion Batteries ………………… 83

Corrosion Inhibition Efficiency of organically functionalized Zirconium Orthophosphatefor protection of steel ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 84

Photocatalytic activity of TiO2/zirconium phosphate nanocompositesfor the removal of Orange G from aqueous solutions ………………………………………………………………………………… 85

Design and quantification of oriented membrane processes relatedto the extraction and recovery of chromium ions from loaded acid solutions ……………………………………………… 86

Foam control in phosphoric acid unit by Chemical treatment of phosphate rock ……………………………………… 87

Treatment by adsorption of the organic matter contained in phosphoric acid:A comparative study between two support solid ………………………………………………………………………………………… 88

Solid carbon phases from olive oil industry for the extraction and storageof pollutants and contaminants from loaded acid solutions ………………………………………………………………………… 89

Leaching of rare earth elements from phosphogypsum ……………………………………………………………………………… 90

Crystal structure of silver strontium copper orthophosphate, AgSr4Cu4.5(PO4)6 …………………………………………… 91

Solvent extraction of cadmium from phosphoric acid by synthesized agent C11H18N2O ……………………………… 92

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Sulfuric acide recovery from phosphogypsum using electromembrane technology …………………………………… 93

Improvement of porosity of an alpha-TCP cement by incorporationof biodegradable polymer microspheres …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 94

Effect of CoO-doped alkali zinc phosphate glasses on Physical, Structural and Electrical properties …………… 95

Anti-dust products for dust control of monoammonium phosphate …………………………………………………………… 96

Consolidation of carbonated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles at very low temperature …………………………………… 97

Attractive energetic performance of the Li1.5-2xNixFe0.5Ti1.5(PO4)3 Nasicon-type phosphates …………………………… 98

Complex degradation characterization of Brushite (CaHPO4.2H2O) using in situhigh temperature XRD and thermogravimetry analysis ………………………………………………………………………………… 99

Thermoelectric figure of merit of zinc phosphate glass-reinforced graphite composites …………………………… 100

Production of Glass Fibers based on Moroccan natural phosphate …………………………………………………………… 101

Recovery by leaching of vanadic compounds from spent catalysts of sulfuric acid production …………………… 102

Development of a fluosilicic acid Certified Reference Material: Study of stability ………………………………………… 103

Synthesis and crystal structure of a new phosphate K3Ni6Fe(PO4)6 ……………………………………………………………… 104

Rare Earth Elements: A Novel Extraction Method ……………………………………………………………………………………… 105

Dynamic study for Removal of Olive Mill Wastewater Effluent by H3PO4Treated Olive Stones in a Continuous Fixed Bed Reactor …………………………………………………………………………… 106

Kinetics, Isotherms, and Thermodynamics of (KOH, H3PO4) treated Olive Stonesas an efficient adsorbent for the removal of Methylene Blue dye from wastewaters …………………………………… 107

SUSTAINABLE MINING ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 108

Use of phosphate mines by-products as supplementary cementitious materials ………………………………………… 109

Bibliographic review on the valorization of phosphate by-productsin construction materials and application prospects in the case of Morocco ……………………………………………… 110

Mechanical proprieties of phosphogypsum and slag aggregates to stabilize bentonite ……………………………… 111

Valorization of phosphate mine waste rocks as aggregates for concrete ……………………………………………………… 112

Organic matter in the phosphogypsum: Degree of transformation …………………………………………………………… 113

Production of eco-friendly lightweight aggregates from clayey phosphate mine waste ……………………………… 114

A review of phosphate by-products valorization hydraulic binder manufacturers:Challenges and perspectives …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 115

Assessment of local flora for the phytomanagement of phosphate mine wastesused as a cover to limit acid mine drainage in arid and semi-arid climate …………………………………………………… 116

Floristic and ecological monitoring of local flora on a Store-and-Release cover madewith phosphate mine wastes in arid and semi-arid environment of Kettara mine, Morocco ………………………… 117

Acid geopolymer based on phosphate wash sludge as a new photocatalystfor the degradation of the methylene blue dye in wastewater …………………………………………………………………… 118

Experimental Mines: Research Platforms for Sustainable Development ……………………………………………………… 119

Physico-chemical, biological, and eco-toxicological characterization of tailingsfrom phosphate mine of Ben Guerir city for reclamation purpose ……………………………………………………………… 120

The use of phosphate washing sludge for the treatmentand the valorisation of leachate from dump site ………………………………………………………………………………………… 121

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Valorisation of phosphate washing sludge: Production of anti-corrosion pigments …………………………………… 122

Phosphate tailings densification in view of a better waste disposal and/or valorizationand optimal water recycling: Case of Tunisian phosphates mines ……………………………………………………………… 123

Mechanical behavior of phosphate mine waste rocks for highly stressed pavements ………………………………… 124

Valorization of by-products from phosphate extractionfor the production of geopolymers materials ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 125

Valorization of Phosphate Mine Waste in road construction(A case study: site of Ouled Abdoun in Morocco) ……………………………………………………………………………………… 126

Elaboration of a new raw material based on phosphate sludge and glass wastefor geopolymer production ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 127

Spent lithium-ion batteries recycling towards a smart circular economy …………………………………………………… 128

Building energy efficiency: Use of phosphate byproductsfor the development of efficient phase change composite materials ………………………………………………………… 129

AGRICULTURE & BIOTECHNOLOGY ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 130

Influence of salinity on phosphorus and potassium uptakeof tomato plants grown in hydroponic conditions ……………………………………………………………………………………… 131

Effects of land use systems on phosphorus sorption characteristics …………………………………………………………… 132

Plant growth rhizobacteria applications for plant nutrition management in Ghana ……………………………………… 133

Improving seed germination rate of Lactuca sativa and Peganum harmala in Kettra mine tailingsby using combination of organo-mineral amendments and the mining topsoil ………………………………………… 134

Phosphate solubilizing fluorescent Pseudomonads: Beneficial effects on Tomato growth…………………………… 135

Effect of phosphorus soil fertilization on growth and yieldof corn silage (Zea mays L.) under salinity water stress ……………………………………………………………………………… 136

The effect of phosphorus supply on Early Vegetative growth parameters of maize (Zea mays L.)………………… 137

Quinoa-associated phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria:Characterization of Bacillus atrophaeus S8 and Enterobacter asburiae QB1 suitablefor salty and heavy metals contaminated soils …………………………………………………………………………………………… 138

Do Phosphorus supply shape wheat microbiota? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 139

Phosphate and potassium solubilizing Actinobacteriafor maize growth under rock phosphate fertilization ………………………………………………………………………………… 140

Co-inoculation effect of rhizobia and PSBon Vicia Faba varieties under phosphorus limitation …………………………………………………………………………………… 141

Phosphorus Adsorption using Kinetics Models of Some Soilsof Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 142

Response of chickpea to ortho and polyphosphate fertilizers under drip fertigation regime ……………………… 143

Biological Nitrogen Fixation Research on Grain Legumes in Nigeria:An Overview and perspectives to the formulation of inoculants products …………………………………………………… 144

Carbon and dry matter losses during composting of date palm residueswith rock phosphate and sheep manure as additives ………………………………………………………………………………… 145

High throughput sequencing and isolation to identifyand characterize microbial communities in phosphate mine wastes ………………………………………………………… 146

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Characterization in vitro and in vivo of the first phosphatesolubilizing rhizobacteria associated with Ziziphus lotus plant …………………………………………………………………… 147

Intercropping Legume/cereal Enhances Phosphorus Nutritionin Wheat under Stress Combining Water Deficit and P limitation ……………………………………………………………… 148

Durum wheat growth in response to polyphosphate fertilizers …………………………………………………………………… 149

Screening of multiple plant growth promoting traits of heavy metals resistantrhizobacteria isolated from the rhizospheric soil of legume Hedysarum pallidum ……………………………………… 150

Improvement of maize growth and development in P-deficient soil enrichedwith phosphate-laundered sludge and inoculated by phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms …………………… 151

Formulation of new biostimulant composition using agro-food by products ……………………………………………… 152

Elaboration and application of vitreous fertilizers to improve wheat growth and physiological traits…………… 153

Screening for efficient phosphate solubilizing bacteria should considerboth rhizosphere-and root-related traits modifications at different plant growth stages……………………………… 154

Relationship between soil physicochimical proprieties and enzymatic activitiesin rhizosphere of Parsley and Coriander grown under metallic stress ………………………………………………………… 155

Does phosphorus improve tomato plant leaves responses to heat treatment? …………………………………………… 156

Effect of solid phosphate sludges amendments on the growth of fruit and forest trees in the nursery ………… 157

VARIOUS TOPICS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 158

Process Intensification perspectives of Sulfuric Acid Manufacturing ………………………………………………………… 159

Development and Implementation of a Prototype of Autonomous Mining Truc …………………………………………… 160

Upper Cretaceous-Early Eocene depositional sequences in the Boucraa deposits (Saharian domain, Morocco):Integrated stratigraphy, facies development and correlation ……………………………………………………………………… 161

Sulfuric Acid Leaching Study of Rare Earth Elements from Moroccan Phosphogypse ………………………………… 162

The Meskala basin phosphate series: Facies analysis and mineralogy ………………………………………………………… 163

Production of crystalline urea phosphate from untreated Moroccan Phosphoric Acid and urea …………………… 164

The Carbonatite complexes of the Reguibat Shield (Dakhla Province, Morocco) and their potential for phosphate and REE-Nb resources ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 165

Tuning optoelectronic properties of phosphoric acid based dyes through variation of donor unit:A DFT/TD-DFT investigation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 166

Study of rare earth solubilization from phosphogypsum exposed to sulfuric acid attack …………………………… 167

Effectiveness of combining ERT and TDEM geophysical methods for aquifers exploration in the phosphate series context …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 168

Mineralogy, geochemistry, and beneficiation of phosphate Clays of the Ouled BouSbaa deposit (Meskala, Morocco) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 169

Study of the correlation between chemical elements (BPL, CO2, MgO, SiO2...)in a phosphate deposit, Morocco ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 170

The challenging passage through micro-flotation to mechanical flotation cell:Case of low-grade Moroccan phosphates …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 171

Geo-mining study of the panel 7 phosphate layers, Benguerir deposit, Gantour basin, Morocco ………………… 172

Slope stability risk in phosphate open pit mines (Khouribga, Morocco) ……………………………………………………… 173

Biogenic sulfur as a potential resource for the Moroccan phosphate industry: Preliminary exploration and geochemical characterization of eastern Rifean occurrences …………………………………………………………………… 174

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Characterization of natural phosphate: Clogging studies …………………………………………………………………………… 175

Energetic and economic analysis of cogeneration desulfurization system of phosphogypsum …………………… 176

Optimization of nitric Acid Leaching of Rare-Earth Elements from Moroccan Natural Phosphate ………………… 177

The MRS method and its use for ground water investigations: application to the study of aquifers hosted in the phosphatic series in Bahira-Gantour bassin ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 178

Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Kef Essennoun phosphorite deposit (North eastern Algeria) …… 179

Cretaceous-Tertiary anoxic events and their genetic relationships with phosphatogenesisin Tarfaya-Laayoune-Dakhla Basin (Morocco) …………………………………………………………………………………………… 180

Depressant effect of sodium alginate on calcite in fluorapatite flotation ……………………………………………………… 181

Gravity investigations in the Bahira basin, Morocco. Interpretation and hydrogeological implications ………… 182

Origin and sedimentary dynamics of Maastrichtian phosphatic and bituminous faciesof the residual basins of the Middle Atlas (Morocco) …………………………………………………………………………………… 183

Granular phosphorites from the High-Atlas of Marrakesh: Composition and genetic implications ……………… 184

Experimental and computational fluid dynamic CFD modeling of the removal of acid orange 7 dye in continuous fixed bed reactor by alkaline treated eggshell …………………………………………………………………………………………… 185

Rare earth-intercalated bentonite as anticorrosive pigmentsfor mild steel in a 3% NaCl solution …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 186

Adsorption of a textile effluent from aqueous solutions onto modified Moroccan clay:Equilibrium and kinetic studies ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 187

Kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamic adsorption studies of diuron onto bottom ash ……………………………… 188

Computational thermodynamics assessment in the development of a novelcorrosion-abrasion resistant alloy ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 189

Applying Detailed Quantum Mechanics, Molecular Dynamics SimulationsStudies and Electrochemical Explorations of Biopolymer “Lignin” as New SustainableCorrosion Inhibitor on the Cu-Zn Alloy in 3% NaCl Solution ……………………………………………………………………… 190

Design and characterization of novel organic compounds based on Benzocarbazolesfor application in DSSC as efficient renewable resources …………………………………………………………………………… 191

Swelling and non swelling Moroccan clay functionalization:Application as nanoadsorbent in water treatment ……………………………………………………………………………………… 192

Valorization of ceramic industry waste: Elaboration and characterizationof geopolymer/fired broken pieces …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 193

Study of the influence of the clinker rate on the carbonation of concrete …………………………………………………… 194

Alginate-Bentonite composite beads: Enhancement of cadmium removal from aqueous medium ……………… 195

Synthesis of Moroccan stevensite-layered double hydroxide compositefor heavy metals retention from aqueous medium ……………………………………………………………………………………… 196

Synthesis, spectroscopic properties, thermal behaviorand electrochemical efficiency of novel Keggin-type lacunary polyoxometalates ……………………………………… 197

Rietveld refinement and spectroscopic studiesof new vanadate garnets NaPb3-xCaxCd(VO4)3; (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) …………………………………………………………………………… 198

Clay-based structured ceramic materials for environmental applications …………………………………………………… 199

Bifunctional nanostructured manganese oxide:Low-cost, eco-friendly electrode for supercapacitors and electrocatalystsfor the oxygen evolution reaction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 200

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Eugenol modified Smectite-Illite (S-I) clay, Characterization,and corrosion inhibition of brass in a 3% NaCl solution ……………………………………………………………………………… 201

Recycled polymer as a semiconductor support for photocatalyst films formation ……………………………………… 202

Immobilization of Tungsten Trioxide on the surface of mesoporous Silica:Application to Sulfamethazine removal from water and investigations of photocatalyst stability ………………… 203

Development of carbonaceous materials with high added value from the oil shale of Morocco ………………… 204

Preparing Transparent Nickel-doped ZnO thin films by Sol-gel Spin Coatingand Characterization of The Structure, Microstructure of ZnO Powder Nanostructures ……………………………… 205

Electronic Properties of Graphene …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 206

Characterization and thermal conductivity of cellulose based cement composite ……………………………………… 207

Towards Harnessing Local Minerals as low Cost Catalyst Extrudedas Honeycomb Monolith for Syngas Production ……………………………………………………………………………………… 208

Strain rate and temperature effects on tensile deformationof single crystal studied by atomic simulation …………………………………………………………………………………………… 209

Extraction of a natural indigo pigment from Isatis tinctoria leaves and identificationof its precursors with HPLC / MS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 210

Effect of stoichiometric coefficient on crosslinking and migrationof BPA of epoxy coating to food stuffs ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 211

Sponsor Aknowledgment ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 212

PLENARY TALKSABSTRACTS

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MAGHREB DES SCIENCES DANS LA CIVILISATION DE L’ISLAMAhmed DJEBBARProfessor Émérite de Mathématiques et d’Histoire des Mathématiques : Université des sciences et des technologies de Lille, France

A partir du IXe siècle, une nouvelle tradition scientifique “savante” s’est développée dans l’espace géopolitique et culturel arabo-musulman. Le Maghreb a été partie prenante de ce phénomène qui a également constitué, par son contenu, par son ampleur et par ses conséquences, un tournant décisif dans l’Histoire des activités scientifiques autour de la Méditerranée.

Après une présentation des facteurs qui ont été à l’origine de l’éclosion des pratiques savantes au Maghreb et en Andalus (deux régions complémentaires dans l’Histoire culturelle et scientifique de l’Occident musulman), la conférence exposera le contenu et les particularités de la tradition scientifique du Maghreb. Elle donnera également des informations sur la circulation partielle, en Orient musulman, de cette production scientifique et de celle d’al-Andalus.

Dans une dernière partie, la conférence décrira le rôle du Maghreb dans la diffusion de la production scientifique arabe dans les premiers foyers intellectuels de l’Afrique subsaharienne et de l’Europe médiévale.

INDUSTRIAL MINING DEVELOPMENT FOR SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATIONOF AFRICAAhmed Tidjane SOUARESpecial Adviser to the actual President of the Republic of Guinea, GUINEA

Alkaly YANSANEConsultant and associate member of GIM, GUINEA

The abondance of mineral resources of Africa is well established. A concerted and joined policy of development, conducted thoughtfully and responsibly will clearly lead not only to the targeted development, but also to the desired integration on the social and economic level in Africa.

Presently and almost from all african countries, mineral products are exported as raw materials, they are processed outside Africa and consequently generating added value much above that of run of mined ores.

The development of minerals projects at the continental scale could lead to an increase of added value of industrial mineral products. This will also lead to reduced costs of building infrastructures, housing, transportation and other induced activities in agriculture and agro industries.

For a case study, let us consider aluminum which is nowadays the second industrial metal positioned between steel and copper. Aluminum annual production is around 100 MT generating a total revenue of 250 billions US Dollars at a conservative price of 2500 US Dollars per Ton . 40% of that

figure amounts to 100 Billions US Dollars . This represents the bulk sum of the total foreign direct investments (FDI) for the whole continent. Just above 50% of that sum (+50 B US Dollars) represents the bulk sum of the chinese business investment in the entire continent of Africa. This explanation could be applied to other mineral resources like iron ore, copper, phosphates, zinc, nickel and cobalt.

of course, the processing of the ores in Africa requires the availability of sufficient power sources (electrical power) either on site of countries producing minerals or easily accessible to areas of minerals resources which is a possibility in Africa.Last but not least, the political will of the african states has to entail the fulfillment of this processus.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MATERIALS MINING, PRODUCTION, USE AND RECYCLINGJohn VLACHOPOULOSProfessor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, CANADA

As the population of the world is approaching 8 billion, with an annual increase of 80 million, and as the global standard of living is raised, the demand for materials for housing, transportation and food is increasing. Mining, whether open pit or underground has very serious impacts on the environment, including air and water pollution. In the province of Alberta, Canada, bitumen is mined in gigantic open pits which have devastated the landscape and destroyed the livelihood of indigenous hunters and fishermen. Increased demand for food, necessitates more fertilizers. Greater need for transportation means greater demand for petroleum and more greenhouse gas emissions. Food production and distribution also requires huge quantities of packaging (plastics, paper, metals, glass). Excessive use of fertilizers results in draining of significant quantities into streams, rivers and lakes, which increases the growth of aquatic plants and algae, depletes oxygen and kills off fish and other aquatic life, adversely impacting the water ecosystem. Most food packaging is single use plastic products and a portion of them pollutes the oceans. Clothing is another sector of the economy, which requires large quantities of fertilizers and plastics and produces about 10% of greenhouse gas emissions (four times more than those produced by commercial aviation). The choice is either natural fibers or synthetic. Natural fibers include cotton, linen, wool and silk. Synthetic fibers include polyester and nylon, which are polymers, usually referred to as plastics. To the uninformed, cotton appears to be more environment friendly than polyester. However, the vast majority of experts agree that while linen (produced from fibers of the flax plant) has the best, cotton has the worst impact on the environment, due to excessive need for water per kilogram produced. Polyester has its own negative impact due to use of hydrocarbon for polymer production and eventually sheds microfibers during laundering, which are not biodegradable and pollute marine and drinking water. Microplastic pollution also comes from the 2 billion tires used every year, because about 25% of the rubber is left on the road. There are no easy solutions, but the catchwords “REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE” point in the right direction. To these, REDESIGN and RESEARCH must be added as the challenges will be mounting in the years ahead. Redesigned products might be made with less environmental impact during production and might be better suited for reuse and recycling. Redesign is not only for products, products, it includes also lifestyle changes. In USA and Canada, we rely heavily on automobiles and airliners for transportation, while Europe and Japan make use of less polluting railways. Research may result in better mining practices, better soil remediation technologies, more efficient recycling methods, low price biodegradable plastic products, more efficient solar panels, polymer coatings for controlled release fertilizers and much more.

A MATERIALS APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE AMMONIA PRODUCTIONJ S J HARGREAVESHead of School for Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK

Ammonia production, which is produced at the rate of ca. 174 million tons a year and which is growing annually by ca 1.5%, is pivotal in the sustenance of 40% of the global population via the accessibility of synthetic fertiliser. Ammonia has also been identified as a strong contender in the move to non-carbon-based fuels. Both these considerations provide a driving force for the development of more environmentally friendly ammonia synthesis which can be accomplished in small units on a local scale. The development of such sustainable localised routes to ammonia production will involve the replacement of the large, energy intensive and large carbon footprint Haber Bosch Process with appropriate alternatives. Strategies which are currently the focus of attention include photocatalytic, electrocatalytic and chemical looping-based approaches along with the development of higher activity catalysts suitable for small scale ammonia production. In this presentation, a materials-based approach will be illustrated in the context of the development of heterogeneous catalysts and chemical looping. Three inter-related systems will be described in the talk – CoRe based catalysts, CoMo and related nitride-based catalysts and chemical looping materials and initial studies related to anti-perovskite nitrides. The learning obtained from these studies will be linked together and summarised in the context of suggested future directions in the field.

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ADOPTING AGRICULTURE TO DEGRADING SOILS AND CHANGING CLIMATE IN AFRICAPrem S. BINDRABANDirector of European-Netherlands Office IFDC, Netherlands

Tripling the production of nutritious food in Africa (SSA) in the coming decades under changing climatic and degrading soil conditions entails building of productive and resilient agricultural systems. Such systems should mitigate the impacts from shocks and recover with maximum output and minimum claim on natural resources. The over-reliance on natural nutrient cycling processes for plant nutrition is insufficient to meet food demands. E.g., 80% increase in food production in SSA came from land expansion, while yields remained low under sub-optimal mineral fertilization.Most mineral fertilizers have been optimized for large-scale industrial processing, ease of logistics and soil application, targeted to bulk NPK products. The instant nutrient release following fertilizer application is not in sync with the gradually increasing nutrient demand during crop growth. This causes high losses. Moreover, plants need other nutrients to be productive and healthy. The bioavailability of phosphorus (P) in particular, strongly limits plant growth and productivity. Phosphate Rock (PR) is mined and processed into water soluble P (WSP) fertilizers but when applied to soil, binds to various components largely unavailable for plant uptake. This pool of P may be lost over time via leaching, runoff, and/or erosion, contributing to eutrophication.In this paper, we revisit the design and application of P fertilizer products, taking productive and resilient agriculture for healthy people and planet as an entry point. Enhancing edaphic processes to tune the temporal dimensions of P availability to crop demand and interaction with the availability and uptake of other nutrients have been identified as key to this aim. Accelerating the weathering of PR by combination with WSP fertilizers, incorporation of P solubilizing bacteria into PR, or using nanoscale P are discussed as potentially promising options. Interactions and promising combinations of P withother nutrients such as Zn (to enhance drought tolerance and nutritional value), and with nitrogen (N), and Sulphur (S) (for build-up of soil organic matter) will be elaborated. Physiological and molecular traits for identifying cultivars with efficient P uptake and remobilization to edible plant parts are discussed, as is the development of varieties with improved mechanisms for P acquisition like higher exudation of organic acids, phosphatases and protons to mobilize P from the soil. Genes identified for improved P absorption through root or leaf are discussed.The complexity of interacting edaphic, physiological, and physio-chemical fertilizer products negates the notion of one-size-fits all and underlines the need for site-specific P fertilizer solutions. The proposed approach may generate potentially large favorable impacts on plant adaptation and food and nutrition security.

THE EMERGING ROLE OF GEOMETALLURGY IN ENHANCING CIRCULAR MINING ECONOMY APPROACHESAnita PARBHAKAR-FOXSenior Research Fellow at Sustainable Minerals Institute, University of Queensland, Australia

The complexity of mine waste management continues to be one of the greatest challenges the mining industry faces with ‘license to operate’ continuing to rank as the number 1 business risk facing the mining and metals industry [1]. Social media has become a platform for revealing the impact that incomplete mine closure can have on the environment causing global communities to demand that the mining industry commits and contributes to community, government, employees and environment needs beyond the life-of-mine. However, successful mine closure is a challenge for a number of reasons, the most important of which is the poor understanding of the mine waste’s (e.g., waste rock, tailings) chemical and physical properties. If these are not known, then in the long-term, the engineering design to contain the waste will ultimately fail. When considering improved management practices, which meet societal expectations, a new approach is required. The objectives of geometallurgy are two-fold and can be summarized as: i) to improve profitability at a mine; and ii) to minimise risk. Therefore, by applying a geometallurgy characterisation approach (whereby the bulk mineralogical and chemical properties, insitu mineralogy and texture, mineral chemistry and acid-base accounting properties of waste are assessed)

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the mining industry can more effectively de-risk mine waste and enhance their operations by either i) potentially revealing secondary deposits or; ii) gain an detailed understanding of the waste properties thereby allowing effective rehabilitation strategies to be developed. In Australia, the circular economy is growing with a target set by the Australian Government to generate $26 billion AUD by 2025. Whilst industries like plastics, food and fashion are making significant changes in order to meet this target, the mining industry has been considerably slower to adapt. To address this, new projects have recently started including the Queensland Governments New Economy Metals Initiative, whereby 9 mine waste sites across Queensland, comprising tailings storage facilities, waste rock dumps and heap leach piles, were sampled and been subject to first-pass geometallurgical characterisation (bulk mineralogy, chemical assay, automated mineralogy, LA-ICPMS). The primary focus of this ongoing study is to examine the tenor and deportment of cobalt, tungsten, indium, germanium and gallium. Adoption of such an approach for examining phosphate mine wastes has potential to identify new sources of REEs which is also being investigated.

KEY NOTESABSTRACTS

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MAGNETIC RESONANCE SOUNDING (MRS): AN INNOVATIVE HYDROGEOPHYSICAL METHOD FOR AQUIFER EXPLORATION – CHALLENGES AND LIMITSKonstantinos CHALIKAKISAssistant professor at Avignon University, France

Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) or Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SNMR) is a key geophysical tool for hydrogeological investigation. On the contrary to other geophysical methods, the MRS method is based on the resonance behaviour of the magnetic moments of hydrogen protons in the groundwater molecules (eg. Legchenko and Valla, 2002). Thus the obtained magnetic resonance signal is directly linked to the groundwater presence. The derived information from the magnetic resonance signal is the MRS water content (MRS) and the relaxation times (T2* and T1) that can be used to estimate hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity (eg. Chalikakis et al., 2009; Vouillamoz et al., 2012). Due to these advantages MRS gained an important place in the international hydrogeological community for groundwater resources exploration and exploitation (eg. Carriere et al., 2016).Over the last two decades, researchers and engineers worldwide performed different measuring campaigns in order to evaluate the efficiency and the limitations of MRS using mainly two different commercially available equipment: NumisPoly from IRIS Instruments (France) and GMRTM from Vista Clara (USA). These campaigns were targeting various geological settings and different compartments of the aquifers structure (both unsaturated and saturated zones). Currently, due to important instrumental and software advancing even NMR-borehole probes are also developed.The main actual research challenges are concerning a) the reliability of MRS measurements under electromagnetic noise conditions, b) high temporal frequency MRS monitoring and c) efficiency on introducing MRS data to hydrodynamic modelling.

Keywords: Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS), hydrogeophysics, aquifers characterization

References:Carriere, S. D., Chalikakis, K., Danquigny, C., Davi, H., Mazzilli, N., Ollivier, C. and Emblanch, C.: The role of porous matrix in water flow regulation within a karst unsaturated zone: an integrated hydrogeophysical approach, Hydrogeol. J., 24(7), 1905–1918, doi:10.1007/s10040-016-1425-8, 2016.Chalikakis, K., Nielsen, M. R., Legchenko, A. and Hagensen, T. F.: Investigation of sedimentary aquifers in Denmark using the magnetic resonance sounding method (MRS), Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 341(10), 918–927, doi:10.1016/j.crte.2009.07.007, 2009.Legchenko, A. and Valla, P.: A review of the basic principles for proton magnetic resonance sounding measurements, Journal of Applied Geophysics, 50(1–2), 3–19, doi:10.1016/S0926-9851(02)00127-1, 2002.Vouillamoz, J. M., Sokheng, S., Bruyere, O., Caron, D. and Arnout, L.: Towards a better estimate of storage properties of aquifer with magnetic resonance sounding, Journal of Hydrology, 458–459, 51–58, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.06.044, 2012

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PHOSPHATES BY-PRODUCTS REUSE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGESYassine TAHAAssistant Professor at Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Morocco

Phosphate industry around the world produces huge volumes of mine wastes. These wastes are generally surface landfilled in the vicinity of extraction sites leading, even if geochemically inert, to important environmental impacts and large footprint (several dozen hectares). Phosphate ores are then concentrated, generating important tonnage of wastes after mining beneficiation and transformation processes. These wastes are becoming more and more closer to urban areas due to footprint enlargement, population growth and cities extension. Therefore, this paper aims in presenting the current practices of phosphate wastes management in the world understanding the typology of waste streams and their characteristics. The goal is to suggest more sustainable management methods and to explore new future opportunities related to the re-use and reprocessing of these wastes. Three waste categories are targeted: waste rocks, tailings sludges and phosphogypsum. Some possible high value-added products from these types of wastes are suggested based on their characteristics, location and volume. Construction aggregates, ceramics, bricks, cement, glass, acid mine drainage control, and road-base construction are among the possible explored channels. A preliminary waste management guideline is presented based on international benchmarking and the current development outcomes. The reuse of these wastes should be included in the future plans of almost mining industries looking to reach the sustainable development goals.

SURFACE-REACTIVE PHOSPHORUS-CONJUGATED NANOMATERIALSAbdelkrim EL KADIBProfessor at Euromed University of Fès, Morocco

Phosphorus plays an important role in our daily life as illustrated by the ubiquity of phosphorus-containing fragments in drugs and commodity materials. In chemistry, a vibrating activity was associated to the implementation of phosphine in coordination chemistry and catalysis, polyphosphazene in polymer-based flame-retardants, and metal phosphide in the next generation of energetic materials.Owing to a set of exciting features, phosphorus-containing reagents emerged as powerful surface-coupling derivatives, allowing the transformation of solids with little allure to highly reactive materials. This comparatively recent approach outperforms the hitherto used conventional silylation achieved through post-grafting of alkoxy silyl derivatives.In this context, we recently engaged a deeper understanding on surface functionalization of a variety of nanomaterials using phosphorus derivatives. This includes covalent dendritic framework,1 porous metal oxide,2 graphene sheets,3,4 cellulose nanocrystals5 and other nano-sized objects including tubular halloysite nanoparticles.Interestingly, the presence of phosphorus imparts these nanomaterials with high surface-reactivity, outstanding thermal and chemical stability and even interesting biological response when these materials are used as antibacterial devices. Overall, the use of phosphorus as coupling agents provides a new channel of exciting possibilities in chemistry and material science and is suspected to broaden the library of available phosphorus-based materials.

References :[1] N. Katir, N. El Brahmi, N.Marcotte, J. P. Majoral, M. Bousmina,* A. El Kadib.* Macromolecules, 49 (2016) 5796.[2] Y. Brahmi, N. Katir, J. A. M. Agullo, A. Primo, M. Bousmina, J. P. Majoral, H. Garcia, A. El Kadib.* Dalton Trans., 44 (2015) 15444.[3] A. Anouar. N. Katir. A.-S. Mamede, A. Aboulaich, K. Draoui, S. Royer, A. El Kadib.* Mater. Chem. Front., 3 (2019) 242.[4] N. Katir, A. Benayad, N. Marcotte, N. Brahmi, J- P. Majoral, M. Bousmina, A. El Kadib.* Nansocale Adv., 1 (2019) 314. [5] S. Blilid, N. Katir, J. El Haskouri, M. Lachini, S. Royer, A. El Kadib.* New J. Chem., 43 (2019) 15555.

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RHEOLOGY OF POWDERS: MAXWELL, JEFFREYS AND THE QUICKSAND CASTLE MODELCOULD IT BE A POW(D)ERFUL TOOL IN PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY?Philippe MARCHALResearch Engineer PhD, CNRS, France

Powders and granular media are omnipresent in our environment and have for centuries been of considerable socio-economic interest in many industrial areas such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, agri-food or building materials. In industrial processes involving powdered media, these undergo many unit operations (separation, agitation, mixing, shaping) and are subjected to resulting mechanical solicitations (flow, deformation, compression). Rheology being the “science of deformation and flow of matter”, it is clear that it can only be beneficial for the control of an industrial process involving granular materials, whether for the dimensioning of chemical engineering plants or the formulation of products. Unfortunately, powders are macroscopic, out of equilibrium and very dissipative media, insensitive to thermal Brownian motion and very sensitive to ambient humidity. As a consequence, even if many characterization techniques are currently available, from a practical point of view, it is still difficult to obtain reproducible measurements and, from a theoretical point of view, it is difficult to interpret the results of these measurements.In this context, we have designed “powder rheometer” allowing to control humidity and to reproduce the analog of a Brownian motion within samples by subjecting them to vibrations. This results in two major advantages: from an experimental point of view, the sensitivity and reproducibility of the measurements are considerably improved and from a theoretical point of view it becomes possible to apply the methods of statistical physics. This led us to develop a structural model, the “quicksand castle model” allowing to describe and interpret, qualitatively and quantitatively, the rheological behaviour of dry, wet or liquid-saturated granular systems. Consequently, it becomes possible to relate the macroscopic rheological properties of powders of very varied natures to the local structural characteristics of the grains of which they are composed. This methodology can therefore be a valuable characterisation and formulation tool in cosmetics, food, building materials or phosphate industries to name but a few.

Keywords : rheology, powders, modelling, formulation, product engineering

References:[1] Marchal Ph., N. Smirani and L. Choplin, “Rheology of dense-phase vibrated powders and molecular analogies”, Journal of Rheology, 53 (1), 1-29 (2009)[2] Marchal Ph., C. Hanotin, L. Michot and S. Kiesgen de Richter, “Two-state model to describe the rheological behavior of vibrated granular matter”, Physical Review E, 88, 012207 (2013)[3] Hanotin C., Ph. Marchal, L. J. Michot, C. Baravian and S. Kiesgen de Richter, “Dynamics of vibrated granular suspensions probed by mechanical spectroscopy and diffusing wave spectroscopy measurements”, Soft Mater, 9, 9352-9360 (2013)[4] Madariaga L., Marchal Ph., C. Castel, E. Favre and L. Choplin, “Characterization of impregnated particles via powder rheology”, Powder Technology, 196(2), 222-228 (2009).

USE OF PHOSPHORUS ISOTOPES FOR IMPROVING PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENTIN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMSJoseph ADU-GYAMFIManagement Specialist at International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Austria

Population growth and changes in consumption patterns, including new dietary preferences require the production of more and diverse food. Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and its deficiency poses a major constraint to sustainable crop production. Although the application of phosphorus fertilizers has immensely contributed to drive agricultural expansion and intensification to ensure food security for the ever-growing population, it has also brought new environmental externalities, including negative impacts on the environment. Excessive and inappropriate use of phosphorus lead to non-point source pollution and eutrophication of natural waters, wiping out fish and other important parts of the underwater ecosystem. Identifying appropriate systems for managing soil phosphorus and reducing the risks of eutrophication are needed to minimize the environmental risks. Numerous procedures (conventional and isotopic methods) have been developed and used to conduct phosphate studies in soil-plant systems and their

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individual compartments. Isotopic methods are becoming increasingly important, not so much as routine methods but more in investigating the soil P kinetics processes, the soil and plant factors that affect the availability of P to plants and lately for source identification and apportionment of phosphorus pollutants in the agro environment.Identifying and apportioning these contributions is thus essential for national agencies and governments to design policies and target response.The use of tracers to investigate phosphate cycling in soil-plant systems has been extensively reviewed. Earlier worked focused on the use of P radioisotopes (32P and 33P) that are not appropriate for long-term or field-based studies of soil P dynamics and the fate of P fertilizers in agricultural catchments because of their short half-lives (14.26–25.34 days) and a large-scale radiation protection and safety issues required.Recently studies have shown that δ18O–P in resin-extractable soil P can be a marker for the rate of biological P transformation and several authors have emphasized the potential importance of the δ18O–P technique to provide critical information on biological processes and to trace the origin and the fate of P in soil–plant systems. However, they have emphasized the need for further development to consolidate the δ18O–P technique with regards to the information on the kinetics of equilibrium between the δ18O–P in different soil P compartments, the proper inventory of the δ18O–P of different Pi and Po pools in the soil, the δ18O–P in different P sources and waters, and the effects of different parameters such as atmospheric humidity, temperature, and supply of P and water on the δ18O–P of metabolic P and structural P in plant. Thus, more data, research and integration of approaches and user-friendly analytical tools that improves the precision and breadth of existing analyses and provide more accurate guidance on appropriate mitigation actions are required.The Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture is working on: (1) use of phosphorus radioisotopes to investigate soil phosphorus dynamics and cycling in soil–plant systems, (2) evaluation of phosphate rock sources for agricultural production using phosphorus isotopes, (3) development of protocols and guidelines using multi-stable isotope fingerprints for tracing the sources of the agro-pollutants, and soil and water management practices to reduce pollutants from phosphate fertilizers in the environment. All the above will be further discussed.

THE MATERIAL DESIGN ROLE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF TIO2 AS AN ANODE ELECTRODE FOR LI-ION BATTERIES.Abdelhafed TALEBAssociate Professor at Sorbonne University, France

Lithium ion batteries (LiBs) are considered as one of the most promising storage technologies, thanks to their excellent performance with: a high energy density, high open circuit voltage, low memory effect and low self-discharge effect. Furthermore, the LiBs technology meets the requirements of different industrial applications among including the hybrid electric vehicle specifications.In this presentation, different morphologies of TiO2 material will be explored: as a negative insertion electrode material for the Li-ion batteries application, and the role of specific surface areas and structures in the improvement of their performance. Furthermore, the hydrothermal synthesis method will be presented and the parameter controlling the properties of prepared materials will be discussed.

WORKSHOPSABSTRACTS

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WORKSHOP 1 :Planning and control of ports activities : Focus on bulk ports in the era of industry 4.0

SUSTAINABLE URBAN & PORT PLANNING ENHANCING CRUISE ENERGY EFFICIENCY DEVELOPMENTCarlo ALBERINIResearch and Education Fellow at Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Morocco

The growing Moroccan cruise industry represents a strategic player for commercial port development, as well as a key acceleration factor for the creation of wealth and job opportunities in tourist port cities. Underlying this growth, however, are global and local issues pertaining to wider sustainability and resilient outcomes. On one hand, there is the need upgrade cruise and ferry port infrastructures through waterfront regeneration projects to improve urban quality; on the other hand, there is the need enhance tourism logistics, related to passengers and commercial services, through innovative management solutions, to avoid negative impacts on urban livability and environment. Also, there is the fact that global logistics and cruise players, to adhering to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations aiming to reduce atmosphere gas emissions (SOx and NOx), are starting an energy shift, towards the use of more green resources.Therefore, the theme of sustainability becomes a key element to build an integrated development project for port cities, involving sustainable urban planning, green energy transition for vessel, environmental and economic sustainability for public transport, as well as the economic and social sustainability of tourism business.Morocco’s recent developments in the energy sector, such as the projects to exploit natural gas fields (Larache along the Atlantic coast in the North and Inezgane Offshore site in the South sea area), and the continental leadership of the Noor solar power plant in Ouarzazate, promise for developing an integrated green energy sector, to support the cruise and shipping sectors. In this context, Morocco could benefit from all those advantage factors, to become an international case study of integrated sustainable development model, combining its tourist vocation, the availability of green energy resources, with the technological and energy transformations that are planned on a global level within the shipping sector.This paper aims to stimulate a debate on next generation of urban and port growth projects, that would be able to support an integrated and sustainable development of Moroccan tourist cities, based on a holistic approach, for reducing the environmental impacts deriving from cruise ships, local public transport, as well as from tourism and commercial logistics, thanks to the use of new green energy resources, such as LNG and Hydrogen.

METHODOLOGY TO DEPLOY MOM FOR PORTS ACTIVITIES MANAGEMENTKhalid KOUISSProfessor at SIGMA Clermont / Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, France/Morocco

Manufacturing Operations Management (MOM) is an important brick for the development of smart factories. MOM fills the gap between planning activities supported by ERP applications and the actual operational activities in the workshop.Even, if the companies are convinced that they need to build their own MOM, many of the deployed systems still not at the level to fulfill the requirements of the smart factories. This situation could have many explanations:

• Companies don’t apply the integration standards (in particular ISA 95)• Lack of digitalization standards• Machines in the workshop are not ready for connectivity• Difficulties to consider the MOM as a system with many stakeholders and not just an IT application• The MOM system must be agile and adaptable

The ports are complex systems with many specificities that must be considered for a successful deployment of an MOM. In this presentation, we will propose a methodology to assess, specify and deploy MOM system in existing plants. This method has been proposed for the projects in Jorf Lasfar port.

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WORKSHOP 2 : Sustainable Development of nanotechnology in agriculture

NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR ENHANCING PLANT PRODUCTIONFrançois PERREAULTProfessor at Arizona State University, USA

Nanotechnology provides the opportunity to develop new or enhanced formulations for pesticide or nutrient use in plants. By engineering the physicochemical properties of materials at the nanoscale, the interactions of nanomaterials with plant systems can be tailored to increase uptake, promote retention, or reduce toxicity. In this presentation, we will present the different pathways by which nanomaterials can interact with plant systems, the physiological aspects to be considered, and describe the evolution of the use of engineered nanomaterials for agricultural applications. Finally, we will introduce the different topics to be discussed during the workshop and the planned outcomes.

ADVANCING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE THROUGH A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO NANO-ENABLED AGROCHEMICAL DESIGNLeanne GILBERTSONProfessor at University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

Current best-case scenarios for nitrogen - and phosphorus-fertilizer use efficiencies are 50% and 25%, respectively. These inefficiencies, when considered on the global scale, have tremendous economic and environmental consequences. For example, annual production of P-based fertilizers requires mining of a finite resource that is found in only certain parts of the world. Production of ammonia for N-based fertilizers demands >160 PJ annually (based on 2014 US consumption values). Runoff of excess nutrients causes contamination of drinking water sources and eutrophication of surface waters (e.g., the worldwide ocean dead zone is 245,000 km2). As such, there is significant opportunity for nano-enabled solutions to have a big impact on an industry that is critical to the wellbeing of the global population. Yet, choices we make about the nanomaterials used and how we design new technologies intended to increase performance have upstream (e.g., embodied resources) and downstream (e.g., emissions) implications. A systems approach to design is necessary to preclude shifting burdens to other life cycle stages and to identify unexpected, high impacts across the life cycle. In this talk, I will discuss the need for and critical issues surrounding a systems approach to designing and evaluating nano-scale solutions to advance agriculture sustainability, focusing on the context of agrochemical use efficiency.

PLANT HEALTH MONITORING AND TARGETED DELIVERY OF AGROCHEMICALS USING NANOTECHNOLOGYJuan Pablo GIRALDOProfessor at University of California, USA

Plant nanobiotechnology is enabling nanosensors that communicate with electronic devices for monitoring plant health and nanoscale platforms for targeted delivery of agrochemicals to improve resource use efficiency. Near-infrared (nIR) fluorescent nanosensors interfaced with plant leaves can report hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a key signaling molecule associated with the onset of plant stress. The sensor nIR fluorescence response (>900 nm) is quenched by H2O2 with selectivity against other stress-associated signaling molecules and is within the plant physiological range. These optical nanosensors report early signs of stress providing novel tools for precision agriculture, and the optimization of agrochemical use in the environment. Efficient agrochemical delivery in plants poses another major challenge for avoiding significant economic losses and environmental pollution. Nanoscale platforms can target and deliver nanomaterials with chemicals to plant photosynthetic and nutrient assimilation organelles (chloroplasts) using guiding plant biomolecule recognition motifs. Nanoparticle functionalization with β-cyclodextrin molecular baskets enables loading and delivery of diverse chemicals, and a nanoparticle coating with a rationally designed and conserved guiding peptide efficiently targets their delivery with chemical cargoes to chloroplasts. Nano-enabled agriculture is emerging as a novel and complementary approach for optimizing the use of agrochemicals in the environment and meet the food demands of a rapidly growing population.

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SUSTAINABLE COATING MATERIAL BASED ON BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS FOR SLOW-RELEASE DAP FERTILIZERMohammed LAHCINIProfessor at Cadi Ayyad University, Morocco

Fertilizers are considered as important elements to maintain the soil fertility and to supply the human demands of food. From now on, more than 70% of the seed yield will have to depend on fertilizers [1]. Besides, the fertilization process is referred to as the main way to work around the decrease of the arable land over the past few decades due to urbanization and climate change. As consequence of the fertilization process, a rapid release of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as major nutriments (NPK) from fertilizers rises up many doubts on their sustainability and efficiency against the plant’s needs [2]. This study presents a new approach for preparing a new type of slow-release membrane-covered DAP fertilizer with PCL-g-GG and PCL-g-HNT as biodegradable carrier materials. The grafting of PCL on GG and HNT was carried out by surface-initiated ring opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone in solvent free condition at different percentages of fillers (GG and HNT) (1%, 3% and 5%) and fixed amount of catalyst tetra(phenylethynyl)tin [εCL/SnAK = 1000/1]. By dip-coating process and drying at 30°C the DAP granules were covered by a thin layer within the PCL matrix grafted on guar gum or halloysite nanotubes. The release behavior of DAP coated by composites films was studied, and following conclusions were achieved: (1) the introduction of hydrophilic charges, guar gum and halloysite nanotubes, increase the swellability of PCL matrix and increased the adhesion between the coating film and surface of DAP granules; (2) the DAP release rate could be controlled by adjusting the charges (GG or HNT) contents on the coating composites. The liberation degree of nutrients can be varied from 2 hours for uncoated DAP to 50 hours with coated DAP by materials prepared 1% wt of GG and HNT; (3) scanning electron microscopy cross-section images revealed that the coating thickness of DAP granules is around 25µm with good adhesion between the granules and the coating films; (4) composite materials prepared with 1% wt of GG and HNT present the best performance in term of mechanical proprieties and hydrophobic characters. Therefore, the modified PCL products for controlled release could be expected to have widely potential application in agriculture industry as fertilizer carrier.

References :1. Brown ME, Higgins N (2009) Markets, climate change, and food security in West Africa. Environ Sci Technol 43:8016–80202. FAO (2009) Global agriculture towards 2050. In: High lev expert forum-how to feed world 2050, pp 1–4

Acknowledgements :The Authors would like to acknowledge the support through the R&D Initiative – Appel à projets autour des phosphates APPHOS - sponsored by OCP (OCP Foundation, R&D OCP,Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, National Centre of Scientific and technical Research CNRST, Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training of Morocco MESRSFC) under the project entitled “Stabilisation et libération contrôlée des fertilisants par enrobage des engrais phosphatés par de nouvelles formulations polymères : une option de l’utilisation efficace des nutriments dans l’agriculture”, project ID VAL-RAI-01/2017 and the CNRST-Morocco, Projet Prioritaire PPR1/2015/73 and Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for supporting synthesis of bio-nanocomposites.

PHOSPHATE MINING VALUE CHAIN

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Microstructural and mechanical properties of red mud-based geopolymer materials

H. EL Ouadrassi (1), A. Hafidi Alaoui (1)

(1) Civil Engineering and Mechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences et Techniques of Tangier.

*Email: [email protected]

Portland cement is nowadays the first choice as a binder in civil engineering and building applications, increasing as well the global warming issue due to the emissions of CO2 and other green-house gas. This is the main reason why numerous researches for inorganic materials have been conducted in the last decades towards the development and study of a new type of inorganic binder, known as geopolymer cement[1].

These cements are obtained commonly by the attack of an alkali agent, but recent studies have shown that geopolymers may also be obtained in acidic medium, such as phosphoric acid, with reported compressive strengths between 40 and 146 MPa[2]. However, the reaction kinetics of this acidic activation vary for every aluminosilicate material.

For our context, red mud is rich in iron which increases mechanical strength of the binder considerably, but also the porosity, resulting in an increased cracking rate in the product material, due to the rapid exothermic reactions involved. The microstructural properties of these binders have been studied in this research by X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscopy for different proportions and concentrations of phosphoric acid. The optimal formulation is then tested for its mechanical properties.

The results have shown that the compressive strength is very convenient for civil engineering applications, but a better study and understanding of the porosity of the material is key to reduce the cracking in the microstructure.

Abstract

Keywords: Geopolymer cement, phosphoric acid, acidic activation, red mud, inorganic materials, microstructure.

References:[1] C.-K. Ma, A. Z. Awang, et W. Omar, « Structural and material performance of geopolymer concrete: A review », Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 186, p. 90-102, oct. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.111.

[2] A. Katsiki, « Aluminosilicate phosphate cements – a critical review », Adv. Appl. Ceram., p. 1-13, févr. 2019, doi: 10.1080/17436753.2019.1572339.

27


Selective flotation of sedimentary phosphate ores towardan integrated tailings management

Manar Derhy (1,2,*), Yassine Taha (1), Mostafa Benzaazoua (1,3), Jamal Amalik (4), Rachid Hakkou (1,2)

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Mining Environment & Circular Economy Program (EMEC), Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150, Ben Guerir, Morocco

(2) Université Cadi Ayyad (UCA)/IMED-Lab, Avenue A. Khattabi, BP549, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco(3) Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue/Institut de recherche en mines et en environnement,

445, boul. de l’Université, Rouyn-Noranda, Québec J9X 5E4, Canada(4) Innovation OCP-SA, Casablanca, Morocco


The sedimentary phosphate ores contain generally phosphate minerals associated to carbonates and silicates gangue minerals [1]. The phosphate beneficiation plants upgrading these sedimentary ores produce phosphate concentrates and generate large volumes of tailings deposited in vast tailings ponds of potential environmental impacts.

The phosphate tailings (or phosphate sludge) are the mix of two by-products; the clayey fraction and the coarser reverse-flotation tailings (floated fraction). It is difficult to properly manage and recycle these mine wastes as they are mixed. Thus, a selective separation of each fraction is one step towards their valorization. This study investigates the feasibility of the selective reverse flotation of carbonates and silicates contained in sedimentary phosphate ores.

The reverse flotation process consists in using anionic collectors to float carbonates (calcite and dolomite) and cationic ones to float silicates (i.e. quartz). The main objective is to recover separately the residual silicates and carbonates for valorization goals. XRF, ATR-FTIR, XRD, TGA, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser diffraction particle size characterizations were performed for the flotation feed, the floated tailings and the phosphate concentrate. Surface charge properties of the phosphate mineral and the principal gangue minerals were assessed using Zeta Potential measurements. These latter were singly measured for pure fluorapatite, quartz, dolomite and calcite at different pH values. Additionally, series of flotation tests were carried-out using the current industrial reagents; ester and amine surfactants as carbonates and silicates collectors respectively, and the phosphoric acid as apatite depressant.

Design of Experiments methodology was used to optimize the different flotation parameters; the solid content and the reagents dosages. Novel reagents were tested as well. Promising results were obtained. When using the current industrial reagents, the optimum recoveries/grades for a non-selective flotation were achieved with a solid content of 14%, ester and amine surfactants’ dosages of 330g/t and phosphoric acid dosage of 300g/t.

The selective flotation of silicates and carbonates via the currently used reagents was found inefficient. Indeed, the recovery rates of MgO and SiO2 didn’t exceed 37.70% and 59.42% respectively. This may be attributable to the lack of the surfactants’ complimentary effects when performing independently. The carbonates collector CC1 gave good results and can be used for the selective elimination of dolomite with a dosage of 300g/t.

Furthermore, a new selective flotation process is suggested, ensuring a selective silicates and carbonates flotation.

Abstract

Keywords: Selective-reverse flotation, Sedimentary phosphate ore, Mineral processing, Flotation reagents.

28


Application of ultrasound-assisted leaching proceduresfor P2O5 losses optimization

Nabil Ait Ichou (1), Rachid Benhida (1,2), Khalid Bougrin(1, 3)

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Benguerir, Morocco.(2) Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR7272, Nice, France

(3) Equipe de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Faculty of Science, B.P. 1014,Geophysics, Natural Patrimony and Green Chemistry (GEOPAC) Research Center, UM5Rabat, Morocco.

*Email: [email protected], [email protected] & [email protected]

Reducing losses in industrial processes has become a major concern and different approaches and technologies have been developed to deal with this important issue. Studying the effects of parameters influencing the rate of the process [1] is one of the approaches widely used and has been successful in both academic research and industrial applications. These parameters could be chemical, physical or biological [2].

The aim of the present contribution is to study the effect of ultrasounds on the wet phosphoric acid production process using sulfuric acid to optimize the P2O5 losses [3]. Many studies have been conducted in this perspective: effects of particle size and temperature under sonication, time and period of ultrasounds application and iterating the reaction by the recycling of the phosphoric acid slurry.

The Experiences were conducted in the chemical and biochemical sciences Lab of Jorf Lasfar – OCP/UM6P. The results obtained showed that the ultrasounds have a positive effect on the global rate. By using ultrasounds; less heating/important particle size gave less losses percentage. Low filtration performances (Filtration time and losses) are obtained because of the cavitation effect [4] and the destruction of phosphate and phosphogypsum crystals, but iterating same reaction more times by recycling the phosphoric acid slurry in the next reaction; gave better crystallization and improved filtration performances. Moreover, using ultrasounds during maturation phase gave less total losses than the attack phase of the phosphoric acid process. Finally, using ultrasounds can avoid using additives during the reaction.

Abstract

Keywords: Ultrasound; Phosphoric acid; Sulfuric acid; Phosphogypsum; P2O5 losses.

References:

[1] Tekin, T., Tekin, D., Bayramoğlu, M. (2001). Effect of ultrasound on the dissolution kinetics of phosphate rock in HNO3.Ultrasonics sonochem., 8(4), 373-377.[2] Ėl’piner, I. E. (1964). Ultrasound; physical, chemical, and biological effects.[3] Ait Ichou, N.; Benhida, R.; Bougrin, K. Ultrasonics Sonochem. 2020 submitted[4] Kenneth, S. S., Hammerton, D. A., Cline, R. (1986). The sonochemical hot spot. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 108, 5641-5642.

29


Modeling, Simulation and Control of a Phosphate Classification Unit

Ridouane Oulhiq (1, 2) *, Amine Mounaam (1, 2) *, Khalid Benjelloun (1, 2), Ahmed Souissi (1, 2)

(1) Ecole Mohammadia d’Ingénieurs, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco(2) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco

*Email (first authors): [email protected], [email protected]

The increasing world demand on fertilizers has stimulated the efforts in developing the beneficiation techniques of phosphate ores. The beneficiation is the process of separating and removing certain impurities from the raw ore.

One of the main units of the conventional phosphate beneficiation processes is the classification unit. The classification unit aims at separating the coarse particles from the finer ones according to a specific cut size (d50c). This is generally ensured using the classifying action of hydrocyclones. However, the desired performance of hydrocyclones is not always satisfied. In this paper, a classification unit, consisting of a hydrocyclone battery, a mixing tank and a centrifugal pump, is modeled and simulated.

Then, a parametric study of the variables impacting the performance of the hydrocyclone battery is carried out. Additionally, considering the variation of solids content in the mixing tank feed, an advanced process control strategy is proposed and tested to stabilize the cut size d50c.

Abstract

Keywords:Beneficiation process, particles separation, hydrocyclone, advanced process control, modeling, simulation.

References:

[1] A. Remes, Advanced process monitoring and control methods in mineral processing applications. Aalto University, 2012.[2] P. Ptáček, “Mining and Beneficiation of Phosphate Ore,” Apatites and their Synthetic Analogues: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications, p. 383, 2016.[3] T. Neesse, V. Golyk, P. Kaniut, and V. Reinsch, “Hydrocyclone control in grinding circuits,” Minerals Engineering, vol. 17, no. 11–12, pp. 1237–1240, 2004.[4] T. Neesse, M. Schneider, V. Golyk, and H. Tiefel, “Measuring the operating state of the hydrocyclone,” Minerals Engineering, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 697–703, May 2004[5] J. B. Yianatos, M. A. Lisboa, and D. R. Baeza, “Grinding capacity enhancement by solid concentration control of hydrocyclone underflow,” Minerals Engineering, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 317–323, 2002.

30


Smart Quality Management in the Age of Industry 4.0Sid-Ali Kamel KAYA(1), Naima MESSAOUDI(2), Ilyass MOUSAID(1)

(1) ENSAM, Meknes, Morocco(2) EHEC Koléa, Alger, Algeria


The world of organizations is digitizing. Companies need to think about how to capitalize on digital technologies to improve their process management and grow sustainably in the industrial age 4.0.

Now, manufacturers must recognize that the future of quality in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution lies in the intersection of actors, processes, and technology: cyber-physical systems will communicate with each other through the Internet of Things. Data is the “black gold” of the future, this forces companies to be “lean” in the valuation and securing of this strategic “asset”. In the digital age, agility has become a crucial factor.

This paradigm shift requires a new managerial model of quality 4.0 and the associated instrumentation. With the digital advances made by Industry 4.0, the implementation and prioritization of a smart quality management system have never been more straightforward. The automation has presented unprecedented opportunities. Moreover, by embracing these new tools, manufacturers have the opportunity to reduce their quality costs significantly.

Abstract

Keywords:

Cyber-Physical Systems, Industry 4.0, Internet of Things, Lean, Quality 4.0, Smart Quality Management System.

31


Excess heat recovery in Sulfuric Acid Plants using PhaseChange Materials

Yasser Harmen(1,2), Amine Mounaam(1,4), Younes Chhiti(1,3), Fouad Bentiss(5), Mohamed El Khouakhi(1), Charafeddine Jama(6), Laurent Deshayes(1)

(1) Innovation Lab for Operations, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guérir Morocco(2) Science Engineer Laboratory for Energy (LabSIPE), National School of Applied Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali

University, El Jadida, Morocco(3) Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco

(4) All Laboratory, Ecole Mohammadia d’Ingénieurs, Mohammed V University Rabat, Morocco(5) Laboratory of Catalysis and Corrosion of Materials (LCCM), chemistry Department, Chouaib Doukkali

University, El Jadida, Morocco(6) Lille University, ENSCL, UMET CNRS UMR 8207, F-59000 Lille, France


Thermal waste emitted by industrial processes (smoke, heat exchangers, cooling processes, temperature stabilization) often contains a large amount of energy in the form of low temperature heat, generally lost in the atmosphere. In the phosphate industry, a large amount of energy is released at low temperatures, between 0 and 200 °C [1].

In order to improve the overall energy efficiency of these processes, it is possible to recover this waste heat (also called excess heat). Thus, a large amount of energy is likely to be recovered and used to cover heat needs, or to optimize a process. The technology of thermal energy storage by Phase Change Materials (PCM), has appeared as one of the most economically viable methods for the recovery of excess heat.

The PCM presents both a significant storage density and the possibility of restitution of energy at a stable temperature [2]. The overall purpose of this work is to promote the use of PCM for the eco-efficiency of sulfuric industrial processes. The closed loop of an industrial sulfuric acid plant is modelled and simulated using Aspen HYSYS simulator and validated with the plant data. The relationship between streams parameters and the performance of the storage system is modelled. The storage unit designed is simulated using ANSYS Fluent CFD software. This allows to achieve a three-dimensional numerical simulation to better understand and analyze multiphysics phenomena of phase change and their influence on the energy behavior of the regenerator. The numerical model is validated experimentally and theoretically. The CFD study is done for the charge and discharge cycles of the paraffin as PCM and a shell and tubes as a heat exchanger. In addition, several parameters, such as storage density, distribution of energy storage rate in the storage system were analyzed.

The technology developed in this work makes it possible to recover more than half of the waste heat from the process with innovative techniques that optimize the performance, preserve the environment and minimize the cost.

Abstract

Keywords:

Thermal Energy Storage (TES); Phase Change Materials (PCM); Sulfuric acid plant; Chemical process simulation; CFD

References:

[1] M. King, M. Moats, and W. G. I. Davenport, Sulfuric Acid Manufacture. 2013.

[2] I. Sarbu and C. Sebarchievici, “A comprehensive review of thermal energy storage,” Sustainability (Switzerland). 201

32


Study of the phosphate adhesion on stainless steel surfaces: investigation of clogging

Youssef NAJIH (1,*), Majda MEDKOUR(1), Jamaa BENGOURRAM(1), Hassan LATRACHE(2)

and Mustapha MABROUKI(1)

(1) Industrial Engineering Laboratory. Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Faculty of Science and Technology,PO Box 523, Beni Mellal Morocco.

(2) Bioprocess and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco.


Clogging is defined as an adhesion phenomenon involving physicochemical interactions between the surfaces of materials. In this work, we carried out a study of the phosphate adhesion on solid supports such as steels in order to understand the factors that influence the phosphate clogging on steel supports.

Phosphate pellets were prepared by a hydraulic press under various pressures with a water content of 25% and dried at a temperature of 60°C. In order to establish a study of the physicochemical interactions, contact angle measurements and also surface energy calculations were performed on the prepared phosphate pellets.

The phosphate used in this study was extracted from the extraction zone of the OCP of BenGuerir-Morocco. In addition, contact angle measurements were also carried out on standard stainless steels (304, 304L and 316). Topographic parameters such as roughness were established by atomic force microscopy (AFM). By calculating the surface energy, we found that the surfaces of the phosphate pellets are hydrophilic and the dispersive component of the surface energy represents the largest value in front of the polar component.

For steels, the results showed that the surface of 316 steel is hydrophobic and the surfaces of 304 and 304L steels are hydrophilic. The images obtained by the AFM showed that each support has a different topography and roughness values. A study of the prediction of phosphate adhesion on steels was established to extract the primary parameters that characterize this adhesion in order to understand the phenomenon of phosphate fouling on solid supports.

Abstract

Keywords: Adhesion, contact angle, phosphate, surface energy, stainless steel.

COMPLEX FLUIDS MODELING

34


Thermal conductivity of composite materialsfor a sustainable building: Modelling and measurements

Abdessamad. Belhaouzi, Souad. Zyade

(1) process and environmental engineering laboratory. Higher School of Technology of Casablanca.Hassan II Casablanca University


Finite element modeling is being undertaken to model polymer composites filled with conductive fibres. The purpose of this work is the numerical and experimental study of the thermal behaviour of composite materials with an organic matrix of unsaturated polyster resin (UPR) and various mineral fillers (marble powder, expanded perlite, sand, etc.).

The work presented in this paper was initially devoted to the improvement of the device for measuring thermal conductivity and diffusivity, and then to the study of the theoretical and experimental behaviour of thermophysical parameters of polymer matrix composites.

The results obtained show that the proposed numerical model fits well with the Hatta-Taya and Hashin-Shtrikman experimental measurements and analytical models.

Abstract

Keywords: Finite elements, Composite, Modeling.

References:[1]. F. Laurin, Introduction générale sur les matériaux composites (ONERA, The French Aerospace Lab., Aussois, 2011).[2]. M. Filali, «Conductivité thermique apparente des milieux granulaires soumis à des contraintes mécaniques: modélisation et mesures», Thèse de Doctorat, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, 2006.[3] R. Hassani, «Mise en oeuvre de la méthode des éléments finis », Cours, Université de Savoie, Chambéry, France, 2004-2005.[4] A. Nait Alla, M. Feddaoui, H. Meftah, Comparison of two configurations to improve heat and mass transfer in evaporating two-component liquid film flow 126 (2018) 194-204.

35


Machine Learning Application in Radiography Non-Destructive Testing of Process Piping Welds

Adil EL HARRAK (1,*), Mohammed Salim BOUCHAMA (2), Ilyass MOUSAID (2)

(1) MECADESIGN, Casablanca, Morocco(2) National School of Arts and Crafts (ENSAM), Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco

(3) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco


Our study aims to design a machine learning algorithm capable of classifying flaws and then giving the conformity status of each weld using a combination of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN) for classification and an Expert System to infer the acceptability of the welds. Deep learning techniques are state-of-the-art in image classification, as previous studies have developed Artificial Neural Networks that automatically classify welding X-Ray Images.

These studies used small datasets designed initially for educational purposes. We were able to collect and label a large X-ray image dataset containing all types of critical flaws. Our DCNN was trained on thousands of real-world welds pipe radiographs along with the interpretation by veteran welding inspectors and technologists and therefore achieved 96% accuracy in flaws classification.

The position and dimensions of those flaws are passed to an Expert System that decides on the conformity of the weld based on the criteria in building codes and standards. Our method shows accurate prediction on the conformity in realistic situations and generalizes well to unseen welds types.

Abstract

Keywords:

Machine Learning, Quality Control, Welding, Process Piping, Conventional Radiography, Weld defects, NDT, Acceptance Criteria, Digital Radiography.

36


Rheological behavior of slurry,in the phosphoric acid production reactor

Ahmed Bichri (A, B*) , Hamid Mazouz (B) , Souad Abderafi (A)

(A) MOSEM2PI, Ecole Mohammadia d’Ingénieurs, Mohammed V University in Rabat, BP 765 Rabat, Morocco(B) OCP S.A, Jorf Lasfar, Morocco

*Corresponding author email: : [email protected]

The attack of phosphate by sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid under specific conditions generates a slurry formed by a mixture of calcium sulphate dihydrate and phosphoric acid, in addition to certain impurities from the phosphate rock.The rheology behavior of the resulting slurry during filtration step varies widely, thus affecting the separation performance by filtration. This variation depends mainly on its flow conditions in the different compartments of the reactor, the flash cooler and the maturation tank.

To better understand these variations, especially during its flow, it is necessary to determine its rheological data. In the first step, we carried out an experimental study to investigate the effect of solids concentration and temperature on the rheology of the slurry. Various samples of the slurry were taken from the maturation tank of the attack and filtration unit of line E at Jorf Lasfar plant. These samples were taken at a temperature of 80°C, a solid rate between 30 and 35% and a density varying between 1450 and 1550 kg/m3 . Rheological measurements were carried out with a Rotary Cylinder Rheometer (Anton Paar) MCR series, giving the shear stress (τ) as a function of shear rate (γ), for temperatures ranging from 70°C to 85°C. The results show that for a fixed solids rate, viscosity decreases with increasing temperatures up to 82°C and increases with increasing slurry solids rate. These phenomena correspond perfectly to the operating conditions for the formation of calcium sulphate dihydrate, CaSO4 . 2H2O. C. However, the viscosity increased with increasing temperature between 83 and 85°C, for the different samples.

This phenomenon is due to the morphological change of the gypsum which corresponds to the range of hemihydrate,

CaSO4.12 H2O, formation.

Then, the results obtained were used for rheological modeling [1]. A comparative study of four rheological models, Casson, Bingham, Ostwald and Herschel-Buckley, made it possible to identify the theoretical model for correctly representing the rheological behaviour of the slurry. This comparison showed that the Herschel-Buckley model represents correctly the experimental rheological behaviour of the slurry with a correlation coefficient of 0.97644 and a very satisfactory error. The Casson and Bingham models can be used to represent the rheological behaviour of the slurry at shear rates below 500 s-1. The slurry is therefore a Non-Newtonian fluid, with dilatant rheological behaviour.

Abstract

Keywords:

Viscosity, Slurry, Phosphoric acid, Rheological Models, Solid concentration.

Acknowledgments:

The authors gratefully acknowledge support provided by OCP Group.

References:[1] Belbsir, H., El-Hami, K., Bichri, A., Mazouz, H.: Study and modeling of the rheological behavior of Phosphate Slurry, Phosphogypsum Slurry and Phosphoric Acids. 5thInternational Symposium on Innovation and Technology in the Phosphate Industry [SYMPHOS 2019].

37


Modelling and optimization of P2O5 losses in Phosphoric Acid Reactor, using response surface model coupled with desirability function

Ahmed Bichri*, Mohamed Anouar Kamzon, and Souad Abderafi

MOSEM2PI, Ecole Mohammadia d’Ingénieurs, Mohammed V University in Rabat, BP 765 Rabat, Morocco

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Attack and filtration play an important role in industrial processes for the production of phosphoric acid and form the core of the wet phosphoric acid plant [1]. The main challenge in this step is to produce an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid of the highest yield and purity possible. The co-crystallization of P2O5 during crystals agglomeration constitutes one of the important causes of P2O5 losses that decrease the yield, and then affect the economic efficiency of the process. In order, to minimize co-crystallized P2O5 losses within the reactor-crystallizer, response surface methodology coupled to desirability function was used that gives satisfactory results on an industrial scale [2]. This method was followed basing on data collected from the attack and filtration process of phosphoric acid during 6 months of 2019. In first time, data has undergone an amendment by eliminating outliers by the quartile method and the Mahalanobis distance. The retained data have then exploited to develop a multi-regression model following the BACKWARD method. The model was subsequently validated by statistical tests that include the analysis of variance (ANOVA) by taking a significance level of P < 0.05, a global analysis of the regression by calculating the R2 coefficient, and Student’s test (t test) was applied to evaluate the statistical significance of the regression coefficients. Furthermore, a graphical analysis of the regression was performed and the distribution of residues in terms of the predicted values was performed. Finally, a desirability function has been applied to define the optimal operating conditions that allow to minimal co-crystallized P2O5 losses.

The results of variance analysis have shown that the model is good, with Fcalculated>Fcritical and a value of α calculated < 0.0002. Student test, allowed us to present the simplified model, where recycled acid, sulfuric acid flow rate multiplied by recycled acid, pulp density multiplied by suspension density, and pulp density multiplied by suspension TS, are the terms that have coefficients with a significant effect. The model obtained represents 81% of the variance of the experimental data. The application of the defined desirability function has allowed us to define the optimal conditions which allow obtaining a minimal value of co-crystallized P2O5 losses.

Abstract

Keywords:

Wet phosphoric acid process, Attack and filtration, statistical modelling, optimization, desirability function.

Acknowledgments:

The authors gratefully acknowledge support provided by OCP Group.

References:[1] S. I. Abu-Eishah and N. M. Abu-Jabal, “Parametric study on the production of phosphoric acid by the dihydrate process,” Chemical Engineering Journal, 81 (2001) 231–250.

[2] Ahmed Tgarguifa, Souad Abderafi, Tijani Bounahmidi, “Energetic optimization of Moroccan distillery using simulation and response surface methodology”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 75 (2017) 415–425.

38


Dynamic Modelling, Simulation and Optimization of an Industrial Sulphur Dioxide Conversion Unit

Amine Mounaam(1,2*), Yasser Harmen(1,4), Younes Chhiti(1,3), Ahmed Souissi(1,2),Mohamed Salouhi(2), Laurent Deshayes(1)

(1) Innovation Lab for Operations, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guérir Morocco(2) All Laboratory, Ecole Mohammadia d’Ingénieurs, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco

(3) Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco(4) Science Engineer Laboratory for Energy (LabSIPE), National School of Applied Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali

University, El Jadida, Morocco


In the phosphate industry, sulfuric acid is a key compound in phosphoric acid and fertilizer production. The sulfuric acid is made generally in a sequence of three main steps: liquid sulfur combustion, the sulfur dioxide (SO2) catalytic oxidation and the sulfur trioxide (SO3) absorption. The catalytic conversion of SO2 into SO3 is considered as the crucial reaction that effects the process emissions and performance [1]. In recent years, essential advances in catalytic SO2 oxidation have been achieved to efficient, steady, long-term SO3 production [2, 3].

In this paper, a dynamic model of an industrial SO2 conversion unit of four catalytic beds reactor with vanadium, and heat exchangers were modelled. The model was based on heat transfer, energy and mass balance equations and the kinetic reaction of the SO2/SO3 conversion was proposed and calibrated using the experimental plant data. The simulation of the converter catalytic beds was carried out in steady-state and dynamic mode. The proposed model was validated with the plant measurement of the outlet temperature, pressure drop and SO2 conversion rate in each bed.

Finally, a parametric study was conducted to study the impact of the operating conditions on the converter behavior. The model developed in this work makes it possible to simulate the SO2 conversion unit, optimize the performance and minimize the cost and emissions.

Abstract

Keywords: Sulphur dioxide converter, Catalytic reaction, Sulfuric acid, Modelling, Simulation

References:[1] He, Jianjun, Junfeng Zhang, and Helen Shang. “Two-Phase Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of Transport and Reaction in Catalytic Sulfur Dioxide Converters.” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 58.25 (2019): 10963-10974.[2] Günther, R., et al. “Design and modeling of a new periodical-steady state process for the oxidation of sulfur dioxide in the context of an emission free sulfuric acid plant.” Computer Aided Chemical Engineering. Vol. 31. Elsevier, 2012. 1677-1681.[3] Kiss, Anton A., Costin S. Bildea, and Johan Grievink. “Dynamic modeling and process optimization of an industrial sulfuric acid plant.” Chemical Engineering Journal 158.2 (2010): 241-249.

39


In-situ rheological characterization of plaster-based formulations for additive manufacturing by 3D extrusion

Elmas CILLI-DOGRU(1), Agnès SMITH(1), Youssef EL HAFIANE(1,*), Zoé RHODES(2), Christian HIS(2),David CARVALHO(2), Hélène TOURNIE(3), Florian RONGIER(4), Gregory ETCHEGOYEN(4), Arnaud HORY(4)

(1) Institute of Research on Ceramics, IRCER - UMR 7315, Université de Limoges, Centre Européen de la Céramique, 12 rue Atlantis, 87068 Limoges cedex, France

(2) Saint-Gobain Research Provence, 550, Av. Alphonse Jauffret, 84300 Cavaillon, France(3) Centre de Transfert de Technologies Céramiques, CTTC, 7 rue Soyouz, parc ester, 87068 Limoges cedex, France

(4) Cerinnov Group, 2 rue Columbia - Parc d’Ester, 87068 Limoges, France


3D extrusion is an Additive Manufacturing technique, layer by layer, by adding material, a physical object from a digital object. The material is deposited by extrusion through a nozzle, which makes the rheology of the dough a very important control parameter.

In terms of rheological characteristics, a rheofluidizing behavior is most suitable for 3D printing of a paste by extrusion. Under constraint, the paste fluidizes and therefore becomes easily transportable from the tank to the nozzle allowing the deposition of successive layers. Once the paste is deposited (no more applied stress), it recovers a high consistency allowing it to be held and to support the weight of the successive deposited layers.

The knowledge of rheological behaviour of the paste is useful to appreciate its extrudability and constructability during printing. The study of rheological behaviour implies to follow the variation of viscosity as a function of shear rate. In the present work, rheological behaviour was measured with the modified 3D printer. This methodology is based on the capillary rheometer principle. The paste studied is based on plaster.

Abstract

Keywords: Plaster, 3D printing, rheology, viscosity, extrudability

References:This work benefited from government support (Fonds Unique Interministériel, FUI).

40


Progress on flow and rheological aspects of Ore-based SlurriesHamza BELBSIR(1,*), Khalil EL-HAMI (1) , Hamid MAZOUZ (2)

(1) Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga, Laboratory of Nanosciences andModeling, Khouribga, Morocco

(2) OCP SA JorfLasfar, Morocco

*Email: : [email protected]

Flow and rheological aspects of slurries through different types of pipes was discussed in this work. We will present research findings on the study of the internal sediment transport mechanism with its experimental and theoretical aspects, studies on the required energy, friction coefficient and the boundaries effect on the flow.

Based on Bernoulli’s and Navier-Stokes theorems and mathematical formula for the calculation of the head losses during the flow, the transport of slurries through the pipes was modeling as a function of the physical parameters. Various theoretical and experimental aspects of complex fluids rheology concept were presented.

Physical natures of the effects between particles in complex suspensions have been briefly discussed. A comparison will be done on the previous results of some research carried out on the rheology of ore-based slurries, that is to say, mixtures between fine particles of ores and water, for example, coal water slurry, Limestone slurry, sand slurry, phosphate slurry etc ... The effect of physicochemical parameters such as the concentration in solids, particle size distribution, temperature, pH, shear rate and additives, on the rheological behavior of these slurries was briefly presented in this work. We noticed that the physicochemical parameters have remarkable impacts on ore-based slurries rheology depending on kind of substance.

Abstract

Keywords: Rheology, complex fluids, Ore-based slurries, sediment transport, phosphate slurry pipeline.

41


Numerical models for contaminant transport in oceans with openboundary conditions

Imad Kissami (1,*), Moussa Ziggaf (1,2,3), Fayssal Benkhaldoun (3), Imad Elmahi (1,2)

(1) CSEHS, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Benguerir, Morocco.(2) ENSAO, LMCS, Complexe Universitaire, B.P. 669, 60000 Oujda, Morocco.

(3) LAGA, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CNRS, UMR 7539, F-93430, Villetaneuse, France.


In recent years the increase of contamination in rivers, estuaries and coastal seas has attracted interest in mathematical modeling and numerical methods. Using these techniques it is possible to predict changes in the water quality and to plan suitable interventions in cases of potential risk for human health and local economies. The mathematical models are based on the two-dimensional depth-averaged Navier-Stokes equations under the assumption of hydrostatic pressure. These equations, also known by shallow water equations, have been widely used to model tides, dam-break, Strom, and tsunamis among others. Solving these models numerically presents a challenge due to their nonlinear structure, irregular bathymetry and source terms, and also complex geometry.

The central idea of our study is the implementation of an adaptive finite volume method using unstructured triangular meshes [1] (The method satisfies the exact conservation property, uses simple centered-type discretization for the source terms, and can handle complex topography using unstructured grids. An adaptive procedure is achieved by monitoring the contaminant concentration in the computational domain during its dispersion process.

Two applications will be considered: the first one concerns the pollution event in the Strait of Gibraltar using different tidal conditions and wind-induced flow fields. In particular, several situations with respect to the wind conditions and pollutant release (instantaneous or continuous release) will be investigated.

Preliminary simulation results are also given on the transport-dispersion of Phosphogypsum at Jorf Lasfar’s sea.

A special focus is given here to the Open boundary conditions (OBCs), which must be prescribed to complete the model description at non-land boundaries. In fact, these OBCs have a large effect on the simulations and they suppose the existence of a fluid domain which does not belong to the computational domain but which can influence it. The definition of these boundary conditions is not trivial, in fact for incompressible, hydrostatic primitive equation models they are known to make the system ill-posed [2].

We review the various free boundary conditions in the literature in particular we will describe in detail the Flather conditions [3] that we have adopted in our simulations.

Abstract

Keywords: Shallow water flows, Contaminant transport, Phosphogypsum transport, Finite volume method, Mesh adaptation, Strait of Gibraltar, Jorf Lasfar.

References:[1] Benkhaldoun F, Elmahi I, Seaïd M, 2010. A new finite volume method for flux-gradient and sourcetermbalancing in shallow water equations. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering,199:49–52.[2] Oliger J., Sundstrom A., 1978. Theoretical and practical aspects of some initial boundary value problems in fluid dynamics. SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 35 (3), 419–446.[3] Flather R.A., 1976. A tidal model of the north-west European continental shelf. Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege 6 (10), 141–164.

42


A general comparison between the solutions generated by the SRNH scheme for 2-D SWE and the different exact solutions

Imad Kissami (1); Moussa Ziggaf (1); Imad El Mahi (1)

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University

*Email (first author): [email protected]

Hydrodynamic transport problems often take the form of systems of hyperbolic conservation laws see for example [1, 2]. In this work we will focus on the Saint Venant system which is still of utmost important in maritime or fuvial hydraulics, they govern the flows with free surface in shallow water.

Is the obtained from Navier-Stokes equations, using simplifying hypotheses see [3]. Due to their widely recognized experimental validity and numerical efficiency, the Saint-Venant equations are now widely used for simulation many current events: environmental protection, environmental pollution, natural disasters, climate change, dam failure, tidal calculations, flood studies, sedimentology etc. we are mainly

interested in the numerical resolution of this system using a rugged scheme called SNRH This scheme is accurate, conservative and solve the non-linear conservation laws, it has been presented in several works e.g. [4, 5, 6, 7].

In this paper, we will present the SRNH approach in unstructured meshes for two dimensional shallow water system under the influence of gravity, and the Coriolis force. A compare with the different exact solutions exist in literature and a broad comparison with the work presented in [8] will be discussed.

Abstract

Keywords: Shallow water system, Free surface flows, Finite volume method, Exact solutions, SRNH Scheme

43


Simulation of Slurry Flows in Horizontal PipelinesMarwane Elkarii (1,2,*), Chakib Bouallou (2), Saad Benjelloun (1), Ahmed Ratnani (1)

(1) Laboratory of MSDA, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Ben Guerir, Morocco.(2) MINES ParisTech, CES - Centre Efficacité énergétique des Systèmes, 60, Bd Saint-Michel 75006 Paris.


Turbulent solid-liquid slurry flows in pipes are encountered in many engineering fields, such as mining. In particular, the distribution of the solids and the pressure drop in pipelines is a serious concern to engineers, but their determinations involve considerable technical and economic difficulties [1]. An attempt has been made to develop a generalized slurry flow model using the computational fluid dynamics simulation technique (CFD) to have a better insight about the complexity of slurry flow in pipelines. In this study, the two-fluid model based on the Eulerian-Eulerian approach along with a standard k-ε turbulence model was used, whereby both the liquid and solid phases are considered as continua. The motion of the solid phase is modeled by the kinetic theory of granular flow to account for both particle-particle and particle-wall interactions. The model is validated by comparison with experimental data available in literature.

A sensitivity analysis was performed to study the effect of particle size, solid volume concentration, velocity, and pipe diameter on the concentration distribution profile, velocity profile and finally their effect on the variation of pressure drop along the pipe. The data used in this work is regarding a horizontal pipe case for Water-Sand slurry flow over a wide range of operating conditions: delivered solid volume fraction between 10 and 47 %; slurry velocity between 1.8 m/s and 8.0 m/s; particle size between 90Um and 420Um; and pipe diameter between 103 and 495 mm [2,3]. The experimental data presented here were judged suitable among those available in the literature, to provide a quantitative assessment of the models capability, and to guarantee a general validity as well as the reliability of the numerical model within a wide range of applications, for a further investigation and simulation of the phosphate slurry flow.

Abstract

Keywords: Slurry flow, Sensitivity analysis, CFD, Two fluid model, Pipeline.

References:

[1] G.V. Messa, S. Malavasi, Numerical prediction of particle distribution of solid-liquid slurries in straight pipes and bends, Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid Mech. 8 (3) (2014) 356–372.

[2] Gillies, R. G.; Shook, C. A. Modelling High Concentration Slurry Flows. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 2000, 78, 709–716.

[3] Gillies, R. G.; Shook, C. A.; Xu, J. Modelling Heterogeneous Slurry Flows at High Velocities. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 2004, 82, 1060–1065.

44


Space-time mesh-free method for inltration through porous mediaM. Boujoudar(A), A. Beljadid(A, B),A. Taik(A, C)

(A) International Water Research Institute, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Green City, Morocco(B) Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

(C) LMA, Department of Mathematics, Mohammedia, University of Hassan II -Casablanca, Morocco

Hydrological models involve various processes such as precipitation, runoff, infiltration, and evap-otranspiration which often makes their implementation complex, and requires the development of effcient numerical techniques in terms of computational cost for each process.

In this study, we focus on the infiltration process and develop space-time mesh-free numerical techniques to solve the Richards equation for modeling of unsaturated water flow through soils. The proposed techniques combine two advantages which are related to the use of a local radial basis function method avoid-ing mesh generation and the use of a space-time technique which allows us to design an effcient method in terms of computational cost. We implement the proposed numerical model in one, two and three dimensions and we perform a series of numerical tests, encompassing various nontrivial solutions, to confirm the performance of the developed techniques. Our numerical simulations show the accuracy, effciency in terms of computational cost, and the capability of the proposed numerical model in predicting the dynamics of water through unsaturated zones of soils.

The proposed techniques could be used for modeling unsaturated flow in porous media, within complex geometrical domains, due to their flexibility in dealing with complex geometries.

Abstract

Keywords: Meshless methods, radial basis function, Richards’ equation, infiltration, porous media.

45


Deep Learning and Finite Elements Methods to Predict MiningVibrating Screens Failures

Mohammed Salim BOUCHAMA (1,*), Ilyass MOUSAID (2) , Ibtissam EL HASSANI (1), Tawfik MASROUR (1)

(1) National School of Arts and Crafts (ENSAM), Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco(2) Mohamed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco

Email *: [email protected]

Mining vibrating screens are critical equipment in the extraction process on opencast mines as any failure negatively impacts the overall operations. Since the screen is a dynamic machine, the stiffness of the springs is a determinant of the efficiency of the equipment [1].

Unfortunately, mining professionals lake tools to detect springs defects. Previous research work [2] has developed an asymmetric dynamic model that construct and disassembled the modified stiffness matrix due to failure in several springs. Liu et al. [3] developed a numerical method to simulate displacements to reveal the various scenario of failure.

Our study reports an enhanced approach for the diagnosis of mining vibrating screens using dynamic structural analysis by finite elements and machine learning technics. The coupling of simulation tools with deep learning enhance strengths while mitigates some limitations of both worlds. In fact, our Finite Elements Method generated thousands of failure scenarios, so the Deep Neural Network is trained on a large and diverse dataset. Hence our system may recognize multiple modes of springs or structural failures accurately than previous methods. Additionally, complications in structural response modeling and prediction [4] are addressed by developing a long short-term memory (LSTM) network, which deals at a fast speed with unlimited time state numbers, and generalizes well widely separated relevant inputs [5]. Moreover, this method could be extended to real-time monitoring of mining vibrating screens.

Abstract

Keywords:Mining Vibrating Screens, Deep Learning, Finite Element Model, Spring Stiffness, Failure Diagnosis, Predictive maintenance.

References:[1] J. Yan, C. Liu, L. Zhao, and J. Li, “Parameters Optimum Design for Linear Vibrating Screen,” 2010 InternationalConference on Computational and Information Sciences, pp. 413–415, 2010, doi: 10.1109/ICCIS.2010.108[2] W. Sun, L. Liang, M. Liu, and C. Martin, “A deep learning approach to estimate stress distribution: a fast andaccurate surrogate of finite-element analysis,” royalsocietypublishing.org, vol. 15, no. 138, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0844[3] Liu et al., “Spring Failure Analysis of Mining Vibrating Screens: Numerical and Experimental Studies,” AppliedSciences, vol. 9, no. 16, p. 3224, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.3390/app9163224.[4] R. Zhang et al., “Deep long short-term memory networks for nonlinear structural seismic response predictionPerformance Evaluation of Inter-story Isolation View project Deep long short-term memory networks for nonlinearstructural seismic response prediction,” Elsevier, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.compstruc.2019.05.006.[5] Y. Xu, “Understanding the object benefit in visual short-term memory: The roles of feature proximity andconnectedness,” Perception and Psychophysics, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 815–828, 2006, doi: 10.3758/BF03193704.

46


An Industrial Screening Unit Decision Support System Based Machine Learning and Expert Systems

Ridouane Oulhiq (1, 2) *, Achraf Benhebibi (2), Ilham Battas (3), Khalid Benjelloun (1), Laurent Deshayes (2)

(1) AII Laboratory, Ecole Mohammadia d’Ingénieurs, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco(2) Innovation Lab for Operations, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco

(3) Fondation de Recherche, de Développement et d’Innovation en Sciences et Ingénierie, Casablanca, Morocco

Email * (first author): [email protected]

Screening units’ performance depends on several parameters, making analysis and decision-making for yield improvements very complicated. To assist decision makers, a global architecture for a Decision Support System (DSS) is proposed. Enriched with an industrial case study, the need analysis and the system design are elaborated based on the Systems Engineering methodology (SEM). The main objectives of the proposed DSS are yield prediction and production gaps detection. This will give an insight on the unit performance before the end of a shift and propose the actions to take in order to improve it.

The DSS is combining two categories of models, machine learning and expert systems. Different machine learning regression models where tested for predicting the unit yield. In parallel, an expert system, based on rules elaborated from data records and the unit’s operators experience, is used for the production gaps detection system.

Therefore, the seeking vision of the decision support system is to improve the predicted yield by taking the necessary corrective measures.

Abstract

Keywords: Decision Support System, Systems engineering, Machine learning, Expert systems.

References:[1] P. Centobelli, R. Cerchione, and E. Esposito, “Aligning enterprise knowledge and knowledge management systems to improve efficiency and effectiveness performance: A three-dimensional Fuzzy-based decision support system,” Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 91, pp. 107–126, Jan. 2018,[2] W. P. Wagner, “Trends in expert system development: A longitudinal content analysis of over thirty years of expert system case studies,” Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 76, pp. 85–96, Jun. 2017[3] Z. Ge, Z. Song, S. X. Ding, and B. Huang, “Data mining and analytics in the process industry: The role of machine learning,” Ieee Access, vol. 5, pp. 20590–20616, 2017.[4] D. M. Buede and W. D. Miller, The engineering design of systems: models and methods. John Wiley & Sons, 2016.

47


Optimal multiperiod operational planning for chemical fertilizer production plant

Sabah Belil (1.3,*), Sylverin Kemmoé-Tchomté (2), Nikolay Tchernev (3,1)

(1) AII Laboratory, Ecole Mohammadia d’Ingénieurs, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco(2) Innovation Lab for Operations, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco

(3) Fondation de Recherche, de Développement et d’Innovation en Sciences et Ingénierie, Casablanca, Morocco


Chemical processes normally operate under varying process conditions as a result of changing demands, product specifications and seasonal conditions. Production planning is an important aspect and needs to be addressed while planning future production strategy to manage capacity and demand. According to the length of the planning horizon and the importance of decisions to be made. This paper addresses operational planning in process industry and more especially in single stage multi-product system composed of parallel and partially specialized manufacturing lines producing several types of fertilizers stored in many storage sheds. At this level, each storage shed is organized in the form of several storage places in order to deal with contamination constraints. Each storage place can only contain one product at a time but with a dynamic assignment to the finished products to be stored. The production-inventory network considered is modeled as a graph flow problem. The goal of such representation is to evaluate the maximum flow (demand satisfaction) able to circulate in the graph and then to find the configuration which minimizes inventory with respect to the maximum and minimum arc capacity. The operational planning problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) with a weighted dual-objective which aims to maximize demand satisfaction while minimizing storage. The optimization problem takes into account additional storage constraints of minimum storage duration and of fertilizer contamination. Use of our MILP for capacity allocation and resource sizing delivers an optimal solution to determines the planning and fully satisfy demand with reference to a given production, storage and distribution capacities. The efficacy and usefulness of our model are illustrated through case study that has defined the optimal daily operational planning in a one-week time horizon. The data used in this paper is the actual data from OCP site in Jorf Lasfar. The real industrial instance tested considers 33 quality fertilizers, 6 manufacturing lines, and 9 storage sheds, each storage shed is made up of 12 storage spaces.

Abstract

Keywords: Operational planning, graph theory, maximum flow, linear programming, storage constraints.

48


CFD investigation of hydrodynamic flow within an industrial preneutralizer chemical reactor used for diammonium phosphate fertilizer production

Safae EL MISAOUI (1,2, *), Lhachmi KHAMAR (1,3), Saad BENJELLOUN (1), Mohamed KHAMA (2),Jean Michel GHIDAGLIA (1,4)

(1) MSDA, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 990 Hay Moulay Rachid, Benguerir 43150, Morocco(2) LGCE, Mohammed V University, Mohammedia School of Engineers, Agdal, Rabat, Morocco

(3) LIPIM, ENSA Khouribga, Université Hassan 1er, Bd Beni Amir, BP 77, Khouribga 25002, Morocco(4) 4 CMLA Centre des mathématiques et leurs applications, ENS Cachan, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France


Stirred tank reactors have been used frequently in many chemical processes. In phosphate fertilizers manufacturing processes they ensure the most important tasks in desirable properties of the produced slurry to be converted in granules by feeding the drum ammoniator-granulator [1, 2]. The main goal of this work is to study the hydrodynamic of multiphase flow and the mixing quality within the preneutralizer in order to evaluate the effects of the process mastering operating parameters on the preneutralization reaction rate and on the fertilizer slurry physicochemical properties. Especially, agitator rotational speed, ammonia bubbles size and feeding inlets positions on the homogenization of the flow [3].

It appears that the tailored CFD model of a multiphase reacting flow within the preneutralizer can predict a wide range variety of transient phenomena and it was a successful tool for modeling the hydrodynamic behavior and effect on the chemical reaction rate. Detailed chemical kinetics modeling taking into account turbulent mixing is shown to provide accurate results when compared with the industrial measured data. The results revealed that the flow characteristics are extremely sensitive to the studied parameters controlling the distribution of the velocity, pressure, density fields. Indeed, the obtained results explain and give access to a complex industrial domain difficult to control. This study opens the door on different chemical engineering components to take into consideration to develop a robust and real representative simulation that can further used in the intensification of preneutralizer.

Abstract

Keywords: CFD, multiphase flow, fertilizer, preneutralizer, chemical reaction.

References:[1] J. Henry, “Operating manual of Di Ammonium Phosphate process,” (internal document) - TLS - Times Lit. Suppl., no. 5911, p. 29, 2016.[2] UHL, Vincent (ed.). Mixing V1: Theory And Practice. Elsevier, 2012[3] International Fertilizer Development Center. and United Nations Industrial Development Organization., Fertilizer manual. Kluwer Academic in cooperation with, 1998.

49


Modelling and simulation of the dissolution of phosphate orein a phosphoric acid solution

Sanae EL MISAOUI (1,2,3,*), Abderrazak M. LATIFI (1,2,*), Lhachmi KHAMAR (2,4), Mohamed SALOUHI (3)

(1) LRGP, CNRS-ENSIC, Université de lorraine, 1 rue Grandville, 54000, Nancy, France(2) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 990 Hay Moulay Rachid, Benguerir 43150, Morocco

(3) L3GIE, Mohammed V University, Ecole Mohammadia d’Ingénieurs, Agdal, Rabat, Morocco(4) LIPIM, ENSA Khouribga, Université Soultan Moulay Slimane, Khouribga 25002, Morocco

Email* : [email protected] / [email protected]

Phosphoric acid is one of the most widely produced and used chemicals, especially in the phosphate industry [1]. However, despite its wide use, mastering the operation of its manufacturing processes still poses several problems due the lack of knowledge on many complex phenomena involved in the different unit operations of the process. Understanding these phenomena as well as accurate experimental measurements of the relevant variables are some of the key issues that should be addressed in order to optimally design and operate the phosphoric acid processes.

It is the main motivation of the present work which deals with the modelling and simulation of the digestion tank which constitutes the heart of the process due to its great influence on the downstream units’ performances. More specifically, the dissolution mechanism of phosphate ore particles in a phosphoric acid solution is investigated. It involves several phenomena, including the transfer, transport and adsorption (desorption) of reactants (of products), and chemical reactions to (and from) the particles. The rate limiting step of these phenomena is first analyzed. Then a non-catalytic consumable fluid-solid reaction which corresponds to the shrinking core model with a decreasing particle size and elimination of products is studied. The model developed is a first-principles model based on an extended film theory and transient mass balance equations in the three phases, i.e. solid phase, liquid film surrounding the particles and the liquid bulk in the digestion tank [2]. The resulting equations of the model are then implemented and solved numerically within Matlab environment.

The results obtained include the concentration profiles in the three phases, the liquid film thickness profile and the particles shrinking rate. Furthermore, the model predictions are compared to some experimental measurements of the conversion rate of dissolution of phosphate ore particles [3]. Relevant variables related to hydrodynamics and mass transport are then identified and have allowed us to significantly improve the understanding of the phenomena involved in the digestion tank.

Abstract

Keywords: Phosphoric acid, Phosphate ore, Dissolution mechanism, Digestion tank, Shrinking core model.

References:[1] P. Becker, Phosphates and phosphoric acid: raw materials, technology, and economics of the wet process,1983[2] T. Salmi, Application of film theory on the reactions of solid particles with liquids: Shrinking particles with changing liquid films, 2017[3] F. Ben Brahim, A. Mgaidi and M. Elmaaoui. Kinetics of Leaching of Tunisian Phosphate Ore Particles in Dilute Phosphoric Acid Solutions, 1999

50


Rhelogical behavior of concentrated phosphate slurrySouhail Maazioui(1); Abderrahim Maazouz(2); Fayssal Benkhaldoun(3); Driss Ouazar(4)

(1) Complex Systems Engineering and Human Systems, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University(2) Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères

(3) LAGA, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13(4) Department of Genie Civil, LASH EMI, Mohammed V University Rabat

Email* (first author) : [email protected]

Phosphate ore slurry is a suspension of insoluble particles in a continuous phase of water. This suspension has a non-Newtonian flow behaviour and may exhibit a yield stress as the shear rate tends to zero. The suspended particles in the present study are assumed to be non-colloidal. The knowledge of rheological properties of concentrated phosphate slurry is essential for simulations, calculations in engineering processes and designing transport systems. Various grades and phosphate ore concentrations are used for this rheological study.

We established some experimental protocols adapted to the determination of the main characteristics of these complex fluids, to establish relevant rheological models with a view to simulation numerical flow in a cylindrical pipeline. Rheograms of these slurries were obtained using a Anton Paar RheolabQC rotational rheometer and modelled using commonly used yield pseudoplastic models.

The effect of concentration on the slurry is described through the changes in apparent viscosity at a given shear rate. For the concentrated phosphate slurry, yield stress and apparent viscosity follow an increasing power law with the concentration. It is also discussed how the effect of particle size distribution can be interpreted in the context of highly concentrated slurries. The results show that solids concentration in a solid-liquid mixture can be increased while maintaining a desired apparent viscosity.

Abstract

Keywords: Rheology, Non-Newtonian, Suspensions, viscosity, Polydispersity

51


An engineering model for particle crushingYounes Salami

National School of Architecture of Fès

Email* : [email protected]

In the phosphates production industry, crushing and grinding is usually the first step in the refining process of the ore. Multiple milling and grinding techniques are used to remove the undesirable components. Multiple factors were shown to affect the process of crushing, including the presence of water, and other corrosive elements. An improved understanding of the process of particle crushing could help improve the efficiency of the mechanical separation techniques and reduce energy and water consumption.

The main objective of this research is to provide an engineering model capable of relating the mechanical input to the evolution of particle breakage. This model has been successfully applied in dam engineering and helped optimize the lifecycle of a rockfill dam.

A correct modelling of the process of particle crushing starts with the definition of a quantifying breakage parameter. In this study, the slope of the grain size distribution is a logarithmic plot is used to track the evolution of the fracturing process. Formulas relating this parameter to other breakage parameters have been derived. This parameter is then related to an energy input: the work per unit volume. This mechanical variable was shown to be representative of various loading paths, unlike stress or strain variables which were shown to be dependent on the stress path. The correlation between the breakage parameter and the mechanical work was based on experimental data compiled from the literature. This correlation is representative of the three stages of breakage development: an initial stage where the energy is not sufficient for fracture to develop – a second stage of rapid fracture development – a third stage of crushing stabilisation (where the process becomes auto-similar, and the grain size distribution reaches the fractal grading).

This model requires knowledge of the average strength of the particles, and the initial grain size distribution. The model was designed as a simple, yet powerful engineering tool, capable of representing various aspects of the process of grain crushing.

Abstract

Keywords: Crushing, Grinding, Fracture

CHEMISTRY, PROCESSES AND MATERIALS

53


Photocatalytic photo-electrocatalytic and photoluminescence innovative multifunctional phosphate systems

for the depollution of wastewaterA. Benlhachemi (1,*), A. Bouddouch (1,2), E. Amaterz (1,3), A. Taoufyq1, B. Bakiz1, F. Guinneton2,

S. Villain2, J. C. Valmalette2, J.R. Gavarri2, A. Tara3, O. Jbara3

Keywords: Phosphate, powders, thin films, photocatalytic, photo-electrocatalytic and photoluminescence

(1) Laboratoire Matériaux et Environnement (LME), Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Zohr, B.P 8106,Cité Dakhla, Agadir, Maroc.

(2) Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS 7334, IM2NP, BP 20132, 83957 La Garde Cedex,France.

(3) Institut de Thermique, Mécanique, Matériaux (ITHEMM), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne,Reims, France.


Over the past decades, the increasing in the development of industry has led to a growing demand for energy as well as the environment destruction especially the water pollution because of the considerable amounts of colored wastewater being discharged into the environment [1–2]. Various degradation techniques including advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), in particular photocatalysis, have been proposed as alternatives for the efficient degradation of dyes, and thus for purifying wastewater [3].

These processes can be used to oxidize nearly all types of organic compounds into harmless products via highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (●OH). Moreover, the photoluminescence technique can detect some dangerous refractory organic materials. However, most of semiconductor photocatalysts always face various issues such as the low visible-light utilization and the easy recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. To overcome this issue, various strategies have been developed to improve the photocatalytic performance and photoluminescence properties of photocatalysts. The main objective of our work was the development and study of new ‘’photosensitive’’ semi-conductor material systems based on substituted compounds of type (1-x).MPO4 – x.M’PO4 [4-8].

The photoluminescent /or photocatalytic response is correlated to the structure, microstructure and physicochemical properties, within a series of new phosphate materials in powder or thin layer form.

The obtained samples were thoroughly characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and TGA– DTA analysis.

The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized samples was evaluated by the degradation of anionic and cationic organic dyes ( Rhodamine B, methylene blue, Orange G…) in aqueous solution under irradiation with UV–vis (λ> 254 nm) light.

Abstract

54


Adsorption des polluants sur des matériaux naturels d’origines végétale et animale : Cas des ions ortho phosphates

A. Dabagh, A. Bagui, M. Abali , F. Sinan, M. Zerbet

Keywords: Pollution, Adsorption, Biomatériaux naturels, Orthophosphates, Eaux usées.

Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Agadir, Maroc


La pollution par des polluants organiques et inorganiques est un problème complexe. Ces polluants constituent des nutriments indispensables à la vie mais à partir de certains seuils, ils peuvent être toxiques.la présence de ces polluants dans les eaux usées nécessite un traitement préalable avant leur rejet dans le milieu naturels.

Dans notre équipe on s’intéresse aux biomatériaux naturels disponible et abondant, utilisable comme support d’adsorption pouvant rendre les procédés d’épuration simple et moins couteux. Ces biomatériaux peuvent être d’origine végétale ou animale.

Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés par l’élimination ortho phosphates par adsorption sur les microparticules à base de plante C.edulis et la carapace de crevette à l’état brute (CCB). Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’élimination des ortho phosphates augmente avec le temps de contact, la masse de l’adsorbant et la concentration initiale de la solution polluée.

Les résultats obtenus montrent une cinétique rapide et une grande capacité de ces biomatériaux à retenir les ions orthophosphates pouvant atteindre 0.20g/g pour HPO4

2- et 0.4g/g pour H2PO4- pour la CCB. La quantité maximale retenue par la plante C.édulis est de l’ordre de 25.6 mg/g pour les ions H2PO4- et 22.9 mg/g pour les ions HPO4

2-.

Abstract

55


Influence of A cation size on the structural,vibrational and adsorption capacity of the lacunar apatites

APb2Ca2(PO4)3 with A= Na, K and Li.Abdelwahed CHARI (1,*), Brahim ORAYECH(2), Jones ALAMI(1), Mouad DAHBI(1) and Abdeslam El BOUARI(3)

Keywords: Apatite; Lacunar; Crystal structure; Rietveld method, Absorbent material.

References:[1]: L.Wahiba, Elimination de la pollution des eaux industrielles par differents procedes d’oxydation et de co-precipitation (2012).[2]: M. Djebbar, F. Djafri, M. Bouchekara, A. Djafri, Adsorption of phenol on natural clay, Appl. Water Sci. 2 (2012) 77–86.[3]: A. Chari, B. Orayech, A. Faik, J.M. Igartua, A. El Bouari, Synthesis, crystal structure and vibrational spectroscopy studies of the lacunar apatite NaPb2Ca2(PO4)3, (n.d.).

(1)Materials Science, Energy and Nano-engineering Department,Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco

(2) MEXAM Corp. Holding, Technology Center Energetic Materials, Carretera N-623 km 28. 09141Quintanilla Sobresierra. Burgos, Spain

(3)Laboratory of physic-chemical of applied materials, Sciences Faculty of Ben M’sik,Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco


The phosphate is a natural resource of great importance in Morocco. In order to exploit this wealth, synthesis and studies of new materials-based phosphate, were carried out. One of the mineral based phosphate, the lacunar apatite is produced and used as adsorbent materials [1].

A series of apatite materials has been synthesized via solid-state reaction with the chemical formula APb2Ca2(PO4)3 with A = Na, Li and K. Their crystal structures and vibrational properties were studies by PXRD, Raman and Infrared spectroscopy. The crystallographic analysis shows that the three materials show a typical apatite structure with an anionic deficit and the space group (SG) P63/m (ITA No. 176). The observed frequencies were assigned and discussed by comparison to other apatite-type materials [2,3].

The new apatite has been utilized as the adsorbent of the phenol from aqueous solution by the batch adsorption technique under different conditions of initial dye concentration, adsorbent concentration, contact time, solution pH, and temperature. The quantities adsorbed confirm that these materials can be used as a filter for the treatment of industrial discharges.

Abstract

56


Solar thermal treatment of phosphate ore for dehumidification operations by using a parabolic trough collector connected

to a fluid-bedAbdenouri Naji*, El Ferouali Hicham; Doubabi Said

Control and Computing for Intelligent Systems and Green Energy, Cadi Ayyad University, BP 549,Av. Abdelkarim Elkhattabi, Gueliz, Marrakesh, Morocco

*E-mail of the corresponding author: [email protected]

This work aims to develop a phosphate drying process using concentrating solar power as a source of thermal energy. In the current production scheme, the phosphate ore is dried in a rotary kiln to lower its humidity level from 30% to 2%. This operation converts wetted phosphate into industrial feedstock for other processes. The kiln is fed by 8000 tons of fuel per day, which costs more than 10,000 Euros per year.

The proposal here involves the evaluation of the characteristics and the performance of a parabolic trough using air as a dewatering heat transfer fluid to operate directly on the phosphate. The parabolic trough leads to reach temperatures higher than 200°C instead of simple solar air collector where the highest reached temperature is less than 95°C. The facility used in this process is located at Cadi Ayyad University and the work was carried out both by theoretical and experimental studies. At first, a calculation was performed to estimate the outlet temperature of the receiver at ambient pressure condition for fixed direct solar radiation and ambient.

Thus, for similar conditions to that of June 11, 2018 ( = 733W / m2, Tamb = 22.6 ° C and Patm = 101,200 Pa) and for a thermal efficiency of the concentrator of 53% and airflow of 1.5m3/min. The air temperature at the outlet of the manifold would be 177 ˚C. The experimental tests carried out on the phosphate drying prototype containing an initial humidity of 34.13% lead, at the end of the drying process, to almost zero humidity over almost 70 minutes of heating. It is clear that this duration depends on the size of the installation, nevertheless bodes well for a solution to be developed on a larger scale. A PTC was connected to a 1m3 drying static fluid-bed dryer. The PTC’s outlet temperature increases with the increase of the direct solar radiation until reaching its maximum value of 140.05°C at solar noon.

The PTC’s efficiency reaches its maximum value of 33.35% by solar noon. The solar drying of phosphate by a parabolic trough collector was performed. The collector and the dryer efficiency reached are 28.01% and 26%, respectively. The moisture content was computed and compared to open sun drying.

Abstract

57


Effect of crystallizable glass addition on microstructures and energy storage properties of BNN ceramics

A. Ihyadn(A), D. Mezzane(A), L. Bih(C,D), A. Lahmar(B) A. Alimoussa(A), M. Amjoud(A), M. El Marssi(B)

Keywords: Energy efficiency; dielectric properties; phosphate glasses; Ba2NaNb5O15.

(A) Laboratory of Condensed Matter and Nanostructures, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco(B) Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France

(C) Département Matériaux et Procédés, ENSAM Meknès, Université Moulay Ismail, Meknès, Maroc.(D) Equipe Physico-Chimie la Matière Condensée (PCMC), Faculté des Sciences de Meknès, Maroc.


The Ba2NaNb5O15 (BNN) dielectric ceramics with different amounts of BaO-Na2O-Nb2O5-P2O5 (BNNP) glass content were prepared via the conventional solid-state method. The effect of glass content on structural, microstructure, dielectric and energy storage properties was investigated. The XRD results showed that no secondary phase was formed after adding glass. The samples exhibited a stable dielectric constant over the temperature range of 25°C to 150°C°. It was found that the addition of BNNP glass could significantly improve the dielectric constant of ceramics. The study found that the energy storage density of the ceramics increased gradually with increasing glass concentration. The optimum discharge density of (100-x)BNN-xBNNP (wt%, x=0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10) ceramics was obtained for B10 (x=10) with an energy efficiency of 78.4%, which may be used as a suitable candidate ceramic material for high energy storage density capacitor.

Abstract

58


Optimization of phosphate/clay microfiltration membrane usingBox-Behnken design for the treatment of industrial wastewaterAbdessamad Belgada(1), Fatima Zohra Charik(1), Brahim Achiou(2,*), Toussaint Ntambwe Kambuyi(3),

Saad Alami Younssi(1), Adil Dani(3), Redouane Beniazza(2), Rachid Benhida(2)

Keywords: Natural Phosphate: Ceramic Membrane; Microfiltration; Sintering; Wastewater Treatment.

References:[1] S. Saja, A. Bouazizi, B. Achiou, H. Ouaddari, A. Karim, M. Ouammou, A. Aaddane, J. Bennazha, S. Alami Younssi, Fabrication of low-cost ceramic ultrafiltration membrane made from bentonite clay and its application for soluble dyes removal, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 40 (2020) 2453–2462. [2] A. Manni, B. Achiou, A. Karim, A. Harrati, C. Sadik, M. Ouammou, S. AlamiYounssi, A. El Bouari, New low-cost ceramic microfiltration membrane made from natural magnesite for industrial wastewater treatment, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 8 (2020) 103906.

(1) Laboratory of Materials, Membranes and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies of Mohammedia, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco.

(2) Mohamed VI Polytechnic University, UM6P, Benguerir, Morocco. Department of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences - Green Process Engineering (CBS).

(3) Laboratory of Process and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies of Mohammedia, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco.

Email* (Corresponding author): [email protected]

It is well-known that ceramic membranes exhibit many advantageous characteristics in comparison to polymeric membranes. Among them mechanical strength, excellent thermal resistance, high chemical stability, long-life performance and minimal pollution impact [1]. However, commercial ceramic membranes are prepared from metals oxides that are expensive and require high energy for sintering [2].

Therefore, it is very promising to use local geomaterials such as phosphate, pozzolan and clays to prepare low-cost ceramic membranes more or less similar to available commercial membranes. Economically, it is highly expected that this approach would lead to prepare competitive membranes. This work aims to study the effect of incorporation of clay on phosphate for the preparation of an efficient and a low-cost ceramic microfiltration membrane. The phosphate/clay membrane was prepared via dry pressing method followed by sintering. Box-Behnken design was used to evaluate the effect of preparation conditions such as added clay, sintering temperature, time of sintering on membrane features especially permeability and mechanical strength. In order to assess its performance, the optimized membrane was subjected to the filtration of industrial wastewater.

Finally, the fouling mechanism and the flux recovery studies were also performed.

Abstract

59


Influence of heat treatment on the erosion and corrosion resistanceof high-chromium carbon steels

ELJERSIFI Adnane(1,2,*), CHBIHI Abdelouahed(1), SEMLAL Nawal(3), BOUAOUINE Hassan(1), NAAMANE Sanae(1)

Keywords: Erosion, Corrosion, heat treatments, decarburization, phosphoric acid

(1) Morrocan Foundation for Advanced Science Innovation and Research (MAScIR) – Mohammed ElJazouli, Rabat Design Center, Rabat, Morocco

(2) Mohammed V University, Mohammedia School of Engineers (EMI) – Avenue Ibn Sina B.P. 765 Agdal, Rabat, Morocco(3) OCP Group S.A. – 2-4, rue Al Abtal - Hay Erraha - 20200 Casablanca – Morocco

Email* (first author): [email protected]

In this paper, the study of the detrimental effect of heat treatment on the resistance of high chromium carbon steels to erosion and corrosion is given. Two series of samples of a high chromium carbon steel are used for the tests. The first series of samples was extracted from a heat-treated impeller used for phosphoric acid slurry pumping.

The heat treatment resulted in surface decarburization and a gradual change in microstructure from the surface to the core of the material where zones closer to the surface not only had a smaller CVF (Carbide Volume Fraction) but formed a continuous carbide network which facilitated cracking propagation.

This resulted in a significant drop in surface hardness. The second series of samples was extracted from an unused pump made from the same material and had a similar microstructure to the core material of the first series of samples. To test the erosion resistance of the samples, they were exposed to dry sand erosion using a jet impingement sand erosion tester. After the testing, a comparison is made between the mass losses of the different samples as well as a microstructural analysis of their cross sections. These samples were also used for corrosion testing using electrochemical techniques (polarization curves) in a phosphoric acid solution at 80 °C. A comparison between heat-treated and non-heat-treated samples as well as eroded and non-eroded samples was done based on the generated polarization curves to study the corrosion resistance of the high chromium carbon steels at their different states.

Abstract

60


Development of advanced material coating to enhance corrosion resistance in chemical installations Study of 304 austenitic steel

and carbon steelHouda Ajabli, Abdellah Laazizi, Mouad Bensada, Kaoutar Fri, Khalid Nouneh

Keywords: Corrosion, Austenitic Stainless Steel, Type 304 austenitic stainless steel, Carbon steel, Sulphuric acid.

References:[1]: Ezedinma Agbokwor, S., Oray Nnamdi Obikwelu, D., & Ikechukwu Neife, S. (2019). Experimental Analysis of Corrosive Impact of Oxidizing and Non-oxidizing Environment on Sensitized Welded and Unwelded Samples of AISI 316. American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 3(3), 61. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20190303.13[2]: Hussein, S. S., Ali, N. A., & Hasan, B. O. (2016). Corrosion of carbon steel in flowing Sulfuric acid. 6(1), 277–283.[3]: Iliyasu, I., Yawas, D. S., & Aku, S. Y. (2012). Corrosion Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steel in Sulphuric Acid at Various Concentrations. Advances in Applied Science Research, 3(6), 3909–3915.[4]: Revie R W, N., & Uhlig H H, N. (2008). CORROSION AND CORROSION CONTROL CORROSION AND An Introduction to Corrosion Science and Engineering. Spectroscopy, 441.[5]: Singh, V. B., & Ray, M. (2007). Effect of H2SO4 addition on the corrosion behaviour of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel in methanol-HCL solution. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2(4), 329–340.

Research team: Materials, Metallurgy and Process Engineering, National Graduate School for Arts and Crafts, ENSAM, University Moulay Ismail, MEKNES, MOROCCO


Corrosion occurs in naturally acidic, hot and humid environments as well as the marine environment which is considered to be one of the most corrosive. The majority of tanks, tube coolers or pipes are located in such environment. Effective corrosion inhibition has a high economic value, for the year of 2016; the losses causes by the corrosion are estimated at 26.32 million Dirham in a single installation, from an economic point of view its cost represents, according to the World Corrosion Organization, 3 to 4% of the GDP of industrialized countries. In the oil, gas and chemical industries alone, corrosion is one of the most challenging tasks, and it is assumed that it costs 170 billion USD per year, moreover it is estimated that a quarter of steel production is destroyed by corrosion each year, corresponding to about 150 million tons/year or 5 tons/second.

Indeed, the replacement of corroded equipment and materials represents a very high financial burden for the industry, to which must be added the loss of revenue corresponding to the shutdown of installations to carry out repairs.

Therefore, predicting long-term results of corrosion is a challenge because it is a combination of interaction between multiple physical, chemical and mechanical phenomena.

This work will concentrate on understanding these phenomena, which should make it possible to effectively overcome the degradation of materials, especially in the chemical installations that are more affected by the corrosion, by choosing the most appropriate protection method, particularly through coatings. In order, to determinate the proprieties that protect some type of steel from corrosion, we studied the corrosion phenomenon (causes, forms, types and prevention), material study (physical-chemical and mechanical properties of steel, steel-corrosion interaction), the susceptibility and resistance of some types of steels, in this study we focus on two types of steel that are 304 austenitic stainless steel, carbon steel, to compare and to understand the development of corrosion in different types of steel and identify the best proprieties of each type, therefore, to find better solutions to avoid or minimize the corrosion phenomena.

Abstract

61


Solvent extraction of rare earth elements from wet-process phosphoric acid

Amal MERROUNE(1*), Redouane BENIAZZA(1), Rachid BOULIF(1), El mahdi MOUNIR(2), Rachid BENHIDA(1, 3)

Keywords: Solvent extraction; Rare earth elements (REEs); Wet-process phosphoric acid.

(1) Department of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, Green Process Engineering CBS.Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco.

(2) Situation Innovation OCP, OCP Foundation, OCP Group, JorfLasfar, 24025 El Jadida – Morocco.(3) Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France


Rare earth elements (REEs) including fifteen lanthanides, yttrium and scandium are special minerals known as “vitamins of modern industries”. They play a key role in a wide range of different industrial applications and green technologies. Day by day, the demand for REEs in the global market is increasing dramatically due to the growing use of these metals.1 This increased demand induced price increase and puts a great pressure on the current REEs supply chain. However, the extraction processes from primary resources are extremely complicated, and the separation of single element from each other is still challenging because of the close physical and chemical properties of this class of metals. The primary resources of REEs are limited, so it is of utmost importance to seek new resources for the sustainable development of these elements.

In line with these considerations, phosphate rocks are considered to be one of the promising and valuable secondary resources of REEs. Compared to other separation techniques, solvent extraction is the most commonly used industrial process for the recovery and the separation of REEs. Interestingly this technology is also efficient, cost-effective and easy to handle. On the other hand, the extractant plays an important role in solvent extraction because it determines the effectiveness of the process. In this regard, organophosphorus acids are the most effective extractants for the recovery of REEs from phosphoric medium.2 The present work reports detailed studies on selective extraction of REEs from the phosphoric acid matrix.

The influence of various fundamental parameters on REEs extraction was evaluated including extractant concentration, organic phase/aqueous phase ratio, residence time and stirring.

Abstract

62


Applications of lamellar nanomaterial birnessite-type for the removal of heavy metals in an aqueous medium and commercial

phosphoric acidAmina Amarray(1*), Sanae El Ghachtouli(1), Khaoula Khaless(2), Mouad Dahbi(3), Mohammed Azzi(1)

Keywords: Wastewater, Phosphoric acid, Manganese oxide, Nanomaterial, Heavy metals.

References:[1] M. Hua, S. Zhang, B. Pan, W. Zhang, L. Lv, and Q. Zhang, “Heavy metal removal from water/wastewater by nanosized metal oxides,” Hazard. Mater., vol. 211–212, pp. 317–331, 2012.[2] N. A. Badawy, A. M. Gamal, I. H. Zidan, and A. R. Mowafy, “Purification of wet process phosphoric acid by decreasing iron and uranium using white silica sand,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 190, Elsevier B.V., pp. 324–329, 2011.

(1) Laboratoire Interface Matériaux – Environnement, Faculté des Sciences Ain-Chock, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, B.P 5366 Maarif, Casablanca, Maroc.

(2) Department of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, Green Process Engineering CBS. Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco.

(3) Materials Science and Nano-engineering Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P),Ben Guerir, Morocco.


In recent years, the problems of water contamination have become increasingly dangerous. Industrial use of metals such as dyeing, battery production, and metallurgy have introduced significant amounts of potentially toxic heavy metals into the atmosphere and the aquatic and terrestrial environments. Exposure to some heavy metals, such as Pb(II) and Cd(II)… ect, even in trace quantities, is considered to pose a risk to humans [1]. For this purpose, it was necessary to strictly control the concentration of heavy metals in wastewater and industrial discharges. Indeed, the availability of methods to effectively and completely eliminate undesirable metals remains a very important but still difficult task for environmental engineers. Several methods had been applied to remove or reduce these metal ions, including ion-exchange, liquid-liquid extraction, precipitation...etc. The application of these techniques was limited due to their low efficiency, high cost of organic solvents, high energy consumption, and process complexity [2].

This work consisted of using a nanomaterial based on manganese (Na-MnO2) synthesized by a soft and non-toxic chemical process to remove metal ions Pb(II) and Cd(II) in two synthetic mediums; aqueous and in different concentrations of commercial phosphoric acid. During these studies, several parameters were investigated, such as the effect of contact time, initial metal ion concentration, phosphoric acid concentration, Na-MnO2 material stability during the metal ion removal process. Removal studies showed a strong affinity of this nanomaterial towards the metal ions Pb(II) and Cd(II) with an efficiency of more than 98% during very short time kinetics. In addition, this nanomaterial showed high efficacy at different concentrations of phosphoric acid (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 15M) in the first 30 minutes of treatment. High adsorption quantities were recorded for acid (7.5M) compared to acid (2.5M).

The examination of the structure of the nanomaterials before and after the interaction with the two study mediums was carried out by different spectroscopic techniques. In addition to the high performance and reactivity, the nanomaterial showed very high stability in both study mediums resulting in a low release of manganese ion during removal processes. These very promising results encouraged us to apply this Na-MnO2 nanomaterial in larger reactors and for the removal of other metal ions.

Abstract

63


Elaboration of nanosheets based on manganese: Application for the removal of heavy metals in aqueous medium and phosphoric acid

Amina Amarray(1*), Sanae El Ghachtouli(1), Hajar Tebbaai(1), Khaoula Khaless(2), Mouad Dahbi(3),Mohammed Azzi(1)

Keywords: Manganese oxide, Nanosheet, Heavy metals, Phosphoric acid, Adsorption

References:[1] S. Pourbeyram, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 55, pp. 5608–5617, 2016.[2] G. Tan, Y. Liu, and D. Xiao, J. Carbohydr. Polym. 219, pp. 306–315, 2019.

(1) Laboratoire Interface Matériaux - Environnement, Faculté des Sciences Ain-Chock, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, B.P 5366 Maarif, Casablanca, Maroc.

(2) Department of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, Green Process Engineering CBS. Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco.

(3) Materials Science and Nano-engineering Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P),Ben Guerir, Morocco.


Heavy metals have posed serious risks to the environment and human health due to their high toxicity and non-biological degradability. They are becoming increasingly prevalent due to their releases from a variety of sources, including metal processing, batteries, paints, fertilizers, waste disposal, and fuel combustion [1].

Therefore, these heavy metals may be present in industrial wastewater as well as in industrial phosphoric acid, which comes mainly from the ore or manufacturing processes. It is, thus, necessary to develop very sensitive and effective methods for the reduction or elimination of these metal ions. At present, many physico-chemical and biological methods have been developed for the removal of heavy metals. Among these methods is adsorption, which is flexible in design and operation, easy to perform, and insensitive to toxic substances. Various adsorbents have been applied to remove heavy metals such as hydroxyapatite, clay, alumina... etc. Generally, the application of these adsorbents is limited due to their low adsorption capacity, long equilibrium time, and low selectivity.

Recently, materials based on manganese (MnO2) have attracted significant interest as an effective heavy metal adsorbent due to their high adsorption capacity compared to other inorganic adsorbents/materials[2].

The objective of this study is the development of new nanomaterials based on manganese under the form of nanosheets, to remove heavy metals Pb(II) and Cd(II) from two synthetic mediums, aqueous and phosphoric acid. The chemical synthesis of these nanosheets is based on a simple, soft, and inexpensive protocol using simple reagents.

The principle of the synthesis is based on the exfoliation of a lamellar intermediate material resulting in the formation of MnO2 nanosheet (MnO2-NS) with negative charges on its outer surface, which causes a strong attraction of positively charged pollutants such as metal cations. Characterization of nanomaterials using various spectroscopic techniques reveals that these nanosheets have high crystallinity and a lamellar structure in the form of several separate layers. The interaction of the elaborated nanosheets with metal ions showed a high reactivity towards heavy metals Pb(II) and Cd(II). A comparative study of the removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by monolayer (MnO2-NS) and MnO2 was investigated.

Abstract

64


Rare earths recovery from wet process phosphoric acid using resin technology

Anasse SRAIDI(A), Redouane BENIAZZA(A), El Mahdi MOUNIR(B), Rachid BENHIDA(A,C)

Keywords: Rare earths, phosphoric acid, ion-exchange resin, extraction efficiency, regeneration.

References:[1] N. Swain,, S. Mishra, Journal of Cleaner Production 220 (2019) 884–98. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.094.[2] S. Kouzbour,, B. Gourich,, F. Gros,, C. Vial,, F. Allam,, Y. Stiriba, Hydrometallurgy 188 (2019) 222-47. 10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.06.014.

(A) Mohammed VI PolytechnicUniversity, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, Green Process Engineering CBS, Ben Guerir, Morocco.

(B) Situation Innovation OCP, OCP Foundation, OCP Group, JorfLasfar, 24025 El Jadida, Morocco.(C) Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, Côte d’Azur, Nice, France.


Rare earths are strategic metals because they have become indispensable for high-tech applications such as permanent magnets and optical fibers[1].

These elements exist in three main ores as primary sources: Monazite, Xenotime, and Bastanesite. Phosphate rocks are one of the secondary resources for rare earths. Moroccan phosphate represents about 70% of the worldwide reserve[2], thus, there is a need to recover REEs from phosphate ores to tackle the supply issue and to meet the future demand of these strategic elements. Recently, fertilizer industries have begun the extraction of rare earths from phosphoric acid. In this context, OCP phosphoric acid produced by the sulfuric acid attack of phosphate ores considered as a promising resource of rare earths. The recovery of these elements is likely possible using green technologies, especially liquid-solid extraction techniques using ion-exchange resins.

This collaborative work between UM6P and OCP is focused on the extraction of rare earths from wet process phosphoric acid using different functional resins. The separation and recovery of rare earths were evaluated considering the experimental parameters such as, contact time, temperature, bed height, and rate flow. The obtained results led to classify the studied resins in terms of efficiency, saturation and regeneration.

Abstract

65


The manufacture of elemental sulphur-enriched phosphate fertilizer of improved physical quality

Asmae El Agri (1, *), Anass Hafnaoui (2), Mehdi Khouloud (3), Mohammed Senhaji Lakehal (1),Mohammed El Asri (1,3), Abdeslem Meliani (1)

Keywords: Sulphur fertilizer, Sulphur dispersion, Surfactant, Design of experiment, Mixture design, Formulation.

References:[1] P. Eric, Dispersible sulphur fertilizer pellets. WO 2010/118532 A1, 2010.[2] K.J. Hutter, M.R.A. Garcia, Process for preparing an elemental sulphur-containing fertilizer. EP 2429975 B1, 2010.[3] C.P. Allais, K.J. Hutter, R.A. Garcia Martinez, Process for preparing an emulsion of elemental sulphur particles. WO 2014/009326 A1, 2014.

(1) Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, FST FEZ USMBA Road Imouzzer, PO Box 2202, Fez, Morocco(2) Innovation, Fertilizers department, OCP Group S.A, Jorf lasfar, Morocco

(3) Chemical & Biochemical Sciences Laboratory, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150, Ben Guerir, Morocco


Producing phosphate fertilizer enriched with elemental sulphur, which is finely and uniformly dispersed in the phosphate fertilizer, remains one of the most important issues for the fertilizer industry. The reason for this, is the difficulties involved with the process of dispersing sulphur in the fertilizer.

Many researchers [1][2][3] have made enormous effort to face this problem; all of them with a single purpose: formulating fertilizer in which the sulphur particles are available to plants.

In this study, we describe a process in which the elemental sulphur particles are obtained in a small size. The method used herein consists of exploiting the potential effect of certain surfactant additives to disperse elemental sulphur particles. In order to acquire an optimal formulation that meets the objective, we have used experimental design methodology. The aim of this method is to achieve an accurate result in the shortest possible time and with the lowest cost. A synergy between three non-ionic surfactant additives is created and subjected to many different formulations. Through the use of a mixture design methodology, formulations are produced with different proportions of surfactants. Particle size analysis of elemental sulphur with the laser granulometry method confirms the smaller size of particles: smaller than 150 μm.

To go further, we have investigated the physical quality of the sulphur fertilizer generated by the current method. The objective is to ensure the compliance of the synthesized fertilizer, even with application of the additive formulation.

Finally, the result of the fertilizer quality tests showed that no negative effect is observed using the current formulation.

Abstract

66


Valorization of seawater reverse osmosis brinefor zero liquid discharge

Ayoub BOUAZZA(1), A.SAID(1), R.BENHIDA(1), H.ADDAM(2), K.KHALESS(1)

Keywords: Zero liquid discharge, Desalination, Fractional crystallization, Salts recovery.

References:[1] M. Petersková, C. Valderrama, O. Gibert, and J. Luis, “Extraction of valuable metal ions ( Cs , Rb , Li , U ) from reverse osmosis concentrate using selective sorbents,” Desalination, vol. 286, pp. 316–323, 2012.[2] J. L. Sánchez-Lizaso et al., “Salinity tolerance of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica: recommendations to minimize the impact of brine discharges from desalination plants,” Desalination, vol. 221, no. 1-3, pp. 602–607, 2008.[3] R. Blust, E. Kockelbergh, and M. Baillieul, “Effect of salinity on the uptake of cadmium by the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana,” Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 245–254, 1992.

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Morocco, Chemical and Biochemical Sciences Green Process Engineering (CBS)

(2) Innovation OCP SA Jorf Lasfar, Maroc


Brines generated from desalination plants contain various compounds, mainly salts with traces of heavy metals and organic compounds. These brines are up to two times saltier (between 50 and 80 g/l) than the standard oceanic waters (37 g/l in the Atlantic Ocean). Therefore, there is a strong motivation to recover these elements, some of which are rare and/or expensive[1].

The current practice in desalination plants is to reject the brine back to the sea, which can affect the marine ecosystem and overall, the environment[2], [3]. Our work explores the potential of a thermal separation procedure to obtain valuable salts from brine samples taken from the desalination plant at OCP Jorf Lasfar, for zero liquid discharge, which was measured to be at 70g/l of total dissolved salts (TDS). The technique used is a hybrid process of solar fractional evaporation followed by eutectic freezing. Experimental results for the evaporation/concentration of brine samples showed that the method is effective for the precipitation of K-Mg mixed salt known as Kainite (KCl.MgSO4.6H2O) with a relatively high purity of 73%, which is a precursor for the valorization of potassium. Furthermore, the controlled freezing of the remaining solution allowed to selectively precipitate high purity magnesium sulfate hydrate crystals (MgSO4.nH2O). The results show that the degree of hydration is mainly linked to the temperature of the drying; the higher the drying temperature, the lower the hydration degree.

However, a stable magnesium sulfate hexahydrate (MgSO4.6H2O) was obtained at 60°C. Furthermore, the purity of the crystals was also improved by the addition of a rinsing step using acetone, prior to the drying. Potassium and magnesium salts have a broad range of applications, often as additions to phosphate-based fertilizers, which creates an opportunity for companies already possessing a desalination plant to explore this approach’s potential further; whether to use these salts in their production chains and/or reduce the overall cost of desalination.

Abstract

67


Ultrasound-assisted multicomponent green synthesis of novel 1,2,3-triazole-sulfonamides catalyzed by copper (II)

poroushydroxyapatiteAyoub El Mahmoudi (1), Hamza Tachallait (1, 2), Aicha Talha (1), Khalid Bougrin (1, 2) *

Keywords: Green chemistry; Copper (II) porous hydroxyapatite; Ultrasound; One-pot; 1,2,3-Triazolesulfonamides.

References:[1] Ramazani, A., Sadighian, H., Gouranlou, F., Joo, S. W. Curr. Org. Chem. 2019, 23, 2319-2349.[2] Alaoui, S., Dufies, M., Driowya, M., Demange, L., Bougrin, K., Robert, G., Auberger, P., Pagès, G., Benhida, R. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2017, 27, 1989-1992.[3] Kale, S., Kahandal, S., Disale, S., Jayaram, R. Curr. Chem. Lett. 2012, 1, 69-80.

(1) Plant Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis Team, Faculty of Science, Geophysics, Natural Patrimonyand Green Chemistry (GEOPAC) Research Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.(2) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Benguerir. Morocco.

*Email: [email protected] & [email protected]

Several works on the synthesis of hybrid triazoles-based sulfonamide derivatives are reported in the literature, and this has led to the discovery of various compounds of therapeutic interest. [1,2] Multicomponent reactions are the important class of organic synthesis that involves transformation of various reactants into the desire product in a single step. [3] However, there is still a huge need for new synthetic methodologies, particularly a simple method with less reaction steps and a more easily available source for the starting material, such as heterogeneous and recyclable catalysts and green, environmentally acceptable solvent.

We report herein a simple, efficient, eco-friendly, multicomponent one-pot, protocol for CuAAC reaction and saccharin ring cleavage for the synthesis of new 1,2,3-triazole-sulfonamides using a cooperative effect of ultrasound activation and copper (II) porous hydroxyapatite (p-CuHAP300) as novel catalyst system in water. All synthesized products are furnished in good yields, in short reaction time, and then their structures were confirmed by NMR, FT-IR and mass spectrometry.

Abstract

68


Phosphorylated biopolymer-based microcapsules for smart anticorrosion self-healing coating

Ayoub OUARGA (1,2,3*), El Mehdi TOUFIK (1,2), Abdelhamid ELAISSARI (3), Allal BARROUG (1,2),Hicham BENYOUCEF (1)

Keywords: Anticorrosive coating, Biopolymers, Microcapsules, Phosphorylation, Self-healing.

References:[1] S. Ghosh, Self-healing materials: fundamentals, design strategies, and applications, Wiley-VCH, 2009.[2] W. Feng, S.H. Patel, M.-Y. Young, J.L. Zunino III, M. Xanthos, Smart polymeric coatings recent advances, Adv. Polym. Technol. 26 (1) (2007) 1–13.[3] P.A. Sørensen, S. Kiil, K. Dam-Johansen, C.E. Weinell. Anticorrosive coatings: a review. J.Coat. Technol. Res. 6 (2) (2009) 135-176.

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Benguerir, Morocco.(2) Cadi Ayyad University, FSSM, BP. 2390, , 40000 Marrakech, Morocco.

(3) Claude Bernard Lyon-1 University, CNRS, LAGEPP-UMR 5007, F-69622 Lyon, France.


Self-healing materials have become an intense research field in the last decade. The objective of self-healing concept is to develop materials with able to retain functionalities and restore their structural integrity autonomously after a damage. The ability to self-heal should result in prolonged material service life, less maintenance, and therefore potential cost reductions [1,2].

Recently, the development of environmentally friendly corrosion protective coatings has been one of the most important research and development areas in the field of corrosion protection. Self-healing anticorrosive coatings are multi-component called smart materials. Such materials have been proposed as a long-lasting corrosion protection of steel structures [3]. The presently most promising technology route is based on microcapsules, filled with active healing agents, which is the main target of our work.

In this study, vegetable oil was encapsulated in biopolymer-shell based microcapsules via emulsion solvent evaporation method. The microcapsules were prepared using native and phosphorylated biopolymer. Chemical modification (phosphorylation) of materials is one of the prime methods to generate new functions and provide derivatives with specific properties. For example, the existence of phosphonate groups in the matrix is highly advantageous to obtain better performance in terms of bioactivity.

A set of characterization methods, including optical microscopy, SEM spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy and TGA analysis have been used to evaluate the elemental analysis of phosphorous-containing biopolymers, the prepared microcapsules and the efficiency of the encapsulation process.

The obtained results showed the spherical shape and the micrometric size distribution of the prepared capsules. TGA analysis and FTIR spectroscopy have confirmed the presence of oil in the core of both native and phosphorylated microcapsules. The absence of any strong chemical interaction between the core and the shell materials have been verified.

Both types of microcapsules have been embedded in epoxy resin in order to prepare anticorrosion self-heling coatings, then applied on mild steel substrates using a film applicator. The protecting effect of the formed coating films against corrosion phenomenon has been investigated through salt spray test. The obtained results reveal good corrosion resistance of the coatings containing phosphorylated microcapsules compared to the coatings containing native biopolymer-based microcapsules.

Abstract

69


Bismuth based oxide as Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steelin HCl Medium

Badr.BAACH, Taoufiq. GUEDIRA

Keywords: Fluorite structure, X-ray, Inorganic inhibitors

References:[1] Renju, U.A., Rao, P.P. Ionics (2020).[2] J.C. Boivin,G.Mairesse,Chem.Mater.10(1998)2870–2888[3] Boyapati, S.; Wachsman, E. D.; Jiang N. Solid State Ionics 2001, 140, 149.

Laboratoire matériaux, électrochimie et environnement à l’Université Ibn Tofail, Faculté des Sciences-BP 133, 14000 Kenitra Maroc


crystalline compounds with a deficient fluorite structure, and derived from the δ-Bi2O3 phase, present interesting applications in several technological fields [1-4]. These applications are regularly connected to the nature off the cations (P5+, V5+, Nb5+, Ba2+, Ca2+..) introduced in order to stabilize the high-temperature Bismuth oxide polymorph, that is stable from 730°C up to 825°C, as well as the atomic position of each ion in the crystal structure. The use of these compounds as corrosion inhibitors should open up new perspectives for the development of inorganic inhibitors.

The aim of our investigation is the structural study of three compounds synthesized from the oxides Bi2O3, P2O5, V2O5 and Nb2O5 with X-ray powder diffraction, as well as the determination of the inhibitory action of these compounds on the corrosion of mild steel in HCL 1M medium using electrochemical methods.

Abstract

70


Improvement of the dielectric properties and the energy storage performance of Sodium niobate ceramic with Na2O - Nb2O5- P2O5

phosphate glass addition Benyounoussy Sanaa(1) ; Lahcen Bih(2); Abdeslam El Bouari(1)

Keywords: Phosphate-glasses, sodium niobite, composite, dielectric properties, energy storage performance

(1) University HASSAN II of CASABLANCA-Faculty of science BEN M’SIK (2) ENSAM Meknes - Faculty of science meknes


Here we report a systematic evaluation of the effects of the glass addition on sodium niobate ceramics. For that, the NaNbO3 (NN) is elaborated by solid-state synthesis while the glasses Na2O-Nb2O5-P2O5 (NPP) is synthesized by the conventional melt quenching method. The compositional modifications of the ceramic sodium niobate (NN) with the glass (NPP) is designed according to the composition (100-x) NN-xNNP with x = 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 wt. %. The suitable sintering temperature (SST) for the ceramic composites was determined using density measurements, and it was found for all samples about 900 °C. After the densification stage, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Granulo-laser analysis, and scanning electron microscopy are examined to study the structural approach and the morphology of sintered NN-Gx. Specifically, we found that the functional properties of the ceramic composites are strongly dependent on the morphological features of the samples.

So, our results demonstrate that the size and shape of grains in the ceramic composites are affected by the glass amount. We found that the microstructure does have a close relationship with the functional response, more specifically; a uniform and fine grain microstructure are suitable to lead high energy storage performance. Based on these results, the chemical modifications with NNP glass have a significantly positive influence on dielectric and energy storage performances of sodium niobates-based ceramics.

Abstract

71


Synthesis, characterization possible application of the new layeredphosphate pigment ATP 6 AHA in corrosion applications

Chaymae Hejjaj(1, 2), A. Ait Aghezzaf(3), R. Hakkou(1, 2), and C.B. Fischer(1, 4)

Keywords: Aluminum polyphosphate, XRD, container system, hybrid layered phosphate, low-molecular weight inhibitor, EIS

(1) Materials Science, Energy and Nano-engineering Department, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic (UM6P), Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150, Ben Guerir, Morocco.

(2) Faculty of Science and Technology - Cadi Ayyad University (UCA), Marrakech Menara, 112 Boulevard Abdelkrim Al Khattabi, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco.

(3) Laboratoire des Sciences Appliquées et Didactique (LaSAD), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Abdelmalek, Tetouan, Morocco.

(4) Department of Physics, University Koblenz-Landau, 56070, Koblenz, Germany.


The development of efficient inhibitors based on environmentally friendly and non-polluting compounds for steel protection is a challenging task for industry but also for the preservation of metallic components. The synthesis and characterization of a new hybrid inhibitor based on the intercalation of 6-amino hexanoic acid (6-AHA) into layered Aluminum tri-polyphosphate (ATP) and its application for corrosion protection of S235 low carbon steel is reported. Characteristics of the ATP and the inorganic-organic hybrid inhibitor system ATP-6-AHA are analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (IR), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results clearly show that the host material ATP and the hybrid compound ATP-6-AHA were successfully synthesized.

The interlayer space of ATP is expanded by 10.1 Å, with 6-AHA planes arranged in bilayers (head-to-head) in the gallery space. The corrosion efficiency of ATP-6-AHA was evaluated as inhibitor and as pigment in alkyd resin in sodium chloride electrolyte solution by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results demonstrated that the hybrid inhibitor system ATP-6-AHA significantly decreases the corrosion behavior of S235 steel.

Abstract

72


Heavy metals released by phosphogypsum into environment:Removal process using cerium doped activated carbon

Kouotou Daouda(1,2*) ; Gharibi Elkhadir(2)

Keywords: Pollution, groundwater, heavy metals, activated carbon, phosphogypsum.

References:[1] Becker P. (1989). Phosphates and phosphoric acid: raw materials, technology, and economics of the wet process, Second Edition, Revised and expanded, ed. Marcel Dekker, INC., New York and Basel.[2] Diouri A., Boukhari A., Idrissi M., Alami M., Damidot D. et Aride J., (2008), Valorisation du phosphogypse dans l’élaboration d’un ciment sulfoalumineux, aspects physico-chimique et environnemental, Actes de la session plénière solennelle, Actes de la session plénière, Rabat, pp. 405-415.[3] Oumnih, S., Gharibi E. K., Yousfi E. B., Bekkouch N. , El Hammouti K. (2017). Posphogypsum waste valorization by acid attack with the presence of metallic iron. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science. 8(1), 338-344.[4] Leandro Vinícius Alves Gurgel, Rossimiriam Pereira de Freitas, Laurent Frédéric Gil, Adsorption of Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) from aqueous single metal solutions by sugarcane bagasse and mercerized sugarcane bagasse chemically modified with succinic anhydride, Carbohydrate Polymers 74 (2008) 922–929.[5] Bernard E., Jimoh A. and Odigure J.O. (2013). Heavy Metals Removal from Industrial Wastewater by Activated Carbon Prepared from Coconut Shell, Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 3(8), 3-9.

(1) Applied Physical and Analytical Chemsitry Laboratory, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.

(2) Solid Mineral Chemistry, Applied Chemistry and Environment Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Mohammed Premier, P.O. Box 717 60000, Oujda, Morocco.


According to the dihydrate process, phosphoric acid production reaction generally carried out at 80°C (RhônePoulenc-Speichim process), generates very large amount of dihydrated calcium sulfate (CaSO4.2H2O) known as phosphogypsum (PG) main component. It has been proved that, for 4 tons of produced PG, only one ton of synthesized phosphoric acid is obtained [1], but at international level only a very small part (5%) is valorized [2]. Among the impurities present in the PG, there are impurities from unprocessed ore,like heavy metals which represent threat to surface and groundwater resources following subsequent leaching of the PG stored in the phosphoric acid plants surroundings by rainwaters [3]. Water pollution by these toxic heavy metals remains a matter of global concern because it is finally found in food chain and cause several health damage to human beings and animals [4,5]. Hence, it is urgent to find route to remove them in order to preserve human and animals good health. Several methods for water treatment contaminated by heavy metals have been implemented but, they require large treatment feasibility means [4] for non effective results. But among these treatment techniques, adsorption technique using activated carbons based biomass wastes remains the most effective[4].This efficiency is owing to low cost of activated carbon precursors, abundance, interesting physicochemical properties, preparation method easy to carry out and versatile adsorbent character. In this work, the cerium doped activated carbon (Ce/AC) was prepared for the removal of four trace metals traces (Pb, Cd, Cu and Ni) in aqueous solution. The percentage removal of Pb, Cd, Cu and Ni onto Ce/AC depended on several parameters namely, ionic radius, oxides hydration energy, solution pH and temperature.The cerium doped activated carbon was reaveled to be promising adsorbent for effective removal of these trace metals released by phosphogypsum leaching.

Abstract

73


From Argan Nut Shells towards mesoporous activated carbonsCHATIR El Mehdi (1,*), EL HADRAMI Abdelouahab (2), OJALA Satu (3), BRAHMI Rachid (1)

Keywords: Argan nut shells, phosphoric acid, Mesoporous activated carbon, Bisphenol A.

(1) Laboratory of Coordination and Analytical Chemistry (LCCA) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaïb Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco.

(2) Laboratory of Physical-Chemistry of Materials (LPCM), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaïb Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco.

(3) Faculty of Technology, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.


In this work we report a new and simple approach for converting biomass into mesoporous activated carbon (MAC) with high specific surface area. Argan nut shells were chemically activated using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as chemical activator. The activation conditions such as the activating temperature and the impregnation ratio on H3PO4 were optimized and their effects into the yield and the physical-chemical properties of activated carbons were investigated. Regardless the activation conditions, the activated carbons have shown a great porosity development (BET surfaces areas up to 1879 m2/g), as well as excellent oxygen-functionalized surfaces. Besides, the surface functionality and the well-balanced micro/meso-porosity of the optimized material confer to it a wide field of applications such as gas and energy storage, catalysis and water treatment (the mesopores occupied 50 % of the total volume). However, in this work we had chosen to evaluate the adsorption performance of MAC on an organic molecule classified as endocrine disruptor for living organism noted bisphenol A (BPA). Promising results in the adsorption of BPA were obtained, showing the efficiency of the present synthesis strategy for converting a low value lignocellulosic biomass into high surface area mesoporous carbons, which could be destinated for the wastewater treatment field.

Abstract

Figure. a) N2-sorption isotherm and b) BPA-adsorption isotherm of MAC

74


Effect of the Ba/K ratio on structural, dielectric and energy storage properties of BaO-K2O-TiO2-P2O5 glass-ceramics

E. Haily (1,*) , L. Bih (1,2), M. Jerroudi (1), A. El bouari (3), B. Manoun (4,5)

Keywords: Phosphate glass, Glass-ceramic, X-ray diffraction, Dielectric properties, Energy storage.

(1) Equipe Physico-Chimie la Matière Condensée (PCMC), Faculté des Sciences de Meknès, Maroc.(2) Département Matériaux et Procédés, ENSAM Meknès, Université Moulay Ismail, Meknès, Maroc.

(3) Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Appliquées (LPCMA), Faculté des Sciences Ben M’sik Casablanca, Maroc(4) Université Hassan 1er, Laboratoire Rayonnement-Matière et Instrumentation, (S3M), FST Settat, Morocco.

(5) Materials Science and Nano-engineering, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir, Morocco.


xBaO-(20-x)K2O-30TiO2-50P2O5 with (0 ≤x≤ 20 mol%) glasses were successfully elaborated by the melt-quenching while their related glass-ceramics were developed by the controlled crystallization. Density and molar volume measurements, differential thermal analysis and Raman spectroscopy were carried out to examine the glassy structure, the results revealed that the addition of BaO increases the reticulation and reinforces the glass network by the creation of strengthened linkages. X-ray diffraction has identified the formation of MTi2(PO4)3 with M=(K, Ba0.5) in all the glass-ceramics (GC) and the apparition of a secondary BaTiP2O8 phase when x increase beyond 10 mol%.

The dielectric properties of the glass-ceramics were studied by impedance spectroscopy, it showed that the addition of BaO induces an enhancement of both thermal and frequency stability of the dielectric parameters (εr and tan δ). The glass-ceramic with 5 mol% of BaO GC-(x=5) presents the highest dielectric constant and the lowest dielectric loss. The P-E hysteresis loops were recorded at room temperature and the energy storage parameters of the glass-ceramics were determined.

These parameters were significantly improved by the increase of the BaO content and the optimum parameters were obtained for GC-(x=5). The dielectric and energy storage parameters were discussed according to the structure data.

Abstract

75


Experimental and theoretical study of IR and Raman spectra ofmetacarboxyphenyl ammonium dihydrogenomonophosphate

(C7H4NH3OOH)H2PO4 (m-C AMP)El Mehdi Majdi(A), Smail Elmakhloufy(A) , Hamza Marouani(A) , Samir Chtita(A) and said Belaaouad (A)

Keywords:

Metacarboxyphenylammonium dihydrogenomonophosphate, Vibrational spectra, Infrared spectra, Raman spectra, DFT calculation

References:[1] Kanyo, Zoltan F., and David W. Christianson. “Biological recognition of phosphate and sulfate.” Journal of Biological Chemistry 266.7 (1991): 4264-4268.[2] Pirard, Bernard, Guy Baudoux, and François Durant. “A database study of intermolecular NH…O hydrogen bonds for carboxylates, sulfonates and monohydrogenphosphonates.” ActaCrystallographica Section B: Structural Science 51.1 (1995): 103-107.[3] Chakrabarti, P. “Anion binding sites in protein structures.” Journal of molecular biology 234.2 (1993): 463-482.[4] Thabet, H., and A. Jouini. “Tris (1, 4-butanediyldiammonium) bis (cyclotriphosphate) tetrahydrate.”Acta Crystallographica Section C: Crystal Structure Communications 52.9 (1996): 2248- 2250.

(A) Laboratory of Chemistry-Physics of Materials, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sik B. P. 7955,University Hassan II of Casablanca, Morocco.


In this paper we report the first experimental and theoretical studies of the vibrational spectra of the metacarboxyphenyl ammonium dihydrogenomonophosphate (C7H4NH3OOH) H2PO4 (m-C AMP). The theoretical FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopic characterization of hybrid materials that contain organic and mineral compounds were obtained using the density functional theory approach performed with Gaussian 09 program package using the hybrid functional B3LYP combining the Becke’s three-parameter and the Lee-Yang-Parr exchange-correlation functional employing the 6-31G(d) basis set. The experimental Raman spectrum was recorded under the Raman dispersive microscope DXR2 and the IR spectra were recorded using a Bruker tensor-27 FTJR Spectrometer.

Theoretical and experimental observations of the Infrared and Raman spectroscopic characterizations were compared in the (4000-400) cm-1 region. The comparison of the calculated vibrational spectra with the experimental data provides reliable assignments of all bands observed in the FTIR and Raman spectra, including the low-frequency region.

Abstract

76


Phosphate Functionalized Starch to Formulate Composite Cementsfor Orthopaedic Applications

El Mehdi TOUFIK (1,2,3*), Hassan NOUKRATI(1), Christian REY(3) Christèle COMBES(3), Hicham BENYOUCEF(1) Allal BARROUG(1,2)

Keywords: Phosphate Functionalization, Polysaccharides, Starch, Composite cement, Orthopaedic application

References:[1] Kirschning, A., Dibbert, N., and Dräger, G. Chemistry, 24(6):1231-1240 (2017).[2] Illy, N., Fache, M., Ménard, R., Negrell, C., Caillol, S and David. G, Polym. Chemistry, 6(35), 6257-6291 (2015).

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco(2) Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Marrakech, Morocco

(3) CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse INP - ENSIACET, Toulouse, France


Functionalization through the chemical attachment of various functional groups has received recurrent attention in the last decades especially in the biomedical field [1]. This approach is thought to generate original materials with novel or improved existing properties. In the case of polysaccharides, functionalization consists of attaching functional groups of choice without altering the polymeric backbone, thus combining original properties with new features. In this context, our choice is focused on attaching the phosphate function on starch in order to increase its biological reactivity and biocompatibility [2].

The phosphate functionalization was performed via facile phosphoric acid esterification chemistry. The success of the phosphorylation process was confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and inductively coupled plasma ICP-OES spectrometry. The results indicated the presence of phosphate groups with 5 wt% as P content. The morphology of both native and phosphorylated starch was investigated by SEM microscopy, and showed some alterations after phosphorylation reaction.

The phosphorylated polysaccharide was then associated with a calcium carbonate cement matrix in order to obtain an inorganic-organic composite cement with enhanced mechanical and biological properties. The feasibility of various composite cements formulations using both native and chemically modified starch was investigated using XRD and setting time measurements. The preliminary results showed the possibility of incorporating both native and modified starch in the liquid phase of the cement without significantly modifying its crystalline structure.

Further studies will aim to investigate the physical-chemical properties, mechanical properties and in vitro behavior of the formulated cements.

Abstract

77


Ultrasound-assisted green synthesis of novel N-allyl 5-arylidene-thiazolidine-2,4-diones and their isoxazoline/isoxazole analogues via

oxidative cyclisation using trisodium phosphate in aqueous mediaFatima Zahra Thari (1), Hamza Tachallait (1,2), Noureddine Alaoui (1), Aicha Talha (1),

Suhana Arshad (3), Eleuterio Álvarez (4), Khalid Karrouchi (5), Khalid Bougrin (1,2)

Keywords: Isoxazoline/Isoxazole; Thiazolidine-2,4-dione, Trisodium phosphate; Ultrasound

References:[1] Nanjan, M. J.; Mohammed, M.; Chandrasekar, M. J. N, Bioorg. Chem., 2018, 77, 548-567.[2] Srivastava, A. R., Bhatia, R., Chawla, P., Bioorg. Chem. 2019, 89, 102993.[3] Kaur, K.; Kumar, V.; Sharma, A. K.; Gupta, G. K, Eur J. Med. Chem., 2014, 77, 121-133.[4] Thari, F.Z.; Tachallait, H.; Alaoui, N.; Talha, A.; Arshad, S.; Álvarez, E.; Karrouchi, K.; Bougrin, K. Ultrasonics Sonochem., 2020 accepted.

(1) Equipe de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Faculty of Science,B.P. 1014, Geophysics, Natural Patrimony and Green Chemistry (GEOPAC) Research Center,

Mohammed V University of Rabat, Morocco.(2) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Benguerir, Morocco.

(3) X-ray Crystallography Unit, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia.(4) Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, CSIC–Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla,

Spain.(5) Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Bromatology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,

Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco.

Email *: [email protected] / [email protected]

Compounds containing heterocyclic rings such as thiazolidine-2,4-dione (TZD), isoxazoline and isoxazole are very popular in medicinal chemistry for their high biological activity [1].

Recently, a large number of innovative drugs containing the TZD moiety have been developed [2], including hypoglycemic thiazolidinediones, aldose reductase inhibitors and new generation diuretics.

Also, the isoxazoline and isoxazole rings belong to the privileged scaffolds in modern chemistry recognized in pharmaceutical and agrochemical agents [3].

Na3PO4 is an affordable and ecological alkaline salt, used in different areas mainly as a food additive (E339) to regulate the acidity. It was proven that it has sufficient basic strength to catalyze organic reactions. In this communication, we report a new and green method for the synthesis of novel Nthiazolidine-2,4-dione isoxazoline/isoxazole derivatives generated from N-allyl-5-arylidenethiazolidine-2,4-diones as dipolarophiles with arylnitrile oxides via oxidative cyclisation using NaCl/Oxone in presence of Na3PO4 as base under sonication. The structures of all pure isolated products were confirmed by IR, NMR, mass spectrometry and single crystal X-Ray diffraction analysis [4]

Abstract

78


Enhanced photocatalytic activity of phosphorene under different pH values using density functional theory (DFT)

Habiba Mamori(1,2,3), Khadija El Maalam(2*), Omar Mounkachi(1), Abdallah El kenz(1), Abdelhafed Taleb(3,4), Mohammed Hamedoun(2), Abdelilah Benyoussef(1)

Keywords: Photocatalyst, phosphorene, two-dimensional material, flat band position

References:[1] T. Jafari, E. Moharreri, AS. Amin, R. Miao, W. Song, SL. Suib. Photocatalytic Water Splitting-The Untamed Dream: A Review of Recent Advances. Molecules: 21, 900, 2016.[2] Mohammad Ziaur Rahman, Chi Wai Kwong, Kenneth Davey, Shi Zhang Qiao. 2D phosphorene as a water splitting photocatalyst: fundamentals to applications: Energy Environ. Sci. 9, 709-728, 2016.

(1) Laboratoire de la Matière Condensée et Sciences Interdisciplinaires (LaMCScI),Faculty of science-Mohammed V University, B.P. 1014, Rabat, Morocco

(2) Materials and Nanomaterials Centre, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research, MAScIR, Rabat, Morocco

(3) PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech - CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005, Paris, France(4) Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 place Jussieu, 75231 - Paris France.


A photocatalyst is a material where the absorption of photons from sunlight can induce the creation of pairs electron-hole to initiate redox reactions for Hydrogen production [1, 2].

Monolayer (ML) Phosphorene, a new two-dimensional material, has been investigated theoretically using GGA-PBE approximation and hybrid function based HSE06 approximation to to predict their photocatalytic behavior. We describe the structural and electronic effect of the physisorption of water molecule (H2O), hydronium ion (H3O

+), hydrogen atom (H) and hydrogen ion (H+), hydroxide molecule (OH), and finally hydroxide ion (OH-) on the electronic properties of phosphorene monolayer. The potential application of phosphorene as a photocatalyst in vacuum and with different pH values has been studied, where a value of pH = 9.5 has been demonstrated to correct the flat band position for oxidizing and reducing potentials of phosphorene to meets the requirement of a photocatalyst for water splitting.

Abstract

79


Formulation and In Vitro investigation of Phosphate based Composites as a Biomaterial for Drug Delivery Platform and Bone Repair

Hamid AIT SAID(1,*), Hassan NOUKRATI(1,2), Hassane OUDADESSE(3), Hicham BENYOUCEF(2), Allal BARROUG(1,2)

Keywords: Antibiotic, Calcium Phosphate, Composite, Mechanical property, Release.

References:[1] S. V. Dorozhkin, J. Mater. Chem. B. 7 (2019) 7471–7489.[2] M. Dziadek, E. Stodolak-Zych, K. Cholewa-Kowalska, Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 71 (2017) 1175–1191.[3] S. Mondal, S. V Dorozhkin, U. Pal, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomedicine Nanobiotechnology. 10 (2018) e1504.

Acknowledgements:“The Authors would like to acknowledge the support through the R&D Initiative – Appel a projets APPHOS sponsored by OCP (OCP Foundation, R&D OCP, UM6P, CNRST and MESRSFC) under the project ID MAT-BAR-01/2017. We also thank the Center of Analysis and Characterization (CAC) of Cadi Ayyad University.

(1) Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Marrakech, Morocco(2) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco

(3) University of Rennes 1, ISCR-UMR 6226, Rennes, France


Calcium phosphates (CaP) have been widely used in numerous biomedical applications and have gained attention as bone substitute and drug delivery vehicle owing to their ease of handling and suitable surface chemistry [1]. However, their poor biodegradability and mechanical weakness limit their use in bone orthopedic field. Extensive composite biomaterials based on CaP and various polymers have been worked out to create materials with favorable properties [2]. The biological performance of CaP and derivatives can be significantly enhanced through functionalization with other biological active molecules, in order to get suitable biomaterials for the local treatment of bone diseases [3]. This work aims to investigate CaP-polymer composites loaded with an antibiotic and to evaluate the impact of the preparation conditions and the organic components rates on the mechanical strength and the release ability of the composites. Calcium phosphate-polymer (CaP-PS) composites were synthesized at different temperatures and at variable CaP/PS ratios. The obtained powders were combined with an antibacterial agent. The compressive strength of the CaP-PS composite was improved by increasing the polymer content in the formulation matrix as well as the temperature synthesis. This was explained by the increase in the crystallinity and the crystallites size of the samples, as well as the diminution in the surface area of the starting composite powders. However, the addition of the antibiotic to the CaP-PS composite reduced its compressive strength (up to 44 %), as compared to the CaP-PS without antibiotic. The high mechanical strength observed for the latter formulation could be attributed to the good cohesion between the CaP particles and the PS polymer binder, as confirmed by SEM analysis and relatively low porosity in the CaP-PS matrix. The in vitro drug release study showed a prolonged and controlled liberation of the antibiotic over several days, which confirmed the cohesion and the release capacity of the specimens. The elution rate from the carrier is drug concentration-dependent, and the process is mainly governed by a Fickian diffusion mechanism. Finally, the in vitro antibacterial tests of CaP-PS loaded with the antibiotic indicated a significant anti-infective activity compared with the reference samples. Based on the obtained results, the formulated biocomposites may be suitable biomaterials for bone repair and local antibacterial release for the treatment of orthopedic implant-associated infections.

Abstract

80


Valorization of rare earth elements containing in phosphogypsumHamza CHANOURI(1,*), Rachid BENHIDA(1,2), Rachid BOULIF(1), El Mahdi MOUNIR(3), Khaoula KHALESS(1)

Keywords: Rare earth elements, Second resources, Phosphogypsum, Beneficiation, Concentrated tailings.

References:[1] J. Li et al., « Clean production technology of Baiyun Obo rare earth concentrate decomposed by Al(OH)3-NaOH », Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 382, p. 122790, févr. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.122790.[2] H. Wang et al., « Phase change, micro-structure and reaction mechanism during high temperature roasting of high grade rare earth concentrate », Journal of Rare Earths, p. S1002072119304260, oct. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jre.2019.10.003.[3] V. Yahorava et al., « Hydrothermal Modification of Phosphogypsum to Improve Subsequent Recovery of Rare Earths », Springer International Publishing, 2018, p. 2415-2427, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_204.[4] V. N. Rychkov et al., « Recovery of rare earth elements from phosphogypsum », Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 196, p. 674-681, sept. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.114.

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Morocco, Chemical and Biochemical Sciences Green Process Engineering (CBS).

(2) Institute of Chemistry of Nice, UMR7272, University Côte Azur, Nice, France.(3) OCP Situation innovation, OCP Group, Jorf Lasfar, BP.118, El Jadida, Morocco


Rare earth elements (REEs), known as industrial vitamins, are a special strategic metals. They have certain physical and chemical characteristics that play an important role in national economic construction and national defense research[1]. REEs can greatly improve the quality and performance of other products[2], and it started to be widely used in advanced electronics, lighting, power generation, green technology and military applications. This led to an increase in the world demand on those elements and thus enthused researchers to direct their works towards the extraction of these elements from ores and industrial wastes and byproducts. Phosphogypsum, a by-product, obtained from phosphate processing by treatment with sulfuric acid, is considered as an attractive source of rare earth elements. Despite the low concentrations of REEs in this by-product but given the large amount of these second resources they have considered as relevant alternatives[3]. The main advantage of this REEs sources is the absence of costs for mining and disintegration of a natural raw material[4]. However, since phosphogypsum contains small quantities of REEs, a concentration step remains essential before any attempt of extraction.

In order to looking for new strategies to overcome these problematics and ensure a steady flow of REEs, our research studies have focused on deciphering the speciation of REEs in phosphogypsum, their extraction as well as their industrially useable compounds. In the first step, the beneficiation study of different qualities of phosphogypsum was deeply studied. After attempting different kind of solvents and monitoring the ionic conductivity of each solution, we concluded that pH-dependent leaching in the presence of chelating agents led to the highest enrichment of REEs in the so-called concentrate residual. The elementary analysis of REEs in the phosphogypsum samples and concentrated tailings shows that a total rare earth enrichment of 88,3% in the final solid was achieved, which makes the valorization of phosphogypsum as a starting material of utmost interest for further transformations.

Abstract

81


Chemical preparation, crystallographic characterization and Raman-Infrared vibrational studies of three new monophosphates associated

to zirconium Na0.5M0.25Zr2(PO4)3 (M = Mn, Ni, Co)Hamza Marouani(1), El Mehdi Majdi(1), Hajar Ait Oulahyane(2), Ait Haddouch Mohammed(1),

Soufiane Zerraf(1), Ali Ouasri(3) and Said Belaaouad(1)

Keywords: Monophosphate; Chemical preparation; Powder diffraction; Crystal structure; Infrared; Raman Spectroscopy

References:[1] O. Cuvillier, A. Hatzoglou, la Sphingosine, 1-phosphate as a new regulator of mitosis; Med Sci (Paris) 34 (2) (2018) 112–114.[2] Eva Valsami-Jones, Phosphorus in environmental technologies: principles and applications; IWA Publishing, Vol. 4, published May 2005

(1) Laboratory of Chemistry-Physics of Materials, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sick B. P. 7955,Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco

(2) Laboratory of Physico, Chemistry of Applied Materials, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sick B. P. 7955,Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco

(3) Regional Center for Education and Training Trades, Madinat Al Irfane, Souissi, BP 6210 Rabat, Morocco


The crystal structure, and vibrational studies were carried out for three monophosphates compounds of formula Na0.5M0.25Zr2(PO4)3 (M=Mn,Ni,Co), which have been prepared by a solid reaction method, and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy.

All the compounds are isostructural and crystallized in the monoclinic system, with a space group of P2/m (Z=4). The obtained parameters are comparable: a =10.217 Å b = 13.134 Å c = 9.700 Å β =101.100° for the compound Na0.5Mn0.25Zr2(PO4)3, a =10,705 Å b =13,172 Å c = 9,709 Å, β = 101,402° for Na0.5Ni0.25Zr2(PO4)3, and a=10,336Å b=13,236 Å, c = 9,812 Å, β =101.702° for Na0.5Co0.25Zr2(PO4)3. The characteristic bands observed in the Infrared and Raman spectra have been assigned and interpreted based on literature and on theoretical group analysis, made particularly for PO4

3- groups.

The scanning electron microscopy surface analyses have been provided to show the surface view photographs of the three phosphate compounds.

Abstract

82


Association of an antibiotic with calcium phosphate composite cement: Study of the setting, rheological, mechanical properties,

and release behaviorHanaa Mabroum (1,*), Hassan Noukrati (2), Hicham Benyoucef (2), Hassane Oudadesse (3), Allal Barroug (1,2)

Keywords: Antibiotic, Calcium Phosphate Cement, Composite, Injectability, Release behavior.

References:[1] B. Ben-nissan, Advances in Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials, vol. 2, no. June 2016.[2] A. D. Bagde et al., “State of the Art Technology for Bone Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery,” Irbm, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 133–144, 2019.

Acknowledgements:“The Authors would like to acknowledge the support through the R&D Initiative – Appel a projets APPHOS sponsored by OCP (OCP Foundation, R&D OCP, UM6P, CNRST and MESRSFC) under the project ID MAT-BAR-01/2017. We also thank the Center of Analysis and Characterization (CAC) of Cadi Ayyad University.

(1) Cadi Ayyad University-UCA, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Marrakech, Morocco(2) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco

(3) University of Rennes1, ISCR-UMR 6226, Rennes, France


Calcium phosphate cements (CPC) have proven to be very efficient bone substitutes in different applications, thanks to their interesting properties. In addition to their composition close to bone mineral, they have excellent bioactivity and can be used as injectable grafting materials [1]. Their low-temperature setting allows the incorporation of different drugs during the preparation of the paste, without denaturation of the molecule and loss of its therapeutic activity [2]. This property makes CPC based materials very attractive candidates for the administration of various drugs for the treatment of bone diseases. In this study, the antibiotic-loaded calcium phosphate composite cement was formulated by incorporating different doses of an antibiotic (ATB) into a polymer (PM) based composite cement (CPC-PM-ATB). The setting, rheology, mechanical properties, and antibiotic release behavior of the obtained composites were evaluated. The results indicated that the setting behavior of the composite was significantly affected by the incorporation of ATB, thus influencing the apatite formation during the setting reaction of the CPC-PM-ATB. In addition, the setting time was slowed down and reached a maximum value of 26 min for the highest dose of the incorporated antibiotic (CPC-PM-ATB). The rheological examination revealed that TBA incorporation slightly increased the injectability of the composite and that the formulations exhibited a good cohesion. However, the compressive strength was somewhat reduced, but the obtained values remain in the range close to that of cancellous bone. The drug release study showed prolonged and controlled release profiles over several weeks; the released doses are largely sufficient to inhibit virtually the staphylococcal strains and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

The antibiotic-loaded calcium phosphate composites cement exhibited attractive properties, making them very promising candidates as drug carriers for the prevention of bone- implant-associated infections.

Abstract

83


Abstract

CoFeOPO4@C Oxyphosphate as Potential Negative Electrode Material for Sodium-ion Batteries

Hasna Aziam(1, *), Hicham Ben Youcef(1), and Ismael Saadoune(1, 2)

Keywords: Sodium ion batteries, sustainability, cost efficient, Phosphate.

References:[1] G. Chang, Y. Zhao, L. Dong, D. P. Wilkinson, L. Zhang, Q. Shao, W. Yan, X. Sun, J. Zhang, A Review of Phosphorus and Phosphides as Anode Materials for Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2020, 8, 4996-5048.[2] J.-Y. Hwang, S.-T. Myung, Y.-K. Sun, Sodium-ion batteries: present and future, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2017, 46, 3529 - 3614.

Acknowledgements:The authors acknowledge the financial support by the Office Chérifien des Phosphates in the Moroccan Kingdom (OCP group) under the project APPHOS (LiNa).

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir, Morocco(2) IMED, Faculty of Science and Technology- Cadi Ayyad University, Av. A. El Khattabi, P. B. 549 Marrakesh, Morocco


Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have been dominating the market since their breakthrough commercialization in 1991. However, LIBs are incapable of satisfying the increasing worldwide demand, especially large-scale applications, due to the low abundance and high price of lithium. Therefore, researchers investigate the sodium ion batteries (SIBs) technology to be sustainable and cost efficient alternative. Sodium shows a high abundance (around 28400 ppm vs. 20 ppm for Li), low cost (where the price of Li2CO3 vs. Na2CO3 is 6.5 $US kg-1 vs. 0.5 $US kg-1), and an average electrochemical redox potential of -2.71 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), whereas that of lithium is -3.04 V vs. SHE [1]. Furthermore, several negative electrode materials for SIBs were proposed, mainly transition metal oxides/ sulfides, carbonaceous/ organic materials, metal alloys, and phosphate-based materials [2]. Nevertheless, phosphate materials show interesting properties in terms of high safety and excellent stability thanks to the Mn(PO4)y framework (where M is a transition metal).

CoFeOPO4@C oxyphosphate was prepared using solid-state reaction. To the best of our knowledge, this study reports the electrochemical properties of CoFeOPO4@C versus Na+/Na for the first time. During the first cycle, CoFeOPO4@C shows a high discharge capacity of 479 mAh g-1 at C/2 current rate over 0.01 – 3.0 V voltage range by accommodating around four sodium ions. Moreover, this conversion-type material delivers a reversible discharge capacity of more than 200 mAh g-1 with a coulombic efficiency exceeding 97%.

84


Corrosion Inhibition Efficiency of organically functionalized Zirconium Orthophosphate for protection of steel

Imane BOUALI (1,2), Emmanuel ROCCA (2), Benaissa RHOUTA (1), Aziza KHALIL(1), Delphine VEYS-RENAUX (2)

Keywords:Zirconium orthophosphate, intercalation, smart corrosion inhibitor, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

References:[1] K. Przywecka, B. Grzmil, K. Kowalczyk, and J. Sreńscek-Nazzal, “Studies on preparation of phosphate pigments for application in composite protective coatings,” Prog. Org. Coatings, vol. 119, no. February, pp. 44–49, 2018.[2] a. A. Aghzzaf, B. Rhouta, E. Rocca, A. Khalil, and J. Steinmetz, “Corrosion inhibition of zinc by calcium exchanged beidellite clay mineral: A new smart corrosion inhibitor,” Corros. Sci., vol. 80, pp. 46–52, 2014.

(1) Innovative Materials for Energy and sustainable Development (IMED-Lab), Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Cadi Ayyad University, Box 549, Marrakech, Morocco

(2) Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, Campus Artem, 2 allée André Guinier, 54011, Nancy, France


The use and development of environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors for metallic substrates is nowadays a research trend aiming at the replacement of harmful Cr(+IV)-based pigments used in paints [1], [2]. Among the most interesting approaches of developing environmentally friendly inhibitors for steel substrates is the intercalation of organic inhibitors within lamellar host materials. hence acting as microcontainers which insure the controllable and smart release of active species when it is needed.

This study aims at developing a novel inhibitor system based on dodecylamine incorporated within layered α-ZrP compound. XRD and elementary analysis have shown the achievement of the intercalation of dodecylamine (DA) into the interlayer spaces of α-ZrP in the form of bilayer paraffinic arrangement evidenced by the increase of its interlayer spaces from 0.77 to 3.2 nm. This intercalation could be fulfilled by acid-base reaction between amine sites and H+. Stationary and dynamic electrochemical (EIS) measurements have revealed improvements of corrosion behavior of steel immersed in NaCl with the presence of DA-α-ZrP as an inhibitor (efficiency ̴ 69%), and steel coated with alkyd resin loaded with DA-α-ZrP as a pigment (efficiency ̴ 99%), compared to the commercial inhibitor Aluminium dihydrogen triphosphate (ATP). This seems to be insured by the progressive release of dodecylamine inhibitor entities from α-ZrP. Modified-ZrP can be hence an interesting new class of smart corrosion inhibitors.

Abstract

85


Abstract

Photocatalytic activity of TiO2/zirconium phosphate nanocomposites for the removal of Orange G from aqueous solutions

Imane Bouali (1,2*), Benaissa Rhouta (1), Omar Lakbita (3), Ahmed Aît Aghzzaf (4)

Keywords: Zirconium orthophosphate, TiO2, functionalization, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, Photocatalysis

References:[1] N. Shaheen, M. A. Yousuf, I. Shakir, S. Zulfiqar, P. O. Agboola, and M. F. Warsi, “Wet chemical route synthesis of spinel oxide nano-catalysts for photocatalytic applications,” Phys. B Condens. Matter, vol. 580, p. 411820, Mar. 2020.

(1) Innovative Materials for Energy and sustainable Development (IMED-Lab), Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Cadi Ayyad University, Box 549, Marrakech, Morocco

(2) Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, Campus Artem, 2 allée André Guinier, 54011, Nancy, France(3) Chemical & Biochemical Sciences (CBS), Green Process Engineering, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University

(UM6P). Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Maroc.(4) Laboratory of Applied and Didactic Sciences (LASAD), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Abdelmalek Essaadi University,

Av Hassan II, BP 209, Martil, Morocco


Photocatalysis based on nano-catalysts is a very promising method for the treatment of contaminated water [1]. There are several potential photocatalysts, but the most promising and widespread substance is nano titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2). For that, our study focuses on the functionalization by the titanium precursor of the zirconium orthophosphates (α-ZrP) previously organomodified by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and characterized by using various techniques such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Infrared Spectroscopy (IR).

Afterwards, the raw precursor samples thus obtained by attaching the TiO2 photocatalyst has allowed the development of inorgano-inorganic TiO2-ZrP nanocomposite materials, which were calcinated at different temperatures and characterized by temperature-programmed XRD. The results show that the TiO2 crystallizes under anatase and rutile varieties. Further, the photocatalytic activity of the resulting nanocomposites samples was evaluated by photocatalytic systems equipped with artificial ultraviolet (UV)-light, for the removal of Orange G (OG, initial concentration was fixed to 10-5 mol.L-1 ) from aqueous solution as a model dye pollutant. The photocatalytic activity performances were found to be better for TiO2-ZrP nanocomposite treated at 900°C, which is due to the stability of the most photoactive variety: anatase phase up to 900°C, compared to the supported photocatalyst treated at 500 and 600°C.

Due to its thermal stability, α-ZrP can be used as an effective TiO2 photocatalysts support for the removal of organic micropollutants from aqueous media.

86


Design and quantification of oriented membrane processes relatedto the extraction and recovery of chromium ions from loaded

acid solutions.Imane. Mourtah(1), Issam.Mechnou(1), Y.Chaouqi(1), N. Sefiani(1), L.Lebrun(2), Miloudi Hlaibi(1, 2)

Keywords: Polymer inclusion membrane, oriented processes, permeability, flux, apparent diffusion coefficient, association constant.

(1) Equipe Interaction Matière - Matière et Procédés Membranaires (I3MP) laboratoire GeMEV, , Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock, B.P. 5366, Maârif, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Maroc.

(2) Laboratoire Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces (PBS), UMR 6270 du CNRS, Université de Rouen,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.

*Corresponding author, Email : [email protected]

Environmental protection has become a priority for all countries. The water pollution by the metal ions is classified among the most dangerous pollutants more precisely ions of heavy metals.

Currently membrane processes are among the most promising extraction technologies in different fields, thanks to their ease, efficiency and advantages over other processes.

For the present work, we have developed two polymer inclusion membrane (PIMs) based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer support and extractive agents, gluconic acid (GA) and ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA). The two prepared membranes have been characterized by the IR spectroscopic technique which shows the integration of both GA and EDTA agents in the PVA polymer matrix, in particular the SEM technique allowed characterizing the morphology as well as the porosity of these membranes.

These membranes have been adopted to perform oriented processes related to the extraction and removal of Cr(III) ions. The treatment of experimental results makes it possible to quantify the processes carried out by determination of different macroscopic parameters, permeability (P) and initial flux (J0) relating to the performances of the adopted membranes, and specific microscopic parameters, apparent diffusion coefficient (D*) and association constant (Kass) relating to the movement of ions through the membrane phase. The influence of the initial concentration of Cr(III) ions and the acidity factor of the medium on the evolution of these all parameters (P, J0, D* and Kass) was examined.

The analysis of the results makes it possible to identify a mechanism by successive jumps of Cr(III) ions from one site to another of the extractive agent and to indicates that the performances of this membrane type change according to the nature and structure of the association site presented by each of the extractive agents.

Abstract

87


Abstract

Foam control in phosphoric acid unit by Chemical treatmentof phosphate rock

Islaam Anouar(1,5,*), Rim Jouraiphy(2), Hamid Mazouz(3), Badreddine El Kortobi(4) ,Samia Yousfia(1),Rachid Boulif(4) , Tarik Mahfoud(5) and Mouna L. Bouamrania(1)

Keywords: Crude Phosphate, Foam, Organic Carbon, Carbonate, Foaming Test.

(1) Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and PhysicoChemistry of Materials, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sik, Hassan II of Casablanca University, Casablanca, Morocco.

(2) Environmental Sciences and Development laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technics, University Hassan I, Settat Morocco.

(3) OCP Group.Jorf Lasfar,EL Jadida, Morocco.(4) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco

(5) MAScIR, Mohamed El Jazouli Street, Madinat Al Irfane, 10100 Rabat, Morocco


Phosphate rock is the essential raw material for the production of phosphoric compounds. Sedimentary quality is always associated with carbonate and organic matter (OM), their proportion varies from one deposit to another and varies from 5% to 8% for carbonate and from 1% to 3.5% for OM. This concentration in phosphate rock lead to foam formation during the attack with sulfuric acid, which increase the temperature of the reaction and gives in consequence a poor filtration that affects the production performance and phosphoric acid quality.

In order to face the foam problem, the phosphate industrials use antifoam with general specific consumption from 30 - 70g / t P2O5 which affect the production cost. In the present work, we have studied the reduction of foam phenomenon by treating the phosphate ore prior to be introduced to the phosphoric acid reactor. For this purpose, several solid / liquid extraction treatments were carried out according to the solubility of OM and carbonate in organic solvents, and acidic aqueous solution. The performance of treated phosphate is evaluated by controlling the effect of Corg and CO2 content in the phosphate treated, on foaming capacity in simulated reaction. The results let us to identify the limit values of Corg and CO2 content in phosphate rock could that avoid foam phenomenon in the phosphoric manufacturing process.

88


Treatment by adsorption of the organic matter contained in phosphoric acid: A comparative study between two support solid

Islaam Anouar (1,6,*), Rim Jouraiphy (2),Fatima Ezzahra Arhouni (3) , Hamid Mazouz (4),Badreddine El Kortobi (5) , Samia Yousfia (1), Rachid Boulif (5) , and Mouna L. Bouamrania (1).

Keywords: Adsorption, Organic Matter, Phosphoric Acid, coal ash, Bentonite.

(1) Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and PhysicoChemistry of Materials, Department of Chemistry,Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sik, Hassan II of Casablanca University, Casablanca, Morocco.

(2) Environmental Sciences and Development laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technics, University Hassan I, Settat Morocco.

(3) LPNAMME,Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida.(4) OCP Group.Jorf Lasfar,EL Jadida, Morocco.

(5) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco(6) MAScIR, Mohamed El Jazouli Street, Madinat Al Irfane, 10100 Rabat, Morocco


Phosphoric acid resulting from the attack reaction of phosphate rock by sulfuric acid contains solid impurities and suspended solids such as organic matter, which affects the manufacturing process, and the quality of products, thus removal of organic matter is an important step. We carried out tests for the elimination of organic matter in phosphoric acid 29% of P2O5 at the laboratory scale by coal ash from a thermal power station. We monitored the change in absorbance and total carbon content in the treated solution, while changing the solid / liquid ratio, temperature, and contact time. The results obtained show that the adsorption of the organic matter contained in phosphoric acid by coal ash is comparable to that of bentonite, without affecting the final phosphoric acid quality. This allows a potential valorization of this waste as an alternative to bentonite for the treatment of organic matter in phosphoric acid.

Abstract

89


Abstract

Solid carbon phases from olive oil industry for the extraction and storage of pollutants and contaminants from loaded acid solutions

Issam Mechnou (1) , I. Mourtah (1) , Y. Raji (1 ,2) , Z. Kadri (2) , S. oukkass (1), Miloudi Hlaibi (1)

Keywords: Pyrolysis, storage of pollutants, adsorption, olive mill wastewater, biomass valorisation

References:[1] E.S. Aktas, S. Imre, L. Ersoy, Characterization and lime treatment of olive mill wastewater, Water Res. 35 (2001) 2336–2340.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00490-5.[2] I. Saadi, Y. Laor, M. Raviv, S. Medina, Land spreading of olive mill wastewater: Effects on soil microbial activity and potential phytotoxicity, Chemosphere. 66 (2007) 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.019.[3] M.S. de Prager, A. Rojas, J. Pérez, O. Zúñiga, J.M. Gascó, Actividad y biomasa microbianas como indicadores de materia orgánica en sistemas de cultivo de maracuyá (Passiflora edulis) en Toro, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, Acta Agronómica. 55 (2007) 7-12.http://www.revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/acta_agronomica/article/view/474/925.

(1) Laboratoire Génie des Matériaux pour Environnement et Valorisation (GeMEV), équipe (I3MP),Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock, Maârif, Hassan II University of Casablanca (UH2C), Marocco.(2) Laboratory of Engineering, Processes and Environment (LEPE), High School of Technology,

University Hassan II of Casablanca Morocco.


Olive mill wastewater is a liquid waste from olive oil industry, it is often rejected in rivers or sewers without prior treatment. Consequently, this toxic effluent causes serious problems for the aquatic ecosystem because of its composition rich in nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, non-biodegradable molecules and phenolic compounds soluble in the aqueous phase[1]. Several treatment techniques have been tested. However, its antioxidant effect remains the limiting factor in these treatments[2]. On the other hand, its composition rich in recoverable organic matter (48%) is an important source of carbon which constitutes about 58% of the total organic composition[3]. This organic matter is transformed by rapid pyrolysis into a solid bio coal phase, with high carbon content confirmed by EDX analysis. Then brought into contact with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) (2:1) mass ratio for activation by degradation of the impurities from carbonization, and enlargement of its pores. The results showed an exceptional porosity confirmed by SEM images, no mineral impurities, and a purely amorphous structure proven by X-ray diffraction analysis. An abundance of active anionic sites confirmed by infrared spectroscopy with high adsorption capacity for the methylene blue dye up to (200 mg / g), and a high affinity for cationic elements (ions, molecules, etc…). On the contrary a negligible affinity is observed for anionic elements, in particular direct dyes (0 mg / g), or methyl orange which has not exceeded 20 mg / g. Indeed, these solid bio coal phases constitute a new material for the separation of opposite charge elements.

This detailed study shows that there are always solutions for any environmental problem caused by toxic industrial effluents. In particular, the case of the valorization of olive mill wastewaters which are transformed from an environmental problem into bio coal material, beneficial source for industries and farmers.

90


Leaching of rare earth elements from phosphogypsumIslaam Anouar (1,6,*), Rim Jouraiphy (2),Fatima Ezzahra Arhouni (3) , Hamid Mazouz (4),

Badreddine El Kortobi (5) , Samia Yousfia (1), Rachid Boulif (5) , and Mouna L. Bouamrania (1).

Keywords: Leaching; rare earths; phosphogypsum; valorization; secondary resources.

References:[1] S. Wu, L. Wang, L. Zhao, P. Zhang, H. El-Shall, B. Moudgil, X. Huang, L. Zhang, Recovery of rare earth elements from phosphate rock by hydrometallurgical processes – A critical review, Chemical Engineering Journal. 335 (2018) 774–800.[2] M. Walawalkar, C.K. Nichol, G. Azimi, Process investigation of the acid leaching of rare earth elements from phosphogypsum using HCl, HNO3, and H2SO4, Hydrometallurgy. 166 (2016) 195–204.[3] C.R. Cánovas, S. Chapron, G. Arrachart, S. Pellet-Rostaing, Leaching of rare earth elements (REEs) and impurities from phosphogypsum: A preliminary insight for further recovery of critical raw materials, Journal of Cleaner Production. 219 (2019) 225–235.

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Chemical & Biochemical Sciences-Green ProcessEngineering CBS, Ben Guerir, 43150, Morocco

(2) Situation Innovation OCP, OCP Foundation, OCP Group, Jorf Lasfar, 24025 El Jadida - Morocco.

(3) Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France.


Phosphogypsum is a by-product generated during the production of phosphoric acid from phosphate rock. Throughout this process, significant amount of valuable elements is precipitated with phosphogypsum[1]. Rare earths are among these valuable elements which are considered as strategic materials.

They are involved in a widespread range of high-tech applications. In recent years, the investigations were extensively focused on the recovery of these elements from secondary resources such as industrial residues[2]. Furthermore, many processes have been developed in the world for the recovery of rare earths from phosphogypsum. However, the presence of large amount of impurities is the major limitation for extending the developed processes to the industrial scale[1,3].

In the present work, the phosphogypsum was treated using selective acid and saline leaching agents for rare earths. The influence of different parameters in the leaching process, including the concentration of the leaching agents, solid/liquid ratio, residence time, particle size and temperature, was investigated. The optimized treatment reduces the amount of impurities for the recovery of pure rare earths.

Abstract

91


Abstract

Crystal structure of silver strontium copper orthophosphate,AgSr4Cu4.5(PO4)6

Jamal Khmiyas (1,*), Elhassan Benhsina (1), Said Ouaatta (1), Abderrazzak Assani (1),Mohamed Saadi (1), and Lahcen El Ammari (1)

Keywords: Crystal structure, transition metal phosphate, hydrothermal synthesis, layered structure

(1) Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux, Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Avenue Ibn Batouta, BP 1014, Rabat, Morocco.


Crystals of the new compound, AgSr4Cu4.5(PO4)6, were grown successfully by the hydrothermal process. The asymmetric unit of the crystal structure of the title compound contains 40 independent atoms (4 Sr, 4.5 Cu, 1 Ag, 6 P and 24 O), which are all in general positions except for one Cu atom, which is located on an

inversion centre. The Cu atoms are arranged in CuOn (n = 4 or 5) polyhedra, linked through common oxygen corners to build a rigid three-dimensional motif. The connection of these copper units is assured by PO4 tetrahedra. This arrangement allows the construction of layers extending parallel to the (100) plane and hosts suitable cavities in which Ag+ and Sr2+ cations are located. The crystal-structure cohesion is ensured by ionic bonds between the silver and strontium cations and the oxygen anions belonging to two adjacent sheets. Charge-distribution analysis and bond-valence-sum calculations were used to validate the structural model.

92


Solvent extraction of cadmium from phosphoric acid by synthesized agent C11H18N2O

Kaoutar Berkalou(1,*), Abderrahman Nounah(1), Mohamed Khamar(1), Ratiba Boussen(2) & Essediya Cherkaoui (1)

References:Berkalou, K., Nounah, A., Khamar, M., Boussen, R., Cherkaoui, E., 2020. Extraction of cadmium from phosphoric acid by a synthesized extracting agent. E3S Web of Conferences 150, 02007.Gharabaghi, M., Irannajad, M., Azadmehr, A.R., 2012. Leaching behavior of cadmium from hazardous waste. Sep. Purif. Technol. 86, 9–18.González, M.P., Navarro, R., Saucedo, I., Avila, M., Revilla, J., Bouchard, C., 2002. Purification of phosphoric acid solutions by reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. Desalination 147, 315–320.Kherfan, S., 2011. Extraction of cadmium from phosphoric acid by trioctylphosphine oxide/kerosene solvent using factorial design. Period. Polytech. Chem. Eng. 55, 45–48.Kumar, V., Kumar, M., Jha, M.K., Jeong, J., Lee, J., 2009. Solvent extraction of cadmium from sulfate solution with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid diluted in kerosene. Hydrometallurgy 96, 230–234.Lizon, T. G., 1998. Cadmium separation from phosphoric acid using the emulsion liquid membrane », p. 304. Ph.D Dissertation, University of London, UK.Mellah, A., Benachour, D., 2006. The solvent extraction of zinc and cadmium from phosphoric acid solution by di-2-ethyl hexyl phosphoric acid in kerosene diluent. Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif. 45, 684–690.Monser, L., Ben Amor, M., Ksibi, M., 1999. Purification of wet phosphoric acid using modified activated carbon. Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif. 38, 267–271.Roberts, T.L., 2014. Cadmium and Phosphorous Fertilizers: The Issues and the Science. Procedia Eng., SYMPHOS 2013 - 2nd International Symposium on Innovation and Technology in the Phosphate Industry 83, 52–59.Senhaji, S., Elyahyaoui, A., Boulassa, S., Essassi, E. M., 2016. Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Cadmium by 3-Methyl-Quinoxaline-2-Thione from Phosphoric Medium, IJSR - international journal of scientific research. V5 ,Issue : 9 ,ISSN No 2277 - 8179, Value : 69.48Slack, V., 1968. Phosphoric Acid, 1, Marcel Dekker, New YorkWHO, 2000. World Health Organization . Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants in food. Geneva, World Health Organization (WHO Food Additives Series, No. 64; http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/jecfa/monographs/en/index.html)

(1) Laboratory of Civil Engineering and Environment (LGCE). Materials, Water and Environment Team,High School of Technolog in Salé

Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco(2) Laboratory of Nanotechnology Materials and Environment; Faculty of Sciences, Rabat, Morocco


The removal of cadmium from phosphoric acid has been the subject of several studies while using different commercial and synthetic extracting agents. In this work we were interested in the solvent extraction of cadmium from the phosphoric acid solution by a synthesized extracting agent C11H18N2O diluted in benzene. Subsequently, the influence of the following parameters was studied: the concentration of phosphoric acid, the concentration of the extracting agent, the stirring time, the organic/aqueous phase ratio and the equilibrium pH. The results obtained ensure that our synthesized product is promising. The cadmium extraction percentage of phosphoric acid reached 98.6% while using a concentration of 2.5M phosphoric acid, a concentration of 0.5×10 -2 M of the synthesized extracting agent, a stirring time of 90min and with a phase ratio of 1/1.This extraction percentage is reduced when the pH value is increased.

Abstract

93


Abstract

Sulfuric acide recovery from phosphogypsumusing electromembrane technology

Khalid Agayr (1); Khaoula Khaless (2)

Keywords: Phosphgypsum, electromembran technology, sulfuric acid

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (2) UM6P-OCP


Phosphoric acid production industries such as the leader OCP Group use the wet process consisting on the attack of the phosphate rock by sulfuric acid. As this process produces huge amounts of Phosphogypsum as a by-product, its storage or disposal is a serious environmental concern. The development of these industries has been accompanied by an increase in sulfur requirements, which is a growing concern for the Moroccan economy due to the almost total dependence on imports of this element. The objective of this study project is to set up a Phoshogypsum recovery process in order to regenerate the sulfur that is totally wasted in this by-product, in the form of sulfuric acid and the corresponding base by electro-membrane and/or membrane technologies or by coupling both. For the treatment of phosphogypsum we propose here a process of conversion into an aqueous solution from which all the sulphates forming the PG are extracted, followed by a separation by electro-membrane technology which is a very interesting method from an economic and environmental point of view. The feasibility of regeneration of sulfuric acid and soda by electromembrane processes will be evaluated. This work will give us the optimal limitations of the process that will be used for the benefit of a good economy in this field.

94


Improvement of porosity of an alpha-TCP cement by incorporationof biodegradable polymer microspheres

Khalid Khairoun(1), Abdellah Laazizi(1), J-M. Boulier(2), Ibrahim Khairoun(2)

References:[1] LeGeros RZ, Chohayeb A, Shulman A. Apatitic calcium phosphates: possible resotrataive Materials. J Dent Res 1982;61 (Spec Iss):343[2] I. Khairoun et al. « Macroporous and highly resorbable apatitic calcium-phosphate cement » WO2008023254

Keywords: Calcium phosphate cements, epselon caprolactone, biodegradable, microspheres, porosity

(1) Laboratoire de Mécanique, Mécatronique et Commande (L2MC), ENSAM-MEKNES, Université Moulay Ismail (2) Dental school of dentistry, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes, France.


The concept of apatitic calcium phosphate cements (CPC) was first introduced by LeGeros in 1982 [1].

The possibility to obtain apatitic materials in a monolithic form through a cement type reaction is very attractive, since the combination of self-setting and biocompatibility makes apatitic cements potentially useful materials for a variety of orthopaedic and dental applications.

The CPC present good mechanical properties and reasonable setting times. After setting, most of these materials remain dense and do not provide rapid bone substitution because of the lack of macroporosity [2]. The objective of this study was to make a calcium phosphate cement macroporous, such porosity, allows cells colonisation into the material, providing a fast bone ingrowth. For that purpose, we investigate the incorporation of a biodegradable polymer microspheres into the cement matrix.

The biodegradable polymer microspheres were synthesised occurring at the laboratory and a sieve fraction of this microspheres ranging between 100 and 300 microns was incorporated in a calcium phosphate cement, where the powder contained (alpha-TCP). The microspheres content of the cement was 10 %. The cement pastes were prepared at liquid-to-powder ratios from 0.32 to 0.40 ml/g. X-ray diffraction and Infra-red spectroscopy was performed to analyse the reaction on powdered samples that were let to set at different times in a Ringer’s solution at body temperature. Mercury porosimetry has been used at the main method for porosity measurements. With this technique we can estimate the distribution of pores diameters from 10 nm to 360 m as well as the bulk and apparent densities and the

total percentage of porosity of the material. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on fractured samples fro microstructural analysis.

All cements after setting they transformed to poorly crystalline apatite. The microspheres seemed to retard slightly the cement setting and to reduce progressively the compressive strength after aging in aqueous solutions which were continuously refreshed. SEM pictures and XRD patterns of the samples after 1 and 4 weeks of aging showed that the microspheres were dissolved progressively. Mercury porosimetry measurements assessed at different times of aging showed an improvement in the total porosity and the pore diameter of the set material and confirmed SEM and XRD results. At the first week, only small microspheres were dissolved, and no macroporosity was observed. At the fourth week of aging, the first macropores started to appear.

Abstract

95


Abstract

Effect of CoO-doped alkali zinc phosphate glasses on Physical, Structural and Electrical properties

M. Jerroudi (1*), L. Bih (1,2), E.Haily (1), B. Manoun (3), P. Lazor (4)

Keywords: Glasses, Phosphate, Density, Structure, Conductivity.

(1) Equipe de Physico-Chimie de la Matière Condensée, PCMC, Faculté des Sciences de Meknès, Maroc. (2) Département matériaux et procédés, ENSAM Meknès, Université Moulay Ismail, Marjane 2,B.P.15290 Al-Mansor,

Meknès, Maroc.(3) Laboratoire des Sciences des Matériaux, des Milieux et de la Modélisation (LS3M), Univ Hassan 1er, 26000,

Khouribga, Maroc.(4) Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden


The main goal of this work is to study some physical, structural, and electrical properties of alkali zinc phosphate glasses doped with cobalt oxide. Using the standard melt-quench technique, a large glass-forming region is obtained and up 40 mol%, CoO doped glasses are prepared. XRD diffraction is used to ensure the amorphous nature of these materials. The density and the molar volume are determined for each sample.

It is found that these parameters vary upon the composition. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is performed to study the structural approach. It is observed that the addition of cobalt in the glassy framework induces some structural modifications which are the consequence of the substitution of ZnO by CoO oxide.

The electrical conductivity response of the glasses is also investigated over a large frequency domain at various temperatures. The dc conductivity of the glasses is determined in the temperature range from 523 to 573K. It decreases with increasing cobalt content. It is thermally activated and followed an Arrhenius behavior. The electrical modulus formalism was also discussed in order to study the dielectric relaxation inside the glasses. The results show that they exhibit the well-known universal responses of amorphous materials.

96


Anti-dust products for dust control of monoammonium phosphateLAKEHAL SENHAJI Mohammed(1), HAFNAOUI Anass(2), KHOULOUD Mehdi(3), EL AGRI Asmae(1),

EL ASRI Mohammed(1,3), BOULAHNA Ahmed(1)

Keywords: Anti-dust agents, dusty fertilizer, coating, experimental design, screening mixture design

References:[1] Mathur P., Dias F., Mathur P., Procedia Eng. 138 (2016) 308-313.[2] T. Obrestad and T. Tande, U.S. Pat. Appl.10294170B2, 2019.[3] C.P. Santos, T.J. Rato, M.S. Reis, J. Chemom. 33 (2019) e3087.

Acknowledgement:The Authors would like to acknowledge the support through the R&D Initiative - Appel à projets autour des phosphates APPHOS - sponsored by OCP (OCP Foundation, R&D OCP, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, National Center of Scientific and technical Research CNRST, Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training of Morocco MESRSFC) under the project entitled * DEVELOPPEMENT D’ADDITIFS OCP POUR L’AMELIORATION DE LA QUALITE PHYSIQUE DES ENGRAIS*, project ID * VAL-ELS-01/2017*”

(1) Organic Chemistry Labs, FST Fez, USMBA, B.P. 2202 - Imouzzer Road, Fez - Morocco.(2) Innovation OCP-Group Jorf Lasfar Morocco.

(3) Chemical & Biochemical Sciences Laboratory, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay MoulayRachid, 43150, Ben Guerir, Morocco.


The granular fertilizer production presents several kinds of problems, noted the caking phenomenon and moisture absorption. Another frequent problem observed during granular fertilizer manufacturing is dust emission, which’s produced during handling, storage and transport of particles [1]. There can be several reasons for the dust formation, for instance the fertilizer granules are uneven, the mechanical abrasion between particles, storage condition and the continuous chemical reactions after the manufacturing process. As a solution the application of anti-dust agents are required [2].

In this work, we evaluate the variation effect of five anti-dust coating agent on the dust emission of monoammonium phosphate (MAP) fertilizer. For this purpose, we used Design of Experiment (DoE) approach [3], especially screening mixture design as an interesting and clear way to identify the effect of each coating agent on the dust emission, with the aim of retaining the more efficient product, will give up the irrelevant ones.

The obtained results indicate that we were able to acquire a maximum amount of information from an experimental system, whereas the number of experimental runs is miniminsed. The results show that only three out of five products have an effect on the reduction of dust emission. These products they will be used to formulate an anti-dust coating agent capable to improve the dust emission of fertilizer during handling, storage and transport.

Abstract

97


Abstract

Consolidation of carbonated hydroxyapatite nanoparticlesat very low temperature

M. Lakrat 1*, L. L. Elansari1, E. Mejdoubi1

Keywords:Calcium phosphate biomaterials, carbonated hydroxyapatite, nanocrystalline, low temperature consolidation, bone tissue engineering.

References:[1] M. Canillas, P. Pena, A. H. de Aza, and M. A. Rodríguez, “Calcium phosphates for biomedical applications,” Boletín la Soc. Española Cerámica y Vidr., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 91–112, May 2017, doi: 10.1016/J.BSECV.2017.05.001.[2] C. Ortali, I. Julien, M. Vandenhende, C. Drouet, and E. Champion, “Consolidation of bone-like apatite bioceramics by spark plasma sintering of amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate at very low temperature,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 2098–2109, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.1016/J.JEURCERAMSOC.2017.11.051.

(1) Laboratory of Mineral Solid and Analytical Chemistry (LMSAC), Department of Chemistry,Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed 1st University, Oujda, Morocco


Carbonated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (C-HAp) are one of the most calcium phosphate biomaterials used in the field of bone regeneration due to its structural similarity to the mineral part of human bone[1]. However, the conventional processes used so far to elaborate 3D biomaterials are generally occurs at very high temperature (1200°C), which leads to the transformation of C-HAp into free carbonate well-crystallised hydroxyapatite and therefore losing its similarity to the natural bone [2].

In the present study, we have introduced an alternative technique to consolidate carbonated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles at only 37°C. The developed 3D biomaterials were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermal Analysis (TA), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The influence of the new consolidation technique on the structure, crystal size, and crystallinity of the carbonated hydroxyapatite structure was evaluated. The obtained results confirms that the new consolidation process occurs without altering the physicochemical characteristics of carbonated hydroxyapatite such as their low crystallinity, non-steochiometry and the nanometer size. The in vitro biocompatibility of the developed biomaterial on human osteoblast-like MG-63 shows an enhanced proliferation and cell attachment.

The developed carbonated hydroxyapatite biomaterial with low crystallinity and nanometer size, that mimic the composition of the bone mineral, could be considered as a promising candidate for bone repair and replacement applications.

98


Attractive energetic performance of the Li1.5-2xNixFe0.5Ti1.5(PO4)3 Nasicon-type phosphates

Mohammed SROUT(A,B *), Hicham BENYOUCEF(C), Nawal SEMLAL(D), Katharina M. Fromma,Ismael Saadoune(B,C)

Keywords: Lithium-ion batteries; NASICON; Phosphates; electrodes; Fast current rate.

Figure 1: Rate capability performance of the LiNi0.25Ti1.5Fe0.5(PO4)3 material (left); long-term cycling performance of the Li0.5Ni0.5Ti1.5Fe0.5(PO4)3 material at different current rates 0.1C (100 cycles), 5C (1000 cycle), 20C (1000 cycles) (right)

Acknowledgements: This work was supported by FONDATION OCP through APPHOS program (2017-2020)

References:(1) Srout, M.; Lasri, K.; Dahbi, M.; Kara, A.; Tetard, L.; Saadoune, I. Understanding of the Li-Insertion Process in a Phosphate Based Electrode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries. J. Power Sources 2019, 435, 226803. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPOWSOUR.2019.226803.(2) Srout, M.; Kwon, N. H.; Ben Youcef, H.; Semlal, N.; Fromm, K. M.; Saadoune, I. Li0.5Ni0.5Ti1.5Fe0.5(PO4)3/C Electrode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries Exhibiting Faster Kinetics and Enhanced Stability. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12 (16), 18496–18503. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c00712.(3) Srout, M.; El Kazzi, M.; Ben Youcef, H.; Fromm, K. M.; Saadoune, I. Improvement of the Electrochemical Performance by Partial Chemical Substitution into the Lithium Site of Titanium Phosphate-Based Electrode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: LiNi0.25Ti1.5Fe0.5(PO4)3. J. Power Sources 2020, 461, 228114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228114.

(A) University of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry, Chemin du Musee 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland(B) IMED-Lab., Faculty of Science and Technology- Cadi Ayyad University, Av. A. El Khattabi, P.B..549 Marrakesh,

Morocco(C) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660-Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir, Morocco

(D) OCP, Innovation, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco


Phosphate based NASICON-type materials are considered as potential candidate as electrodes for lithium-ion and sodium ion batteries, thanks to their attractive properties such as the fast-ionic conductivity, and high thermal and structural stability. Among the largely investigated materials, LiTi2(PO4)3 material has been studied as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries because of its low working voltage (2.48V vs. Li+/Li) and the vacant sites in its NASICON 3D framework. In order to improve the electrochemical properties of this material, we have tried a new chemical substitution targeting both titanium (Ti) and lithium (Li) sites. Titanium was first substituted with 0.5 of iron (Fe) as an optimized ratio in order to improve the electronic properties while conserving the rhombohedral structure1, afterwards, Li was substituted with different amount of nickel (Ni) (0.5 and 0.25)2,3. This last substitution had a very positive influence on the electrochemical properties of the studied titanium based NASICON phase, mainly its rate capability performance, and the long-term cycling at very fast current rates such as 5C and 20C (Fig.1).

Abstract

99


Abstract

Complex degradation characterization of Brushite (CaHPO4.2H2O) using in situ high temperature XRD and thermogravimetry analysis

Mouatamid El Hazzat(*), Adnane El Hamidi, Halim Mohammed, Said Arsalane

Keywords: anhydrous calcium phosphate . dicalcium phosphate dihydrate . in situ high temperature X-ray diffraction . thermal degradation

Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Environment, Center of Sciences of Materials,Mohammed V University in Rabat, Faculty of Sciences, Avenue Ibn Battouta, BP:1014, 10000 Rabat, Morocco.

*Corresponding author : [email protected]

Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate (DCPD) of formula CaHPO4.2H2O (Brushite) is one of the calcium phosphates (CP) which are of great interest for many technologies, especially in the biomedical field. In the present study, in situ high temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD) supplemented by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) were used to explore the stability of DCPD and to identify the possible intermediate phases, which are the basis from several debates in the literature.

The characterization results showed that the DCPD thermally degrades into anhydrous calcium phosphate (CaHPO4, DCPA) with the occurrence of an amorphous phase which appears at low temperature. Vibrational analysis at different degradation temperatures revealed the appearance of an additional band at around 725 cm-1 when the temperature increases over 160 °C and this is attributed to the presence of disordered calcium pyrophosphate Ca2P2O7 (CPP). At high temperature (≥ 375 °C), the amorphous phase is transformed into crystalline polymorph γ and then into β-CPP. The global mechanism involving during the thermal stress showed the presence of complex processes, characterized by several degradation reactions in agreement with the HT-XRD results. From this study, it appears that obtaining DCPA from thermal dehydration of DCPD is not fully effective.

100


Thermoelectric figure of merit of zinc phosphate glass-reinforced graphite composites

Nassima Radouane(1,2), Michael Depriester(1), Benoit Escorne(3), Dharmendra Pratap-Singh(4),Abdelkrim Maaroufi(2), Bennaceur Ouaki(5), Abdelhak Hadj-Sahraoui(1)

References:[1] U. Caldiño, E. Álvarez, A. Speghini, and M. Bettinelli, “New greenish-yellow and yellowish-green emitting glass phosphors: Tb 3+/Eu3+ and Ce3+/Tb3+/Eu 3+ in zinc phosphate glasses,” J. Lumin., vol. 135, pp. 216–220, Mar. 2013.

[2] N. Radouane et al., “Thermal, electrical and structural characterization of zinc phosphate glass matrix loaded with different volume fractions of the graphite particles,” J. Non. Cryst. Solids, vol. 536, p. 119989, May 2020.

(1) UDSMM (EA 4476), MREI-1, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Dunkerque, France.(2) University of Mohammed V, Laboratory of Composite Materials, Polymers and Environment, Department of

Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Avenue Ibn Batouta, P.B. 1014, Agdal, Rabat, Morocco.(3) Pôle de Recherche ”Environnement, Milieux Littoraux et Marins” (EMLM), ULCO, 145 avenue Maurice

Schumann, Dunkerque 59140, France(4) UDSMM (EA 4476), MREI-1, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale Calais, 62228, France

(5) Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Rabat, Morocco


Zinc phosphate glasses (ZPG) are of interest because of their femto-second response, their chemical durability and their potential applications in energy materials [1]. The present investigation has been done to enhance the thermoelectric properties of ZPG by adding external guest graphitic particles. In this investigation, Seebeck coefficient was measured as a function of filler volume fraction using a homemade instrument. Electrical and thermal properties of the synthesized zinc phosphate glass reinforced graphite were also measured respectively by impedance spectroscopy and photothermal radiometry and were reported in a previous work [2]. From these measured values, calculation of the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT was performed. It is shown that the ZPG/graphite thermoelectric properties are much more improved as compared to the pure ZPG matrix. In addition, the thermoelectric results reveal that the ZPG/graphite properties are dependent on the volume concentration of graphite filler. It is observed that the composite with 5 vol% graphite loading exhibits the best thermoelectric performance at the vicinity of the insulator-semiconductor concentration threshold with a power factor PF ≈ 0.98 μW m−1 K−2 and a figure of merit ZT ≈ 2.6 10−4.

Abstract

101


Abstract

Production of Glass Fibers based on Moroccan natural phosphate Nezha Saloumi (1,2*), Mehdi El Bouchti (1) , Youssef Tamraoui (3) , Said MANSOURI (2) ,

Omar Cherkaoui(1), Hassan Hannache (2, 3)

Keywords: Natural phosphate, Phosphate glass fibers, chemical durability, mechanical properties

References: [1] KNOWLES, Jonathan C Phosphate based glasses for biomedical applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry (2003) vol. 13, no 10 p. 2395-2401.[2] Brauer, Delia Silke. Degradable phosphate glasses and composite materials for biomedical applications. Diss. 2005.

(1) Laboratory REMTEX, ESITH (Higher School of textile and clothing industries), Casablanca, Morocco(2) Laboratory LIMAT, Faculty of science Ben M’Sik, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco

(3) Materials Science and Nanoengineering Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir,Morocco

*Email : [email protected]

A phosphate glass fiber is one of the important materials that can now replace silica-based glass fibers in the glass fiber industry [1]. These materials are soluble in water and their degradation rate can be controlled by modification of their composition [2]. In addition, their low melting point, and their physical and chemical properties make this material a potentially useful material for many different applications. The aim of our work is the valorization of this natural resource in the production of glass fibers. In this study Phosphate glasses with different composition have been developed by the direct melting method at 1000°C. These elaborate phosphate glasses were converted into fibers using the melt-drawing spinning process. The chemical durability of all processed phosphate glass fibers has been studied based on the weight loss method. Furthermore mechanical properties of phosphate glass fibers were studied by traction machine and showed that the elaborate phosphate glass fibers have a good mechanical properties the highest tensile strength obtained is 2077 MPa. The amorphous nature of all elaborated phosphate glasses have been confirmed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD).

102


Recovery by leaching of vanadic compounds from spent catalysts of sulfuric acid production

Rajae ALLAOUI (1,*), Abdelaziz SAHIBED-DINE (2), Abdelouahab EL HADRAMI (3), and Rachid BRAHMI (1)

Keywords:

Sulfuric acid production, V2O5 based catalyst, catalyst deactivation, vanadium recovery, leaching of vanadic compounds.

References:[1] Fiche de synthèse sur la criticité des matières premières minérales - Le vanadium – (décembre 2018) http://www.mineralinfo.fr/sites/default/files/upload/documents/Fiches_criticite/fichecriticitevanadium-publique190114.pdf accessed online July 22, 2019.

(1) Laboratory of Coordination and Analytical Chemistry, Department of chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida-Morocco.

(2) Laboratory of Catalysis and Corrosion of Materials, Department of chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida-Morocco.

(3) Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Department of chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida-Morocco.


The oxidation reaction of SO2 to SO3 is the key step of the sulfuric acid manufacturing process. Its activation requires the use of a catalyst (~80 t per reactor) which generally consists of a V2O5 deposited on a silica support. Spent catalysts of sulfuric acid plant contain a large amount of vanadium, which presents a negative impact on environment and human health. To reduce these effects, two routes can be used to valorize the vanadium phase: regeneration or recycling. Since the regeneration method is not eternal, economic considerations, feasibility and efficiency have made of recycling one of the most used methods for vanadium recovery. It should be noted that in recent years the price of vanadium has known significant variations [1] attributed mainly to the increased demand for vanadium, particularly in the steel and energy storage industry using lithium-vanadium-phosphate batteries. Hence the importance of recycling as a secondary source of vanadium. Experimental studies were conducted to study the vanadium recovery from spent catalyst using hydrometallurgical method through three stages steps: leaching using three different reagents (H2O, H2SO4 and HNO3), oxidation and precipitation of vanadic phase. Various parameters such as chemicals nature, leaching time, temperature and solid/liquid (S/L) ratio were investigated. These studies allowed to establish optimal conditions for the recovery of vanadic compounds.

Abstract

103


Abstract

Development of a fluosilicic acid Certified Reference Material:Study of stability

Said KOUNBACH(1), Mokhtar BEN EMBAREK(1), Rachid BOULIF(1), Redouane BENIAZZA(1), Rachid BENHIDA(1,2)

Keywords: Fluosilicic acid, certified reference materials, stability assessment, uncertainty estimation

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences,Green Process Engineering CBS, Ben Guerir, Morocco.

(2) Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, Côte d’Azur, Nice, France


Fluosilicic acid (H2SiF6) is well known as a by-product of the chemical phosphate industry, mainly the manufacture of phosphoric acid and that of super triple phosphate (TSP). To ensure the accurate measurement of the H2SiF6 content among other by-products, a certified reference material (CRM) which is traceable to the International System of Units (SI) is required.

This work describes the preparation and long-term stability study of certified reference material of fluosilicic acid, which is unavailable commercially. The H2SiF6 content in the CRM was quantified by flame mode atomic absorption spectroscopy.

The results were evaluated using regression analysis. Statistical evaluation of the data showed good stability of the candidate reference material and the shelf life is determined to be 1 year if storage conditions are ensured. The relative uncertainty related to the stability of the material expiration date was 0,94%.

104


Synthesis and crystal structure of a new phosphate K3Ni6Fe(PO4)6

Said Ouaatta *, Jamal Khmiyas, Elhassan Benhsina, Abderrazzak Assani,Mohamed Saadi and Lahcen El Ammari

Keywords: Phosphate, Single crystal, Solid-state reaction, X-ray diffraction, Spectroscopy EDS

Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux (LCAM), Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Avenue Ibn Batouta, BP 1014, Rabat, Morocco.


A new potassium-nickel iron phosphate, namely K3Ni6Fe(PO4)6, has been synthesized by solid-state reaction. Its corresponding crystal structure were determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. This novel phase crystallizes in the monoclinic system with the space group C2/m and unit cell parameters a = 10.6853(4) Å, b = 14.1009(5) Å, c = 6.5481(2) Å, β = 103,842(1) °, and Z = 2.

The structure is built up by [FeO6], [PO4] and [NiO6] coordination polyhedra which are linked each other by sharing edges and corners to form zig-zag layers. These layers are interconnected by means of either [PO4] tetrahedra and [NiO6] octahedra via common corners, leading to a three-dimensional framework delimiting tunnels where the K+ cations are localized. The potassium cations are distributed over three independent crystallographic positions with partial occupancies.

Abstract

105


Abstract

Rare Earth Elements: A Novel Extraction MethodSara AIT HAK(1), Jamal AIT BRAHIM(1), El Mahdi MOUNIR(2), Brahim ACHIOU(1), Rachid BOULIF(1),

Redouane BENIAZZA(1), Rachid BENHIDA(1,3)

Keywords: Phosphogypsum, rare earth elements, leaching, salt solution, nitric acid.

References:[1] J. Su, R. Xu, S. Ni, F. Li, X. Sun, “A cost-effective process for recovering thorium and rare earths from radioactive residues”, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol 254, 2020.[2] C. Tunsu, Y. Menard , D. Eriksen, C. Ekberg, M. Petranikova, “Recovery of critical materials from mine tailings: A comparative studyof the solvent extraction of rare earths using acidic, solvating and mixed extractant systems”, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 218, p. 425–427, 2018.[3] S. Wu, L. Wang, L. Zhao, P. Zhang, H. El-Shall, B.Moudgil, X. Huang, L. Zhang, “Recovery of rare earth elements from phosphate rock by hydrometallurgical processes A critical review”, Chem. Eng. J., vol. 335, p. 774–800, 2018.

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, Green Process Engineering CBS, Ben Guerir, Morocco.

(2) Situation Innovation OCP, OCP Foundation, OCP Group, Jorf Lasfar, 24025 El Jadida – Morocco.(3) Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France.


Rare earth elements (REEs) are considered a strategic resource, because they are essential raw materials for the manufacturing of several key green-technology products (E.g., smartphones, computers, flat screen televisions and hybrid cars). China produced more than 85% of the world’s supply over the last two decades [1]. At the beginning of the current decade, Chinese export quotas led to a price surge, making some of these elements more valuable than gold, hence the urge to find new sources of these elements [2].In fact, Moroccan phosphogypsum, which is the main by-product of phosphoric acid production, contains 400 ppm of REEs on average. Therefore, phosphogypsum could be considered as a secondary resource of REEs due to its large produced amount (i.e., for each ton of phosphoric acid produced (recovered as P2O5), 4.5 to 5 tons of phosphogypsum are generated) [3].

The current study investigates a double leaching procedure for the recovery of REEs from phosphogypsum, using aqueous and acidic solutions. Systematic leaching processes, using distilled water/salt solution and sulfuric/ nitric acids under various operating conditions, were performed. The salt solution led to REEs enrichment in the residue due to phophogypsum dissolution, whereas nitric leaching allowed a better dissolution of such elements in the acid liquor.

106


Dynamic study for Removal of Olive Mill Wastewater Effluent by H3PO4 Treated Olive Stones in a Continuous Fixed Bed Reactor

Keywords: Adsorption models, olive mill wastewater, bed depth, breakthrough, adsorption, fixed-bed column, treated olive stones.

Wafaa YASSINE (A, B, C)

(A) Laboratory of Engineering, Processes and Environment (LEPE), High School of Technology , University Hassan II of Casablanca Morocco.

(B) Equipe Interaction Matière - Matière et Procédés Membranaires (I3MP) laboratoire GeMEV, Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock, B.P. 5366, Maârif, Université Hassan II Casablanca, Maroc.

(C) Higher School of Textile and Clothing Industries, Laboratory REMTEX, Casablanca, Morocco


Fixed bed adsorption has become a frequently used industrial application in wastewater treatment processes. Various low cost adsorbents have been studied for their applicability in treatment of different types of effluents. In this work, the intention of the study was to explore the efficacy and feasibility for olive mill wastewater (OMW) adsorption onto fixed bed column of H3PO4 Treated olive stones (TOLS). The effect of various parameters like flow rate, initial dye concentration, and bed height were exploited in this study. The studies confirmed that the breakthrough curves were dependent on flow rate, initial dye concentration solution of OMW and bed depth. The Thomas, Yoon–Nelson, and Adams and Bohart models were analysed to evaluate the column adsorption performance. The adsorption capacity, rate constant and correlation coefficient associated to each model for column adsorption was calculated and mentioned. The column experimental data were fitted well with Thomas model with coefficients of correlation R2 ≥0.93 at different conditions but the Yoon-Nelson, BDST and Bohart–Adams model (R2=0.911), predicted poor performance of fixed-bed column. The (TOLS) was shown to be suitable adsorbent for adsorption of OMW using fixed-bed adsorption column.

Abstract

107


Abstract

Kinetics, Isotherms, and Thermodynamics of (KOH, H3PO4) treated Olive Stones as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of

Methylene Blue dye from wastewatersW. Yassine (A ,B) , S. Akazdam (A *), I . Mechnou (B) Y.Erraji (A ,B,C) S.Zyade (A ,B)

Keywords:

Methylene blue, Treated Olive Stones, Adsorption Kinetics Studies, AdsorptionIsothermsStudies, Adsorption Thermodynamics Studies,Activated carbon.

(A) Laboratory of Engineering, Processes and Environment (LEPE), High School of Technology , University Hassan II of Casablanca Morocco.

(B) Equipe Interaction Matière – Matière et Procédés Membranaires (I3MP) laboratoire GeMEV, Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock, B.P. 5366, Maârif, Université Hassan II Casablanca, Maroc.

(C) Higher School of Textile and Clothing Industries, Laboratory REMTEX, Casablanca, Morocco

*Corresponding author: Yassine Wafaa, Email* : [email protected]

In this work, we studied the natural materials used to treat the cationic Methylene blue (MB) dye. The selected adsorbent materials (olive stones) treated with KOH and H3PO4as new potential biosorbents were studied, and MB was eliminated from wastewaters in a batch method. The adsorbents were characterized by Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-Ray Diffraction (DRX). FTIR results indicate that complexation and ion exchange seem to be the main mechanisms of MB adsorption. Langmuir and Freundlich models were employed to reach the equilibrium data at different solution temperatures and analysis of linear regression was taken to calculate and to obtain the parameters isotherm constants describing the adsorption operation. The Langmuir type 2 models fit the adsorption data reasonably (R2> 0.98). The high adsorption capacity of KOH-treated olive stones at 32°C is 117.92mg.g-1, and forH3PO4treated olive stones (TOLS) at 23°C is 33.13mg.g-1. The pseudo-first-order model and pseudo-second-order model of MB kinetic model applied to MB adsorbed by KOH and H3PO4 activated olive stones were compared and evaluated. The experimental data is very suitable for the second-order model of each dye-adsorbent system. The results obtained indicate that the concentrated solution done better removal efficiency. The parameters of thermodynamic were evaluated. For the system KOH treated Olive Stones, the positive value of ΔH° (261.48kJ.mol-1) shows that the adsorption is endothermic as process. And also very favorable and the bonds are of the chemisorption type. The positive value of ΔS° (0.874KJ.mol-1.°K-1) can be used to describe the randomness at the solid/solution interface during the adsorption process so no crucial change occurred in the internal structure during adsorption. The value of The Gibbs energy ΔG° decreased from 3.093KJ.mol-1 to -16.738KJ.mol-1 with an increase in temperature from 296 to 318 °K and the reaction becomes spontaneous from 300K. For the system H3PO4 treated Olive Stones, the negative value of ΔH° (-64.829kJ.mol-1) shows that the adsorption is exothermic and very favorable chemisorption bonding, ΔS=-0.222KJ.mol-1.°K-1 is negative and ΔG° increased from 1.199 kJ.mol-1 to 4.745 kJ.mol-1 with an increase in temperature from 296 to 318 °Kindicate a decrease in feasibility of adsorption at higher temperatures and the non-spontaneous reaction at room temperature but the spontaneity of adsorption is more favorable at low temperatures.The results laid a good potential for the activation of olive stones particles as an adsorbent to eliminate MB from wastewater.

SUSTAINABLEMINING

109


Use of phosphate mines by-products as supplementary cementitious materials

Abdelmoujib Bahhou(1), Yassine Taha(1), Yassine El Khessaimi(1), Rachid Hakkou(2),Jamal Amalik(3), Mostafa Benzaazoua(1,4)

Keywords: Circular economy; phosphate mine waste; Calcined marls; Supplementary Cementitious Materials; Cement;

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Lot 660.Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco.(2) Cadi Ayyad University (UCA). BP 549, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco.

(3) OCP-INNOVATION 4 Institut de Recherche en Mines et en Environnement, Univ du Québec en Abitibi Témiscamingue, 445 Boul de l’Université, Rouyn-Noranda. QC, Canada. J9X 5E4.

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

The increasing production and consumption of cement in the world leads to the generation of high amounts of greenhouse gas emissions leading to serious global warming and environment pollution. The use of supplementary cementitious materials has shown promising results towards carbon footprint reduction. In this paper, it is aimed to evaluate the potential use of marls by-products produced during phosphate mining as novel supplementary cementitious materials. The evaluation was conducted through (i) the determination of the physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of the marls samples, (ii) their activation using thermal processing over a range of temperatures from 500 to 900°C and (iii) the evaluation of the rheological properties of the calcined marls-based pastes and (iv) the assessment of the mechanical properties of marls-based mortars. Mixes of cement, calcined marls (10, 20, 30, and 40 weight%), limestones (15 wt.%) and sand were used to prepare mortars. Results showed that the red and yellow marls were mainly composed of montmorillonite [(Na,Ca)0,3(Al, Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2,nH2O)] and dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) minerals.

The mineralogical characterization of the calcined samples at different temperatures revealed that 800°C as the optimal activation temperature. Systems with 20 wt.% of calcined marl or less have achieved an equal compressive strength to the reference sample at different ages. Paste properties were assessed by measuring standard consistency and initial setting time, and their values were in agreement with the requirements.

Abstract

110


Bibliographic review on the valorization of phosphate by-productsin construction materials and application prospects in the case

of MoroccoAbderrahim Belmjouj(*), Aicha Rochdi and Wafaa Hamid

Keywords: Phosphogypsum, phosphate by-products, firing bricks, cementing blocks, ceramic tiles

Hassan First University of Settat, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Morocco

*Email : [email protected]

Phosphate industry generates daily huge amount of solid wastes such as phosphogypsum, phosphate mine waste rocks and sludge. In order to reduce their bad environmental impacts, theses by-products have been tested in the production of many building materials. This review represents a descriptive analysis of the most relevant works dealing with phosphate by-products introduction in firing bricks, cementing blocks and ceramics tiles. Different experimentations of valorizations are analyzed and compared (materials employed, operational modes and results, etc…). Some problematics and new leads are identified and discussed. This review aims to provide and highlight many innovative possible paths for the works to come while considering some national specifications. As a consequence, considerable resources of noble materials might be preserved and by-products can be valorized. Firing bricks can be elaborated based on phosphogypsum, phosphate mine clays and fly ash. A new combination of phosphate mine waste rocks and sludge must be tested for ceramics.

Pressing-hydration technique can be improved by calcium sulfate whiskers based on phosphogypsum. Cementing ceramic blocks based on semi-hydrate phosphogypsum might be a potential innovation. Cementing blocks based on aggregates from phosphate mine waste rocks is also a very promising pathway to be forwarded. Durability, health conformity and cost aspects of all building products made up of phosphate by-products must be addressed in future possible works. These aspects have a considerable impact on the choice of formulations and the optimization of experimental conditions.

Abstract

111


Abstract

Mechanical proprieties of phosphogypsum and slag aggregates to stabilize bentonite

Achraf HARROU (1,*), Elkhadir GHARIBI (1), Meriam EL OUAHABI (2)

Keywords: Bentonite, kinetics, Phosphogypsum, Slag and Setting

References:[1] Ma, B., Lu, W., Su, Y., Li, Y., Gao, C., & He, X. (2018). Synthesis of α-hemihydrate gypsum from cleaner phosphogypsum. Journal of cleaner production, 195, 396-405.[2] Létard, V. (2019), les enjeux de la filière sidérurgique dans la France du XXIe siècle : opportunité de croissance et de développement, Rapport d’information n° 649 (2018-2019) déposé le 9 juillet 2019 au Sénat Français.

(1) Laboratory of applied chemistry and environment team of Mineral Solid Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed first, Oujda, P.O. Box 60000, Morocco.

(2) UR Argile, Géochimie et Environnement sédimentaires (AGEs), Département de Géologie, Quartier Agora, Bâtiment, B18, Allée du six Aout, 14, Sart-Tilman, University of Liège, B-4000, Belgium.


Currently, the recovery of industrial waste to reduce their quantities and their impact on the environment is one of the problems to be tackled in research. The Phosphogypsum (PG) is an industrial waste produced by the attack of sulfuric acid on natural phosphate. PG contains harmful elements to the ecosystems and human health, in particular heavy metals and radionuclides [1]. The electric steel is a growth industry worldwide, in particular in the United States, it raised from less than 50% in 2000 to more than 68% in 2018 (Létard, 2019). This growth is accompanied by a significant increase in slag waste. In Morocco, OCP (Jorf Lasfar) generates more than 15 million tonnes per year of and the steel company (SONASID) produces slag waste (SC) 150,000 tonnes per year. Adding this waste to concrete may increase its mechanical strength. The Aim of this study is to incorporate these wastes with Bentonite of deposit Trebia (Nador, Morocco) stabilized by Lime to assess stabilization effect of bentonite in the presence of water (W).

For this purpose the mixtures (BLW), (BL-PG-W) and (BL-PG-Ss-W), cured for 3, 7, 15 and 28 days, were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR), thermal analysis (DTA/TGA or DSC/TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS).

The kinetics setting and hardening of B-L and B-L-PG mixtures are slow. The addition of PG to the mixture (B-L) allows ettringite formation after 7 days of hydration and stratlingite after 28 days. The Slag accelerates the setting of the mixture and activates the pozzolanic reactions of bentonite. Mechanical strength is accelerated for the mixture (B-L-PG-Ss) comparable to other mixtures; it increases only after 3 days of setting. This improvement was confirmed for other curing times. The presence of Ye’elimite and other hydraulic binder phases present in slag could explain the increased hardening showed for B-L-PG-Ss mixture.

112


Valorization of phosphate mine waste rocks as aggregatesfor concrete

Aiman EL MACHI(1), Yassine TAHA(2), Arezki TAGNIT-HAMMOU(3), Mostafa BENZAAZOUA (2,4),Rachid HAKKOU(1,2,*)

Keywords: Phosphate; Aggregates full replacement; Mine waste; Valorization; Concrete.

(1) Faculty of science and technology, Cadi Ayyad University (UCA), Marrakech 40000, Morocco(2) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir 43150, Morocco

(3) Université de Sherbrooke, département de génie civil, Canada(4) Institut de recherche en mines et environnement (IRME) UQAT, Rouyn-Noranda, Canada


Phosphate mining is one of the largest waste-rock generating industries, which is produced during different extraction and beneficiation steps. Those large amounts of waste rocks are immediately deposited in extraction sites or in the mine surroundings, which leads to several environmental problems (landscape disfiguration, reduction of arable lands …).

This study aims to suggest a way to not only get rid of those waste rocks, but to use it in an efficient way and to prove that the use of phosphate waste rocks as aggregates for concrete is feasible and can replace natural aggregates in concrete.

Two types of waste rocks were studied; waste rock aggregates mixture (WRAM) from the stone-removal rejects stockpile, and flint from the intercalation layers. Those samples were characterized in terms of mineralogy and chemistry using XRD and XRF techniques in the first place, then their physical and geotechnical properties were tested using different geotechnical tests (Los Angeles, Micro Deval, bulk density, water absorption and sieve analysis), and the final step was to assess the mechanical behavior of waste-rocks based concrete compared to a reference concrete.

Chemical and mineralogical characterization indicated that WRAM is a combination of three major lithologies; limestone, marls and flint. Flint aggregates consists essentially of quartz with over 92% of SiO2. Geotechnical tests showed that the WRAM aggregates have some weaknesses in terms of water absorption and abrasion, however, flint aggregates showed very good performance in all properties. The two types of aggregates were used as full replacement of natural aggregates for concrete to test their behavior compared to a reference concrete. WRAM concrete indicated an average value of 12 MPa of compressive strength at 28 days of curing, and flint concrete has reached an average value of 29 MPa at 28 days of curing.

This study proves that the recycling of phosphate waste rocks as aggregates for concrete is feasible, and suggests that this solution is very adequate to such a problem leading not only to dispose of waste rocks , but also filling the need in natural resources for another huge consuming industry, which enhances the circular economy concept.

Abstract

113


Organic matter in the phosphogypsum:Degree of transformation

A. EL CADI (1,*), M. KHADDOR (1), L. LEMEE (2)

Keywords: Phosphogypsum, organic matter, lipids, spectroscopic IRTF and NMR 1H, Coupling GC-MS.

(1) Laboratory of physico-chemistry of Materials, Natural Substances and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University Tangier-Tetouan, Morocco

(2) Laboratoire Synthèse et Réactivité des Substances Naturelles, SRSN UMR-CNRS 6514, 40 Av.du Recteur-Pineau, 86022 Poitiers-Cedex, France.


The phosphogypsum is a by-product resulting from the manufacturing of the phosphoric acid at the time of the acid attack of the phosphatic sediment. Unfortunately, this by-product is regarded as a waste that it is necessary to eliminate, either by the rejection in the open sea or by the setting in terri. But the interest growing carried with the environmental problems brought the catch in consideration of nuisances induced by these practices. They cause potential problems of transfer of the toxic elements and other elements towards the watery sediments and beings and to cause a local sterilization which can affect benthic fauna [1,2].

The reaction of destruction of the ore releases the undesirable elements (the organic material, heavy metals…) who in majority are trapped in phosphogypsum. It contains a whole organic matter stock of various origins (a content of 4%).

The purpose of our study will be the knowledge of the transformation of the organic matter at the time of the acid attack. A comparative study will be conducted between the organic compounds of origin in the phosphatic sediment and the compounds formed resulting from the acid attack, and consequently, to define harmful organic materials in the environment. Moreover, the research of the characteristic organic compounds makes it possible to make the follow-up of the contamination of marine environment. The characterization of the organic matter in phosphogypsum made it possible to know its chemical composition and its physical and thermal characteristics. However, the results presented constitute a contribution under investigation structural of the MO of phosphogypsum. The spectroscopic analyses how that it contains an organic matter aliphatic than aromatic [3]. It is made up by the compounds having of the acid groupings and esters. The various families of compose identified by CG-MS are the linear hydrocarbons, the isoprenoids and the hopanes [4]. The ramified hydrocarbons isoprenic testify their direct sources their origins without undergoing any transformation with respect to the acid attack [5]. The linear hydrocarbons and the monoacids analyzed by GC-MS have a distribution and a composition in agreement with an at the same time marine and continental contribution.

Abstract

114


Production of eco-friendly lightweight aggregates from clayey phosphate mine waste

Bayoussef Ayoub(A,B*), Loutou Mohamed(C), Taha Yassine(D), Mansori Mohammed(B), Benzaazoua Mostafa(D,E), Manoun Bouchaib(A,D), Hakkou Rachid(B,D)

Keywords: Clayey phosphate mine waste, lightweight aggregate, porogenic agent, eco-friendly.

(A) Hassan First University of Settat, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rayonnement-Matière et Instrumentation, S3M, 26000, Settat, Morocco.

(B) Imed-Lab, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cadi Ayyad (UCA), Av. A. Khattabi, B.P.549, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco.

(C) Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Matériaux et Environnement (LCM2E), Faculté Pluridisciplinaire de Nador, Université Mohammed 1er, B.P. 300, 62700 Selouane, Nador, Morocco.

(D) University Mohammed VI Polytechnic (UM6P), Lot 660 Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco.(E) Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), 445 Boulevard de l’Université, Rouyn-Noranda, J9X

5E4, Canada.


The industries contribution to circular economy has become a major challenge in the recent years, in particular for the mining industry due to the environmental impacts it often causes through the large amount of mine wastes. Hence, the need to face the challenge of waste management and possibilities for recycling. Therefore, many promising eco-friendly solutions have been proven by previous researches such as those related to phosphate mining and their wastes which can be used as raw materials in building industry to minimize the environmental foot print. Many ecoproducts can be cited like bricks, geopolymer, decorative stone, etc.. This paper aims in presenting an experimental investigation of a new eco-friendly material based on clayey phosphate mine waste. The influence of additives proportion on the behaviour of lightweight aggregates was studied. In this regard, blends of the clayey phosphate mining wastes were elaborated with different porogenic agents. The prepared materials were heated at the range 900-1100°C.

The manufactured specimens were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction for the mineralogy, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and Inductive coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-AES) for the chemistry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermal behaviour for the amorphous phase characterization. The physical characteristics alongside with the microstructure were investigated. The results showed that the thermal mineralization process led to the formation of pyroxene, diopside and quartz. Both chemical analysis and FT-IR investigations confirmed the attributed mineral phases. The mechanical strength of the obtained material ranged from 7-40 MPa with the density between 0.8 and 1.2 depending on the formulation. These outcomes indicated that the tested clayey phosphate mine waste is a viable raw material for lightweight aggregates production.

Abstract

115


A review of phosphate by-products valorization hydraulic binder manufacturers: Challenges and perspectives

Elkhalil ELKHADIR (1,*), Wafaa HAMID (1), Hicham ROUIJAA (1)

Keywords: Phosphogypsum, mine waste rocks, hydraulic binder, calcium sulfo-aluminate, clinker.

(1) Hassan First University of Settat, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, MoroccoEmail* : [email protected]

The Moroccan phosphate industry yearly produce a tremendous amount of solid wastes essentially phosphogypsum and mine waste rocks, in addition to that their hazardous materials content make the current situation of discarding phosphate waste to landfills or to the water bodies not an environmentally friendly management. However, the chemical composition of these wastes can be a promising raw material or an additive to certain hydraulic binder manufactures, to do so many research studies have been introduced these wastes in the production of cement and plaster. This literature review presents a descriptive analysis of the most pertinent studies that include phosphate by-products to the production of hydraulic binder as a raw material or as an addition to the final product.

The review aims to study the technics prospects of the phosphate by-products incorporation namely phosphogypsum to the cement and plaster products, furthermore other prospects are also discussed such as the economic, the environmental and human health safety prospects.

An encouraging path has been found which leads to use phosphate by-products potentially and fly ashes from a Moroccan thermal power station in the production of calcium sulfo-aluminate clinker.

Abstract

116


Assessment of local flora for the phytomanagement of phosphate mine wastes used as a cover to limit acid mine drainage in arid and

semi-arid climateHamza Zine (1,*), Sara Elgadi(1), Rachid Hakkou(2, 3), Ahmed Ouhammou(1)

Keywords: Phytostabilization, phosphate mines wastes, local flora, arid and semiarid environment, Bio-concentration factor, translocation factor, store and release cover.

(1) Cadi Ayyad University (UCA), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia. Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Agrosciences and Environment, Team of Agrosciences, PhytoBiodiversity and Environment. BP2390 Av. My

Abdellah, Marrakech 40 000. Morocco.

(2) Cadi Ayyad University (UCA), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, IMED-Lab, BP549 Av. A. Khattabi, Marrakech 40 000, Morocco.

(3) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Mining Environment & Circular Economy (EMEC) program, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco.


In order to limit the generation of acid mine drainage at the Kettara abandoned mine a store-and-release (SR) cover was constructed. The SR cover made of two materials, the upper layer constituted by phosphate mine waste (PW) and lower layer was the coarse-grained tailings of Kettara.

The objective of this study is to assess the phytostabilization ability of SR cover using local plants. In phytostabilization the goal is to establish a vegetative cap using local plants that stabilize metals in the root zone with little to no shoot accumulation.

Regarding the phytostabilization ability of five local plant species, seeds of Atriplex semibaccata R. Br., Peganum harmala L., Asparagus horridus L., Launaea arborescens (Batt.) Murb., and Vicia sativa L., were collected in wild and selected. Pots experiment of phosphate mine wastes (PW) was performed, and the germination and growth parameters measurement was done at greenhouse conditions. Cd, Ni, As, Cu and Zn concentrations in PW and in plant fractions were analysed. The field validation-experiment using the same plant species was established on experimental cell comprised of PW at the tailings park of the Kettara mine site.

The best results regarding the germination and growth parameters, both at greenhouse and at field conditions, were obtained for Atriplex semibaccata R. Br., followed by Vicia sativa L. and Launaea arborescens (Batt.) Murb.). The concentrations of the studied metallic trace elements (TE) in selected plant fractions does not exceed domestic animal metal toxicity limits. The concentration of these TE in plants hypogeal fractions were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of epigeal fractions. The transfer and bio-concentration factors were less than 1 in all selected plants.

According to these findings, we can affirm that Atriplex semibaccata R. Br., could serve as a key species of the plant community and Vicia sativa L. and Launaea arborescens (Batt.) Murb. are qualified as a good candidates for the phytostabilization of the SR cover comprised of phosphate mine waste in arid and semi-arid climate conditions.

Abstract

117


Floristic and ecological monitoring of local flora on a Store-and-Release cover made with phosphate mine wastes in arid and semi-arid

environment of Kettara mine, Morocco.Hamza Zine(1,*), Rachid Aitbabahmad(1), Sara Elgadi(1), Rachid Hakkou(2),

Meriam El Adnani(3), Ahmed Ouhammou(1)

Keywords: Local flora, diversity indices, Store-and-Release cover, mine wastes, phytomanagement, biologic cover, Kettara mine

(1) Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Agrosciences and Environment, Team of Agrosciences, PhytoBiodiversity and Environment. Faculty of Sciences Semlalia. Cadi Ayyad University. BP. 2390. 40 000.

Marrakech, Morocco.(2) Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Marrakech, University of Cadi Ayyad (UCA), Bd Abdelkrim Al khattabi,BP 2390. 40 000 Marrakech, Morocco / MSN. University Mohammed VI Polytechnique, Benguerir, Morocco.

(3) Laboratory of Mining, Environment and Sustainable Development, School of Mines of Rabat,University of Mohammed V- Agdal, Av. Hadj Ahmed Cherkaoui. B.P. 753 Rabat-Morocco.


The Kettara abandoned mine (KAM), Morocco, is a highly acid drainage-generating site with negative impacts. In order to impede the water–oxygen migration within tailings of KAM, a Store-and-Release (SR) cover made with phosphate mine wastes layers was implemented on the tailings of KAM in 5 experimental cells.

The characterization of vegetation is an important aspect of the monitoring strategy for the SR cover. In this optic, the objective of this study was to follow the local flora dynamic on the SR cover. Furthermore, this research highlighted the potential of this flora for the development of other appropriate phytomanagement plans of mining wastes.

The monitoring surveys were carried out for five years, from March 2015 to April 2019. Six permanent transects were placed on 5-constructed cells. The method of Line Intercept Transect was used to evaluate the vegetation cover and to determinate the floristic composition and relative frequency of the species. The plants diversity was quantified by Shannon diversity (H’) and Pielou equitability (J’) indices.

Four functional groups of plants were identified; therophytes and chamaephytes were the most abundant. Among 19 recorded families on SR cover, the most widely represented were Compositae (26.83%), Leguminosae and Poaceae with 9.76 %, Apiaceae and Brassicaceae with 7.32% of the total taxa for each one of them. Of the 39 identified vascular species on SR cover, the most abundant were Anacyclus valentinus L., Calendula arvensis M.Bieb., Emex spinosa (L.) Campd., Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.-Foss., Spergularia rubra (L.) J.Presl & C.Presl, Stipa capensisThunb. and Herniaria cinerea L.

Significant differences in Shannon diversity index (H’) were observed between the sampling areas (p> 0.05), it ranged from 0.739 to 3.857 bits/ind. on SR cover. The Pielou equitability index was not significantly different through transects, it varied from 0.578 to 0.978. These values indicated an equitable distribution of individuals within species on the investigated transects. The study revealed 29 vascular plants species that represented a great potential to be promoted for the phytomanagement of mine wastes in the context of arid and semi-arid environments.

Abstract

118


Acid geopolymer based on phosphate wash sludge as a new photocatalyst for the degradation of the methylene blue dye

in wastewaterMAJDOUBI(1*), Younesse HADDAJI(1), Said MANSOURI(1), Youssef TAMRAWI(2.3), Mina OUMAM(1),

Bouchaib MANOUN(2.3), Hassan HANNACHE(1.2)

Keywords: Acid based geopolymer, phosphate washing sludge, Photocatalysis, Adsorption kinetics, Degradation efficiency, Reaction kinetics

(1) Laboratory of engineering and materials LIMAT, Faculty of science Ben M’Sik, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco

(2) Materials Science and Nanoengineering Department, Mohamed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco

(3) Laboratoire Rayonnement-Matière et Instrumentation(RMI), FST Settat, Université Hassan 1er, Settat, Maroc.


geopolymers are a class of semi-crystalline aluminosilicate materials, generally synthesized at room temperature or slightly elevated by a chemical reaction between an amorphous aluminosilicate powder and an alkaline solution (NaOH, KOH, NaCO3, KCO3, LiCO3) or an acid phosphoric. Several research studies have shown the advantages and qualities of geoplymers from the point of view of eliminating dyes and lord metals. geopolymers have good surface properties, a heterogeneous microstructure and an amorphous structure. The performance of geopolymers in removing heavy metals and dyes is comparable to that of other materials. In the present work, we are interested in the study of the photodegradation of the methylene blue dye (MB) of waste water, geopolymers based on phosphoric acid and phosphate washing sladge was first used as a new photocatalysis for the degradation of the methylene blue dye (MB). The physico-chemical parameters studied and which govern the kinetics are: the initial pH of the solution and the concentration of pollutant. The degradation efficiency of the MB dye by acid geopolymer catalyst based on phosphate washing sladge was up to 92.79% under UV irradiation due to the synergistic effect of the adsorption and the semiconducting photocatalysis. The pseudo-first and pseudo-second order speed equations as well as the intra-particle diffusion speed equation were used to correlate the analysis of the adsorption kinetics of the MB dye. The experimental data were in good agreement with the equation for the pseudo-second order rate in both cases with and without UV irradiation. The intra-particle diffusion process is not the step of determining the velocity. The photocatalytic degradation of the MB dye in solution obeys reaction kinetics of the third order.

Abstract

119


Experimental Mines:Research Platforms for Sustainable Development

Ilyass MOUSAID(1), Sid-Ali Kamel KAYA(2)

Keywords: Applied Research, Experimental Mine, Mining Safety, Sustainable Mining, Technology Development.

References:1. Lager, T. (2010). Managing process innovation: from idea generation to implementation. World Scientific.2. Rafiq, S., Salim, R., & Smyth, R. (2016). The moderating role of firm age in the relationship between R&D expenditure and financial performance: Evidence from Chinese and US mining firms. Economic Modelling, 56, 122-132.3. Breslin, J. A. (2010). One hundred years of federal mining safety and health research. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh Research Laboratory.

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco.(2) ENSAM, Meknes, Morocco.


The relationship between R&D endeavor and enterprise performance is well established in the literature. Innovation Management studies show that medium / long term profitability is positively correlated with R&D expenditures in the process industries [1] and particularly in the mining sector [2]. In this context, Experimental Mines, as applied research platforms, may foster sustainable growth. In this exploratory study, we document ten Experimental Mines (EMs) - (North America, Poland, Czech Republic, Japan, Australia, Morocco) by synthesizing their historicity (longitudinal and transvers evolution), scope of activities (research fields, training, services…) and their role in sustainable development. In the early 1900s, the first EM was established in the USA to develop and transfer safer mining technologies [3]. Nowadays, EMs are more focused on sustainability by enhancing operations efficacy/efficiency and dealing with negative aspects of mining processes. This work aims to elucidate the concept of Experimental Mine and inform researchers and technology suppliers on relevant experimental sites.

Abstract

120


Physico-chemical, biological, and eco-toxicological characterization of tailings from phosphate mine of Ben Guerir city for reclamation

purposeKhadija AIT ELALLEM (1,2,*), Ali BOULARBAH (1,2), Abdelaziz YASRI (1)

Keywords: Mine tailing, Topsoil, Reclamation

References:[1] Brown MT (2005) Landscape restoration following phosphate mining: 30 years of co-evolution of science, industry and regulation. Ecol Eng 24:309-329.[2] Jones DL, Rowe EC (2017) Land Reclamation and Remediation, Principles and Practice. Encycl Appl Plant Sci 3:304–310.[3] Olsen SR, Sommers LE (1982) Phosphorus. In: Page AL, Miller RH, Keeney DR (Eds) Methods of soil analysis part 2, 2nd edn. Agronomy Society of America, Madison, 403–430.[4] Alef K (1995) Dehydrogenase activity. In: Alef K, Nannipieri P (Eds) Methods in Applied Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry. Academic Press. 228-230[5] Tabatabai MA (1982) Soil enzymes. In: Page A.L., Miller E.M., Keeney D.R. (Eds). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wl, 903-947.[6] Tabatabai MA, Bremner JM (1969) Use of p-nitrophenyl phosphate for assay of soil phosphatase activity. Soil Biol Biochem 1: 301-307[7] Kabata-pendias A (2011) Trace Elements in soils and Plants, 4th edn.

(1) Agrobioscience Research, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco.(2) Laboratoire Aliments, Environnement et Santé, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cadi Ayyad,

Marrakech, Morocco.


The valorization of mine tailing (MT) as a byproduct of the mining industry is becoming a necessity to preserve a healthy environment [1]. The reclamation of mining byproducts using plants based technology is an environmentally friendly technique with several benefits on the structure and physicochemical quality of treated soils [2]. This work aimed to characterize the mine tailing (MT) and the topsoil (TS) collected from the phosphate mine Ben Guerir in order to assess the possibility of growing some aromatic and medicinal plant species on these soils for reclamation reason. Physico-chemical, biological and eco-toxicological properties of MT and TS were investigated. The determination of soil texture was carried out by the Robinson pipette method According to NF X 31-107. Physicochemical parameters were measured: pH and electrical conductivity (EC) (in water solution) according to NF ISO 10390 and NF ISO 11265 respectively, total organic matter (OM) (Spectrophotometric method), available phosphorus (P) (Olsen method [3]) and total and active carbonate (CaCO3). To evaluate the microbial communities (bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes), we used the culture-depending method. The enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase [4], urease [5], phosphatase alkaline [6]) were measured with colorimetric methods. The total and extractible fraction of trace elements (Cd, Pb, As, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe) were determined by ICP-AES following samples digestion with aqua regia and extraction with CaCl2 solutions respectively according to NF X31- 121. Phytotoxicity of soils was estimated with a germination inhibition test (AFNOR X 31-201). In general, both the MT and TS showed basic pH values, low EC, and low P concentrations. Compared to TS, the MT showed very low OM content. High amount of total and active CaCO3 in the MT were detected, which might be considered as calcareous soils. Total numbers of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes) varied significantly among soils. The concentrations of the three microbial groups obtained from the TS were often higher than those observed in the MT (except for fungi). Dehydrogenases activity was particularly low, or even undetectable, at MT and TS, whereas urease activity was significantly higher at the TS in comparison with the MT. Contrary to the alkaline phosphatase which was higher in the MT. Total and extractible trace element concentrations remained below the maximum allowable concentration in agriculture soils [7]. Overall, the lower microbial density and relatively low essential nutrients and OM content of the MT in addition to their buffering capacity due to free carbonates make difficult their revegetation without additional amendments. Trace element concentrations were below standard limits, indicating the possibility of growing plants safely on the MT from the phosphate mine.

Abstract

121


The use of phosphate washing sludge for the treatmentand the valorisation of leachate from dump site

Khalid Fares(1); Meriem Mobaligh(1); Omar Saadani Hassani(1); Soukaina Rida(1); Qamar R’Zina(1);Abdelilah Meddich(1); Boujamaa Imziln(1)

Keywords: Leachate, dump site, compost, phosphate washing sludge

(1) Cadi Ayyad University. Faculty of Sciences Semlalia


The high water contents of household waste in Morocco and the landfill of this waste without sorting or recovery upstream is at the origin of production of huge quantity of leachate in the dump site; this situation creates a risk of pollution of the underground water and bad smells for neighboring populations. The various existing techniques for treating leachate are characterized by their high cost. This is why we tested a new technique based on the composting with phosphate washing sludge. Indeed, this waste produced in very large quantities by the two OCP washing units, remained not valued and stored in large basins; this waste is therefore generating economic costs related to the acquisition and the immobilization of the land and the process of monitoring this storage. Phosphorus, contained in this sludge, is an essential nutrient required for plant growth. This sludge can therefore be used in the co-composting with organic matter as it was shown in our previous patent (Patent MA45912 of May 22, 2019).

Five windrows were prepared using two concentrations of phosphate washing sludge (20 and 50 kg PWS/ 100 l leachate) and green wastes (GW). One windrow was containing lime sludge (LS) from sugar factory instead of PWS and the 5th windrow was humidified by olive mill wastewater (OMW) instead of water. Duration contact of 24 hours between the PWS and the leachate was prior to the addition of GW. Both physico-chemical and bacteriological monitoring of composting was carried out during 100 days. The final quality of the compost was analyzed from the physico-chemical and bacteriological point of view.

Leachate was very rich in fecal streptococus and total mesophilic flora but these floras were drastically reduced after 24 hours contact with PWS suggesting an effect of the lime contained in this waste. On the other hand, the leachate shows very low contents of some investigated pathogenic bacteria and fecal coliforms. The monitoring of physicochemical parameters during the composting process showed that the temperature of the different windrows was almost identical and follows generally the theoretical evolution of the temperature. The humidity was maintained in the optimal margin (40-60%). The evolution of the pH reveals an increase of this parameter during the composting process for all the windrows. However the pH value of the final compost (8-8.5) was still acceptable for many plants. An interesting degradation of organic matter was recorded indicating the development of an intense biological activity. The quality of the final composts was in accordance with standard NFU 44-051.

The overall results showed that phosphate washing sludge can be valorized by its composting with leachate. It is a sustainable solution for both leachate and phosphate washing sludge. The compost obtained can be used as organic amendment for Moroccan soils as well as substrate to rehabilitate the old sites of phosphate extraction.

Abstract

122


Valorisation of phosphate washing sludge:Production of anti-corrosion pigments

M. ELMOURABIT (1), F.CHAOUKET (1), K .DRAOUI (1), A. Ait Aghzzaf (2), I.ALLAOUI (1) I.RAISSOUNI (1)

and D.BOUCHTA (1)

Keywords:

Phosphate washing sludge, mild steel, anti-corrosion pigment, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS).

References:[1] C.L. Chen, Y. He, G.Q. Xiao, et al., Prog. Org. Coat. 1329 (2019) 316–327.[2] M. Loutou, M. Hajjaji, M. Mansori, C. Favotto, R. Hakkou, Phosphate sludge: thermal transformation and use as lightweight aggregate material, J. Environ. Manage. 130 (2013) 354–360, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.09.004.[3 S. Moukannaa, M. Loutou, M. Benzaazoua, L. Vitola, J. Alami, R. Hakkou, Recycling of phosphate mine tailings for the production of geopolymers, J. Clean. Prod. 185 (2018) 891–903, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.09

(1) Material and interfacial systems Laboratory, ERESI team, Department of chemistry, faculty of Science, Abdelmalek Essadi University, Tetouan, Morocco.

(2) Laboratory of Applied and Didactic Sciences (LASAD), École Normale Supérieure de Tetouan, Morocco.


In this work, an anti-corrosion pigment was developed from the phosphate washing sludge of the Youssoufia region (Gantour mining site). For this purpose, the phosphate ions (PO4

3-) generated by the acid digestion (HClO4) of the sludge were co-precipitated under the furnace of zinc and potassium orthophosphates using precursors (ZnCl2 and KOH). The chemical composition and crystal structure of the synthesized pigments were studied by FT-IR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and by X-ray diffraction. Results obtained showed that the spectra of (PZPB) powder synthesized from sludge are confused with those of co-precipitated from phosphate ore and those obtained from commercial phosphoric acid (PZPC). Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Linear Polarization Techniques proved the high inhibitive performance of different elaborated pigments against corrosion of mild steel in 3 % NaCl solutions. in the presence of 1 g/L of pigments.

Abstract

123


Phosphate tailings densification in view of a better waste disposaland/or valorization and optimal water recycling:

Case of Tunisian phosphates minesM. Ettoumi (1,*), M. Jouini (2), C.M. Neculita (2), S. Bouhlel (1), L. Coudert (2), Y. Taha (3), M. Benzaazoua (2)

Keywords: Phosphate treatment sludge; water recovery; flocculant; baked bricks; waste valorization

References:[1] Ettoumi, M., Jouini, M., Neculita, C.M., Bouhlel, S., Coudert, L., Haouech, I., Benzaazoua, M., 2020. Characterization of Kef Shfeir phosphate sludge (Gafsa, Tunisia) and optimization of its dewatering. J. Environ. Manage. 254, 109801.[2] Ettoumi, M., Jouini, M., Neculita, C.M., Bouhlel, S., Coudert, L., Taha, Y., Benzaazoua, M., 2020. Valorization of phosphate treatment sludge from Tunisian mining basin (Gafsa, Kef Shfeir). J. Clean. Prod. (accepted).

(1) University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Tunis, Department of Geology, Mineralogy and Geochemistry Research Group, Tunisia

(2) Research Institute on Mines and Environment (RIME), University of Québec in Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, Canada

(3) Materials Science and Nanoengineering Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco


Beneficiation of phosphorite ore by the Gafsa Phosphate Company (GPC), in Tunisia, is considered high water-consuming process that generates large amounts of tailings. In the context of sustainable development, because of the lack of water resources in arid and semi-arid climatic zones, reuse and efficient management of process water becomes necessary. Hence, maximum recovery of water from the phosphate sludge (PS) using densification method - considered as a low-energy consuming process, is plausible using adapted flocculants. Likewise, valorization of sludge is considered promising alternative to overcome issues related to its disposal and long term-management. In this context, the first objective of the study was to improve low-cost water recovery from PS produced at Kef Shfeir (KS) and M’Dhilla (MD) mine plants. The second objective was to investigate an alternative for the valorization of the densified PS as building material to produce fired bricks and to evaluate rare earth elements (REE) valorization.

To do so, representative samples of PS were firstly collected and characterized. To maximize water recovery, densification based on flocculation was performed using different commercial flocculants. In the second part, representative samples of PS from the KS sector were collected, characterized, and then fired at different temperatures (900°C, 1000°C and 1100°C) for the manufacturing of bricks. Afterwards, fired bricks were characterized to evaluate their physical, chemical, mineralogical, and mechanical properties as well as their environmental behavior to ensure that they comply with the environmental standards regulation.

Results showed that samples from both plants are fine grained and contain of carbonates, silicates, and significant residual fluorapatite (up to 39.2%, in KS, and 59.0%, in MD) [1]. Water recovery for the KS sector was ~58.1% with the anionic flocculant “Slim Floc”, used by GPC, while the best efficiency (~84%) was obtained with the anionic commercial flocculant “E24” [1]. For the MD sector, water recovery was ~66% with “Slim Floc”, while more efficient recovery (~91%) was yielded with the commercial anionic flocculant “Flomin 905”. Moreover, results showed that KS sludge contains ~174 mg/kg of REE, which were more concentrated (~354 mg/kg) in the coarser fraction (> 32 µm), that could that be considered for further extraction potential [2]. Since > 22.0% of KS sludge was in the form of clay minerals (mainly vermiculite and palygorskite), its valorization in the manufacturing of fired bricks, at high temperature, should be considered [1,2]. Indeed, fired bricks showed good technical en environmental performances: low porosities (9-13%), low firing shrinkage (5.2-7.5%), low water absorption capacity (12.5-17.2%), high flexural strength (3.9-13.4 MPa), and low metal mobilization that meet the construction standards [2].

Finally, densification process using anionic flocculant was efficient in maximizing water recovery (84-91%) from PS, which will prevent the exhaustion of underground water resources and reduce the volume of settling ponds. Valorization of PS in the form of fired bricks, without substitution or addition of chemical agents or binders, will therefore minimize its disposal, limiting its environmental footprints and finally enable to partially overcome the insufficiency of raw natural resources in the concerned region (i.e. clays).

Abstract

124


Mechanical behavior of phosphate mine waste rocksfor highly stressed pavements

Mustapha Amrani (1,2*), Yassine Taha (3), Azzouz Kchikach (1,4), Mostafa Benzaazoua (4,5), Rachid Hakkou (2,3)

Keywords: Valorization; screened phosphate waste rocks; highly stressed pavements, cyclic deformation behavior.

(1) L3G Laboratory équipe de recherche « Génie civil et Géo-Ingénierie ».Univ. Cadi Ayyad (UCA).BP 549. Marrakech 40000. Morocco;

(2) IMED-Lab. Faculté des Sciences et Techniques. Univ. Cadi Ayyad. BP 549.Marrakech 40000. Morocco;(3) EMEC. Mohammed VI Polytechnic University. Lot 660.Hay Moulay Rachid.43150 Ben Guerir. Morocco;

(4) Geology and Sustainable Mining Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir. Morocco.(5) Institut de Recherche en Mines et en Environnement. Univ du Québec en Abitibi Témiscamingue,

445 Boul de l’Université. Rouyn-Noranda. QC, Canada. J9X 5E4;

Corresponding author* : [email protected]

The use of phosphate mine waste rocks as non-conventional materials in road construction is an appropriate approach to limit the ecological footprint of phosphate mining sites and to promote resource-saving of natural aggregates. The main objective of this investigation is to evaluate the possibility of valorizing phosphate waste rocks in road construction as base or sub-base layers. The results of large laboratory and in-situ experimental tests as performed on screened phosphate waste are presented in terms of measured failure, resilient and permanent deformation behaviour during cyclic loading. In addition, stiffness as well as the evolutionary characteristics have been analyzed on the basis of in-situ plate and densification tests. The Australian design criteria of highly stressed mine pavement is considered. The finding clearly demonstrate the importance applied stress level, the aggregates crushing index and the flint content on mechanical behavior of studied samples. Finally, it is possible to conclude that the crushed screened phosphate waste rocks 0-31.5 mm demonstrate technical viability for pavements application. However, solutions related to impermeability of the pavement must be considered.

Abstract

125


Valorization of by-products from phosphate extractionfor the production of geopolymers materials

S. Mabroum (1,2), *, Y. Taha (1), M. Benzaazoua (1,3), R. Hakkou (1,2)

Keywords: Phosphate extraction, waste rocks, geopolymers, construction applications

References:[1] Hakkou, R., Benzaazoua, M., Bussiere, B., 2016. Valorization of phosphate waste rocks and sludge from the Moroccan phosphate mines: challenges and perspectives. Procedia Eng. 138, 110e118.

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir 43150, Morocco(2) Faculty of science and technology, Cadi Ayyad University (UCA), Marrakech 40000, Morocco

(3) Institut de recherche en mines et environnement (IRME) UQAT, Rouyn-Noranda, Canada


Open-pit mining operations of sedimentary phosphates beget huge quantities of waste-rocks that have to be deposited in vast stockpiles nearby the mine site. These heterogeneous wastes were mainly composed of limestones, marls, silex and clays. According to environmental tests, phosphate waste rocks don’t present any risk of mine drainage contamination (Hakkou et al.,2016). While, they could cause arable lands reduction, topography modification and landscapes disfiguring. The present work investigates the feasibility of recycling marls and clays wastes in the synthesis of geopolymers, and their microstructural and mechanical properties.

Raw marls and clays were sampled from the Benguerir mine site. The materials were dried, grinded, and calcined at different temperatures up to 900°C in order to enhance their reactivity. Then, calcined powders were activated using a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. The obtained pastes were cured at ambient temperature for 28 days. Mineralogical, chemical, and thermal characterizations of raw, calcined and elaborated geopolymers were studied. Furthermore, compressive strength measurements were performed at 7, 14 and 28 days to test the evolution of mechanical behavior. Results revealed promising characteristics showing that calcined marls and clays allowed important mechanical properties and compact structures, which could be used as geopolymers precursors for construction applications.

Abstract

126


Valorization of Phosphate Mine Waste in road construction(A case study: site of Ouled Abdoun in Morocco)

AIT M’BAREK Samir, HAMID Wafaa, Aicha Rochdi

Keywords: Valorization, phosphate mine waste, performance approach, natural resources, road construction.

References:[1] Hakkou, R., Benzaazoua, M., Bussiere, B., 2016. Valorization of phosphate waste rocks and sludge from the Moroccan phosphate mines: challenges and perspectives. Procedia Eng. 138, 110e118.

Department of Applied Geology Faculty of Science and Technology Settat, Morocco

Email* : s.ait-m’[email protected]

Exploitation and production of phosphate industry generate vast quantities of solid mining waste (phosphate rock and phosphogypsum) abandoned in nature and often have harmful effects on environment components (water, air, soil).

In this work, the main objective was to propose efficient and reliable solutions by testing the feasibility and the possibility of using phosphate waste in road construction, based on a performance approach to reuse low-cost mine waste. The formulations adopted were the subject of a series of tests and laboratory analyses in order to meet the requirements of the standards (compressive strength, lift, compaction, etc.)

The general hypothesis of this project was to use and develop phosphate mine waste as a source of secondary raw material (substitute materials), with a performance approach and discuss the geotechnical characteristics of different formulations proposed in terms of the possibility of use in road construction.

Abstract

127


Elaboration of a new raw material based on phosphate sludge and glass waste for geopolymer production

Samira Moukannaa(1); Ana Fernández-Jimenez(2) ; Rachid Hakkou(3)

Keywords:Alkali activation, Phosphate sludge, Glass waste, Alkaline fusion, Industrial waste valorization, Mechanical properties

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University(2) Edouardo Torroja Institute (CSIC)

(3) Cadi Ayyad University


One of the major challenges facing the global construction industry is to reduce the environmental footprint of its activities, and the development of new, sustainable, environmentally friendly construction materials. Worldwide, innumerable efforts have been made in this field. One of the attractive materials meeting these criteria is alkali-activated materials and geopolymers. The present study aims to synthesize a new raw material for geopolymers production made of different wastes (glass waste and phosphate sludge). A mixture of glass waste, phosphate sludge, and kaolin was prepared and activated by alkaline fusion process in order to obtain a raw material suitable for geopolymer production. The alkaline fusion process was optimized, and different fluxing agents were used such as sodium hydroxide, sodium fluoride, sodium carbonate, and sodium sulfate were tested. The alkaline fused materials were characterized using XRD and TGA/DTA analysis. The alkali activated materials were characterized using XRD and FTIR analysis in addition to compressive strength tests. The results showed that the alkaline fusion process improved the alkali reactivity of the material by modifying its mineralogical composition and increasing its amorphous content. The sodium carbonate showed the best performance in terms of mechanical properties and cost-effectiveness. Based on the results it can be concluded that the new synthesized alkaline fused material is a promising raw material for alkali activated materials allowing the elaboration of construction materials with high early mechanical properties up to 19 MPA at 1 day.

Abstract

128


Spent lithium-ion batteries recycling towardsa smart circular economy

Siham Difi (1), Yassine Taha (2), Rachid Hakkou (1,2), Ismael SAADOUNE (1,2)*

Keywords: Li-ion batteries, Recycling, Circular Economy, Hydrometallurgy

Figure 1: XRD pattern of an electrode material prepared from recovered metals of spent Li-ion batteries

(1) Université Cadi Ayyad (UCA)/IMED-Lab, Avenue A. Khattabi, BP549, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco(2) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150, Ben Guerir, Morocco


With their abundant use as electrical source in a wide variety of devices (especially mobile tools), as well as their increasing use by the automotive industry, the need to improve the recycling of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) is becoming critical. The question of what will happen to the huge number of lithium-ion batteries that reach the end of their life is important for worldwide sustainability, asking for the development of a full value chain for batteries. The recycling of spent Li-Ion batteries starts to receive attentions in recent years and represents environmental, economic and strategic challenges. It will not only decrease the pollution risks related to their disposal but also to recover the finite strategic resources.

Commercial lithium-ion batteries contain high added-value elements such as Lithium, Cobalt, nickel, Manganese, Phosphates, Aluminium, Copper, Graphite but also harmful components including organic electrolytes polymer separators, and plastic or metallic cases. .

In this study, numerous recycling methods were developed to recover the active electrode materials (transition metal ions) including chemical and physical processes. The use of an innovative chemical process on spent batteries from Nokia has achieved promising results. Elemental analyses using ICP-AES XRF and XRD analysis permit to conclude on the formulation and the recovery of the used NMC cathode material (Figure 1). The recovered materials were surface-treated before using in fresh Li-ion batteries. The recorded energetic performances are comparable to those obtained from fresh raw materials.

Abstract

129


Building energy efficiency: Use of phosphate byproducts for the development of efficient phase change composite materials

Yasser Harmen(1,3*), Younes Chhiti(1,2), Fatima Ezzahrae M’Hamdi Alaoui(3), Fouad Bentiss(4),Charafeddine Jama(5), Sophie Duquesne(5), Mohammed Bensitel(4), Laurent Deshayes(1)

Keywords: Phase change material; Phosphate by-product; Building energy performance; Thermal comfort; Thermal energy storage

References:[1] M. Song, F. Niu, N. Mao, Y. Hu, and S. Deng, “Review on building energy performance improvement using phase change materials,” Energy Build., vol. 158, pp. 776-793, 2018.

(1) ILO Innovation Lab for Operations, Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique, Ben Guérir and 43150 Morocco(2) École nationale supérieure de chimie, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco

(3) Science Engineer Laboratory for Energy (LabSIPE), National School of Applied Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida and 24002 , Morocco

(4) Laboratory of Catalysis and Corrosion of Materials (LCCM), chemistry Department, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida and 24000, Morocco

(5) Lille University, ENSCL, UMET CNRS UMR 8207, Lille and 59000, France


Passive latent heat thermal energy storage technologies with phase change composite materials (PCCMs) provide a potential solution to reduce energy demand and regulate the thermal comfort in occupied buildings [1]. In this context, the objective of this study is to develop innovative PCCMs by the valuation of some by-products of phosphate industry for building applications. This work investigates the thermal energy storage behaviours of the newly prepared PCCMs. The PCCMs have been prepared using paraffin as phase change material (PCM) and some phosphate byproducts such as carbonate, silicate and phosphogypsum. Series of experimental and numerical studies were achieved. Thermophysical and chemical analyses (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity), Viscosity, X-ray tomography microstructural analyses and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)) were carried out to characterize the raw materials and PCCMs prepared in order to optimize the energetic and phenomenological behaviors of these materials. Transient numerical model based on the enthalpy-porosity formulation was also developed to study the heat transfer and the melting behaviors. The building envelope is simulated using ANSYS Fluent CFD software . The results of the numerical study and the thermo-physical and chemical characterization demonstrate a significant potential of the prepared PCCMs to improve the thermal inertia of construction materials and the comfort inside buildings. Clearly, phosphate waste rock combined to PCMs could be suggested as excellent materials for energy efficiency in building applications.

Abstract

AGRICULTURE& BIOTECHNOLOGY

131


Influence of salinity on phosphorus and potassium uptake of tomato plants grown in hydroponic conditions

Aicha LOUDARI (1,2), A. BARGAZ, J-T CORNELIS (2), G. COLINET (2), Y. ZEROUAL (3), A. OUKARROUM (1,*)

Keywords: Phosphorus, Salinity, Chlorophyll a fluorescence, Hydroponics, Tomato

(1) AgroBioSciences and Fertilization Program, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco(2) Terra Research Center, Liege University Gembloux AgroBioTech Faculty B 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.

(3) OCP group SA, Morocco

Email* : [email protected]; [email protected]

Salt stress is considered as one of the major abiotic stress to plant health and soil quality in the Mediterranean region that affects the productivity of most crops. The literature data concerning the P- or K- Salinity interaction showed contradictory results depending upon selected plants and experiment conditions. Therefore, understanding the physiological and biochemical mechanisms occurring in salt-stressed plants is an important way to counter the negative effects of salinity, detect sensitive and tolerant traits and optimize fertilization management in order to improve P and K use efficiency in crop production. In this work, we emphasized the change in chlorophyll a fluorescence, chlorophyll content index, root morphology parameters and phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake. Tomato plants were grown in hydroponic culture with two salt sodium chloride concentrations (S1 = 2.8 dS m-1 and S2 = 4.8 dS m-1). A significant decrease in the chlorophyll content index and shoot and root dry weight were observed. Furthermore, salt treatment induced a significant nutrient imbalance indicated by a decrease in P and K uptake. Under salt treatment, a decrease in J-I-P fluorescence yield was observed and this result indicated an inhibition at PSI acceptor sites. It seems that inhibition of the intersystem electron transport between photosystem II and photosystem I and then in chlorophyll a fluorescence transient under salt stress could be due to an imbalance in nutrient uptake and then an electron transport downregulation. In conclusion, the observed reduction in studied physiological parameters could be due to a negative change in nutrient uptake which creates a disequilibrium in ion homeostasis and then a cascade of changes in physiological and biochemical processes.

Abstract

132


Effects of land use systems on phosphorus sorption characteristicsK. Alemayehu (1,*) Wassie H. (1) and Fikre K. (1)

Keywords: P fixation, Standard P requirement, Langmuir Model, Freunlich model

(1) College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia


Experiment was conducted to determine effects of land use systems on soil P sorption capacity and selected physicochemical characteristics and soil P sorption capacities. Five major representative land use systems (forest, grazing, and intensively cultivated mechanized farms both inside the Agarfa College and surrounding farmers homestead) were identified. Composite soil samples were collected at 0-20 and 20-40 cm depth. The soil samples were mixed, air-dried and passed through a 2 mm sieve for the analysis of selected soil physical and chemical properties. Three grams of the processed soil from each sample was equilibrated with 25 ml of 0.01M of CaCl2 in 100 ml capacity flasks to which 0, 2, 4, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mgl-1P were added as KH2PO4. The adsorbed P was calculated as the difference between initial and final concentration. The resulting data were fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The soils of selected land use were analyzed for their physicochemical properties and their sorption capacity. Accordingly the results revealed that the P-sorption data were fitted well with both Langmuir and Freundlich models. Sorption maxima (Xm) and The Freundlich coefficient (Kf) values of soils ranged from 104-295 mg Pkg-1 and 44-70.5 mg Pkg-1 based on Langmuir and Freundlich models respectively. The SPR values ranged between 11 to 22 mg P kg-1 and 14 to 28 mg kg-1 based on Langmuir and Freundlich models respectively in 0-20 cm depth.

In general P-sorption models can effectively be used to discriminate soils based on P-fixation ability. Moreover, amount of fertilizer based on EPR estimation is greater than amount of fertilizer practiced both by farmers and mechanized land. Thus, it is recommended that this dose of P fertilizer should be revised and proper amount of fertilizer based on EPR values estimated for each soil should be applied.

Abstract

133


Plant growth rhizobacteria applications for plant nutrition management in Ghana

Buernor Alfred Balenor (1,*), Martin Jemo (1)

Keywords: Bradyrhizobium, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), inoculant, grain legumes

(1) Université Mohammend VI Polytechnique, Bengeurir


Making use of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) with grain legumes can help to curtail nitrogen deficiencies, increase soil fertility and increase crop yield, problems faced particularly in smallholder agriculture in Subsahara Africa (SSA). The isolation, of indigenous rhizobia strains with outstanding performance provides a basis for the formulation of rhizobia inoculants. Also, their identification and characterization contribute to the general understanding of species distribution and ecology. Here we reviewed the various works done on Bradyrhizobium spp in SSA with a focus on Ghana. Although recently the number of published Bradyrhizobium species is rapidly increasing, the use of indigenous rhizobia strains in the formulation of commercial inoculants and their use by farmers is very limited. Many researches proved that there are very effective indigenous Bradyrhizobium strains in SSA, this which is partly due to its heterogeneous soils and climates, providing diverse habitats and it being a center of origin of many legumes (including cowpea and Bambara groundnut). Also, a rich diversity of wild legume species exists. We summarize the recent knowledge on effective formulation and diversity. We indicated that an as yet hidden diversity may be a rich resource for inoculant development in future. since some species are temperature tolerant, and can be potential inoculant candidates for global warming scenarios.

Abstract

134


Improving seed germination rate of Lactuca sativa and Peganum harmala in Kettra mine tailings by using combination of organo-

mineral amendments and the mining topsoilMadline Atika(1*)., Beroigui Meriyem(1)., Benidire Leila(1)., Laaouidi Younes(1)., Boularbah Ali(1,2)

Keywords: Mine tailings, Heavy metals, Acid soil, toxicity assay, Marble sludge, Rehabilitation

Acknowledgements:The authors acknowledge the financial support of “Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Techniques [grant N°PPR 22/2015]”.

(1) Université Cadi-Ayyad, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Marrakech, Laboratoire Bioressources et Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, BP 549, M-40000, Guéliz, Marrakech, Morocco.

(2) AgrobioSciences Program, Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco.


Metal pollution originating from mining activities is a major environmental problem. At abandoned Kettara pyrrhotite mine, located approximately 35 km northwest of Marrakech city (Morocco), mine tailings have been exposed to water and wind erosion for more than 25 years, which increase the risks of pollution of surrounding areas by heavy metal sand acidic deposits. The challenge of restoring plant cover on this region is impeded by a number of physicochemical factors including high concentrations of heavy metals and the low fertility of soils making revegetation of this area difficult. Therefore, in order to undertake the phytostabilization process of this mining area, it is necessary to improve subsequently the quality of physical and chemical soil factors. For that reason, this study aims to evaluate the effect of topsoil of kettara site that has been excavated during the mining operation in combination with marble sludge such as liming material and sheep manure (SM) used as organic amendments. Therefore, two mixtures (M1 and M2) were prepared at different rates of topsoil (TS) and marble sludge (MS).M1 consisted of 70% mine tailings, 30 % of TS and 10% of MB, the second one contained 60% mine tailings, 40 % of TS and 4% of MS. Then each mixture was amended with different proportions of SM (6%, 8%, 10%, 12%). The study was performed under pot experiment conditions for six months of incubation.

This assessment was carried out by the determination the evolution of microbial community and biological parameters (urease, phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities) as an indicator of soil quality. Furthermore, phytotoxicity tests were conducted with two plant species: lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and wild rue (Peganum harmala) in order to evaluate the phytoavailability of metals.

The result showed that the application of topsoil and MS alone doesn’t affect significantly urease and dehydrogenase activity. The combination of inorganic and organic materials promotes soil biological activity. The M2 amended with 10% and 12% of SM, were the two most effectives treatments which showed a significant increase in microbial population (actinomycetes, bacteria and fungi) and enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, urease and phosphatase activity). The highest values of dehydrogenase activity (376.77 μg TPF / g dry soil / h) was observed in M2 amended with 12%, followed by M2 amended with 10% (201.79μg TPF/g dry soil / h) compared to the M2 non-amended with organic material (46.32 μg TPF / g dry soil / h). The same trend was observed with urease and alkaline phosphatase activities.

The mixtures M1 and M2 have been found to be highly phytotoxic. Indeed, a low germination rate was observed in the two treatments (below 50%), with symptoms of necrosis occurred in roots immediately after germination, which led to a complete cessation of their growth. However, an increase in germination rate occurred when the organic amendment was added to the mixtures. Moreover, the measurements of root lengths showed that M2 amended by 8%, 10% and 12% of SM resulted in a significant increase in root length (2- 2.5-fold) compared to the mixtures unamended with SM.

In conclusion, the results of this study showed that, the mixture M2 amended with 10 % of SM, was the most effective treatment which improves the biological properties of the tailings, thus leading to better roots growth.

Abstract

135


Phosphate solubilizing fluorescent Pseudomonads:Beneficial effects on Tomato growth

Bouizgrane B., Farrai M., Barazouk M., Hatimi A

Acknowledgements:The authors would like to express appreciation for the support of the sponsors [OCP BIO-BIZ-01/2017”.]. through the R&D Initiative – Appel à projets autour des phosphates APPHOS – sponsored by OCP (OCP Foundation, R&D OCP, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, National Center of Scientific and technical Research CNRST, Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training of Morocco MESRSFC) under the project entitled *Bioformulations d’un consortium de microorganismes solubilisateurs du phosphate : effets bénéfiques sur la croissance et la protection des plantes>*, project ID * BIO-BIZ-01/2017”.

Acknowledgements:Bossis, E., P. Lemanceau, et al. (2000). “The taxonomy of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida: current status and need for revision.” Agronomie 20(1): 51-63.Bouizgarne B. (2013) Bacteria for Plant Growth Promotion and Disease Management. In: Maheshwari D. (eds) Bacteria in Agrobiology: Disease Management. Springer, Berlin,Bric, J. M., R. M. Bostock, et al. (1991). “Rapid in situ assay for indoleacetic acid production by bacteria immobilized on a nitrocellulose membrane.” Applied and environmental microbiology 57(2): 535-538.Fiske C. and Subbarow, Y. (1925).‘The colorimetric determination of phophorus’, Biological chemistry, 66, 375–400.Gravel, V., Antoun, H. & Tweddell, R. J. Growth Stimulation and Fruit Yield Improvement of Greenhouse Tomato Plants by Inoculation with Pseudomonas Putida or Trichoderma Atroviride: Possible Role of Indole Acetic Acid (Iaa). Soil Biol Biochem. 8, 1968–1977 (2007).Gyaneshwar, P., Kumar, G. N., Parekh, L. J., & Poole, P. S. (2002). Role of soil microorganisms in improving P nutrition of plants. Plant and soil, 245(1), 83-93.Karnwal, A. (2009). “Production of indole acetic acid by fluorescent Pseudomonas in the presence of L-tryptophan and rice root exudates.” Journal of Plant Pathology: 61-63.Khan, A. A., G. Jilani, et al. (2009). “Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria: occurrence, mechanisms and their role in crop production.” J Agric Biol Sci 1(1): 48-58.Maxwell K., Johnson G.N. (2000). Chlorophyll fluorescence-a practical guide. J. Experimental Botany 51, 659-668.Nautiyal, C. S. (1999).‘An eficiente microbiological growth médium for screening phosphate solubilizing microorganisms’.FEMS Microbiologic Letters, 170(436), 265–270.Olsen, S.R. and Sommers, L.E. (1982) Phosphorus. In: Page, A.L., Ed., Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2 Chemical and Microbiological Properties, American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, 403-430.Pikovskaya, R.I. (1948) Mobilization of Phosphorus in soil connection with the vital activity of some microbial species. Microbiology, 17, 362-370.Richardson, A. E. (2001). “Prospects for using soil microorganisms to improve the acquisition of phosphorus by plants.” Functional Plant Biology 28(9): 897-906. Takeda M. 1, Knight J. D. (2006). Enhanced solubilization of rock phosphate by Penicillium bilaiae in pH-buffered solution culture. Can J Microbiol. 52(11):1121-9.Trolove S. N, Hedley M. J, Kirk G. J. D, Bolan N. S, Loganathan P (2003). Progress in selected areas of rhizosphere research on P acquisition. Aust. J. Soil Res. 41, 471–499

Team: Microbial Biotechnology, Laboratory: Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences- University Ibn Zohr (UIZ)-Agadir, Morocco.


Four Pseudomonad isolates able to solubilize phosphate from Moroccan phosphate mines (NP) were selected and their beneficial effects on tomato growth were assayed in greenhouse. Tomato seeds were coated with the isolates and seedlings transferred to soil containing the isolates at 106 cfu/ gram soil with or without NP. All selected isolates showed effective root colonization in axenic conditions. In greenhouse, after 60 days, results also showed that shoot and root length increased by 43% and 54,4% respectively in plants inoculated by Pseudomonad isolates in comparison with control. Shoot and root dry weight increased by 62,5 % respectively while root dry weight increased by 56% and 78% respectively.

Abstract

136


Effect of phosphorus soil fertilization on growth and yield of corn silage (Zea mays L.) under salinity water stress

BOURAS HAMZA (1*), B. BOUAZZAMA (2), A. HIRICH (3), R. CHOUKR-ALLAH (1), A. BOUAZIZ (1)

Keywords: Corn silage (Zea mays L.), Phosphorus, salinity, water quality, Yield and quality.

(1) Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II (IAV Hassan II), Morocco.(2) National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Morocco.

(3) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University Ben Guerir (UM6P), Morocco.


Salinity is a major problem in many regions in the world including Morocco that limits crop production and affects farmer’s income. Fertilization is one of the strategies used to cope with salinity stress. A field experiment applying four qualities of irrigation water, three treatments of phosphorus were conducted in a split plot design with three replications. This research was conducted in Tadla (National Institute for Agricultural Research) between march and August 2019. The mean objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction of phosphorus supply with different salinity of irrigation water on productivity and quality of maize (Zea mays L.) cv. “Sy sincerro”. And determine the optimal phosphorus dose required for each electrical conductivity of the irrigation water. The treatments consisted of phosphorus (100-140-160 kg P2O5 / ha) respectively (P0, P1, P2) and Sodium chloride was applied at the rates of 2, 4, 6 and fresh water with ECw= 0,7 dS/m. The main parameters studied in this experiment are stomatal conductance, LAI, leaf area, dry matter yield and seed yield. Irrigation water salinity has negatively affected in dry matter yield, grains yield, leaf number, stem diameter, foliar area and leaf stomatal conductance. the results show a decrease in seed yield of 2% in the case of irrigation water of 2 dS / m, and a drop-in seed yield of 27 and 32% respectively in the case of a water with electrical conductivity of water 4 and 6 dS /m. Concerning the dry matter yield, the results did not show any difference compared to the control, on the other hand a decrease in the dry matter yield of 17 and 27% respectively in the case of a water with electrical conductivity of water of 4 and 6 dS / m. The results showed that phosphorus applications tend to increase roots weight, roots length, stem length, leaf stomatal conductance, grains yield and dry yield but with no significant effect.

In conclusion, salinity decreased yields grains of maize, but it is not recommended to be irrigated with saline water of more than 2 dS m-1 as yield was greatly affected. The results suggest that supplementary P can reduce the adverse effects of high salinity on plant growth and physiological development. Phosphorus fertilization supply increase the tolerance of maize under the saline condition.

Abstract

137


The effect of phosphorus supply on Early Vegetative growth parameters of maize (Zea mays L.)

BOURAS HAMZA (1*), B. BOUAZZAMA (2), A. HIRICH (3), R. CHOUKR-ALLAH (1), A. BOUAZIZ (1)

Keywords: Maize, Phosphorus, early vegetative growth.

(1) Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II (IAV Hassan II), Morocco.(2) National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Morocco.

(3) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University Ben Guerir (UM6P), Morocco.


Phosphorus (P) plays a pivotal role in the nutrition of all plants as an essential element participating in a wide array of physiological and biochemical processes occurring in all living organisms. Young plants have a very large demand for nutrients but only small root systems. Consequently, in the early stages of growth, the rate of nutrient uptake per unit length of root is extremely high.

The mean objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of phosphorus supply applied in the soil on Early Vegetative growth parameters of maize (Zea mays L.) cv. “Sy sincerro”, in this trial is being conducted at the regional center for agronomic research in Tadla (Morocco) between mars and august 2019 . The treatments consisted of phosphorus (100-140-160 kg P2O5 / ha) respectively (P0, P1, P2), in a randomized block designs with four replications.

Several parameters such as root dry weight, leaf area development, leaf number, root length and plant stem length were monitored to elucidate the effects of different treatments of phosphorus on maize (Zea mays L).

Addition of phosphorus fertilization on early vegetative growth of maize has positively and significantly affected stem length, root length, leaf area, weight of leaves, weight of roots, dry matter root and shoot. in the other hand, phosphorus has no effect on leaves number of Maize on early vegetative growth.

The finding of this study suggests that supplementary application of phosphorus on the soil greatly affected growth parameters and stimulates root development of maize. this increase is 25% for root length, 17 % for stem length and an increase of 68 % of leaf area due to supply phosphorus with dose of 140 kg/ha compared to the control. Thus, it is recommended for Early Vegetative growth parameters of maize to increase the phosphorus dose by 140 kg/ha instead of 100 kg/ha which was recommended. this dose is benefic for development root, leaf area, stem length and weight root maize.

Abstract

138


Quinoa-associated phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria: characterization of Bacillus atrophaeus S8 and Enterobacter asburiae

QB1 suitable for salty and heavy metals contaminated soilsIsmail MAHDI (1,2)*, Nidal FAHSI (1,3), Mohamed HAFIDI (2,4), Abdelmounaaim ALLAOUI (1,4) and Latefa BISKRI (1)

Keywords:Phosphate solubilizing bacteria, Chenopodium Quinoa Willd., Plant growth promotion, Seed germination, Heavy metals tolerance, Salt tolerance

(1) Medical Application Interface Center (CIAM), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco.

(2) Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment (BioMAgE), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco.

(3) Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, 14000 Kenitra, Morocco.

(4) Molecular Microbiology Laboratory and Microbiome Team (AgBS) AgroBioSciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco.


Phosphate (P) solubilization by microorganisms is considered as one of the major mechanisms of plant growth promotion (PGP). Here, we screened 11 P-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) from the rhizosphere of quinoa plant and assessed their PGP properties. PSB strains exhibited dispersed capacities to solubilize P, ranging from 137 to 320 mg. L−1, to solubilize Zinc, to produce IAA, HCN, ammonia and to form biofilm. Next, we assessed their ability to tolerate salt, antibiotic, and heavy metals. Strain S8 tolerated up to 11% NaCl while remained strains supported 5%. Strains S6, S7, QE3, QE4 and QE16 are resistant to two different antibiotics, while the other strains are sensitive. Heavy metals tolerance study revealed that strains QD14, QE3, QE4, QE6, QE7, and QE16 grow up to 1,5 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml, and 1 mg/ml of CdSO4, N2NiO8, and CuO4S, respectively. Genotyping analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the 11 strains belong to the genus of Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Enterobacteria. Phenotypic analysis following Quinoa seeds treatments using Bacillus atrophaeus S8 and Enterobacter asburiae QB1 strains showed greater germination rate and higher seedlings growth. Collectively, the latter represent potential biofertilizers suitable for soils that are poor in P, salty, and/or heavy metals contaminated.

Abstract

139


Do Phosphorus supply shape wheat microbiota?Kaoutar BOURAK (1,2*), M. Haissam JIJAKLI (2), Youssef ZEROUAL(3), Xavier WATTIEZ (4),

Abdelmounaaim ALLAOUI (1), Sebastien MASSART (2)

Keywords: P fertilizers, P source, bread wheat, microbiota, diseases

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), AgroBioSciences and Fertilization Program,Benguerir, 43150, Morocco.

(2) Liege University, Terra Research Center, Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio-Tech -B- 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.

(3) Situation Innovation Group – OCP Group, Jorf Lasfar 24025, Morocco.(4) Prayon R&D, Engis, Belgium.


Improving fertilizers use efficiency has been identified as one of the 21st century challenges. In this regard, the use of microbiome associated with plants, together with phosphate fertilizers could be a promising strategy for a productive and sustainable agriculture. In fact, plant associated microbiota are benefit to plants as they enhanced nutrient uptake, stimulated root & shoot growth as well as increased plant resistance to adverse abiotic stresses like drought, salts and nutrients deficiencies. However, the effect of phosphorus (P) source on soil microbiota structure and functionalities remains poorly understood. Thus, deep understanding of this interaction could bring insight into a better management of microbial communities to promote beneficial plant-microbiome interactions.

In our project, different sources of P will be used from a range of OCP-Prayon products (Polyphosphates and Orthophosphates) to unravel their effect(s) on the dynamic and composition of wheat microbiota. This will help developing microbiological strategies in terms of P uptake and transport to promote plant health.

The global aim of our experiment is to quantitatively characterize bacterial and fungal microbiome populations using Hight throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA and ITS 1, respectively. This analysis will provide insights into the impact of P on microbial population and could further guide the identification of beneficial microbes and/or consortia of them. The experiment will compare the impact of P application on two varieties of wheat (from Morocco and Belgium respectively) on Belgian and Moroccan agricultural P deficient soils.

The taxa whose presence is stimulated by the addition of phosphate amendments will be first isolated and biochemically phenotyped in vitro by studying PGPR’s traits such as P solubilization, IAA production, halotolerance, antibiotic resistance. Next, greenhouse experiments will be carried out to evaluate the physiological responses of selected potential beneficial taxa on bread wheat health when co-applied with ortho or polyphosphates. For this purpose, several parameters will be monitored such as seeds germination, plant growth, uptake of chlorophyll, phosphate, sodium, potassium and calcium, leaf and root morphology, ground measurements, and seeds yield.

It is expected to discover new potential beneficial microbes and/or consortia to be associated with commercialized OCP-Prayon fertilizers for a powerful productive and sustainable agriculture.

Abstract

140


Phosphate and potassium solubilizing Actinobacteria for maize growth under rock phosphate fertilization

Kenza Boubekri (1,2*), Abdoulaye Soumare (1), Karim Lyamlouli (1), Ilham Mardad (1), Mohamed Hafidi (1,2), Yedir Ouhdouch (1,2) and Lamfeddal Kouisni (1)

Keywords: Actinobacteria - Phosphate and Potassium Rock - PGP traits - Maize - greenhouse.

References:[1] Kaur, G. and Reddy, M. S. Effects of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, rock phosphate and chemical fertilizers on maize-wheat cropping cycle and economics. Pedosphere. 2015, vol. 25, no. 3, p. 428–437.[2] Rafique, M.; Sultan, T.; Ortas, I. and Chaudhary, H. J. Enhancement of maize plant growth with inoculation of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and biochar amendment in soil. Soil Science and plant nutrition. 2017, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 460–469.

(1) AgroBioSciences Program, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, 43150, Morocco.(2) Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies Agrosciences and Environment (BioMAgE), Faculty of Sciences

Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, PO Box 2390, Marrakech, Morocco.


Rock Phosphate (RP) has been considered as a natural source for manufacturing P-based fertilizers. However, research shows that RP is not appropriate for direct use especially in neutral and alkaline soils [1]. Therefore, using RP dissolving microorganisms as biofertilizer is becoming the new trend to overcome this issue in a sustainable way [2]. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of several Actinobacteria strains to solubilize different qualities of RP, their potential to solubilize potassium (K) as well as their plant growth promoting (PGP) features such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), ammonia and siderophore production. The P and K solubilization capacity of these strains were evaluated through in-vitro screening using NBRIP and Alexandrov culture medium after 3,7 and 11 days of incubation. The obtained results demonstrated the potential of 4 promising strains since they have a broad spectrum of RP solubilization and the capacities to solubilize potassium as well. For the evaluated strains, P and K solubilizing values were between 0.1 and 32 mg/L and 2.6 to 41.5 mg/L respectively. Moreover, all tested strains were able to produce siderophore, HCN, ammonia and IAA and the maximum production of IAA was 128.44 mg/L. In order to highlight the advantage that could be gained from the combination of Actinobacteria and RP, pot experiment in greenhouse was conducted to determine their effect on maize growth where root and shoot biomass and NPK accumulation in plants were assessed. The results showed a significant increase in total biomass and root dry weight compared to the control (up to 86.97% of total biomass and 140% of the root dry weight were recorded). These findings confirm the high potential of using Actinobacteria strain-based biofertilizers in combination with rock phosphate in sustainable agriculture.

Abstract

141


Co-inoculation effect of rhizobia and PSB on Vicia Faba varieties under phosphorus limitation

Khawla OUKALTOUMA(1,2,*), Said CHETO(1,2), Yahya LAHRIZI(1), Anne WILLEMS(3), Faouzi BEKKAOUI(2),Cherki GHOULAM(1,2)

Keywords: Co-inoculation, Phosphorus, Phosphate solubilizing bacteria, Rhizobia, Vicia Faba.

(1) Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, BioVAS Team, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco(2) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University Agrobiosciences Program, Benguerir, Morocco

(3) Department of Microbiology, Ghent University, Belgium


Nitrogen is the first essential element for plant growth and development. For legume, the plants need of this nutrient is insured by Nitrogen (N) fixation through legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. Moreover, phosphorus which is the second essential element is rapidly immobilized after application by its fixation in the soil by Al, Fe and/or Ca. As an alternative way to overcome this constraint is to exploit benefit of phosphate solubilizing bacteria; a rhizospheric microorganism that plays a vital role in making phosphorus bioavailable. To do so, phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and rhizobia were isolated from Faba bean (Vicia Faba) nodules from Haouz region of Morocco and characterized. The effect of co-inoculation by PSB and Rhizobium on plant growth, nodulation and nutrient content was investigated under phosphorus limitation. One PSB strain (Rh11K) and one rhizobia strain (Rh6K) were used for co-inoculation study. Two Faba bean varieties (Aguadulce and Reina Mora) were inoculated with the Rh6K strain alone or in a combination with Rh11K under two phosphorus levels consisting in the addition of 25 μmol KH2PO4 to the nitrogen free nutrient solution for the stressed plants versus 125 μmol KH2PO4 for the control ones. At the plant flowering stage, the trial was assessed. The results analysis showed a difference between the co-inoculation with rhizobia strains and PSB compared to single rhizobia inoculation on shoot, root and nodule dry weight in response to phosphorus limitation. This resulted for Ag variety in a decrease of 8% and 2% with rhizobia inoculation versus 6% and 2.5% under co-inoculation respectively for shoot and root dry weight, while RM had a decrease rate of 18% and 5% versus 7% and 1% for co-inoculated plants respectively for shoot and root. In addition co-inoculation using PSB has improved plant nutrient content (P, K, Na, and Ca). Our experimental results highlight the potential of PSB in improving the effectiveness of Rhizobium and mitigating the effect of stressed conditions in Faba bean.

Abstract

142


Phosphorus Adsorption using Kinetics Models of Some Soilsof Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Mesfin Kassa

Keywords: Acidic soil, adsorption isotherm models, soil properties, standard P requirement.

Department of Plant Science, Wolaita Sodo University, P. O. Box 138, Sodo, EthiopiaPhone: +251916832661


Phosphorus (P) adsorption in soils is a key process governing its availability for crops, there is revealing information on the P adsorption characteristics of acidic soils in Wolaita of southern Ethiopia. The P adsorption characteristics was to evaluate the quantify P adsorption isotherms models on different soils types with soil properties. In this experiment, weighed 3 g soil samples were equilibrated in 30 ml of 0.01MCaCl2 solution contain¬ing KH2PO4 at rates of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg P L−1. The kinetic mod¬els were applied on four different textured acidic soils, in order to describe the P adsorp¬tion isotherm for these soils. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temiken and Van Hauy parameters (b, Kf, a, and m) values were (0.36 to 1.53, 147.91 to 851.13, 2.29 to3.48, 0.11 to 0.16 mg kg-1) respec¬tively. Lower values were showed by Kinetic models at soil 2, and highest values (soil 1,3 and 4) of for all investigated soil samples indicate a strong attraction between adsorbed P and sorbent surface on four different soil varying in their P adsorption capacity, in order to characterize the P adsorption isotherms for these acidic soils. Langmuir and Freundlich models prove equally good for these acidic soils based on correlation coeffi¬cient values. In soil 1, 3, and 4 Van Hauy models showed its superiority over other models, while in soil 2 and 3 Freundlich model proved better. However, in soil 2 both the Freundlich and Temiken models came at par with each other. Langmuir models showed soil 4 proved better in the site (r2 = 0.92), while in soil 2 (r2 = 0.88) results were negatively significant except b and EPRF with r2-values 1.000** and 0.96**. The kinetic models adsorption parameters significantly correlated with soil pH and Av.P contents. The EPR (0.2mgl-1) was significantly correlated with kinetic models parameters strength coefficient (r2= 1.00***) that supporting the fact that energy coefficient of a soil is an important index for planning P management strategies. Among the four soils, in order to maintain optimum P concentration in soil solution for crop growth, Wolait soil will be required to supply with more P fertilizer.

Abstract

143


Response of chickpea to ortho and polyphosphate fertilizers under drip fertigation regime

Mohamed CHTOUKI (1,2*), Sarah GARRÉ (2), Frederic NGUYEN (3), Xavier WATTIEZ (4), Denis KROONEN (4), Youssef ZEROUAL (5), Younes CHITAOUI (5), and Abdallah OUKARROUM (1)

Keywords: Polyphosphate fertilizer, drip fertigation, chickpea physiology, photosynthetic activity.

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University - AgoBioSciences and Fertilization Program, Benguerir 43150, Morocco.(2) University of Liege - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech Faculty, Gembloux B-5030, Belgium.

(3) University of Liege - UR UEE, School of Engineering, Liege B-4000, Belgium.(4) Research & Development Center, Prayon SA, Engis B-4480, Belgium.

(5) Innovation Situation, OCP Group SA, Jorf Lasfar 24025, Morocco.

Email* (first author): [email protected] / [email protected]

Chickpea is a legume crop commonly cultivated in the Mediterranean region. It is appreciated for its high protein content and quality. Despite its drought-tolerance and capacity to handle soil nutrient depletion, its response to water and fertilizer supply is variable. Especially in calcareous soils where the availability of phosphorus (P) and micronutrients is highly affected, negative impact of shortages can be observed. The present work aims to study the agrophysiological responses of chickpea to ortho- and polyphosphate fertilizers under drip fertigation system.

We conduct an agronomic trial in pots with two contrasting soil textures (sandy and sandy-loamy-clay, pH > 8), using the monoammoium phosphate (MAP) as orhtophospahte form, potassium tripolyphosphate (KTPP) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as P-polyphosphate forms.

The results indicate that P-fertilizers promoted chickpea growth and photosynthetic parameters in both soil textures. The highest values of leaf area index and lateral branch number were achieved with polyphosphate fertilizer (APP and KTPP). Furthermore, P supply improved the chlorophyll content index and total photosynthetic yield significantly in both ortho and polyphosphate treatments. The analysis of flowering and podding dynamics revealed significant differences between the two soil textures and the P-fertilizer formulas. In the sandy-loamy-clay soil, the chickpea reaches the full flowering stage 10 days before the sandy soil, which has recorded a higher number of flowers but with low podding rate. Moreover, the APP and KTPP performed better than MAP in terms of flowers and pods number per plant. The obtained results indicate that polyphosphate is a suitable P-fertilizer for chickpea grown in calcareous soil conditions under drip fertigation system.

Abstract

144


Biological Nitrogen Fixation Research on Grain Legumes in Nigeria: An Overview and perspectives to the formulation of inoculants products

Muhammad Rabiu KABIRU (1,2*), and Martin JEMO (2)

Keywords: Rhizobia, Inoculants, Legumes, Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Nigeria.References:[1] FAO (2020). FAOSTAT. Retrieved: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize.[2] Grönemeyer, J.L. and Reinhold-Hurek, B. (2018). Diversity of Bradyrhizobia in Subsahara Africa: A Rich Resource. Frontiers in Microbiology., 9: 2194. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02194.

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150, Ben-Guerir, Morocco.Affiliation(2) Department of Microbiology, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria.


Improving biological nitrogen fixation and increasing the productivity grain legume prodcutivity using rhizobia inoculant is well established in developed countries and research in the area has reached an advanced stage. However, in Nigeria, like in many sub-saharan Africa (SSA) the technology is still at its infancy, hence the need for research that will usher in the technology for widespread use among farmers. Nitrogen (N) despite been the most important for legumes growth, is the most deficient nutrient for crops production due to the poor soil quality bedevilling the region, coupled with high price of N fertilizers and its inadequacy and inconsistency in supply in Nigeria and many of the SSA countries. Thus making rhizobia inoculants a more sustainable alternative, because it will be cheaper, more readily availbale and environmentaly safer to imroving the BNF and productivity of grain legumes in the African most populace country. The use of inoculants in Nigeria still remains very limited, and research are still at their infancy and only on papers, with no commercial field use, and most of the research were carried out by International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and lately by N2Africa project. Research on the effectiveness of rhizobia inoculation for improved BNF and productivity of grain legumes are done mostly on soybean, with mostly good results. Followed by Cowpea, also with good results and very few research was carried out on groundnut and Bambara nut. Despite the introduction of promiscuous soybean in the 1980s by the IITA, experiments afterwards indicated the need of the soybean cultivars for inoculation as well. Nigeria is the second largest producer of soybean, the largest producer of cowpea and groundnut in Africa (1), making it a good candidate for rhizobia inoculants development and market. Thus, developing inoculants especially from indigenous symbionts will benefit the large number of the smallholder farmers in Nigeria and across the SSA region (2). The review is aim at reviewing current status and gives way to a research that will lead to the development of inoculants for Nigeria and the SSA region at large.

Abstract

145


Carbon and dry matter losses during composting of date palm residues with rock phosphate and sheep manure as additives

Mustapha El Janati (1,2,*), Paul Robin (3), Nouraya Akkal-Corfini (3), Ahmed Bouaziz (1), Ahmed Sabri (4),Zahra Thomas (3) and Abdallah Oukarroum (2)

Keywords: Date palm residues, composting, rock phosphate, sheep manure, carbon, temperature

(1) Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco(2) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco

(3) Institut National de Recherche Agronomique/UMR SAS, Rennes, France(4) Institut National de Recherche Agronomique/Errachidia, Morocco

Corresponding author, Email: [email protected]

The Oasis region faces low soil fertility and harsh environmental conditions. Date palm is the main crop in oasis agroecosystem, which produces large quantity of Date Palm Residues DPR. They could be converted to organic fertilizer throughout the process of composting to return back into the soil. The study aimed to assess the combined effect of phosphate rock RP and sheep manure SM addition on DPR composting process and final compost quality. DPR were shredded and composted alone (T1) and in mixture with sheep manure SM T3 (70:30 % volume basis). Rock Phosphate RP was added to DPR (T2) and to the mixture of DPR and SM (T4). The four mixtures were composted in windrows system; and monitored in triplicate during 123 days including two turnings. During the composting process, chemical and physical [moisture, mass, volume, free air space] mixtures properties were examined at each turning. Windrow temperature was monitored daily. The temperature increased up to 55 °C for mixtures T1 and T2, and to 70 °C for mixtures T3 and T4, and then decreased to ambient levels by the end of the composting period for all mixtures. Losses of dry matter were higher in T1 and T2 (35 and 39% respectively) than in T3 and T4 (25 and 27% respectively). The addition of RP slightly increased the biological activity of the compost windrow, leading to increased temperature and mass loss. Organic matter decrease was significantly higher in T3 and T4 than T1 and T2. The results suggest that phosphorus availability can be a limiting factor of DPR composting. SM addition accelerated the drying process showing that careful attention should be given to free air space in dry climate, in order to avoid the limitation of biological activity due to suboptimal water availability.

Abstract

146


High throughput sequencing and isolation to identify and characterize microbial communities in phosphate mine wastes

Najoua Mghazli, laila Sbabou, Rachid Hakkou, Odile Bruneel

Keywords: Phosphate, Mine wastes, Illumina sequencing, Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria

Team Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University Mohammed V, Rabat, MoroccoUniversité Cadi Ayyad (UCA)/ IMED-Lab, Marrakech

Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir, MoroccoHydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France

Email* : [email protected] / [email protected] / [email protected] / [email protected]

Former pyrrohtite Kettara mine causes health and environmental problems near Marrakech, Morocco. To overcome this, a scenario of rehabilitation was established using phosphate mine wastes (waste rocks and phosphate sludge) as a store and release cover to limit the infiltration of water and the generation of acid mine drainage. The revegetation of this cover is the final step to stabilize it and to reintegrate the site into the surrounding ecosystem. However, the development of plants in such a poor, nutrient deficient and alkaline soil, in semi-arid area, is very challenging. Soil microorganisms are well known to play a key role in phytostabilization, by promoting plant growth. They act by different ways such as phytohormones production or by providing plants with necessary elements for their growth such as phosphate, nitrogen or iron, by phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, or siderophores production. Other microorganisms can help plants to resist to high concentrations of toxic metals, to drought, salinity or diseases. Illumina MiSeq was used for the first time to identify the microbial communities present in phosphate mining wastes in Morocco. The functional capacity of the identified genera was investigated using PICRUSt tool. Among them, 32.4% may be able to produce indole-3-acetic acid, 81.7% may solubilize inorganic phosphate, 8.4% can fix nitrogen, and 1.4% can produce siderophores, while other identified genera can resist to toxic metals such As, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni and Zn, to drought and some diseases. Additionally, the bacterial culturable communities present in phosphate mine wastes were investigated and 293 strains were isolated. The isolates were screened for their plant growth promoting features in suitable media, twenty-nine isolates exhibiting high performances for at least one of the 3 tested plants growth promoting activities, indole-3-acetic acid production, phosphate solubilization and siderophores production will be identified. Among those, the isolate LMR-P170 is able to solubilize up to 33.7 mg/ml of phosphate, while the isolate LMR-P9 can produce 24.5 µg/ml of indole-3-acetic acid. The plant growth promoting capabilities of these microbial communities could be of great importance for rehabilitation of the former Kettara mine but could also be pivotal for the revegetation of phosphate mine wastes.

Abstract

147


Characterization in vitro and in vivo of the first phosphatesolubilizing rhizobacteria associated with Ziziphus lotus plant

Nidal Fahsi AB* , Ismail Mahdi AC , Abdelhalem Mesfioui B , Latefa Biskri AE and Abdelmounaaim Allaoui ade

Keywords: Biofertilizers, rhizobacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), jujube, PGPR.

References:[1] Pradhan, A., Pahari, A., Mohapatra, S., & Mishra, B. B. (2017). Phosphate-Solubilizing Microorganisms in Sustainable Agriculture: Genetic Mechanism and Application. Microorganisms for Sustainability, 81–97.doi :10.1007/978-981-10-7380-9_5

(A) Medical Application Interface Center (CIAM), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir,Morocco.

(B) Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University,Morocco.

(C) Laboratory of Ecology and Environment (L2E), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakesh,Morocco.

(D) African genome center (AGC), Agrobiosciences department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P),Benguerir, Morocco.

(E) Microbiology laboratory, CIPEM (Coalition, Innovation, & Prevention des Epidemies au Maroc), Mohammed VIPolytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco.

Email* (Nidal Fahsi) : [email protected]

The use of microorganisms has great importance in improving the bioavailability of nutrients to plants. Using inorganic phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria as biofertilizers are considered as a suitable solution for sustainable agriculture [1]. The present study aims, using Jujube (Sadra) for the first time, to isolate and to characterize phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) from the rhizospheric soil and to evaluate their potential effects on plant growth. For this purpose, we collected jujube soil and roots samples from the experimental farm in Benguerir, Morocco. Forty-one rhizobacteria were screened for their ability to solubilize tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) on NBRIP agar and subsequently tested for phosphate solubilization in liquid media. We also investigated additional PGPR proprieties mainly indole acetic acid (IAA), ammonia, siderophores, extracellular enzymes production, and biofilm formation. Parallelly, we determined their antibiotics and heavy metals resistances. Next, selected isolates were tested for seeds germination. Out of 41 isolated strains, we found that 13 strains were able to solubilize phosphate at concentrations up to 269.33 ± 4.50 mg / L, while the amounts of IAA produced ranged between 52,36 ±10,70 and 503,00 ±86,46 μg/mL. Besides, only 3 strains were able to solubilize zinc oxide. Furthermore, all the strains showed some resistance towards the antibiotics tested except two strains that are sensitive to all tested ones. Besides, some of our PSBs tolerate high concentrations against tested heavy metals namely cadmium, nickel, and cooper. Lastly, in vivo early plant growth potential showed that wheat seeds inoculated either with selected PSB displayed greater germination rate and increased seedlings growth compared to untreated seeds. The genotype of studied strains was identified using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Data analysis revealed that the 13 strains belong to the genus of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Enterobacter, and Paenibacillus strains. Altogether, our data support the use of selected strains as potential biofertilizers.

Abstract

148


Intercropping Legume/cereal Enhances Phosphorus Nutritionin Wheat under Stress Combining Water Deficit and P limitation

Said CHETO(1,2), Khawla OUKALTOUMA(1,2), Anne WILLEMS(3), Faouzi BEKKAOUI(2), Cherki GHOULAM(1,2*)

Keywords: Legume, cereal, intercropping, rhizosphere, Phosphorus, water deficit.

(1) Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, BioAS Team, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco(2) Mohamed VI Polytechnic University, Agrobiosciences Program, Benguerir, Morocco

(3) Department of Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium


Mediterranean and African agrosystems are facing drought and soil poverty as main constraints for agriculture production. These stresses occur simultaneously in many countries and induce severe yield losses. To alleviate the impacts of this combined stress, adequate cropping systems are used to improve water and phosphorus fertilizers use efficiencies in crops. In this context, intercropping system showed exciting results. The objective of our work is to assess the beneficial effect of intercropping Faba bean and wheat on plant growth and phosphorus nutrition in the cereal under stress combining water deficit and P limitation. Thus, a trial was conducted under greenhouse and a variety of Vicia faba “Aguadulce” and a variety of durum wheat “Karim” were grown in pots containing an available P deficient farmer soil. Two soil P levels were considered with soil without any P2O5 supply versus control consisting in soil added with 4g P2O5 per pot. Two weeks after sowing, two water regimes were applied as 40 % of soil field capacity (FC) for stressed plants versus 80 % FC for well watered ones. The combined stress consisted in soil without P2O5 supply and 40% FC. The plants were grown as sole crop for both species or as associate crops. At the legume plant flowering stage, the trial was assessed. The results showed that stress combining water deficit and P limitation adversely affected plant growth and P nutrition in both crops and for both cropping systems (sole or mixed).

For legume plants, nodulation and available P content in the rhizospheric soil were also reduced in spite of the increase of nodule and rhizospheric acid phosphatase activities of 10% and 20% respectively. For wheat plants, intercropping with faba bean plants improved plant dry weight about 56%, shoot P content about 36% and acid phosphatase activity in rhizospheric soil about 37% increasing thus the P use efficiency compared to the plants grown in sole crop system. We conclude then that intercropping could be a useful practice for alleviating the adverse effects of stress combining water deficit and P limitations in wheat crop.

Abstract

149


Durum wheat growth in response to polyphosphate fertilizersSaid KHOURCHI (1,2*), Pierre DELAPLACE (2), Marion DEMORTIER (4), Xavier WATTIEZ (4),

Youssef ZEROUAL (3), Adnane BARGAZ (1)

Keywords: Biomass allocation, durum wheat, P fertilization, growth, P nutrition, polyphosphate fertilizers

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), AgroBioSciences, Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions , Benguerir 43150, Morocco.

(2) bUniversité de Liège - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech - B-5030, Gembloux, Belgium.(3) Situation Innovation Group - OCP Group, Jorf Lasfar 24025, Morocco.

(4) Prayon R&D, Engis, Belgium.


Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient highly needed for a better crop growth and productivity. Crops grown in low-P agricultural soils require, among other nutrients, adequate P supplies to maximize crop yield as P is the least available nutrient in most agricultural soils. Moreover, the low availability and mobility of P makes it the most depleted nutrient at the close vicinity of the roots where only a small P fraction is taken up by the roots.

In that regard, it is believed that the use of polyphosphate (Poly-P) based fertilizers, in appropriate conditions, improves P acquisition efficiency and plant growth due to their progressive hydrolysis properties (by roots and microorganisms) and less reactivity with soils. This greenhouse-based study aimed to evaluate durum wheat (Var. Nachit) growth, under P-deficient soil conditions in the UM6P experimental farm, in response to increasing doses of Poly-P based fertilizers (sodium- (NaPP), potassium- (KTPP) and ammonium-PP (APP)), which were compared to monoammonium P (MAP)). Results showed that Poly-P fertilization promotes durum wheat growth and could be of great interest like ortho-P based fertilizer (MAP)) does. Similarly, according to the applied dose, Poly-P fertilizers appears to be efficient and showed promising results in terms of plant (shoot and root) biomass when they are applied at 60 mg P (per Kg soil) compared to MAP at the same dose. In addition, plants fertilized with 90 mg P (per Kg soil) of NaPP and KTPP showed a significantly increased allocation of biomass to the shoot as compared to other P fertilizers and doses. Like MAP, wheat yield under Poly-P fertilization at 60 mg P (per Kg soil) improved significantly the fresh weight and number of spikes, which indicates the importance of PP-based fertilizers in increasing crop productivity. Furthermore, Poly-P based fertilizers also improved leaf area (LAI) and chlorophyll content (CCI) indexes. Application of NaPP, KTPP and APP at 60 mg P (per Kg soil) improved CCI by 23.8, 32.8 and 17.5%, respectively compared to plants fertilized with MAP. Similarly, LAI was increased by 34% as a result of APP application at the same dose compared to MAP. These preliminary findings suggest that Poly-P based fertilizers improved wheat plant growth and yield under controlled conditions as compared to ortho-P fertilizer (MAP). This positive impact of Poly-P was dose-dependent and application of 60 mg P (per kg soil) to an example of an alkaline P-deficient soil seems adequate for a better P nutrition and wheat productivity. Given the positive impact of these fertilizers on wheat growth, further below- and above-ground analyzes will be performed to valorize and enhance the efficiency of these fertilizers.

Abstract

150


Screening of multiple plant growth promoting traits of heavy metals resistant rhizobacteria isolated from the rhizospheric soil of legume

Hedysarum pallidumSamia HAMANE(1*), Anass ELYEMLAHI(1), Mounir HASSANI ZERROUK(2), Amin LAGLAOUI(1),

Mohammed BAKKALI(1), Abdelhay ARAKRAK(1)

Keywords: Mine soil, Hedysarum pallidum, Heavy metal, PGPR

(1) Equipe de Recherche de Biotechnologies et Génie des Biomolécules (ERBGB), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Tanger B.P.: 416 - Tanger, Maroc.

(2) Faculté polydisciplinaire de Larache, B.P.: 745 - Larache, Maroc.


The agriculture soils are moderate or low contaminated by heavy metal due to the industrial activities and over-fertilization. Soil contaminations present a serious environmental issue with high possibility of the transfer of heavy metal to chain food. To minimize this dangerous risk, we proposed the use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with heavy metal resistance associated with legume as an eco-friendly alternative to assess their effects on soil fertility and heavy metal contents. Our strategy focuses on isolating and screening beneficial microorganisms for their abilities to protect and to promote plant growth while enhancing the use of mineral nutrients, notably phosphate (P). Out of 146 rhizobacteria isolated from rhizosphere of Hedysarum pallidum grown in mine soil of Touissit in Morocco, 12 (8.2%) bacteria were able to solubilize tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and the solubilization halos were between 0.1 and 0.4 cm. the 12 phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) were checked for their plant growth promoting (PGP) abilities under in vitro conditions. The results showed that 8 of the selected bacteria were able to synthesize hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and none of them were able to produce indole acetic acid (IAA), while 9 isolates were positive for the production of siderophores.

Most of our isolates were capable of producing ACC deaminase. As for extra cellular enzymes production; cellulase, amylase and pectinase, the percentages of isolates that produced these enzymes were respectively: 50%, 25%, and 41.6%. A quantitative assay of TCP solubilization was conducted too, and solubilized P concentrations were between 11 mg l-1 and 328 mg l-1, accompanied by a decrease in the pH of the media. The antagonism test against Fusarium oxysporum showed that 4 isolates were able to inhibit this fungus growth.

All the strains were found to exhibit different heavy metal resistance to Zinc, Cadmium and Plomb. Most of the selected rhizobacteria showed plant growth promoting properties, which indicate their potential role in the promotion of plant growth and the improvement soil fertility.

Abstract

151


Improvement of maize growth and development in P-deficient soil enriched with phosphate-laundered sludge and inoculated by

phosphate-solubilizing microorganismsSanae El Maaloum(1*), Alae Elabed(1), Zainab El Alaoui-Talibi(1), Abdelilah Meddich(1),

Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf (2), Allal Douira(3), Saad Ibnsouda-Koraichi(4), Soumia Amir(5) and Cherkaoui El Modafar(1*)

Keywords:

Phosphate-laundered sludge, phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms, biofertilizer, growth and development, Zea mays.

Acknowledgments:The Authors would like to acknowledge the support through the R&D Initiative – Appel à projets autour des phosphates APPHOS – sponsored by Cherifian Office of Phosphate OCP (OCP Foundation, R&D OCP, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, National Center of Scientific and technical Research CNRST, Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training of Morocco MESRSFC) under the project entitled ’Procédés biotechnologiques pour la valorization des boues et des déchets miniers de phosphate : Formulation d’un Phospho-compost bio-fertilisant pour application directe en agriculture productive et respectueuse de l’environnement » (Réf. BIO-MOD-01/2017).

(1) Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Bio-ingénierie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco ;

(2) Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco ;

(3)Laboratoire de Botanique Biotechnologie et de Protection des Plantes, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Tofail, Kenitra, Morocco ;

(4) Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Microbienne, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fès, Morocco ;

(5) Laboratoire Polyvalent en Recherche et Développement, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal, Morocco

Morocco holds the world’s first phosphate reserves and their exploitation generates millions of tones of residual sludge which remains accumulated. This sludge contains residual phosphate but cannot be assimilated by plants. The objective of this work is to use biotechnological bioprocesses solubilizing the phosphates contained in the laundered sludge by adding phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (bacteria, mycorrhizae, composting) to a P-deficient soil. The effect of this biofertilizer was tested on the growth and development of maize (Zea mays) and the activity of alkaline and acid phosphatases were evaluated.

A consortium phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and a consortium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) were selected for their ability to solubilize phosphorus from plant rhizosphere grown on phosphate-laundered sludge. A greenhouse experiment was designed using been maize including six treatments. : (Control) uninoculated, (PC) soil enriched with PC, (PC+ PSB) inoculated with PSB, (PC+ AMF) inoculated with AMF, (PC+ AMF+PSB) co-inoculated with PSB and AMF and (CF) enriched with chemical fertilizers. Significant increases (p <0.05) in growth and development was observed when plants inoculated with PSB, AMF and PC. The mycorrhizal colonization of roots and available phosphorus concentration in the rhizosphere were increased with time. Alkaline phosphatase activity was higher in PC+ AMF and PC+ PSB+ AMF compared with the control. The results obtained clearly show that it would be possible to obtain a good harvest of maize compared to those obtained with chemical fertilizers. The combination of phospho-compost, PSB and AMF results in a synergetic action on Zea mays growth.

Abstract

152


Formulation of new biostimulant compositionusing agro-food by products

HASSANI Siham(1), HAFNAOUI Anass(2), LAKEHAL SENHAJI Mohammed(3)

Keywords: Biostimulants, agro-food by products, experimental design, mixture design.

References:[1] E. Wozniak, A. Blaszczak, P. Wiatrak, M. Canady, Biostimulant Mode of Action: Impact of Biostimulant on Whole-Plant Level, The Chemical Biology of Plant Biostimulants, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2020.[2] F. Rispoli, V. Shah, A New Efficient Mixture Screening Design for Optimization of Media, Biotechnol. Prog., 25 (2009) 980-985.[3] F. Rossi, V. Mirtchev, Mixture experimental design, statistics for food scientists, Elsevier Inc., San Diego, 2016, pp. 149-167.

(1) Fertilizer Lab, Innovation OCP-Group Jorf Lasfar - Morocco(2) Stream Lead Innovation, OCP-Group Jorf Lasfar - Morocco

(3) Organic Chemistry Labs, FST Fez, USMBA, B.P. 2202 –Imouzzer Road, Fez - Morocco


Recently, the use of biostimulant products has substantially increased [1], and the strong demand for these products are keeping this growth going for years to come. However, there are many types of biostimulant products, and each product is used for a specific reason, firstly based on its composition, and secondly on its price. In a previous study, we evaluated the variation effect of several agro-food by product used as biostimulant on the physical quality of fertilizer [2]. The main object of this study is to select the biostimulant products which are capable to maintain the physical stability of granular fertilizers, noting dust emission, caking tendency and moisture absorption.

According to our second step, we propose a novel approach to develop several new biostimulant formulations using a mixture of three components defined as conforming and available products for attending the required specifications of the physical quality of fertilizer. To assess the usefulness of our approach, we used mixture experiment design as an ingenious way to optimize essays [3]. This kind of plans will clearly control doing agronomic tests in order to measure the efficiency of each combination used.

Abstract

153


Elaboration and application of vitreous fertilizers to improve wheat growth and physiological traits

Tariq Labbilta (1,*), Mohamed Mesnaoui (1), Mohamed Ait-El-Mokhtar (2), Abdelilah Meddich (2),Younes Abouliatim (3), Hahima Aouad (1) and Mehdi Khouloud (4)

Keywords: Phosphate; fertilizers; glass; chemical durability; growth and yield; wheat.

References:1. Food and Agriculture Organization; International Fertilizers Industry Association: Fertilizers strategies, Rome, Italie, 1999.2. Chai, N.C: Market dynamics, application of new slow and controlled-release fertilizers in China, AgroPages, 2019.3. Morikawa, H.; Lee, S.; Kasuga, T.; Brauer, D.S. Effects of magnesium for calcium substitution in P2O5-CaO-TiO2 glasses. J. Non. Cryst. Solids 2013, 380, 53–59.

(1) Laboratory of Materials Sciences and processes optimization: Chemistry of Condensed Matter and Environment Team, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University,

40000 Marrakech, Morocco.(2) Laboratory of Agro-Foods, Biotechnologies and Valorisation of Bioressources Vegetales, Faculty of Science

Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco.(3) Laboratory of Materials, Processes, Environment, and Quality, National School of Applied Sciences of Safi

Cadi Ayyad University, 46000 Safi, Morocco.(4) Fertilizers Unit Mohammed VI Polytechnic University – OCP Group, 24025 Jorf Lasfar, Morocco.

Email* (first author): [email protected]

The fertilizer sector has changed considerably in the last two decades, with the arrival of the “Fertilizer Strategies” published by the FAO. These strategies request that for improving food production, fertilizers efficiency must be enhanced [1]. This objective fits exactly with the growing interest in controlled release fertilizers, especially vitreous fertilizers (VF), which by virtue of their environmentally friendly characteristics and potential, represent a significant new approach compared to traditional fertilizers [2].

In this study, four different glass formulations (F0 - F1 - F2 - F11) were established according to wheat nutrient requirements: F0 contains only major nutrients (P2O5-K2O-CaO-MgO), iron was added in F1 and manganese in F2, while F11 incorporates all microelements (Fe-Mn-Zn-B-Cu-Mo) necessary for wheat growth. This work focused on the effect of these elements on glass structure, thermal properties and dissolution behaviors, in order to evaluate their suitability of being used as controlled-release fertilizers.

Studied glass formulations were prepared by melting at 800 °C. The samples were characterized by ATD, density measurements, X-Ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The dissolution behaviors were investigated using ICP-OES, pH measurements and SEM.

Raman and IR spectra identified Q2 groups as the main structural unit, accompanied by the absence of Q3 and a minor amount of Q1 groups, showing that the glass network is composed essentially of metaphosphate chains [3]. Dissolution results showed that addition of micronutrients could change the chemical durability of phosphate glasses. Elements such as iron and manganese significantly improved the chemical durability of the phosphate glasses due to their ionic cross-linking between non-bridging oxygen atoms of phosphate chains, which is in line with the evolution of thermal properties (Tg, Tc and Tf).

A greenhouse experiment was performed using wheat (Triticum durum L.), to evaluate the efficiency of the four glasses, with (N+VF) or without application of chemical nitrogen (VF). The different formulas were tested at two rates: 0.3 g and 1 g per plant. In addition to the vitreous fertilizer formulations, two control treatments were applied (negative control (C): without any chemical fertilizer; Positive control (CF): addition of NPK fertilizer applied on the base of optimal rates. After four months of culture, vitreous fertilizers application significantly improved growth, yield and physiological parameters compared to NPK treatment and the negative control. It has been found that formulas F1, F2 and F11 can be used in practice for wheat as an environmentally controlled-release fertilizer.

Abstract

154


Screening for efficient phosphate solubilizing bacteria should consider both rhizosphere- and root-related traits modifications at

different plant growth stagesWissal El Haissoufi(1,2*), Ammar Ibn Yasser(1), Said Khourchi(1), Cherki Ghoulam(1,2), Youssef Zeroual(3),

Adnane Bargaz(1)

Keywords: Biofertilizers, Durum wheat, Phosphate solubilizing bacteria, Phosphorus availability, Root traits

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University - OCP Group, Benguerir 43150, Morocco.(2) Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Guéliz, BP 549, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco

(3) Situation Innovation Group - OCP Group, Jorf Lasfar 24025, Morocco


Phosphate Solubilizing bacteria (PSB) are ecologically advantageous in improving soil P availability, root P absorption and plant growth. The use of PSB as bio-inoculant to improve plant P nutrition is widely exploited. However, the above- and below-ground interactions that PSB would trigger remain unclear over plant growing stages, which are important in making decision on the right PSB to retain as potent inoculant. Temporal effects of PSB by measuring plant growth responses and rhizosphere P solubilization over plant growing stages is thus to be accurately determined. This study hypothesized that PSB effects on plant growth may be greater on root traits that positively link with aboveground physiology and positive consequence on the rhizosphere P solubilization. In this study, forty-two PSB were isolated from the rhizosphere soils of several crops (wheat, barley, maize, oat, faba beans, peas, etc.) grown in farmers ’fields in Haouz and Erhamna areas of Morocco.

Among these isolates and based on quantitative estimation of their individual rock P (RP) solubilization capacity (PSC) in NBRIP liquid medium, five contrasting PSB (Pseudomonas spp.) isolates (low- “PSB1”, moderate- “PSB2 and PSB4” and high-PSC “PSB3 and PSB5”) were used to investigate above- and below-ground responses in wheat plants fertilized with rock P (RP) under controlled conditions. In addition to P solubilization, other plant growth promoting (PGP) traits (e.g. indole acetic acid (IAA) production, nitrogen fixation, medium acidification and salinity tolerance, etc.) were measured. Results showed that all PSB isolates increased wheat root traits (length, surface, diameter and volume) along with high rhizosphere available P in 7-, 15- and 42-day old plants inoculated. Furthermore, root and shoot physiology were significantly improved with PSB1 (lowest PSC) and PSB4 (moderate PSC), notably shoot total P (78.38%) and root phosphatase activity (390%).

Our findings provide evidence that a timely monitoring of the plant-rhizosphere continuum responses to PSB inoculation is necessary during PSB screening process and further for the construction of efficient PSB consortia.

Abstract

155


Relationship between soil physicochimical proprieties and enzymatic activities in rhizosphere of Parsley and Coriander grown under

metallic stressLAAOUIDI Y.(*1), ZITOUNI Z.(1), BENIDIRE L.(1), BOULARBAH A.(1, 2)

Keywords: Urban agriculture, heavy metals, enzyme activity, coriander, parsley.

The authors acknowledge the financial support of CNRST-Morocco under grant N°PPR 22/2015

References:[1] Eivazi, F., & Tabatabai, M. A. (1977). Phosphatases in soils. Soil biology and biochemistry, 9(3), 167-172.[2] Thalmann, A. (1968). Zur Methodik der Bestimmung der Dehydrogenaseaktivitat im Boden mittels triphenytetrazoliumchlorid (TTC). Landwirtsch Forsch., 21, 249-258.[3] Tabatabai, M. A., & Bremner, J. M. (1972). Assay of urease activity in soils. Soil Biology and biochemistry, 4(4), 479-487.[4] Naylo, A., Pereira, S. I. A., Benidire, L., El Khalil, H., Castro, P. M., Ouvrard, S., ... & Boularbah, A. (2019). Trace and major element contents, microbial communities, and enzymatic activities of urban soils of Marrakech city along an anthropization gradient. Journal of soils and sediments, 19(5), 2153-2165.

(1) Université Cadi-Ayyad, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Marrakech, Laboratoire Aliments, Environnement et Santé, BP 549, M-40000, Guéliz, Marrakech, Morocco

(2) AgrobioSciences Program, Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco


Urban soil heavy metal pollution induced by anthropic activities is one of the major environmental problems which have been becoming serious and widespread in world especially through urban agriculture. An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse condition to study the disturbances observed in rhizospheric soil of coriander and parsley in soil artificially contaminated by a mixture of four increasing concentrations of metal salts (Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb). The effect of metallic pollutants on rhizosphere enzymatic activities (acid and alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase, and urease) were determined according to Eivazi and Tabatabai (1977), Thalmann (1968) and Tabatabai and Bremner (1972) respectively. The physicochemical parameters (pH, conductivity, available phosphorus and total organic carbon) of rhizospheric soil of two plants were measured after 60 days growth period.

The results showed a strong change in soils enzyme activities and physicochemical characteristics. Indeed, a significant variation was observed especially in the pH and conductivity values depending considerably on the degree of metal contamination. Both dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activities were negatively influenced by the increase of the level of metal in soil, with a more negative impact observed on the coriander rhizosphere than on parsley. However, alkaline phosphatase activity does not seem to be influenced by the metallic stress, while the urease activity measured in the rhizosphere of the two tested plants was significantly affected by this stress. The correlations between the enzyme activities and total organic carbon and available phosphorus content varied between the two plants depending on the degree of soil metallic contamination. Overall, the microbial activities in the rhizosphere of parsley were more sensitive to metal stress than in coriander.The comparison of results obtained in green house experiment and those obtained in the agricultural suburban area confirmed that the anthropogenic pressure was a significant factor influencing the enzymatic activities which play an important role in nutrient cycling (e.g. nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon) in urban soils for agricultural use.

Abstract

156


Does phosphorus improve tomato plant leaves responsesto heat treatment?

Yousra EL-MEJJAOUY (1,2), Benoît MERCATORIS (2), Benjamin Dumont (2), Aziz Soulaimani (1) ,Youssef Zeroual (1), Mohamed El Gharous (1), Abdallah OUKARROUM (1)

Keywords: Phosphorus, heat stress, chlorophyll, Fluorescence

(1) University Mohamed VI Polytechnic, AgroBioSciences and Fertilization Program, Benguerir 43150, Morocco(2) Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Belgium


Photosynthesis and particularly photosystem II (PSII) is considered sensitive to high temperature. Our main objective in this study is to understand the role of phosphorus in heat treatment effects alleviation in tomato plant. In this work, the influence in three levels of phosphorus concentration (15, 31 and 60 ppm) assured by two forms of fertilisers (Mono-Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) (11-52-0) and NPK (15-15-15)) on tomato plants growth and heated-leaves treatment responses was investigated. Tomato plants were grown in hydroponic conditions and the effects of different P levels in change of chlorophyll content index, leaves dry weight and total P in root and shoot ratio were analysed.

Results present that plants grown in low phosphorus concentration in hydroponic medium showed a decrease in chlorophyll content index, leaves dry weight and total root P/total shoot P ratio. Furthermore, heat treatment at 40 °C for 30 min significantly affects chlorophyll a fluorescence transient shape and photosynthetic performance index parameter (PIABS). We observed that the two forms of fertilisers positively alleviated the detrimental effects of high temperature on leaves of plants grown at high level of phosphorus. According to these results, the role of phosphorus in the alleviation of the effects of temperature on the electron transfer chain is observed.

However, the mechanism by which P acts in this protection remains unclear. It is possible that P has a significant action at the level of the PSI, but further studies are necessary to elucidate the direct or indirect actions of P in this heat effect alleviation.

In addition, a combined action of P, N and other mineral elements is very likely in this protection against the negative effects of high temperatures.

Abstract

157


Effect of solid phosphate sludges amendments on the growth of fruit and forest trees in the nursery

Zakaria BAIZ(1, 2*), Khalid AZIM(1), Younes ABBAS(3), Jamila DAHMANI(2), Mohammed ELGUILLI(1)

Keywords: Solid Phosphate sludge; Substrate; Nursery; Plants; Growth.

(1) National Institute of Agricultural Research; Regional Center for Agricultural Research – Kenitra, Morocco.(3) Polyvalent Laboratory, R&D, Polydisciplinary Faculty, USMS- Beni Mellal.

(2) Laboratory of Botany, Biotechnology and Plant Protection - Ibn Tofail University,Faculty of Sciences of Kenitra.


The use of solid phosphate sludges, generated from phosphate treatment processes at mining sites in agriculture, is an alternative recovery technique possible loss of phosphates.

Our objective in this study is to see the possibility of using this sludge in the nurseries for the production of plant of fruit and forest trees. Two experiments were carried out. In the first one, we tested several mixtures of sludge with sandy soil of Maamora forest (control mixture S1) which is the substrate most used by nurserymen in the region of Rabat-Salé-Kenitra: S2 (10 %), S3 (20 %), S4 (30 %), S5 (40 %) and S6 (50 %) (v/v) on many plant species: apple (Malus halliana), olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Picholine), pomegranate (Punica granatum), citrus rootstocks (Citrus volkameriana, Citrus macrophylla, Carrizo citrange and Sour orange (Citrus aurantium)), carob (Ceratonia siliqua), argan (Argania spinosa) and acacia (Acacia Senegal). In the second experiment, we tested the same mixtures, but with sand. Four mixtures with 10% (v/v) concentration of 4 composts based on phosphate sludge (B1, B2, B3 and B7) were added. The plants used in this experiment are: Two citrus rootstocks (Citrus volkameriana, Carrizo citrange) and carob. The measured growth parameters are Plant height, Trunk diameter and leaf chlorophyll content index (SPAD).

The results of the first experiment showed that there was a slightly higher growth in the control mixture (S1) for pomegranate, acacia and C. volkameriana plants. Furthermore, the relative growth was higher at phosphate sludge concentrations of 20 to 30% for the other plants species, although there was no significant difference between treatments. The estimations of AUGPC (area under the growth progress curve) showed there was also no significant difference in the most species except for C. volkameriana and S3 mixture of acacia plants compared to control mixture. In the second experiment the relative growth in M4 mixture was higher and the AUGCP showed a significant difference compared to M1 control mixture. For this purpose, the phosphate sludge has a great potential to be used in the nurseries and create a favorable soil conditions as a cultivation substrates.

Abstract

VARIOUS TOPICS

159


Process Intensification perspectivesof Sulfuric Acid Manufacturing

Abdelhamid METRANE (1,*), Ahmed SOUISSI (1)

(1) Mohammadia School of Engineers, Mohammed V University Rabat, Morocco.


The rising awareness of environmental and socioeconomic issues pressure policymakers to enforce “stricter” regulation on industrial units [1]. Those new regulations, coupled with market demand for more high-quality while affordable products, are two driving forces for sustainable development of chemical processes.

Sulfuric acid is one of the world’s largest manufactured industrial chemicals, and is a common input of many industries, to cite mineral processing, wastewater treatment, chemical synthesis, and oil refining. The production of fertilizers, in particular phosphate fertilizers, is the major end-use of Sulfuric Acid and accounts for more than 40% of total global consumption in 2019 [2]. Unfortunately, some industrial plants may face the difficult decision to turn off their Sulfuric Acid facilities and buy this product directly from the producer caused by higher cost of manufacturing. Process Intensification is a renewed engineering approach to reconcile profitability with sustainability objectives [3] and could be, from the business perspective, an opportunity to achieve operational excellence with less investment.

Nowadays, it is geared toward rethinking equipment beyond traditional unitary operations boundaries. This review outlines the current status of development in sulfuric acid production with the Contact Process by highlighting recently disclosed applications from industry and innovative solutions from academia.

Additionally, the challenges and improvement trends were investigated based on the Process Intensification philosophy.

Abstract

Keywords: Process Intensification, Sulfuric Acid, Contact Process, Process Innovation, Sustainability.

References:[1] Zhao, Y., & Xia, Y. (2019). National Regulation Emissions in China of SO2 and NOx. Atmospheric Reactive Nitrogen in China: Emission, Deposition and Environmental Impacts, 311.

[2] National Minerals Information Center. (2020). US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2020. U.S. Department of the Interior.

[3] Sitter, S., Chen, Q., & Grossmann, I. E. (2019). An overview of process intensification methods. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering.

160


Development and Implementation of a Prototype of Autonomous Mining Truck

Abdoul-Aziz LAOUALI (1, *), Younes ELGANA (1), Abdelilah HAIJOUB (1), Nasser-Eddine RAHMANI (1),Laurent DESHAYES (1), Mohammed NAJIB (1), Abdellah NAJID (2)

(1) Innovation Lab for Operations, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir - Morocco.(2) National Institute of Posts and Telecommunications, Rabat - Morocco.


This paper presents the design and implementation of a path following and obstacle avoidance control system for an autonomous vehicle. Our work consists on the development of a prototype of autonomous vehicle developed on a 1/15th scale mining truck, as a starting point to retrofit a 1/1 scale mining truck and transform it unmanned.

For that prototype, two actuators (steering and throttle actuators) are designed and implemented to convert an electric car to be unmanned vehicle.

The navigation algorithm proposed in this paper includes longitudinal control and lateral control. These two types of controls are essential to achieve successfully an autonomous navigation. The longitudinal control is responsible of controlling the speed of the vehicle through the throttle actuator by which we control the robot’s acceleration or braking state. Lateral control is responsible of controlling the robot direction by using steering motor. These control tasks are achieved by using the open source software and hardware PIXHAWK.

The path following navigation fulfilled is based on GPS with integrated digital compass. The GPS module allows the robot to follow a designed trajectory by considering the waypoints and the compass data to steer the robot according to the designed trajectory. We implement a PID correction for the steering servomotor in order to achieve correctly the mission.

Finally, a 3D lidar is used to detect obstacles and mean by which we implement an obstacles avoidance strategy. This avoidance strategy is so that the robot avoids the obstacle and reaches the path to continue his mission.

Abstract

Keywords: Unmanned Ground Vehicle, Path following and tracking, PIXHAWK, GPS waypoints, Obstacle avoidance.

161


Upper Cretaceous-Early Eocene depositional sequences in the Boucraa deposits (Saharian domain, Morocco):

Integrated stratigraphy, facies development and correlation

Amine BOUWAFOUD (1,*), Abdelamajid BENBOUZIANE (1), Mohamed AQUIT (2),Oussama KHADIRI YAZAMI (2), Mustapha MOUFLIH (1)

(1) Dynamics of Sedimentary Basins & Geological Correlations Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’sik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco.

(2) Geology Survey, Industrial Development Department, OCP S.A, 2, rue Al Abtal Hay Erraha, 20200, Casablanca, Morocco.


The Upper Cretaceous of Morocco is marked by bituminous and phosphate layers. These marine sediments record and illustrate in-situ and without major stratigraphic discontinuity the evolution of life during this crucial period of the Earth, in the epicontinental seas on the margins of the West African craton, and more marginally of its continental hinterland. Representative samples from the Boukraa Formations in the saharian domain are selected from four representative sections. The aim of this study is to (1) study the sedimentology of the Boucraa deposit by multidisciplinary approaches, (2) determine the provenance and weathering conditions of the siliciclastic components, (3) discuss the paleogeography of the region.

The investigated sequences in the studied localities consists of different lithologies made of a continuum of three types of sedimentary rocks: siliciclastics, phosphorites and rare carbonates. The paragenetic sequences observed in the three petrographic types of the sequence under investigation is constructed, based on textural relationships, to be the following consecutive processes: (1) phosphatisation (2) Quartz syntaxial overgrowth (3) Dolomitization (4) Silicification (5) Gypsum cementation. Definitely, there must have been considerable variations in the geological setting, which had affected the depositional environments from the South to North of the Boucraa deposits during the Upper Cretaceous-Early Eocene. The prominent local geological feature, around the Oued Eddahab deposit, which could have affected it, is none other than the West African craton covered by a high tabular Paleozoic series (1000m), it involves its detachment above the rigid basement.

Abstract

Keywords: Phosphate, Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene, Sequence Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, Boucraa, Morocco.

162


Sulfuric Acid Leaching Study of Rare Earth Elementsfrom Moroccan Phosphogypse

M. Amine*, F.Asafar, L.Bilali, M. Nadifiyine,

Laboratoire de Réactivité des Matériaux et Optimisation des Procédés, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, BP 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco.


Phosphogypsum is a by-product of the phosphate fertilizer industry [1-3]. As part of the valorization of the phosphogypse by extraction of rare earths, different experiments on Moroccan phosphogypse from Jorf Lasfar (El Jadida) were done in the REMATOP laboratory.

The response surface methodology was used to study the effects of the influence of different parameters (acid concentration, solid/liquid ratio, duration of the reaction, stirring speed, and temperature) on the progress of the phosphogypse dissolution process to determine the optimal parameters for the extraction of rare earths.

The analyses were made at the same time on the mineral matrix and the solutions resulting from the attack of this matrix by different concentrations of sulfuric acid. The rare earth analyses done by the ICP-AES technique have shown of the existence of yttrium as the major element.

Abstract

Keywords: Phosphogypse, Rare earth, leaching, Extraction, Optimization.

References:[1] Worldwide production and utilization of phosphogypsum. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Phosphogypsum, Miami, F.L., FIPR Pub. n°01-037-055, 1, pp. 105-16.

[2] Environmental impacts of phosphogypsum. The Science of Total Environment, 149, pp.1-38.

[3] Uranium and radium-226 in Florida phosphate materials. Health Phys., 37, pp.269-77.

163


The meskala basin phosphate series:Facies analysis and mineralogy

A. Ait bihi(1), Y. Daafi(2), M. Marzoqi(1) & E.h Chellai(1)

(1) Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco(2) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University-Benguerir (UM6P)

Email: [email protected]

The Moroccan phosphate resources deposited during the Maastrichtian - Lutetian age, are divided into several phosphate basins (Ouled Abdoun, Ganntour, Meskala and Oued Eddahab).

This work presents a sedimentological study carried out in the Meskala phosphate series through geological sections: (i) in the north-west of the Chichaoua city (Jbel Tilda), and in an excavated quarry by the Cherifian Phosphate Office in the west of the city; (ii) in the Imi n’Tanoute region, 30 km to the south of Chichaoua city.

The phosphate deposits in these areas are represented by three lithostratigraphic formations as follow: (i) The phosphate-rich formation (Maastrichtian -Ypresian) mainly formed of phosphate grains (coated grains, pellets, coprolites, intraclasts) and skeletal elements from vertebrates. (ii) The porcelanite formation (Lower Lutetian) composed of yellowish to whitish marls with different degrees of silicification. (iii) The Thersitea formation (Middle Lutetian) composed of carbonate rocks (dolomites and dolomitic limestones) with abundant gastropods.

Thirteen sedimentary facies are recognized from field and laboratory observations of the various formations deposits. The facies associations reflect sedimentation of a proximal (tidal flat) to a subtidal marine paleoenvironments.

X-ray diffraction analysis of carbonate and marly facies shows the presence of dolomite, vermiculite, montmorillonite, palygorskite and illite. In the silicified marls, cristobalite predominates over tridymite.

The granular phosphate facies revealed the presence of Fluorapatite, dolomite and calcite. The phosphatic grains under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) are mostly of a rounded shape. Microscopic observations at the thin sections scale of the silicified marls (porcelanite formation) revealed the existence of diatoms and silicoflagellates frustules in several beds. These common microorganisms of high productivity upwelling zones would probably have contributed, by the deposition of their siliceous tests, to the diagenetic silicification phenomena of the marls (porcelanite) of Chichaoua, as well as to the frequent silicifications observed in the other Moroccan phosphate basins.

Abstract

Keywords: Phosphates, Maastrichtian-Ypresian, Meskala basin, silicifications, Diatoms.

164


Production of crystalline urea phosphate from untreated Moroccan Phosphoric Acid and urea

Ayoub CHERRAT(1) , Ilham ZDAH(1), Yassine ENNACIRI(1) , Hanan El ALAOUI BELGHITI(1) ,Khalil BENKHOUJA(2) , et Mohammed BETTACH(1*)

(1) LPCM, Chouaib Doukkali University, Faculty of Sciences of El Jadida, Morocco.(2) E2M LCCA, Doukkali University, Faculty of Sciences of El Jadida, Morocco.


The Phosphate-Nitrogen family of fertilizers improves the availability of phosphorus and nitrogen for efficient crop growth. Urea phosphate 17-44-0 (N-P2O5- K2O% by mass weight) is considered a water soluble fertilizer, characterized by its high purity and solubility. Urea phosphate is used in many areas of life as a high quality food additive, flame retardant, finishing agent for metals, fermentation foods. As a fertilizer it is suitable for alkaline soils.

The urea phosphate production process involves directly producing urea phosphate crystals by reacting solid urea with untreated industrial Moroccan phosphoric acid 52% P2O5. The process is based on the surprising observation that when the solid urea is contacted with a stoichiometric amount of Moroccan phosphoric acid, a complete reaction occurs at a temperature of 45 °C for a residence time between 120 to 180 min, which directly leads to the formation of urea phosphate crystals which do not require any subsequent treatment and they are easily recovered.

Abstract

Keywords: Moroccan Phosphoric Acid, Urea phosphate, Fertilizer, Purification, wet process

165


The Carbonatite complexes of the Reguibat Shield(Dakhla Province, Morocco) and their potential for phosphate

and REE-Nb resources.

Cheikh Elwali MALAININE(1,3*), Muhammad OUABID(1), Jean-Louis BODINIER(1,2), Otmane RAJI(1),Fleurice PARAT(2), Nasrrddine YOUBI(3), Moulay Ahmed BOUMEHDI(3), Es-Said JOURANI(4),

Jean-Marie DAUTRIA(2), Hicham El MESSBAHI(5), Carlos J. GARRIDO(6)

(1) Geology & Sustainable Mining, Mohammed VI Polyechnique University, 43150 Benguerir, Morocco.(2) Geoscience Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Cedex-5 34095 Montpellier, France.

(3) Geosciences, Georessources and Geohazards laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University, 4000 Marrakech, Morocco.(4) OCP- Industrial Development, Geology & Mineralurgy Department, 43150 Benguerir, Morocco.

(5) Department of Geology, Sidi Mohamed ben Abdallah University, Oujda Road, Taza 1223, Morocco.(6) Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (IACT), CSIC– UGR, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.


The igneous phosphate deposits are better suited to some industrial applications because of their low levels of impurities and contaminants. They are commonly hosted in carbonatite complexes with other elements of high economic value such as rare earth elements (REE) and niobium (Nb). Several carbonatite and alkaline-carbonatite complexes occur in Morocco but their potential resource in term of igneous phosphates remains unknown and needs to be investigated. In this study, we focus on phosphate–REE-Nb mineralization in two major carbonatite occurrences at the southernmost part of Morocco (Dakhla province):

(i) The Gleibat Lafhouda Paleoproterozoic magnesiocarbonatite complex (Gleibat Lafhouda s.s., Gleibat Al Fernan and Gleibat Drag intrusions), often overlained by iron oxide formations.

(ii) The Twihinate‒Lamlaga Cretaceous calciocarbonatite annular intrusions which are partially or completely covered by iron oxide–silica rock association.

Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) thermal bands were used on a wider scale to rapidly identify the outcropped carbonatites and their associated rocks. In addition, the visible to near infrared and short waves infrared bands were used for high-precision mapping at outcrop scale to highlight the contrast between carbonatites, iron oxides and other adjacent country rocks. Remote sensing coupled with field observations and petro-mineralogical data reveal that the phosphate (mostly apatite) ore deposits in Gleibat Lafhouda complex are mainly associated with iron oxide formations. They contain abundant monazite as the main REE-bearing mineral. The Nb mineralization is carried by columbite and in lesser amount by fergusonite which are present in iron oxide formations and carbonatites, respectively. On the other hand, the Twihinate-Lamlaga complex hosts significant REE and Nb mineralization, identified in carbonatite, iron oxide formations (goethite and hematite), and silica rocks (mostly quartz). The ore minerals are dominated by monazite-(Ce), and synchisite-(Ce) (51.5−57.8 wt.% LREEox) and pyrochlore (38.8 wt.% Nb) as the main REE and Nb bearing-minerals, respectively. In addition, carbonatites are also associated with apatite-rich rocks given high phosphorus grade (up to 29 wt.% P2O5). The close association of REE and Nb minerals and phosphate highlighted in carbonatites and associated rocks demonstrate the potential of the studied complexes for igneous phosphate and strategic metal resources.

Abstract

Keywords: Carbonatites, REE, Nb and phosphate deposits, remote sensing, Dakhla province, Morocco.

References:(1) Pufahl, P. K. & Groat, L. A. Sedimentary and Igneous Phosphate Deposits: Formation and Exploration:An Invited Paper. Econ. Geol. 112, 483–516 (2017).

166


Tuning optoelectronic properties of phosphoric acid based dyes through variation of donor unit: A DFT/TD-DFT investigation

Driss FADILI(1,*), Zakaria Mohyi Eddine FAHIM(1), Si Mohamed BOUZZINE(1,2) and Mohamed HAMIDI(1,*)

(1) Equipe de Chimie-Physique, Electrochimie et Environnement, Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique, Environnement et Matériaux, Université Moulay Ismaïl, B.P. 509 Boutalamine, Errachidia, Morocco.

(2) Centre Régional des Métiers de l’Education et de la Formation, BP 8, Errachida, Morocco.

*Email: [email protected], [email protected]

With the growth in energy demand, and the concerns about the environmental impact of the fossil fuels combustion, looking for a new form of sustainable and clean energy becomes a necessity. Currently, solar power is the most accessible and cost effective form of renewable energy. Whereas, the Dye Sensitized Solar Cells DSSCs present a good alternative to the traditional photovoltaic silicon solar cells. Besides their low cost, easy route synthesis of the dye, and being environment friendly, the DSSCs offer a large variety of features such as semi-transparency, multi-color range, flexibility and lightweight , and a good performance for a low incident light[1].

Among the used dyes for DSSCs application, the phosphoric acid based dyes provide excellent anchoring stability and allow binding to different metal ion via (P-O-M) bonds[2]. So, using density functional theory (DFT) and Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculation, we have designed eight novel dyes monofunctionalized by a phosphoric acid to enhance the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).

Based on D-π-A’-π-A (D stand for a donor, A and A’ for acceptors, π for a bridge entity) organic dyes structure, where (carbazole, triphenylamine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, and coumarin) are considered as the donor unit, bithiophenes as the π-linker between the donor and auxiliary acceptor (benzothiadiazole), and between the auxiliary acceptor and anchoring group. We assessed the effects of changing different donor moieties on the geometrical, optoelectronic, charge transfer, nonlinear optical (NLO), and reorganization energy properties of the studies dyes. All predictions were made in chloroform as solvent via the CPCM model. Calculated results reveal that increasing the π-conjugated backbone of the studied dye using different donors results in a narrower bandgap, higher molar extinction coefficient, red-shift in the absorption spectra, better intramolecular charge transfer, and increase in Light-Harvesting Efficiency for the dye connected by benzene unit of the donor inversely to the butterfly structure where the donor is connected via a nitrogen atom.

Also, among the dyes connected by the benzene unites, the phenoxazine dye presents the better properties.

Abstract

Keywords: DSSC; DFT; TD-DFT; D-π-A’-π-A; phosphonate anchoring group

References:[1] O’Regan, B.; Grätzel, M. A Low-Cost, High-Efficiency Solar Cell Based on Dye-Sensitized Colloidal TiO2 Films. Nature 1991, 353 (6346), 737–740.

[2] Zhang, L.; Cole, J. M. Anchoring Groups for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 2015, pp 3427–3455.

167


Study of rare earth solubilization from phosphogypsum exposedto sulfuric acid attack

Fatima Asafar, Marouane AMINE , Latifa BILALI, Mehdi NADIFIYINE.

Laboratory of Materials Reactivity and Process Optimization (REMATOP), Semlalia faculty of sciences, Cadi Ayyad University, BP 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco.

*Email: [email protected]*

Phosphogypsum is a waste (or by-product) of the acid production of phosphoric acid [1]. This waste represents an economic potential thanks to a multitude of probable valuations such as rare earth recovery [2] which our REMATOP laboratory is interested.

The rare earth content, the most effective extraction voice and the rate of their recovery are the main objectives of our study.

In the first step of our work, we focused simultaneously on the physic-chemical characterization of Moroccan phosphogypsum and the development of an optimal process for the solubilization of its rare earths. The Doehlert uniform shell model was used to evaluate a relationship between the five factors influencing phosphogypsum dissolution (the concentration of HCl, temperature, agitation, solid/liquid ratio, time) coded respectively (X1, X2, X3, X4, X5) and the response Y studied giving (the concentration of rare earths in ppm )

The realization of this process required an experimental plan of 35 reactions where the treated phosphogypsum (drying + grinding + sieving) was exposed to acid attack by different percentages of sulfuric acid (from 10% up to 15%). based on the results, we were able to determine the total rare earth content contained in the Moroccan phosphogypsum and the rare earth recovery rate for each of the reactions carried out.

By analyzing the previous results, we have been able to deduce the optimal conditions for the solubilization of rare earths by sulfuric acid (%H2SO4= 10%; T= 25 °C; S/L = 1/4, t = 30 min; A= 220 rpm.)

This work represents an essential stage of extraction of the rare earths by their solubilization and recovery in a liquid phase from which the final extraction step will take place.

Abstract

Keywords: Phosphogypsum, Rare Earth, Sulfuric Acid, Extraction, Solubilization of Rare Earth.

References:[1]: H. Sfar Felfoul, P. Clastres, M. Ben Ouezdou and A. Carles-gibergues (2002): Properties and prospects of phosphogypsum valorization (the example of Tunisia) Proceedings of International Symposium on Environmental Pollution Control and Waste Management 7-10 January 2002, Tunis (EPCOWM’2002), p.510-520

[2]: Fernando Pereira (2013): Phosphoric acid production by hydrochloric acid etching of phosphate ores with reduction of environmental pollution and recovery of rare earths as by-products. PhD thesis, Geochemistry. Mines National School of Saint-Etienne, French.

168


Effectiveness of combining ERT and TDEM geophysical methods for aquifers exploration in the phosphate series context

Fatim-zahra Ihbach (1*), Azzouz Kchikach (1,2), Mohammed Jaffal (1,2), Oussama Khadiri Yazami (3),Es-Said Jourani (3)

(1) Georessources, Geoenvironment and Civil Engineering (L3G) Laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University(2) Geology and Sustainable Mining, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Morocco

(3) OCP Group, Morocco


Exploration and recognition of aquifers in the Moroccan phosphate deposits is mainly carried out using conventional hydrogeological methods (drilling), which are generally expensive and time-consuming. For decades, geophysical methods have been applied to the exploration of groundwater resources and several other environmental problems. Experience shows that indirect groundwater problems are more effectively resolved if the integrated approach, based on the use of more than one geophysical technique, is applied. This consists of jointly applying complementary methods in relation to their sensitivity to the physical properties sought directly or indirectly related to the target to be explored [1].

This communication concerns a study carried out in the Sidi Chennane (Ouled Abdoun basin) and Bouchane (Guentour basin) deposits, using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Time-Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM). Its main goals were, on the one hand, to evaluate the performance of these geophysical methods to prospect groundwater aquifers sheltered in phosphate layers, characterize their structure, and better understand their functioning, and on the other hand, to delimit flooded layers in the phosphatic series to predict the necessary mining design for their extraction.

ERT method is based on the measurement of the soil response to the propagation of an artificially generated direct current and provides a two-dimensional (2D) images of subsurface resistivities, while TDEM method uses the phenomenon of diffusion of a transient electromagnetic field to determine the electrical resistivity of the subsoil as a function of depth. Obtained data, from each survey, were inverted using Res2dinv and TemRes software respectively [2]. Results obtained from both methods (ERT and TDEM) in the two selected experimental zones in the mining sites of Youssoufia and Khouribga indicate the presence of highly conductive zones that were related to the presence of water. In addition, comparisons of the piezometric levels measured in adjacent wells made it possible to calibrate the geophysical results and confirms the depth of the aquifer at the two studied sites.

This highlights the efficiency of combining geophysical methods to locate and characterize underground aquifers in the context of Moroccan phosphates. Furthermore, this shows the interest of systematically integrating geophysical methods into hydrogeological studies since a geophysical investigation between two or more local boreholes allows the lateral continuity of hydrogeological formations to be explored.

Abstract

Keywords: ERT, TDEM, Aquifer, Phosphatic series, Morocco

References:[1] KCHIKACH, A.; Elassel, N.; Gurein, R.; Teixido, T.; Pena, J.; Jaffal, M. TDEM and EM31 Methods for Detecting Sterile Bodies in the Phosphatic Bearing of Sidi Chennane (Morocco). In Proceedings of Near Surface Geoscience 2012–18th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics.

[2] Rangel, R.C.; Porsani, J.L.; Bortolozo, C.A.; Hamada, L.R. Electrical Resistivity Tomography and TDEM Applied to Hydrogeological Study in Taubaté Basin, Brazil. International Journal of Geosciences 2018, 9, 119-130.

169


Mineralogy, geochemistry, and beneficiation of phosphate Clays of the Ouled BouSbaa deposit (Meskala, Morocco)

Hanane El Boukhari (1), Salem El Ouariti (1), Mohammed Amine Nguidi (1), Abdelmajid Benbouziane (1),Oussama Khadiri Yazami (2), Mustapha Mouflih (1)

(1) Hassan II University of Casablanca, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sick(2) OCP Group, Morocco


The Upper Cretaceous - Paleogene phosphate series from Morocco is characterized by high concentrations of phosphorus in granular phosphorites of economic interest. In intercalation and within these phosphorite layers, develop a rich diversity of clay minerals, with high added value.

This work aims first to characterize the Maastrichtian and Paleogene clays of the Ouled BouSbaa phosphate deposit located in the northern part of the Meskala basin; and as second, the identification of the most efficient clay fractions as a removal material for organic dyes. Several techniques and methods have been adopted for the characterization of clays: X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Tests for the removal of methylene blue from clays were carried out by adsorption. The mineralogical study by X-ray diffraction shows that the clays of the Ouled BouSbaa deposit present fibrous clays of Palygorskite and Sepiolite type, and phyllite clays of Montmorillonite and Illite type.

Stratigraphically, in the Maastrichtian, mainly aluminous clays predominate in the form of Montmorillonites. Palygorskite-type clays, where aluminum barely dominates magnesium, are more common in the Paleogene. The results of infrared spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence geochemistry confirm the results of X-ray diffraction, respectively, by the presence of characteristic bands and the dominance of oxides of silica, aluminum, and magnesium.

The adsorption of methylene blue on these clays showed very fast fixation kinetics and a very efficient purifying power for this organic pollutant. Consequently, the clays associated with the Ouled BouSbaa phosphate series can constitute effective and sustainable local materiel for environment protection.

Abstract

Keywords: Phosphate Clays, Palygorskite, Beneficiation, Meskala

170


Study of the correlation between chemical elements (BPL, CO2, MgO, SiO2...) in a phosphate deposit, Morocco

Hayate ER-RATILI (1), Essaid ZEROUALI (2), Mohamed MARZOQI (1) & El Hassane CHELLAI (1)

(1) Université Cadi Ayyad, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Marrakech, Maroc(2) OCP-Benguerir, Maroc

Study of the correlation between chemical elements (BPL, CO2, MgO, SiO2, ...) in a phosphate deposit. Phosphates are the main mineral resource characterizing Moroccan basins. These phosphates are known by a variable quality in the different layers and Moroccan phosphate pools.

In the Ganntour basin, phosphate rocks of Maastrichtian-Ypresian age form layers and furrows interspersed with sterile levels. These phosphate levels are classified into exploited and other unexploited layers according to their BPL (Bone Phosphate of Lime) content.

Phosphates contain some impurities which can be radioactive metals or heavy metals. These are transferred to phosphoric acid and then to fertilizers. Among these impurities, there are those which are recoverable (uranium and rare earths ...) and must be recovered, and others which are penalizing such as some chemical elements and which must be eliminated.

In this study, we are interested of this chemical element due to its toxicity on the environment and human health.

In this sense, the objective of this thesis is to study the correlation between cadmium and the other chemical elements (BPL, CO2, MgO, SiO2) in the phosphate deposit of Benguerir to know the existing relationships between these elements in order to facilitate the search for areas with low cadmium contents.

The results showed the existence of an average positive correlation between cadmium and CO2. Then we treated the different methods currently used for the removal and recovery of heavy metals and their application to the purification of phosphoric acid produced from the wet process, with the aim of removing the heavy metals present.

Abstract

Keywords: Phosphates, Ganntour basin, Maastrichtian-Yprésien, heavy metals, toxicity.

171


The challenging passage through micro-flotation to mechanical flotation cell: Case of low-grade Moroccan phosphates

Imane Aarab (1*), Mohammed Derqaoui (1), Abdelmoughit Abidi (1), Abdelrani Yaacoubi (1), Khalid El Amari (2), Abderahman Etahiri (3), Abdelaziz Baçaoui (1)

(1) Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia-Marrakesh (FSSM), Boulevard Prince My Abdellah, B.P. 2390, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco.

(2) Laboratory of Georessources, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies of Marrakesh (FSTM), Boulevard Abdelkrim Al Khattabi, BP 549, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco.

(3) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco

*E-mail: [email protected]

In the context of a project to upgrade low-grade Moroccan phosphates by direct flotation, a micro-flotation study was conducted. The most potent combinations were sodium and ATRAC, combined with carboxymethylcellulose and sodium alginate (Aarab et al., 2020). The application of these findings at the mechanical flotation cell scale failed to obtain the same tendency on Moroccan phosphate ores containing fluorapatite, calcite, and quartz minerals as main phases. A study was so extended to the effect of attrition, solid content, and desliming, as well as an asymmetrical factorial design concerning other factors.

Partial matrix results related to sodium alginate/sodium oleate combination, presented in this work, confirmed the non-possibility of direct flotation under these conditions, but the reverse one was possible.

Conclusions will be drawn once the factorial design is completed, considering the possibility of direct and reverse flotation.

Abstract

References:Aarab, I., Derqaoui, M., Abidi, A., Yaacoubi, A., El Amari, K., Etahiri, A., Baçaoui, A. 2020. Direct flotation of low-grade Moroccan phosphate ores: A preliminary micro-flotation study to develop new beneficiation routes. Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Under review).Alsafasfeh, A., and Lana, A., 2017. Recovery of Phosphate Minerals from Plant Tailings Using Direct Froth Flotation. Minerals 7 (8): 145.Bridger, L., and Boylan, D. R., 1953. Colorimetric Determination of Phosphorus Pentoxide in Fertilizers Using a Standard Calibration Plot. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 3.Cao, Q., Cheng, J., Wen, S., Li, C., Liu, J. 2016a. Synergistic Effect of Dodecyl Sulfonate on Apatite Flotation with Fatty Acid Collector. Separation Science and Technology 51 (8): 1389-96.Cao, Q., Heng Z., Xiumin C., Shuming W. 2019. Flotation Selectivity of N-Hexadecanoylglycine in the Fluorapatite–Dolomite System. Minerals Engineering 131 (Janvier): 353-62.Chen, W., Qiming F., Guofan Z., Qun Y., Cheng Z. 2017. The Effect of Sodium Alginate on the Flotation Separation of Scheelite from Calcite and Fluorite. Minerals Engineering 113 (November): 1-7.Dong, X., Liu S., Yao Y., Liu H., et Pei Y. 2017. A Review on New Technological Progress for Beneficiation of Refractory Phosphate Ore in China. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 63 (May): 012043.Filippov, L. O., Filippova, I. V., Lafhaj, Z., Fornasiero, D. 2019. The Role of a Fatty Alcohol in Improving Calcium Minerals Flotation with Oleate. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 560 (January): 410-17.Huang, Q. M., Huang, J. J., Zhou, H., Quan, Z., Chi, R. 2011. Synthesis and Application of α-Chloro Oleic Acid Monoester Floating Collector. Advanced Materials Research.Jong, K., Yongchol H., et Ryom, S. 2017. Flotation Mechanism of Oleic Acid Amide on Apatite. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 523 (June): 127-31.Karlkvist, T., Patra, A., Rao, K. H., Bordes, R., Holmberg, K. 2015. Flotation Selectivity of Novel Alkyl Dicarboxylate Reagents for Apatite–Calcite Separation. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 445 (May): 40-47.Kawatra, S. K., Carlson, J. T., 2013. Beneficiation of Phosphate Ore, 170.Nan, N., Zhu, Y., Han, Y. 2019. Flotation Performance and Mechanism of -Bromolauric Acid on Separation of Hematite and Fluorapatite. Minerals Engineering 132 (march): 162-68.

172


Geo-mining study of the panel 7 phosphate layers, Benguerir deposit, Gantour basin, Morocco

Imane ELMAGHRANI (1), Fadwa RADOUANI (2), Mohamed MARZOQI (1) & El Hassane CHELLAI (1)

(1) Université Cadi Ayyad, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Marrakech, Maroc(2) OCP-Benguerir, Maroc

This study was conducted as a part of a master graduation project within OCP Benguerir mining center. It is a contribution to the geo-mining study of the panel 7 phosphate layers, in order to ensure a long mining life and economic effectiveness of the deposit. For this purpose, we have integrated several scientific fields, as well as using the ArcGis software for data processing.

The phosphate series of Benguerir is located at the western Meseta. It is subdivided into five depositional sequences with a transgressive nature, accumulated on a Paleozoic substratum. Some phosphate layers are separated by non-phosphatic intercalary levels of different lithologies (limestone, clay, marl, and flint).

The present study is based on OCP’s mineshaft sections, which summarizes the samples analyses results of the panel 7, belonging to the North mine of the Benguerir’s deposit.

The Panel 7 exploration shaft’s databases treatment allows to generate iso-values and listing case maps, which are extremely important for the exploration of geometric and geochemical features evolution in space, along with the reserve estimation for every phosphate layer.

The iso-values maps are used as a guide for the operator. They illustrate the mineralization thickness and layers altitude variation, with a sum up of the layers structural state. These maps are also useful to properly define the richest areas in P2O5 and other elements, which insure the customer’s demands.

The data management becomes easier by the study of listing case maps which separate the panel to many boxes. Each box shows a P2O5 and CO2 mean values, as well as other features. This approach provides a good data readability, and it simplifies the data reporting required for reserve requirements. As far as our case, the phosphate reserves of the panel 7 are economically valuable to be extracted.

Abstract

Keywords: Phosphates, geo-mining study, ArcGis, listing case, phosphate reserves.

173


Slope stability risk in phosphate open pit mines(Khouribga, Morocco)

Oussama Khadiri Yazami(1*), Es-Said Jourani(1), Azzouz Kchikach(2,3), Bouaazzaoui El Jebbar(3)

(1) OCP Group, Morocco(2) Georessources, Geoenvironment and Civil Engineering (L3G) Laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University

(3) Geology and Sustainable Mining, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Morocco


The stability of slopes in open pit mines is an issue of great concern because of the significant damages instabilities can have. Indeed, slope instabilities can have detrimental consequences, both in terms of economic damage, and sometimes even loss of life. To ensure the safe and continuous economic operation of these mines, it is necessary to systematically assess and manage slope stability risk. This involves continuous measurements of the geotechnical parameters necessary to assess the stability of the slopes, which is certainly a laborious and sometimes a costly work, but makes it possible to ensure the safety of personnel and machines in the exploitation yards and to avoid disturbance of the mining operations [1]. The risk assessment involves estimating the properties of the materials in the slopes, calculating the stability of various slope geometries, and monitoring the performance of the slopes as the pit is developed. In addition, excavation usually takes place in a series of benches, each of which may be many meters high and have different geotechnical characteristics that makes the task of the geotechnical engineer difficult because he must evaluate the stability of individual benches as well as the overall slope.

In the Ouled Abdoun (Khouribga) and Gantour (Youssoufia-Benguerir) basins, the phosphate layers crop out or are at a shallow depth allowing the placement of low-rise mining trenches (30m). However, the exploitation of phosphates in these two basins is progressing towards areas where the phosphate layers lay below the Plio-Quaternary sediments of the Tadla and Bahira plains. Recognition of the phosphate deposits in these areas by boreholes and wells shows that the phosphate layers are located at a depth that can exceed 100 m in some places. This implies that the slope height will be very high (more than 50 m) and steep, so the danger of slope failures will be great. Moreover, even if the geological structure in these sites is usually well known because the investigations that led to the establishment of the mine should provide a reasonable geological description, in contrast, engineering properties of rocks that affect the stability of slopes are often less well known.

This communication presents an outline study of slope instabilities which can be recorded once the exploitation of phosphates will be done in areas with a thick Plio-Quaternay cover. It is based on the analysis of the geotechnical parameters of the different terms of the phosphatic series and its recovery allowing a simulation of ground movements as the operating trench is developed. This study, based on Yang’s and al. method [2] can and should be used to systematically assess and manage the risks associated with slope instabilities in the future mines of Gantour and Khouribga.

Abstract

Keywords: Slope Stability, Open Pit Mines, Khouribga, Gantour

References:

[1] Christian, J.T.; Ladd, C.C.; Baecher, G. B. (1994). Reliability applied to slope stability analysis. ASCE J. of Geot. Eng. Vol. 10, No. 12.

[2] Yang J, Tao Z, Li B, Gui Y, and Li H. (2012). Stability assessment and feature analysis of slope in Nanfen Open Pit Iron Mine. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 22 (2012) 329–333.

174


Biogenic sulfur as a potential resource for the Moroccan phosphate industry: Preliminary exploration and geochemical characterization of

eastern Rifean occurrencesBoubkari L.(1,*), Raji O. (1), Achalhi M. (2), Ouabid M. (1) & Bodinier J.L.(1)

(1) Geology and Sustainable Mining, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco(2) Département des Sciences de la Terre, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, Rabat, Morocco


The phosphates industry is the most important industry in Morocco. However, because of the development of this industry, Morocco is becoming one of the major sulfur importers in the world. Hence, the main purpose of this research project is to explore geological indices of native sulfur in Morocco and to assess their potentials using modern methods of geological exploration. In the northern edge of the Mediterranean Sea (e.g., Calatayud-Teruel basin, Spain), native sulfur ores are largely associated to Miocene formations, formed under particular geological and biochemical processes. Quite similar Miocene basins are found in Morocco, particularly in the Rif domain. According to our field observations, the main prospects are the Tortono-Messinian formations of Aknoul, Taza, Guercif, Oued Amlil, Arbaa Taourirt, Boudinar and Meknasa.

Therein, the biogenic sulfur occurrences are locally associated with evaporites and organic matter-rich black sediments. Other occurrences are associated with marls and interbedded volcanic tuffs. The native sulfur occur in different forms such as thin layers within marls and volcanic tuffs, nodules or disseminated in black clays, and sometimes associated with gypsum. Geochemical analyses show significant total sulfur contents (~ 14-18.5 wt.%) with low total carbon concentrations (0.02-0.2 wt.%). This significant sulfur concentration found in the studied basins could be appeared during sedimentation and/or early diagenesis.

The reduction of microbial sulfate is considered to be the key process for the native sulfur precipitation accompanying carbonates in evaporite lithologies. This reduction could have taken place in a mineral or more probably biological way in the sediment (before diagenesis or during its early phase), under the action of bacteria (sulfato-reducing bacteria). We are currently working on native sulfur within Neogene deposits, on the mineralizing mechanisms, and on environmental conditions during the reduction of sulfates. Isotopic analyzes will allow us to decide between the biological (action of the sulphate-reducing bacteria) or abiotic (mineral) origins of the biogenic native sulfur.

Abstract

Keywords: Native sulfur, Evaporite, Miocene, Rif, Morocco

175


Characterization of natural phosphate: Clogging studiesMajda Medkour (1, *), Youssef Najih (1), Jamaa Bengourram (1),

Hassan Latrache (2) and Mustapha Mabrouki (1)

(1) Industrial Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco.

(2) Bioprocess and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco.


In phosphate industry, extraction is an elementary step in the overall process. This phase can present several problems that need to be managed in order to optimize the ore production.

Among the constraints that disrupt extraction is the clogging of phosphate ore on the various metal supports used. It is therefore necessary to seek the factors at the origin of this phenomenon in order to control it. To study this problem, we have chosen a bottom-up approach that allows us to understand the interactions on a fine scale in order to propose explanations on a macroscopic scale. To do this, it was first necessary to study each compound involved.

In this work, we focused on the characterization of clogged natural phosphate. In fact, we studied the behaviour of phosphate rock under different conditions of pressure, temperature and humidity.

Initially, we evaluated the mechanical resistance of the phosphate, in order to determine its limits of compaction and friability. To do this, we compacted phosphate pellets of constant mass under different pressures and then quantified the corresponding densities. We then measured the different pressures at which the samples become brittle. Afterwards, we reproduced these tests by modifying the nature of the phosphate used.

Next, we studied the behaviour of phosphate ore as a function of temperature and water content. This study was carried out using heating and adsorption methods.

The results show that phosphate ore, regardless of its origin, compacts easily when subjected to high pressures. Moreover, it quickly becomes friable when the mass used is high. In addition, the type of phosphate (chemical and mineralogical nature) as well as external conditions play an important role in its ability to lose moisture, which is the main reason for its agglutination. These initial results lead us to the physico-chemical characterization of phosphate to understand its behaviour at the surface.

Abstract

Keywords: Phosphate, clogging, temperature, humidity, mineralogy.

References:

[1] T. Valente, J.A. Grande, M.L. de la Torre, P. Gomes, M. Santisteban, J. Borrego, M.A. Sequeira Braga, Mineralogy and geochemistry of a clogged mining reservoir affected by historical acid mine drainage in an abandoned mining area, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, Volume 157, 2015, Pages 66-76

[2] S. Mabroum, A. Aboulayt, Y. Taha, M. Benzaazoua, N. Semlal, R. Hakkou, Elaboration of geopolymers based on clays by-products from phosphate mines for construction applications, Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 261, 2020

176


Energetic and economic analysis of cogeneration desulfurization system of phosphogypsumM.Alla (1*) , M.L. El Hafyani (1) ,E.K. Gharibi (2)

(1) Laboratory of Electrical Engineering and maintenance, Higher School of Technology, University Mohammed First Oujda, Morocco. P.O Box 60000

(2) Laboratory of Solid Minerals and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed first University, Oujda, Morocco.


Cogeneration can be defined as the simultaneous production of electrical energy and useful heat from the combustion of a single fuel. This technique of combined heat and power generation has been applied in the industrial and tertiary sectors. It was mainly used because of its overall efficiency and the guarantee of low environmental impact electricity.

Up to now, emissions from waste-to-energy plants have been a major concern for operators, waste incineration facilities and the public. In phosphoric acid plants using phosphate rock, the main known problem is the high amount of phosphogypsum “PG” waste produced.

Storage and management of this amount is a serious problem. The consumption or reuse of this waste generates several environmental risks related to its composition. Several development processes of PG, economic and environmental, are in the development and study phase. Among the recovery tests, we can find desulfurization methods, bacteriological or thermal, to produce SO2 sulfur dioxide used in the synthesis of sulfuric acid.and produce electrical energy.

Abstract

Keywords: Phosphogypsum (PG), Valorization, sulfur dioxide (SO2), cogeneration …

References:

[1] Hu SD. Cogeneration. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing; 1986

[2 ] Silveira JL, Walter ACS, Luengo CA. A case study of compact cogeneration using various fuels. Fuel 1997;76(5):447–51.

[3]Lee U, Balu E, Chung JN. An experimental evaluation of an integrated biomass gasification and power generation system for distributed power applications. Appl Energy 2013;101:699–708.

177


Optimization of nitric Acid Leaching of Rare-Earth Elements from Moroccan Natural Phosphate

M. AMINE*, F.ASAFAR, L.BILALI, M. NADIFIYINE,Laboratoire de Réactivité des Matériaux et Optimisation des Procédés, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia,

Université Cadi Ayyad, BP 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco


The phosphate is a very important natural resource in Morocco and one of the secondary resources of rare earth elements [1]. Several studies have been focused on the use of different acids for the extraction of rare earths from various ores including the phosphates [2, 3].

Our study is particularly interested in Youssoufia phosphate, which contains 228.77 ppm of rare earth elements (ΣREEs). The particular purpose of our work is to study the influence of different parameters (acid concentration, solid/liquid ratio and temperature) on the phosphate rock’s dissolution process to determine the optimal conditions for the leaching of rare earths.

An experimental design (Doehlert matrix) has been drawn up to optimize the experimental conditions of the leaching. The tests was made with nitric acid at various concentrations varying between 1.5M to 4.5M with a solid/liquid ratio of 1/12 to 1/6, the reaction temperature is 20°C to 80 °C and the duration of the reaction is 60 min. The optimal conditions are obtained when using 69°C as temperature, 4.1M as acid concentration and 1/9 solid/liquid ratio.

Abstract

Keywords: Phosphate rock, Rare earth, leaching, Extraction, Doehlert experimental design, Optimization.

References:

[1] F. Pereira and E. Bilal, “Phosphoric Acid Extraction and Rare Earth Recovery From Apatites of the Brazilian phosphatic ores,” Romanian Journal of Mineral Deposits, vol. 2, no. 85, pp. 49–52, 2012.

[2] Zhang, P. (2014). Comprehensive recovery and sustainable development of phosphate resources. Procedia Engineering, 83, 37-51.

[3] Kumari, A., Jha, M. K., Yoo, K., Panda, R., Lee, J. Y., Kumar, J. R., & Pathak, D. D. (2019). Advanced process to dephosphorize monazite for effective leaching of rare earth metals (REMs). Hydrometallurgy, 187, 203-211.

178


The MRS method and its use for ground water investigations: application to the study of aquifers hosted in the phosphatic series

in Bahira-Gantour bassin

Meryem El Atifi (1*), Azzouz Kchikach (2, 3), Mohammed Jaffal (2,3), Jean-Louis Bodinier (3),Oussama Khadiri (1), Es-Said Jourani (1)

(1) Strategic Development, Geology, OCP Group, Morocco(2) Georessources, Geoenvironment and Civil Engineering (L3G) Laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University

(3) Geology and Sustainable Mining, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Morocco


The Magnetic Resonance Sounding method (MRS) has been used in the past years with success in various geological and geographical contexts for groundwater surveys [1]. This method permits directly detecting the presence of groundwater from some surface measurements, through the excitation of water molecules, especially the hydrogen protons, .Its operating model consists to transmit into a loop, a current pulse, at a given frequency and then measure the signal produced in return by the H protons. The interpretation of measurements permits to estimate as a function of depth, aquifer boundaries (depth, thickness and spatial extent) and free water content .Theses all parameters are useful to determine the local areas favorable for drilling and implementing the hydraulic boreholes.

A hydro-geophysical synthesis data has been achieved in the Bahira-Gantour basin. Two groundwater reservoirs can be distinguished: phreatic aquifer in the plio-quaternary formations and those perched in the Gantour phosphate series [2]. Our study concerned an updating of the hydrogeological data in order to delimiting potential areas for water boreholes based on a “successive exclusion “ method that keeps the most productive ones.

The results of our hydrogeological study will be consolidated by MRS results with respect to its appropriateness to groundwater investigations. We plan to quantify free water content as a function of depth and 2D-3D characterization of the pore size of the aquifers collected in the phosphatic series, based on the MRS signal amplitude and decay rate inversion. A field case illustrate MRS application conducted at Bouchane phosphate deposit will be presented. A comparison of the hydrodynamic parameters of the studied aquifer, determined by MRS method and those resulting from old pumping tests will be carried out. We expect to establish an approach to assessing regional or local groundwater resources by gradually correlating MRS supplied parameters, database pump test results and others complementary hydrogeological information sources. The multilayer character of the aquifer will be discussed and the techniques of MRS data processing allowing to estimate its water content, depth, thickness and hydrodynamic parameters will be presented.

Abstract

Keywords: MRS method, groundwater resources, hydrodynamic parameters, Bahira-Gantour basin

References:

[1] Bernard J., Legchenko A. Groundwater, exploration with the Magnetic Resonance Sounding method, Proc. of the 16th ASEG Geophysical Conference and Exhibition, Adelaide, February 2003, and Invited Paper at the 65th EAGE Conference & Exhibition , Stavanger, June 2003.

[2] B.Haddouchi .Hydrogeological synthesis of the Bahira -Gantour basin and the drowned area of Youssoufia city, internal OCP report, June 2016.

179


Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Kef Essennoun phosphorite deposit (North Eastern Algeria)

Mohamed Dassamiour (1,*), Hamid Mezghache (2), Otmane Raji (3), Jean-Louis Bodinier (3,4)

(1) Department of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Spatial Planning, Frère Mentouri Constantine 1 University, Constantine 25000, Algeria

(2) Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Badji Mokhtar Annaba University, B.P. 12, Annaba 23000, Algeria

(3) Geology and Sustainable Mining Program, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco(4) Géosciences Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Campus Triolet, CC 60, Place Eugène-Bataillon,

34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France


The Kef Essennoun phosphorites belonging to the Djebel Onk–Gafsa–Metlaoui basin (northeastern Algeria) are part of the carbonate–phosphorite succession associated with Thanetian–Ypresian transgression-regression events. The economic phosphatic belt layers occur as a monocline with an average thickness of 35 m, dipping 10° to 15° southward and bounded to the west by the Ain Fouris shoal.

In this paper, facies and stratigraphic analysis were used to investigate the depositional and palaeoenvironmental settings of these phosphorites.

The Kef Essennoun carbonate–phosphorite succession can be divided into three broadly-defined facies associations, a lower carbonate facies association, a phosphatic facies, and an upper carbonate facies association. Deposits marked by clear variations in terms of facies and thickness are interpreted to have occurred on a sabkha to an inner shelf environment, where lithofacies stacking patterns record deposition through three sea-level cycles. The main economic phosphorite layer recording a coastal upwelling system was deposited during the transgressive systems tract of the 2nd dispositional sequence as a shoreface–inner shelf deposit under suboxic to anoxic conditions.

Further, the Kef Essennoun carbonate–phosphorite succession marks the Paleocene–Eocene transition, which was characterized by an arid climate and eustatic rise associated with compressive tectonic regimes [1, 2, 3].

Abstract

Keywords: Phosphorites, sequence stratigraphy, Kef Essennoun, shoreface, Algeria.

References:

[1] Kocsis L, Ounis A, Baumgartner C, et al (2014) Paleocene–Eocene palaeoenvironmental conditions of the main phosphorite deposits (Chouabine Formation) in the Gafsa Basin, Tunisia. J Afr Earth Sci 100:586–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.07.024

[2] Messadi AM, Mardassi B, Ouali JA, Touir J (2019) Phosphate genesis and concentration a response to sea level fluctuation in shallow marine environments of the lower Eocene deposits in the southern Tethyan margin: case study of the Gafsa Basin, southern Tunisia. Carbonates Evaporites 34:1489–1509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-019-00498-z

[3] Njahi Derbali Z, Touir J (2019) Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of the middle and upper Eocene succession from Jebel Kabbara (central Tunisia). J Afr Earth Sci 160:103599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103599

180


Cretaceous-Tertiary anoxic events and their genetic relationships with phosphatogenesis in Tarfaya-Laayoune-Dakhla Basin (Morocco)

Mohamed Amine Nguidi (1), Mustapha Mouflih (1), Salem El Ouariti (1), Abdelmajid Benbouziane (1),El Boukhari Hanane (1), Mohamed Aquit (2), Oussama Khadiri Yazami (2)

(1) Hassan II University of Casablanca(2) OCP. SA


The genesis of phosphorites remains a subject of debate; however, there is a genetic link between these rocks and high phytoplankton productivity. The Tarfaya Laayoune Dakhala Basin (TDLB) has been strongly affected by the different phases of oceanic anoxic events (OAEs). At the ocean scale, these events have been considered as a critical mechanism for the burial of organic carbon during specific time intervals, and are characterized by the presence of pelagic organic-rich sediments. The studied bituminous facies of the Tarfaya Formation of albo-Cenomanian age dated by palynomorphs, corresponding to OAE2, reflect the functioning of an oceanic margin where high primary productivity of organic matter is associated with upwelling phenomena. These facies are represented by a term of blackish bituminous mudstone composed mainly of quartz, calcite, and a phyllite procession dominated by kaolinite, illite, and traces of muscovite.

The paleoenvironment of this formation has been apprehended by means of constituents of the palynofacies, whose high proportion of spores and pollen compared to dinoflagellate cysts reflects a proximal environment with a strong continental influence. The nature of the sedimentary cover, the morphology of the basin, and these paleoenvironments all pay in favor of the interpretation of a restricted anoxic environment of a zone with diapiric manifestations that perhaps accentuated the confinement. These very anoxic conditions obstruct phosphogenenesis mechanisms at these times. Further south-west, in the Laayoune formations, attributed to Upper Campanian to Tertiary, corresponds perhaps to a more local anoxic event, layers of sediments rich in organic matter with stratified phosphatic elements and remarkably coprolitic have been found. These facies correspond to condensation phases topped by sedimentation break surfaces attributed to maximum flooding surface (MFS), sporadically phosphate particles concentrate in thin coprolitic beds.

These bituminous phosphatic sediments show mineralogical similarities with the first bituminous formation and show mineral phases, dominated by quartz, clay minerals (montmorillonite, illite), and characterized by a francolite phase. These bituminous formations are associated with an anoxic subsiding marine environment, evolving towards another more open environment where a well-developed oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) seems to have encroached on the shelf, promoting an arranged oxidation of organic matter creating a phosphogenic window.

Abstract

Keywords: Cretaceous –Tertiary, Phosphatogenesis, Tarfaya-Laayoune-Dakhla Basin, OAE, OMZ

181


Depressant effect of sodium alginate on calcitein fluorapatite flotation

M. Derqaoui (1,*), I. Aarab (1), A. Abidi (1), A. Yaacoubi (1), K. EL Amari (2), A. Etahiri (3), A. Baçaoui (1)

(1) : Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia-Marrakech (FSSM), Boulevard Prince My Abdellah, B.P. 2390, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco.

(2) : Laboratory of Georessources, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies of Marrakech (FSTG), Boulevard Abdelkrim Al Khattabi, BP 549, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco.

(3) : Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco.


Currently, direct froth flotation has gained increased economic and scientific interest as one of the promising processes to enrich the low-grade phosphate ore. However, selective flotation of apatite from accompanying minerals, particularly carbonates, remains a challenge for the phosphate industry. In this study, sodium alginate obtained from Moroccan brown seaweeds was tested as a novel depressant in the fluorapatite flotation.

Microflotation test results showed a high selective depression of calcite from fluorapatite when 80 mg/L of sodium alginate and 30 mg/L sodium oleate as collector was used at pH 10. These results were confirmed by additional measurements of adsorption amount, zeta potential, and FTIR spectroscopy, which showed that sodium alginate, was strongly adsorbed on the calcite surface by chelating with Ca2+ sites. However, it exhibited less affinity to fluorapatite.

This promising preliminary results on pure mineral phases need to be confirmed at laboratory flotation cell scale using a natural low grade phosphate.

Abstract

Keywords: Low-grade, direct flotation, sodium alginate, selective separation

182


Gravity investigations in the Bahira basin, Morocco. Interpretation andhydrogeological implications

Mohammed JAFFAL (1,2*), Azzouz KCHIKACH (1,2), Samia ROCHDANE (3), Oussama KHADIRI (3),Jean-Louis BODINIER (2), Es-Said JOURANI (3), Ahmed MANAR (4),

(1) Georessources, Geoenvironment and Civil Engineering (L3G) Laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University(2) Geology and Sustainable Mining, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Morocco

(3) OCP Group, Morocco(4) Ministry of Energy and Mines, Rabat, Morocco


The Bahira plain is experiencing a great agricultural development that attests of its economic interest. This interest is also related to the mining activity represented by the phosphates extraction in the deposits located along its northern border. In order to meet the increasing need of water supply for these economic activities, especially irrigation, the groundwater of the Bahira basin is subject to intense exploitation caused by the excessive pumping.

According to these considerations, a good knowledge of the underground water resources of the Bahira basin is essential. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct different investigations in order to understand the functioning of Bahira aquifers. The present study took place within this framework, with the perspective of improving the knowledge of deep geological structure of this basin. It is based on the processing and interpretation of gravimetric data.

The qualitative analysis of the residual map, in the light of the new geological knowledge of the study area, helps explain the anomalies observed in terms of undulations of the Bahira basin Paleozoic basement. Indeed, positive anomalies are clearly associated with the outcrops of this basement in the Hercynian massifs of the Jebilets and the Rehamna, as well as with Douar Rhirat structural high which seems to extend towards the northwest under the Gantour plateau. Some negative signatures are explained by the existence of granite intrusions. Nevertheless, others anomalies are most likely to be caused by the thickness increase of the sedimentary series in the southern border of the basin. This constitute a marginal trough, which may have a significant potential in water resources.

In addition, the gravity contacts analysis of the residual data has been carried out using a series of filtering methods: total horizontal gradient, upward continuation, theta map and Euler deconvolution ([1], [2], [3]). These processing help delineate various geological structures that are oriented following two main directions NW-SE and NE-SW. Among these structures, several major faults have been highlighted. They are responsible for the structuring of the Bahira basin and the morphology of its basement into structural highs and lows that disturb its monotony as an asymmetrical syncline. The structural map produced at the end of this study provides a better understanding of the structure of the Bahira basin. It constitutes a basic support that could guide the future hydrogeological studies in this basin.

Abstract

Keywords: Gravimetry; Filtering; Contact analysis; structure, hydrogeology; Bahira basin; Morocco

References:

[1] Cordell, L., Grauch, V. J. S., 1985. Mapping basement magnetization zones from aeromagnetic data in the San Juan Basin New Mexico, in Hinze, ed. Utility of regional gravity and magnetic maps: SEG, 181–197

[2] Thompson, D., 1982. EULDPH. A new technique for making computer-assisted depth estimates from magnetic data. Geophysics 47 (1), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1190/1. 1441278.

[3] Wijns, C., Perez, C., Kowalczyk, P., 2005. Theta map: edge detection in magnetic data. Geophysics 70(4): 39-43.

183


Origin and sedimentary dynamics of Maastrichtian phosphatic and bituminous facies of the residual basins of the Middle Atlas (Morocco)

Mustapha Mouflih(1); Mohamed Amine Nguidi(1); Salem El Ouariti(1); Mohammed Elattmani(1);El Boukhari Hanane(1); Abdelmajid Benbouziane(1) ; Mohamed Aquit(2); Oussama Khadiri Yazami(2)

(1) Hassan II University of Casablanca, LDBSCG,Casablanca(2) Strategic Development Department / Industrial Development Department OCP s.a.


Given the lack and absence of precise data on phosphates in the Middle Atlas, we have begun a strategic exploration to assess the importance of phosphogenesis in this region of Morocco. The main objective of this work is to provide more information on the sedimentological and geochemical aspects of phosphates in the Middle Atlas, in particular the residual basins: Baqrit, Bou Anguer, and Oudiksou. Two sedimentary systems can be identified in the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene series of the Middle Atlas. They are separated by a sequence boundary (SB) of supra-regional value.

Having never been buried beyond 500 m, these facies offer a model where the study of organic matter has provided valuable information on the origin of phosphates and the nature of the palaeogeographic phosphogenic system. It is only at the end of this first sedimentary system of Maastrichtian age that the more phosphate facies of the Middle Atlas appeared. Silty and marly facies dominate these phosphatic facies. They have concentrations that do not exceed 26% P2O5. These phosphatic facies have produced macrofauna of fish, reptiles, and mollusks of Maastrichtian age in the Baqrit, Bou Anguer, and Oudiksou residual basins. These are reworked facies of a superior subtidal environment. The bituminous processions reveal a wealth of amorphous organic matter and dinocysts.

This organic matter, which only reaches 20%, is immature and mainly of marine planktonic origin. These detrital phosphate facies are retrograde prisms that close the Maastrichtian sedimentary cycle. Bituminous “oil shale” facies can be divided into two types of sedimentary facies: very bituminous facies of early high stand and less bituminous phosphatic facies (pristine) of the late high stand. The organic matter-phosphate relationship is firmly conditioned by a phosphogenic environment with an oxidizing redox potential compared to an environment with firm anoxic sedimentation (bituminous facies in the literal meaning).

The latter is linked to a restricted and subsident palaeogeographic arrangement. Bituminous facies with phosphatic debris are linked to regressive phases. In contrast, reworked detrital phosphates are attributable to short flood phases in a zone where the redox conditions, neither nor too oxidizing nor too reducing, spare the organic matter from rapid and total mineralization or insolubilization respectively. This sedimentary dynamic has taken place in a marine gulf open to the Atlantic, Tethyan-influenced on one side and closed on the other.

It has attributed to the residual basins of the Middle Atlas, located at the bottom of the gulf and close to the continent, very anoxic conditions that inhibit phosphogenenesis.

Abstract

Keywords: Phosphate, Oil Shale, Phosphatogenesis, Maastrichtian-Paleogene, Middle Atlas

184


Granular phosphorites from the High-Atlas of Marrakesh:Composition and genetic implications

Salem El Ouariti(1); Mohamed Amine Nguidi(1); Mustapha Mouflih(1); El Boukhari Hanane(1);Mohammed Elattmani(1); El Mostafa Benfrika(1); Abdelmajid Benbouziane(1) ; Hicham Si Mhamdi(2)

(1) Hassan II University of Casablanca(2) University Moulay Ismail, Meknes


Phosphate sedimentation in Morocco occurred from the Late Cretaceous to the Middle Eocene in four main deposits: Oulad-Abdoun, Ganntour, Meskala and Oued Eddahab. Other phosphate occurrences have been recognized in the form of residual deposits in the Rif, Middle and High-Atlas, Ouarzazate basin and the Sousse basin. The High-Atlas of Marrakech is characterized by phosphate marine sedimentation from Maastrichtien to Eocene age, which reflects transgressive and regressive movements of a shallow epicontinental sea very influenced by continental inputs.

These eustatic cycles recorded two major sedimentary systems separated by a major unconformity linked to a prolonged and long-lasting emersion phase. The granular phosphorites of the High-Atlas of Marrakech studied in this work reflect well-sorted sediments of a very shallow platform influenced by storm waves and coastal currents. In association with these phosphorites, different types of phosphate-rich deposits were developed along the sea-level marked by key stratigraphic surfaces. The sedimentological and petrographic study of all these sediments reveals the presence of phosphatic limestones, phosphatic marls, sandy and microconglomeratic phosphate. These sediments show a variety of petrographic phosphatic elements wich record traces of reworking where we have grouped into phosphatic mudclasts, lithoclasts, phosphatic grains, skeletal particles, and coprolites.

The diversity of these lithofacies phosphate can be explained by an interaction between autocyclic hydrodynamic processes and allocyclic forcing that affected a pre-existing primary phosphate. The Hammocky Cross-Stratification (HCS) structure, the abundance of reworked lithoclast phosphate like particles and the particle size indexes reflecting good grading and transport by traction-saltation. All of these recordings suggest a P enrichment event by reworking, winnowing and transport of these sediments by successive floods of the transgressive interval (IT) of a third-order marine eustatic cycle.

Abstract

Keywords: Phosphorite, High-Atlas of Marrakesh, Paleogene, Reworking

185


Experimental and computational fluid dynamic CFD modeling of the removalof acid orange 7 dye in continuous fixed bed reactor by alkaline treated eggshell

S.Akazdam(A*),M.Chafi(A), W. Yassine(A) L.H. Omari(B)

(A) Laboratory of Engineering, Processes and Environment (LEPE) University Hassan II, Graduate School of Technology, Eljadida Road KM 7,Casablanca, 20660, Morocco.

(B) LPMMAT, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco.

Corresponding author,* Email: [email protected]

In this study, experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out to examineacidorange 7 (AO7)adsorptionbysodium hydroxide treated eggshells (SHTES). Experiments were carried outin a fixed bed column at 20°C and using an average particle size diameter of 7 mm.

Effects of different parameters on the column performance; e.g., flow rate (2, 4 and 6 mL/min), initial concentration of dye (30, 50 and 80 mg/L) and bed height (5, 10 and 15 cm) were investigated. A general model was used to predict the breakthrough curves of the fixed bed for AO7 sorption. The finite element method was tested for the numerical calculation of equations in the model. A 2D axisymmetric model combined with Navier-Stokes and diffusion-convection equations was employed for the simulation. Experimental data obtained for different inlet flow rates and AO7 concentrations were used for the model validation.

There was a good agreement (similarity) between the numerical and experimental results of the graphic breakthrough of the fixed bed reactor adsorption.

Abstract

Keywords: Adsorption; Diffusion; Breakthrough; Water treatment; Environment.

186


Rare earth-intercalated bentonite as anticorrosive pigments for mild steel in a 3% NaCl solution

M. Elmourabit (1), F.Chaouket (1), K .Draoui (1), A. Ait Aghzzaf (2), I.Allaoui (1) I.Raissouni (1) and D.Bouchta (1)

Keywords: Intercalated Bentonite, mild steel, Basal spacing, Corrosion inhibition

References:[1] De Damborenea, J., Conde, A., & Arenas, M. A. (2014). Corrosion inhibition with rare earth metal compounds in aqueous solutions. Rare Earth-Based Corrosion Inhibitors, 84–116.[2] A. Ait Aghzzaf, B. Rhouta, E. Rocca, A. Khalil, Grafted palygorskite as containers of heptanoate for corrosion protection of steel in NaCl medium, Corros. Sci, 2017, 114, 88-95.[3] C.L. Chen, Y. He, G.Q. Xiao, et al., Prog. Org. Coat. 1329 (2019) 316–327.

(1) Material and interfacial systems Laboratory, ERESI team, Department of chemistry, faculty of Science, Abdelmalek Essadi University, Tetouan, Morocco.

(2) Laboratory of Applied and Didactic Sciences (LASAD), École Normale Supérieure de Tetouan, Morocco.


The present study aims to develop new clay-based micro-tanks for cations well known for their high corrosion inhibition efficiency, to be used as anti-corrosion fillers in paints. For this purpose, the homoionized clay minerals of bentonite type (Na-Bent) was modified with rare earth cations (La3, Ce3+). The intercalation of the ions into the bentonite interlamellar space was achieved by cation exchange reactions. This intercalation was proved by the FT-IR analysis which shows the presence of the characteristic bumps for the O-La and O-Ce bonds in both clays (La3+-Bent and Ce3+-Bent) whereas it missedin raw clay.The corrosion resistance of mild steel in a saline environment (NaCl 3%) was evaluated by stationary and transient electrochemical methods, in the absence and presence of the developed. materials Generally both materials (La3+-Bent and Ce3+-Bent) show similar and very considerable performance with an efficiency of 90% during 24 hours of immersion time. The synergy effect of the inhibitors was also examined.

For this purpose, different proportions were used to determine the optimal proportion that gives the best performance.

Abstract

187


Adsorption of a textile effluent from aqueous solutions onto modified Moroccan clay:

Equilibrium and kinetic studiesAbdelfattah El Mahbouby (1, *), Souad Zyade (1), Reda Elkacmi (2)

Keywords: Moroccan clay, cationic surfactant, kinetic, thermodynamic parameters

(1) Laboratory of Engineering, Processes and Environment (LEPE), High School of Technology,University Hassan II of Casablanca, Morocco.

(2) Environmental and Agro-Industrial Process Team, Department of Chemistry and Environment,Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, BP 523, Beni-Mellal, Morocco.


In this work, the purification and organophilic modification of Moroccan clay were carried out using the cation exchange method by inserting a cationic surfactant into the interfoliar space. The structure and surface properties of clay before and after modification were examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The use of this modified clay as an adsorbent for the treatment of a textile effluent has shown a significant removal efficiency of the pollutant load.

The experiments were carried out under static conditions to optimize certain parameters such as pH, adsorbent concentration and contact time. The kinetic study has shown that the second order model is better suited for a contact time of 60 min. The study of adsorption isotherms shows that the Langmuir model correctly describes the adsorption process with a maximum adsorbed amount of 204 mg/g at 25 °C.

The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG °, ΔH ° and ΔS °) values reveal that the adsorption reaction is spontaneous and exothermic for the dye by the modified clay.

Abstract

188


Kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamic adsorption studiesof diuron onto bottom ash

Abdelouahab El HADRAMI(1,*), Mohamed ZBAIR(2), Rachid BRAHMI(2)

Keywords: Bottom ash, solid waste, Diuron, adsorption, wastewater.

(1) Laboratory of Physico-Chemistry of Materials (LPCM), Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chouaïb Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco

(2) Laboratory of Coordination and Analytical Chemistry (LCCA) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chouaïb Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco

*Email (Abdelouahab EL HADRAMI): [email protected]

Bottom ash are a solid waste produced in huge quantities by thermal power plants. Their valuation as adsorbent is one of the best solutions. On the other hand, diuron, a herbicide, when applied excessively can harm surface and groundwater. Indeed, to solve this twofold problem, we propose in this work the study of diuron adsorption on the bottom ash. The optimal conditions of adsorption have been determined.

The adsorption kinetics, equilibrium isotherms and regeneration potential of diuron removal by bottom ash was investigated in batch tests. Pseudo-first order model described well the kinetic data and Langmuir model show a high correlation with equilibrium data, which suggested monolayer adsorption of diuron onto bottom ash with a higher adsorption capacity (349.52 mg/g) compared to other adsorbents.

The thermodynamic behavior revealed that adsorption phenomenon of diuron onto bottom ash ensued spontaneously and endothermic in nature. The regeneration method show that bottom ash can be recycled easily from wastewater using ethanol as solvent. The outcomes show that bottom ash adsorbent could be used in improving the quality of wastewater as providing a waste disposal option for the industry.

Abstract

189


Computational thermodynamics assessment in the developmentof a novel corrosion-abrasion resistant alloy

M. Maher(1,3*), T. Zirari(2), I. Iraola(1), H. Benyoucef(1), B. Rhouta(3), V. Trabadelo(1)

Keywords: Computational thermodynamics, ThermoCalc®, HCx®, 316L, stainless steel, corrosion, abrasion.

(1) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir 43150, Morocco(2) Faculty of Science and Technology, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University (AEU), Tangier, Morocco

(3) IMED-Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, Cadi Ayyad University (UCA), Marrakech 40000, Morocco


The present investigation aims at using computational thermodynamics to predict the microstructure and phases of a novel corrosion-abrasion resistant alloy and comparing findings with the experimental results to assess the reliability of the method. To fabricate the alloy with the desired properties, i.e. both corrosion and abrasion resistance, two commercial steels in the form of powders were mixed: the abrasion resistant HCx® steel and the corrosion resistant 316L grade stainless steel. The composition of HCx® being given, its phase diagram was calculated by means of the software ThermoCalc®, the main phases being ferrite and the M23C6 (chromium rich) hard carbides, that are necessary for the abrasion resistance. The phase diagrams of different mixtures of the corrosion resistant 316L stainless steel (5wt.%, 10wt.%, 15wt.%, 20wt.%, 30wt.% and 50wt.%) and the abrasion resistant HCx® steel were calculated using ThermoCalc® to predict the formed phases as a function of temperature. The computed results confirmed that the designed steel would have a suitable microstructure to be corrosion-abrasion resistant.

Experimentally, the two powders were rotationally mixed to ensure their homogenization. The in-house melting tests were conducted under different temperatures considering the phase diagrams given by ThermoCalc®. The microstructure of the obtained steels was characterized by means of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and microscopic techniques. The obtained microstructures were discussed and compared with those predicted by computational thermodynamics.

Abstract

190


Applying Detailed Quantum Mechanics, Molecular Dynamics Simulations Studies and Electrochemical Explorations of Biopolymer “Lignin” as New Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitor on the Cu-Zn Alloy in

3% NaCl SolutionAnas Chraka (1, *), Ihssane Raissouni (1), Nordin Ben Seddik (1), Said Khayar (1),

Mustapha El Hadri (2), Khalid Draoui(1), Faiza Chaouket (1) and Dounia Bouchta (1)

Keywords: Cu-Zn alloy, DFT, Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam, Corrosion, lignin

References:[1] A. Chraka, I. Raissouni, N. Ben Seddik, S. Khayar, A.I. Mansour, S. Tazi, F. Chaouket, D. Bouchta, Identification of Potential Green Inhibitors Extracted from Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. for the Corrosion of Brass in 3% NaCl Solution: Experimental, SEM–EDX Analysis, DFT Computation and Monte Carlo Simulation Studies, J. Bio- Tribo-Corrosion. 6 (2020) 80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-020-00377-4.[2] N. Ben Seddik, I. Raissouni, K. Draoui, A. Aït Aghzzaf, A. Chraka, B. Aznag, F. Chaouket, D. Bouchta, Calcite, the main corrosion inhibitor contained in the raw clay (Rhassoul) of brass in 3% NaCl medium. Mediterr J Chem 9 (2019):236–248.

(1) Materials and Interfacial Systems Laboratory, ERESI Team. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco.

(2) Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco.


The present work aims to characterize the biopolymer “Lignin” extracted from Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam (Apiaceae). In addition, the ability of lignin to inhibit the corrosion of Cu-Zn alloy in a 3% NaCl solution was investigated experimentally and theoretically. Various techniques, like potentiodynamic polarization curves, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), UV–Visible and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) have been used to test the inhibition properties of lignin extracted from Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam in 3% NaCl medium. The results obtained show that the corrosion rate of Cu-Zn alloy decreased when increasing concentrations with maximum inhibition efficiency of lignin (90.23%) at 1 g/L in the corrosive medium. The quantum mechanics modelling using the density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to interpret the mechanism of inhibition of the lignin.

Furthermore, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations was carried out to provide information on the adsorption mechanism of the studied inhibitor through the active sites on the metal surface. The theoretical study was in good agreement with the experimental data.

Abstract

191


Design and characterization of novel organic compounds based on Benzocarbazoles for application in DSSC as efficient renewable

resourcesF.Barghady(1,*), M. Hachi(2), S. Elkhattabi(1, 2), A.Touimi Benjelloun(2)

Keywords: Benzocarbazole; Organic colorants; TD-DFT; optoelectronic properties.

References:[1]Han, L., Meng, X., Ye, H., & Cui, Y. “Novel D-π-A benzocarbazole dyes with simple structures for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 376 (2019): 127-134. [2] ElKhattabi, S., Hachi, M., Fitri, A., Benjelloun, A. T., Benzakour, M., Mcharfi, M., & Bouachrine, M. “Theoretical study of the effects of modifying the structures of organic dyes based on N, N-alkylamine on their efficiencies as DSSC sensitizers.” Journal of Molecular Modeling 25, no. 1 (2019): 9.[3] Hachi, M., Slimi, A., Fitri, A., ElKhattabi, S., Benjelloun, A.T., Benzakour, M. and Mcharfi, “New small organic molecules based on thieno [2, 3-b] indole for efficient bulk heterojunction organic solar cells: a computational study.” Molecular Physics 118, no. 8 (2020): e1662956.

(1) Engineering, Systems and Applications Laboratory, National School of Applied Sciences, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez.

(2) Systems Engineering, Modelling and Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, BP 1796 - 30000, Atlas - Fez, Fez.


Solar energy is the renewable energy by excellence,, it is an inexhaustible energy and has several advantages. In this field, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have received significant interest in both academic and industrial fields. Thus, considerable efforts have been made to search for effective sensitizers to improve the efficiency of DSSCs.

In the present work, we are interested in the theoretical study of new benzocarbazole-based dyes recently synthesized by Liang Han et al [1].Our study focused on the determination of the impact of the different changes in the structure of these organic dyes, type D-π-A, on the optoelectronic properties (λmax, EHOMO,..) and on the photovoltaic properties (VOC, Jsc,...).

The calculations were performed using quantum chemistry methods, such as DFT. The used functional is B3LYP with 6-31G (d,p) basis set, which have proved its efficiency in the study of analogous systems [2].

We simulated the UV-visible spectrum using TD-DFT/CAM-B3LYP [3] by introducing the solvent effect (chloroform). The obtained results show that the materials studied absorb in the visible and are good candidates for DSSCs.

Abstract

192


Swelling and non swelling Moroccan clay functionalization: application as nanoadsorbent in water treatment

B. Boumhidi (1) , A. Peña (2) ; L. Bounab (1) , K. Draoui (1) ,

Keywords: Clay, surface modification, adsorption, water decontamination.

References:1. Caillere S, Henin S, Rautureau M: Minéalogie des argiles: 1. Structures et propriétés physico-chimiques. 2. Classification et nomenclatures, Masson, Paris, 1982 2. Ahrouch M. Gatica J. M., Draoui K., Bellido D., Vidal H., Lead removal from aqueous solution by means of integral natural clays honeycomb monoliths, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2019, 365, 519-530 3. Azejjel H., del Hoyo C., Draoui K., Rodrı´guez-Cruz M.S., Sa´nchez-Martın M.J., Natural and modified clays from Morocco as sorbents of ionizable herbicides in aqueous medium Desalination , 2009, 249, 1151-1158. 4. Nicoleta A., Suciu N., Capri E., Adsorption of chlorpyrifos, penconazole and metalaxyl from aqueous solution by modified clays , J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B 2009, 44, 525–532

(1) Département de chimie, Laboratoire Matériaux et systèmes interfaciaux, Faculté des sciences, Tétouan-Maroc(2) Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR), Avenida de las Palmeras 4, 18100-Armilla, Granada, Spain


The increasing presence of pollutants in groundwater and wastewater gives rise to important environmental issues due to the potential health hazards associated with the potential introduction of these chemical compounds into the food chain of humans and animals. Several treatment methods have been successfully used for decontamination of water, including adsorption, electrolysis, flotation, precipitation, ion exchange, liquid-liquid extraction, or membrane filtration. Adsorption is recognized to be a promising and a cost-effective process to remove both organic and inorganic pollutants from aqueous medium. The use of clays, available in large quantities at very low costs, as adsorbent is of legitimate interest in the treatment of waters. Clays and clay minerals develop an important surface specific area, permanent negative charge, and high cationic exchange capacity [1,2]. To improve the adsorptive capacity of clay minerals for neutral organic compounds, the exchangeable inorganic interlamellar cations of clays should be replaced by cationic surfactants (ammonium cations) in order to change the hydrophilic surface of clay into a hydrophobic one [3,4].

A series of clays with different structures was used, commercial bentonite (Bent), clays from the regions of Fes (Fs), Tetouan (OL), and Granada (R1). These clays were used in their natural state and modified by two cationic surfactants, octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (ODTMA) and hexadecylpyridinium bromide (HDP), and have been applied for the adsorption of the fungicide metalaxyl and congo red anionic dye.

The adsorbents were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The studied materials offer a large variety of swelling and non-swelling clay minerals. The XRD pointed out the intercalation of the surfactants into the swelling clays.

The adsorption experiment results reveal a huge improvement of metalaxyl adsorption by Bent and OL clays after their modification by the two surfactants and a decrease for the other two modified clays (Fs and R1). However, the modification did not improve the adsorption of anionic congo red for all the clays studied. Most organo-clays displayed a higher affinity towards the neutral form of the pesticide molecule and the anionic dye than untreated clays, but the modification in adsorption capacity varies depending on the characteristics of the adsorbate and the interlayer organic cation.

The Langmuir equation fitted only the experimental data of metalaxyl adsorption for Bent and OL. On the contrary, the Freundlich equation fitted well all adsorption isotherms with determination coefficients 0.98, pointing to the existence of a heterogeneous adsorbent surface. The high Kf value observed for the adsorption of metalaxyl on Bent modified by ODTMA, suggests that this adsorbent is the most effective for removing metalaxyl from aqueous medium.

Abstract

193


Valorization of ceramic industry waste: elaboration and characterization of geopolymer/fired broken pieces

D.ALLAOUI(1*), H.MAJDOUBI(2), H.HANNACHE(2,3),B.MANOUN1(3)

References:[1] Davidovits J. Geopolymer chemistry and applications. Saint-Quentin France: Institut Geopolymere; 2008.[2] Provis JL, van Deventer JSJ, editors. Geopolymers: structures, processing,properties and industrial applications. Abingdon, UK: Woodhead Publishing;2009.[3] Davidovits J. Geopolymers: inorganic polymeric new materials. J Therm Anal 1991;37:1633–56.[4] Barbosa VFF, MacKenzie KJD. Synthesis and thermal behavior of potassium sialate geopolymers. Mater Lett 2003;57:1477–82.

(1) Laboratoire des Sciences des Matériaux des Milieux et de la Modélisation (LS3M), FST Settat, Université Hassan 1er, Settat, Maroc.

(2) Laboratoire d’Ingénierie et Matériaux (LIMAT), Faculté des Sciences Ben M’sik , Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Maroc(3) Département des Science des Matériaux et Nano-ingénierie (MSN), Université Mohamed VI Polytechnique, Benguerir,

Maroc.


Geopolymers, also called inorganic polymers, ecomaterials or ecopolymers have attracted a considerable attention in recent years because of their good chemical and thermal behaviour and high compressive strength [1]. These properties give them a wide potential of applications, so they are considered as alternative materials to several traditional materials such as portland cement and traditional ceramics...[2], in addition to their high performance properties, geopolymers have an ecological aspect and economical in terms of energy. Their use can reduce emissions of greenhouse gases during the manufacture of portland cement and other energy consuming materials [3,4] . Geopolymers are generally obtained by activating an aluminosilicate source, mainly kaolinite and meta-kaolinite with an alkali metal hydroxide (Na+, K+), and the resulting mixture is consolidated at approximately room temperature [1]. On the other hand, the sanitary ceramics industry regenerates different types of solid waste such as fired broken pieces. These wastes pose several ecological problems in Morocco, which implies the need to reuse them in a more profitable and environmentally friendly way. The present study consists in the elaboration and characterization of a geopolymer concrete/fired broken pieces mix. The experimental process consists in adding to the geopolymer paste, the case-fired concrete as reinforcement in different percentages and at different granulometries in order to increase the mechanical, thermal and chemical performances of the geopolymers; the compressive strength, the resistance to high temperatures and the resistance to aggressive environments are studied. Preliminary results have shown that the addition of a percentage of fired break between 10% and 50% can increase the compressive strength up to 65 MPa. The continuation of this work consists in studying the resistance to aggressive media of the composites developed, such as acid, basic and marine environments. In the light of these results, it can be deduced that geopolymer/fired concrete can valorize the wastes of a large part of the ceramic industries, and reduce the impact on the environment.

Abstract

194


Study of the influence of the clinker rate on the carbonationof concrete

H.Laziz, A.Choukir, S.Ziyade

Keywords: Durability, carbonation, concrete. Coating

References:1] NM.10.1.004: composition, specification and conformity criterion2].NM.10.1.008: Specification, performance, production and conformity3].FprCEN/TS 12390-12 “Test for hardened concrete - Part 12: Determination of the potential carbonation resistance of concrete - Accelerated carbonation method” (2010).


The cement industry, out of concern for the optimization of natural resources and the reduction of co2 emissions, is considering in the near future reducing the cement clinker rate.

Cement is subject to specification standards that it must meet in order to ensure the strength and durability of concrete [1].1 The durability of concrete has now become an unavoidable requirement of the current concrete standards, in this case the Moroccan standard NM.10.008 [2].

A durable concrete is a concrete that has characteristics that allow it to cope with the environment. One of the characteristics is the resistance to carbonation of concrete by the action of co2. This characteristic is directly linked to cement, as all concrete manufactured today has performance characteristics that have long been due to the use of cement.

The question being asked today is whether lowering the clinker rate will not affect the strength of the concrete.

The object of our research is to demonstrate experimentally by tests the evolution of the carbonation rate of concrete made with cement of different clinker rate.

An experimental study has been carried out on comparison tests with common cements and cements with different clinker rates.

The approach adopted is to make concrete from cements with clinker content less than 65% in accordance with NM.10.1.008 and to subject them to accelerated carbonation tests [3].

Abstract

195


Alginate-Bentonite composite beads: Enhancement of cadmium removal from aqueous medium

Ikrame Ayouch(1,*), Ilias Barrak(1), Zineb Kassab(2), Mounir El Achaby(2), Abdeslam Barhoun(1), Khalid Draoui(1)

Keywords: Alginate, Bentonite, composite, cadmium, adsorption

References:[1] R. Fabryanty, C. Valencia, F.E. Soetaredjo, J.N. Putro, S.P. Santoso, A. Kurniawan, Y.H. Ju, S. Ismadji, Removal of crystal violet dye by adsorption using bentonite – alginate composite, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 5 (2017) 5677–5687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.10.057.

Acknowledgements:This work was financially supported by the Office Chérifien des Phosphates (OCP) via APPHOS projects. It was performed at Mohamed VI polytechnic university (UM6P) as a part of a research internship. The authors would like to thank Pr. Jones Alami head of Materials Science and Nanoengineering Department (MSN) at UM6P for agreeing with the course of this project at MSN department.

(1) Laboratory of Materials and Interfacial Systems, Faculty of Sciences Tetouan, University Abdelmalek Essaadi (UAE), P.B. 2121, 93000 Tétouan, Morocco

(2) Materials Science and Nano-engineering department (MSN), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P),Lot 660 – Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150, Benguerir, Morocco


The present study focused on the synthesis of new composites (AL-BE) based on bentonite clay (BE) and alginate polymer (AL). Physical and chemical properties of the studied materials were evaluated using different characterization techniques, namely SEM/EDS, XRD, FTIR, TGA, and BET. Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed the successful preparation of the composite and indicated that the bonding between alginate and BE particles was achieved through the electrostatic interaction of the carboxyl groups of sodium alginate [1]. Adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamic study were carried out in batch experiments and various condition parameters were investigated in order to identify the adsorption process. The performed adsorption studies indicated that the equilibrium was reached within 180 min. The adsorption kinetics data were well fitted to the pseudo-second order model, and the adsorption isotherms were well described by Langmuir model showing a remarkable improvement in the adsorption ability of the composite compared to neat BE, with maximum adsorption capacities of 40.65 mg/g and 58.14 mg/g for BE and BE-AL, respectively. The pH of the medium seemed to play an important role in the adsorption mechanism. Indeed, the adsorption performances of the studied materials was drastically affected in a strongly acidic medium. Otherwise, thermodynamic study indicated that the adsorption of cadmium to BE-AL is endothermic, spontaneous and favorable.

Abstract

196


Synthesis of Moroccan stevensite-layered double hydroxide composite for heavy metals retention from aqueous medium

I. Barrak(1*), I. Ayouch(1), Zineb Kassab(2) , M. El Achaby (2), A. Barhoun(1), K. Draoui (1)

Keywords: Stevensite, LDH, Adsorption, Copper, Cadmium, clays, heavy earths.

References:[1] J. Menezes et al., “Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as carrier of antimony aimed for improving leishmaniasis chemotherapy,” Appl. Clay Sci., vol. 91–92, pp. 127–134, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2013.12.029.

Acknowledgements:This work was financially supported by the Office Chérifien des Phosphates (OCP) via APPHOS projects. It was performed at Mohamed VI polytechnic university (UM6P) as a part of a research internship. The authors would like to thank Pr. Jones Alami head of Materials Science and Nanoengineering Department (MSN) at UM6P for agreeing with the course of this project at his department.

(1) Laboratory of Materials and Interfacial Systems- Faculty of Sciences-Tetouan-University Abdelmalek Essaadi (UAE), P.B. 2121, 93000 Tétouan, Morocco

(2) Materials Science and Nano-engineering department (MSN), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P),Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150, Benguerir, Morocco


Over the last decade, the research on layered double hydroxides has been developed in several fields and applications due to their high adsorption capacity, low costs of raw materials and easy way to prepare [1]. For this purpose, the present study focused on synthesizing a Stevensite-LDH (Gh-LDH) composite by co-precipitation method with the incorporation of stevensite particles; and studying its ability to remove copper and cadmium ions from aqueous solutions by the simple adsorption method.

Gh-LDH was characterized by means of XRD analysis, XRF, SEM and FTIR in order to investigate the mineral and element compositions, surface morphology and surface functional groups. The effects of various physico-chemical parameters were investigated such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and initial metal concentration.

Results revealed that pH 5 was found to be optimal for copper retention and pH 6 for cadmium. Both copper and cadmium removal using LDH-Gh tended to fit the pseudo second order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity evaluated by the mathematical model of Langmuir was about 53.19 mg. g-1 for copper and 35.33 mg. g-1 for cadmium.

Abstract

197


Synthesis, spectroscopic properties, thermal behaviorand electrochemical efficiency of novel Keggin-type lacunary

polyoxometalatesImane El arrouji (1*), Jamil Toyir (2), Abdallah Oulmekki (1)

Keywords: Lacunary polyoxometalate, keggin, incorporation, transition metals, oxidation behavior

References:[1] K. Suzuki, M. Shinoe and N. Mizuno, J Inorg. Chem., vol. 51, pp. 11574–11581, 2012[2] B. Huang, D.-H. Yang, and B.-H. Han, J. Mater. Chem. A Rev., vol. 8, pp. 4593–4628, 2020.[3] U. Jameel, M. Zhu, X. Chen, and Z. Tong, J. Mater. Sci., vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 2181–2198, 2016.[4] P. Shringarpure, B. K. Tripuramallu, and K. Patel, J Coord. Chem. , vol. 64, pp. 37–41, 2012.

(1) Laboratory of Processes, Materials and Environment (LPME), Faculty of Science and Technology Fez,University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP. 2202 Morocco

(2) Laboratory of Processes, Materials and Environment (LPME), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, B.P 1223, Taza, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Morocco


Phosphates are a strategic source of phosphorus in the environment, with a great importance in both economically and scientific plans. The development of novel phosphorus-based materials with specific properties is a benefit to enhance the phosphates industry. Polyoxometalates have attracted more interest thanks to their characteristics and applications in various sectors [1-3].

In this investigation new lacunary polyoxometalate salts (L-POMs) Ni2.5PMo11MO39 (M = Co, Fe, Cu, Zn), were synthesized using an inorganic condensation method [4]. POMs structure was checked by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Visible spectroscopy was used to follow transition metals inside POMs frameworks, thermal behavior was characterized by differential thermal analysis coupled to differential scanning calorimetry (DTA/DSC) and textural properties of compounds were determined using physical adsorption of N2. The electrochemical study of POMs materials was performed using cyclic vlotammetry.

XRD and FTIR results show that the Keggin structure is preserved with the appropriate order positioning of the cations in the structure. The thermal stability of L-POMs compounds was improved by the incorporation of the metal into the keggin structure inducing a positive effect on the crystallographic configuration with better thermal resistance.

The electrochemical investigation revealed that the oxidation behavior of synthesized L-POMs has been improved, which indicates the potential of these compounds to be involved in many industrial processes.

Abstract

198


Rietveld refinement and spectroscopic studies of new vanadate garnets NaPb3-xCaxCd(VO4)3; (0 ≤ x ≤ 1)

M. BEN BAAZIZ(1,*), M. AZDOUZ(1), M. AZROUR(1) and B. MANOUN(2)

References:[1] J. Rodriguez-Carvajal, Collected Abstracts of Powder Diffraction Meeting, Toulouse, France, (1990) 127-128.[2] T. Roisnel, J. Rodriguez-Carvajal, Mater. Sci. Forum 118 (2001) 378-381.[3] R.D.Shannon. Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Acta Cryst A32, 751–767 (1976).

Keywords: Inorganic compounds, Vanadate garnets, Rietveld refinements, Vibrational spectroscopy

(1) University Moulay Ismail, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Matériaux, Département de Chimie, Errachidia, Morocco.

(2) Univ. Hassan 1er, Laboratoire des Sciences des Matériaux, des Milieux et de la Modélisation (LS3M),FPK 25000, Khouribga, Morocco.

Corresponding author email* : [email protected]

The vanadate garnets structure of NaPb3-xCaxCd(VO4)3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) were characterized with Infrared, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction are most useful methods in identifying functional groups and establishing the processing efficiency and purity of vanadate garnets compounds. The refinement study was carried out by the Rietveld method using the FULLPROF program [1] integrated into the WINPLOTR software [2], where the obtained results show a good agreement between the experimental and the simulated intensities evaluated in terms of R-factors.

The results of X-ray powder diffraction pattern of NaPb3-xCaxCd(VO4)3 with different values of x obtained by solid state method are shown that the title compound crystallizes in the cubic system with space group Ia-3d (No.230).

The diffractograms of all the compositions are similar and show a single vanadate garnet phase. According to Bragg’s law and since Ca2+ ionic radius is smaller than that of Pb2+ ions. The progressive substitution of lead by calcium provokes a decrease of the unit cell parameters a and V.

The decrease is due to the substitution of Pb2+ (ri = 1.29Å) by Ca2+ (ri = 1Å) [3].

Raman and Infrared spectra of all the compositions are similar and show some linear shifts in band positions as a function of the composition toward high frequencies. This displacement is due to substitution of Pb2+ by Ca2+ having a smaller radius.

Abstract

199


Clay-based structured ceramic materialsfor environmental applications

Mohammadi ahrouch(1,2*),Hilario vidal(2), Jose manuel gatica(2), Khalid draoui(1), Dolores bellido(3),and M. Pilar yeste(2)

Keywords: Adsorption, Clay, Heavy metals, CO2 capture, Dye, Honeycomb monoliths, Water and air depollution.

References:1. Martinho, V.J.P.D., Best management practices from agricultural economics: Mitigating air, soil and water pollution. Science of the Total Environment, 2019. 688: p. 346-360.2. Ibrahim, M., et al., Hydroxyapatite, a multifunctional material for air, water and soil pollution control: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2020. 383.3. M.D. Meyer, O.A.E., Transportation and Public Health: An Integrated Approach to Policy. Planning, and Implementation 2019. 4: p. 65-106.4. J.M. Gatica, H.V., Non-cordierite clay-based structured materials for environmental applications. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010. 15 p. 9-18.5. Ahrouch, M., et al., Lead removal from aqueous solution by means of integral natural clays honeycomb monoliths. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2019. 365: p. 519-530.6. M. Ahrouch, J.M.G., K. Draoui, H. Vidal,, Adding value to natural clays as low cost adsorbents of methylene blue in polluted water through honeycomb monoliths manufacture, SN Applied Sciences 2019. 1: p. 1595.7. M. Ahrouch, J.M.G., K. Draoui, D. Bellido, H. Vidal, , Honeycomb filters as an alternative to powders in the use of clays to remove cadmium from water. Just accepted at Chemosphere 2020.8. Yeste, M.P., et al., Clay honeycomb monoliths as low cost CO2 adsorbents. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2017. 80: p. 415-423.9. S. Harti, Extrusion de monolithe en forme de nid d’abeille à partir de minerais carboné et d’argiles locales: application à la dépollution des effluents gazeux contaminés par les COVs. Thèse de doctorat de l’université de Abdelmalek Essaadi (Maroc) / université de cadix (Espagne) 2010.

(1) Laboratoire Matériaux et Systèmes Interfaciaux, LMSI, Faculté des Sciences, Abdelemalek Essaadi University of Tetouan, Morocco

(2) Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Cadiz. Puerto Real, Spain.

(3) Departamento de Química Analítica. Facultad de Ciencias, University of Cádiz. Puerto Real, Spian.


Nowadays, water and air pollution has become a major concern worldwide. The pollution of water resources is one of the main causes of environmental pollution, along with air pollution. Indeed, the growth of industrial and agricultural activities is accompanied by transport-related activities, and has resulted in a degradation of water and air quality [1, 2]. In this sense, the releases of natural or synthetic micropolluants in the environment are increasing. In addition, these pollutants are little or non-biodegradable. Their toxicological impacts on health and the environment are highly significant and very harmful. [3]

In the context to develop and improve abatement technologies for emerging pollutants in diverse environmental media, the use of clay-based honeycomb monoliths as low cost and extractive adsorbents has been drawing great attention in recent years. The present study focuses on the evaluation of natural clays from local deposits in northern Morocco and Spain for their use, as a base material, in the form of powder or honeycomb monoliths for the treatment of liquid effluents contaminated with organic dyes and heavy metals on the one hand and CO2 capture on the other hand. [5-8]

The choice of extrusion methodologies for the preparation of structured filters is more than reasonable taking into account the physicochemical properties of the selected clays. [9] The general objective that we proposed is the final use of the honeycomb monoliths made with these clays as filters for the effective elimination of micro-contaminants in diverse environmental media. The obtained results demonstrated a promising cost-effectiveness in the retention of micropollutants and therefore the proposed design can be used to purify water contaminated by heavy metals and/or organic dyes, as well as to clean up gaseous effluents containing atmospheric pollutants (VOCs and CO2), especially in the real-world environment.

Abstract

200


Bifunctional nanostructured manganese oxide: Low-cost, eco-friendly electrode for supercapacitors and electrocatalysts for the oxygen

evolution reactionM. Ait Himi(1,2,3), S. Elghachtouli(2), B. Youbi(1), Y. Lghazi(1), I. Bimaghra(1) and M. Dahbi(3)

Keywords: Manganese oxide, Nanostructured, Supercapacitors, Oxygen Evolution Reaction, Electrocatalysis.References:[1] F. Bonaccorso, L. Colombo, G. Yu, M. Stoller, V. Tozzini, A. C. Ferrari, R. S. Ruoff, V. Pellegrini, Science, 347, 1246501, 2015.[2] Sharma, Kriti et al, Journal of Energy Storage, 21, 801-825, 2019. [3] Tahir, Muhammad, et al, Nanoscale, 23, 7761-7770, 2019.

(1) Laboratoire Bio-Géosciences et Ingénierie des Matériaux, Ecole normale supérieure, Université Hassan II, Casablanca.

(2) Laboratoire Interface Matériaux Environnement, Faculté des sciences Ain Chock, Université Hassan II, Casablanca.

(3) Materials Science and Nano-engineering, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Lot 660 Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir, Morocco.


Efficient and alternative green energy resources for energy conversion and energy storage systems are of great importance to meet the increasing demand for energy and power in the modern world [1]. The supercapacitor is the typical example of energy storage devices, is promising and has attracted much research attention due to their excellent properties such as high-power density, long cycle life, rate capability, safe operation mode and environmental sustainability [2]. On the other hand, the water oxidation (oxygen evolution reaction: OER) is of much interest due to its key role in water splitting, metal-air batteries and fuel cells. The water oxidation shows excellent adaptability, which can efficiently produce hydrogen (and oxygen) from the intermittent energy source via electrochemical energy devices. The electrode material is the most important component of these applications. Therefore, developing inexpensive, efficient and abundant materials are greatly desirable.

Manganese oxide due to its interesting proprieties has drawn much attention as a promising electrode material for water oxidation and supercapacitor applications. The electrochemical techniques are effective elaboration methods due to their unique principles and flexibility in the control of the structure and morphology of the film materials [3]. In this work, we have successfully electrodeposited a very homogeneous and adherent thin of nanostructured manganese oxide Na-MnO2/ITO via a simple and facile method. The effect of applied potential and manganese ion concentration on the morphology, electrical, and structural proprieties of the thin films electrodeposited was investigated. The electrochemical performance of the material was studying in a neutral solution. The results obtained showed that the Na-MnO2/ITO electrode exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activities for OER with a low overpotential.

The charge mechanism of the thin films in supercapacitors changed from capacitive predominance to faradaic predominance by changing the manganese ion concentration from 2 to 8mM. Moreover, the specific capacity has been improved from 107 F/g to 180 F/g decreasing the applied potential from 0.90V to 1.00V.

Abstract

201


Eugenol modified Smectite-Illite (S-I) clay, Characterization,and corrosion inhibition of brass in a 3% NaCl solution

Nordin Ben Seddik(1,*), Ihssane Raissouni(1), Khalid Draoui(1), Anas Chraka(1), Ahmed Aït Aghzzaf(2),Faiza Chaouket(1), Dounia Bouchta(1)

References:[1] N. Ben Seddik, I. Raissouni, K. Draoui, A. Aït Aghzzaf, A. Chraka, B. Aznag, F. Chaouket, D. Bouchta, Anticorrosive performance of lanthanum ions intercalated Stevensite clay on brass in 3% NaCl medium, Mater. Today Proc. 22 (2019) 78–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.085[2] A. Chraka, I. Raissouni, N. Ben Seddik, S. Khayar, A.I. Mansour, S. Tazi, F. Chaouket, D. Bouchta, Identification of Potential Green Inhibitors Extracted from Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. for the Corrosion of Brass in 3% NaCl Solution: Experimental, SEM–EDX Analysis, DFT Computation and Monte Carlo Simulation Studies, J. Bio- Tribo-Corrosion. 6 (2020) 80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-020-00377-4.

Keywords: Corrosion protection, Smectite clay, Eugenol molecules, Homoionization, XRD, FTIR.

Scheme showing the structure of [Cu–Eugenole] complex.

(1) Laboratoire des Matériaux et Systèmes Interfaciaux. Equipe ERESI. Faculté des Sciences de Tétouan, Maroc. (2) Laboratoire des Sciences Appliquées et Didactique (LASAD). Ecole Normale Supérieure, UAE, Tétouan,

Maroc.


This study aims to develop and characterize the active corrosion protection properties of Eugenol molecules intercalated into the galleries of the smectite part of our Moroccan interstratified smectite-illite clay. This procedure was preceded by enhancing the hydrophobicity of the smectite clay fractions through its treatment using a surfactant named Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) by cation exchange (CTA+-S-I). The progressive release [1] of Eugenol molecules leads to longlasting protection of this alloy. Homoionization by Na+ and modification by CTA+ followed by Eugenol were assured by the mean of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR techniques. Electrochemical measurements revealed effective protection of the obtained system (Eug-CTA+-S-I) against the corrosion of brass in a 3% NaCl solution.

Corrosion products and the protective layer were analyzed by using SEM-EDS technique [2]. The results showed that it was possible to replace a large volume of Eugenol with a small quantity when hosting it into a micro reservoir material.

Abstract

202


Recycled polymer as a semiconductor support for photocatalyst films formation

Omar OUNAS (1,2,*), Brahim LEKHLIF(2), Jamal JAMAL-EDDINE(1)

References:[1]. O. Ounas, A. A. El Foulani, B. Lekhlif, and J. Jamal-Eddine, “Immobilization of TiO2 into a poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) as hybrid film for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue,” in Materials Today: Proceedings, 20 2020, 22.[2]. O. Ounas, B. Lekhlif, and J. Jamal-eddine, “The facile immobilization of ZnO into a polymer surface for photodegradation of organic contaminants,” Mater. Today Proc., 20 (2020).

Keywords: Photocatalysis, recycling, Immobilization, Response surface methodology

(1) Laboratory of “Synthèse Organique, Extraction et Valorisation, (SOEV), Faculty of Sciences Aïn Chock,B.P 5366 Maarif Casablanca, Morocco

(2) Research Team Hydrogeology, Water Treatment and Climate Change, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Hassania School of Public Works, B.P 8108 Oasis Casablanca, Morocco

*Correspondence to: [email protected]

With the continuous growth of industries, water pollution has become a serious environmental issue, as industrial effluents, containing organic and inorganic pollutants, are continually being discharged into the water stream. Therefore, it is essential to develop stable, highefficient and low-cost water treatment technologies. Photocatalysis is known as a promising alternative to conventional technics of decontamination of water. It can degrade a wide range of organic pollutants.

In our first works [1], [2] , the goal was the preparation of hybrid films (a mixture of organic and inorganic materials). A new and non-expensive technique to immobilize semiconductor on the surface of a (polymethyl methacrylate) polymer was carried out.

The films once prepared were characterized and then tested on one of the reference pollutants (Methylene blue) to study the degradation under UV illumination. The results were more than satisfactory, approaching 60%, knowing that our films contained only 13% by weight of semiconductors.

In the current study, we have used recycled polymer to decrease the coast of our prepared films.

Also, an optimization using experimental designs and in particular, the Surface Response Methodology (MSR) was used to find the optimal conditions, including all the parameters influencing the phase preparation and photocatalytic process.

Abstract

203


Immobilization of Tungsten Trioxide on the surface of mesoporous Silica: Application to Sulfamethazine removal from water

and investigations of photocatalyst stabilityOussama OULHAKEM (1,*), Mohammed BELAICHE (1)

Keywords: Photocatalysis, Advanced oxidation process, sulfamethazine.

(1) Materials Nano-Materials unit, Energy Research Centre. Faculty of Sciences,Mohammed V University in Rabat, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Morocco


Tungsten trioxide (WO3) and tungstite (WO3.H2O), were successfully immobilized on the surface of mesoporous Silica by in-situ reaction. The as-obtained materials were characterized by N2 sorption, SEM, PXRD, FT-IR, UV-Visible and TGA. Characterization results suggest that the surface area decreased after immobilization of tungsten trioxide and tungstite to silica. The as-prepared materials are highly efficient in the oxidative photo-degradation of sulfamethazine in water with an efficiency of 92.14% and 92.84% for tungsten trioxide and tungstite respectively, with different stability aspect. Indeed, the immobilized tungsten trioxide show a poor stability in comparison with the immobilized tungstite that is could be used with a small loss of activity.

The stability difference was investigated by XRD, the good stability can be attributed to van-der-walls interaction between the oxygen of silica network and the hydrogen of water molecule encapsulated in tungstite structure.

Abstract

204


Development of carbonaceous materials with high added valuefrom the oil shale of Morocco

Said Mansouri(1); Hicham Majdoubi(2); Haddaji Younesse(2); Youssef Tamraoui(1); Bouchaib Manoun(3);Hassan Hannache(2); Mina Oumam(2);

Keywords: Extraction, carbon fiber, asphaltenes, oil shale

(1) Materials Science and Nanoengineering Department (MSN), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University(2) LIMAT-Thermostructural Materials and Polymers Team, Faculty of Science Ben M’sik

(3) Université Hassan 1er, Laboratoire des Sciences des Matériaux, des Milieux et de la Modélisation


Currently, the carbonaceous materials are widely used despite of their expensive development from raw material to finished product. A large number of potential precursors have been subject to many studies, which were unable to match the global performance with carbon fibers production cost.

The work is focused on the enhancement of the obtain asphaltenes by the oil shale organic matter extraction. Their carbonaceous materials transformation in an intense added value such as fibers and foams carbon was realized by using supercritical extraction technique with different solvent. Our study is oriented to the oil shale valorization. For the optimization of the extraction conditions, we first study the influence of the mineral matrix on the yield of the supercritical extraction of the organic matter of the rock. To improve the physicochemical parameters, a series of experiments was carried out. For a better extraction efficiency of the material, we used the methodology of the experimental designs. The second part of this work was devoted to the separation of light “maltenes” and “asphaltenes” heavy fractions.

The characterization of the fractions carried out by different analysis techniques, which highlighted that extracted oils obtained were in the good quality. The quality of the obtained oils depends on the operating conditions adopted to extract the organic matter from the shale under supercritical conditions.

Abstract

205


Preparing Transparent Nickel-doped ZnO thin films by Sol-gel Spin Coating and Characterization of The Structure, Microstructure of ZnO

Powder NanostructuresOudjertli Salah (1,*), Mohammedi Abdelkader(2), Ibrir Miloud(3)

Keywords: Nickel-doped ZnO,Thin films, Sol-gel, Optical Microscope, FP-LAPW

Keywords:[1] D. İskenderoğlu, H. Güney, Synthesis and characterization of ZnO: Ni thin films grown by spraydeposition, Ceramics International, 43 (2017) 16593-16599.[2] Karzel, H., Potzel, W., Kofferlein, M., Schiessl, W., Steiner, M., Hiller, U., Kalvius, G.M., Mitchell, D.W., Das, T.P., Blaha, P., Schwars, K. and Pasternak, M.P. (1996) ‘Lattice dynamics and hyperfine interactions in ZnO and ZnSe at high external pressures’, Physical Review B, Vol. 53,pp.11425.[3] Degreniers, S. (1998) ‘High-density phases of ZnO: structural and compressive parameters’,Physical Review B, Vol. 58, pp.14102–14105.

(1) Research Center In Industrial Technologies . CRTI. P.O.BOX 64, Cheraga, Algeria(2) Laboratory of Materials Physics and Applications University of M’sila Department of Physics Algeria(3) Laboratory of Materials Physics and Applications University of M’sila Department of Physics Algeria


Thin films of Nickel-doped ZnO [1] were prepared by sol-gel spin coating on glasses. The Nickel dopant concentration was at 0%, 2%, and 5%wt. The optical properties of the films were characterized by UV-Vi.

The optical properties investigated by UV-Vis Spectroscopy show that Ni doping significantly affects the transmission through thin films and the bandgap. The observed value of gap energy for 2 wt % of Ni content is 3.25 eV Moreover, the Urbach energy value of the “EU” is contrasted with the values of the gap energy. In addition, we present the structural and microstructural properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) powders, for this, we used optical microscope (OM) as characterization methods, the ZnO replicas was clearly observed. Also, Band structure and density of states of the phase of crystal ZnO computed using Ab Initio methods, confirmed that pure ZnO is a direct band gap semiconductor for B3 phase, whose phase B3 is of ZnS [2, 3] type Blende.

Abstract

206


Electronic Properties of GrapheneOudjertli Salah

Keywords: Graphene, STM, Nanotube

References:[1] Dürkop T, Getty SA, Cobas E (2004) Fuhrer MS Extraordinary Mobility in Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes. Nano Letters 4: 35-39.

[2] Saito R, Fujita M, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS (1992) Electronic structure of chiral graphene tubules. Applied Physics Letters 60: 2204.

Research Center In Industrial Technologies . CRTI. P.O.BOX 64, Cheraga, Algeria


Winding a graphene sheet around itself creates periodic boundary conditions, perpendicular to the nanotube axis. Therefore a limited number of wave vectors are allowed in this direction. It depends on the diameter and the winding of the graphene sheet on itself [1]. If the edge conditions include the corners of the Brillouin zone, the behavior of the nanotube is metallic. This is the case for all “chair” type nanotubes and a third of “chiral” [2] and “zig-zag” nanotubes. In other cases, the band structure has a band gap, as a first approximation, inversely proportional. at the radius of the nanotube.

These properties have been confirmed experimentally by measuring the tunnel current between the tip of an STM (Tunnel Effect Microscope) and a nanotube, which provides a direct estimate of electron density.

In addition, STM makes it possible to image the atomic structure of nanotubes and therefore to determine their chirality and their diameter. The transport properties can thus be correlated with the structure of the nanotube. Metal nanotubes have only two one-dimensional conduction bands that cross the Fermi level: all current flows through these two bands and the theory predicts the conductance G0 = 2e2 / h, equal to twice the unit of fundamental conductance.

Abstract

207


Characterization and thermal conductivity of cellulose based cement composite

S. Rbihi (1,*) , Abdelkhalk Aboulouard(1), Fatima Ezzahra Bakkardouch (1), L. Laallam (1), A. Jouaiti (1)

Keywords: Thermal conductivity, insulating material, cellulose based cement composite

(1) Laboratory of Sustainable Development, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco


The main idea is the development of different combinations of cellulose insulating composite materials, derived from sawdust, while incorporating these organic fillers in cement blocks for potential use in the field of thermal insulation. The main objective of this study is the creation of a dielectric insulating material with developed thermal properties and low thermal conductivity λ while using the technique of the hot plate evolving in a non-stationary regime, an inexpensive method. In addition, the experimental work makes it possible to show important results, by decreasing the conductivity of the cement samples based on sawdust up to 0.2 W / m. ° C. A characterization system such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the optical microscope is used for the characterization of the samples.

Abstract

208


Towards Harnessing Local Minerals as low Cost Catalyst Extruded as Honeycomb Monolith for Syngas Production

Tarik Chafik

Keywords: Clay; Catalyst; Syngas, Methane; reforming; honeycomb; monolith

Laboratory of Chemical Engineering for Resources Valorisation “LGCVR”, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, University Abdelmalek Essâadi, B.P. 416 Tangier, Morocco.

The study deals with design and engineering of low cost catalyst based on Moroccan natural clay with appropriate texture and chemical composition containing mainly aluminosilicates as well as mixture of minerals.

The clay enables easy extrusion as honeycomb monolith and related advantages which may help moving ahead towards industrial application. Of interest also, the possibility of tuning the catalytic behavior through incorporation of appropriate active phases and promoters. The catalyst system showed efficient behavior towards syngas production through conversion of methane and CO2 considered both as major greenhouse gases. The designed and developed catalytic system was tested using model reaction mixture containing CH4, CO2 and O2.

The issue is of interest regarding current growing awareness about global climate change and also for reforming of biogas generated by landfill wastes regarding the current context of circular economy. Furthermore, the process offers interesting possibility to be sustained using renewable energy sources enabling, thus, profitable integration of power to X technologies.

Abstract

209


Strain rate and temperature effects on tensile deformationof single crystal studied by atomic simulation

T.Karafi(1,A), A.Tahiri(2,A), M. Idiri(3,A), B.Boubeker(4,A)

Keywords: Tungsten, Molecular Dynamics simulations, strain rate, yield stress, temperature

References:[1] S.W.H.W.C.T. Yih, Tungsten: sources, metallurgy, properties, and applications, Plenum Press, New York, 1979.[2] K.C.W.C. Li, Tungsten, its history, geology, ore-dressing, metallurgy, chemistry, analysis, applications, and economics, Reinhold Pub. Corp., New York, 1955.[3] IUT Mesures Physiques, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Laboratoire CRISMAT-ENSICAEN.[4] B. J. Alder and Te. Wainwright, Phase transition for a hard sphere system,‖ J. Chem. Phys., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 1208–1209, 1957.[5] A. Rahman, Correlations in the Motion of Atoms in Liquid Argon,‖ Phys. Rev., vol. 136, no. 2A, pp. A405–A411, Oct. 1964.[6] S. Plimpton, Fast parallel algorithms for short-range molecular dynamics,‖ J. Comput. Phys., vol. 117, no. 1, pp. 1–19, 1995.[7] A. Stukowski, Visualization and analysis of atomistic simulation data with OVITO–the Open Visualization Tool,‖ Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 18, no. 1, p. 015012, Jan. 2010.[8] Florent Kr_zaka la Laboratoire P.C.T., UMR CNRS 7083, ESPCI, 10 rue vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France. [9] S. Plimpton, J. Comp. Phys. 117 (1995) 1–19.[10] F. F. Abraham, R. Walkup, H. Gao, M. Duchaineau, T. D. D. L. Rubia, and M. Seager, ―Simulating materials failure by using up to one billion atoms and the world’s fastestcomputer: Work-hardening,‖ Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., vol. 99, no. 9, pp. 5783–5787, Apr. 2002.[11] M. S. Daw and M. I. Baskes, Embedded-atom method: Derivation and application to impurities, surfaces, and other defects in metals,‖ Phys. Rev. B, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 6443– 6453, Jun. 1984.[12] J. E. Jones, On the determination of molecular fields. II. From the equation of state of a gas,‖ Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. Contain. Pap. Math. Phys. Character, pp. 463–477, 1924.[13] E. P. Wigner, Phys. Rev., 1002 1934)[14] C. Volker, C.R. Claus, P. Jorg, N. Merten, A. Oliver, B. Klemens, H. Matthias, W. Jochen, M. Srdjan, J.S. Andrew, W.H. Achim, J. Nanomater. 638947 (2008) 1–9.].

(A), Laboratoire de l’Ingénierie et Matériaux; Faculté des Sciences Ben M’Sik Casablanca,Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Morocco


This work is devoted to study the effects of strain rate and temperature on single crystal tungsten (W) by dynamic molecular simulation. The results show the yield stress increases when the rate strain increases. In the other hand, the tensile deformation of single crystal depends of temperature these results are in a good agreement with experiment macro scale deformation.

Abstract

210


Extraction of a natural indigo pigment from Isatis tinctoria leaves and identification of its precursors with HPLC / MS

Y. Osra Raji (1,2) , I Mechnou (1) , Souad zyade (1 ,2)

Keywords: Indigo, textile dyes, natural dye, dyeing process, Isatis tinctoria

References:[1] V.S.G. Garcia, J.M. Rosa, S.I. Borrely, Toxicity and color reduction of a textile effluent containing reactive red 239 dye by electron beam irradiation, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 172 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108765.

[2] D.C.C. Da Silva, J.M.T.D.A. Pietrobelli, Residual biomass of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica) oil extraction as low cost and eco-friendly biosorbent for effective reactive yellow B2R textile dye removal: Characterization, kinetic, thermodynamic and isotherm studies, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 7 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103008.

[3] H. Alavi, T. Khamichonak, A european dilemma: The eu export control regime on dual-use goods and technologies, Danube. 7 (2016) 161–172. https://doi.org/10.1515/danb-2016-0010.

(1) Laboratoire Génie des Matériaux pour Environnement et Valorisation (GeMEV), équipe (I3MP),Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock, Maârif, Hassan II University of Casablanca (UH2C), Marocco.(2) Laboratory of Engineering, Processes and Environment (LEPE), High School of Technology,

University Hassan II of Casablanca Morocco.

*First author: Yosra Raji,, Email* : [email protected]

Today, dyes are made with many chemicals and are therefore very toxic[1]. This toxicity not only presents a risk for workers in contact with dyes, but also causes toxins in industrial effluents, which endangers living organisms[2]. The new European REACH regulation adopted by the European Commission in December 2006 is progressively aimed at eliminating the most dangerous chemical substances[3]. The objective of this study is to develop a new range of jeans (denim) based on wool dyed by natural blue (indigo) extracted by a dye plant (Isatis) The yield obtained is 8g of the blue powder in each kilogram of leaves, the genetic factor was another important criterion that affected the production of indigo precursors The dyeing process is specific, it is based on the vat technique. Indigo is a colored pigment that is not soluble in water. To be able to dye with this pigment, one must first solubilize it. This is done by a mechanism of reduction of the molecule in the presence of an organic or mineral reducer and in strongly alkaline medium the tests demonstrated a very good dye fastness which is the ability of dye to withstand different damp tests during its use: exposure to light, washing, water. And finally a qualitative and quantitative analysis HPLC is described for the identification and separation of indigo pigments and precursors present in I. tinctoria leaves.

Abstract

211


Effect of stoichiometric coefficient on crosslinking and migration of BPA of epoxy coating to food stuffs

Zineb Kadri(1,2*), Issam Mechnou(2), Souad Zyade(1,2)

Keywords: Epoxy coating, Specific migration, Bisphenol A, Food contact.

(1) Laboratory of Engineering, Processes and Environment (LEPE), High School of Technology,University Hassan II of Casablanca Morocco.

(2) Materials Engineering Laboratory for Environment and Valorization (GeMEV), team (I3MP),Faculty of Sciences Aïn Chock, Maârif, Hassan II University of Casablanca (UH2C), Morocco.


Bisphenol A is using as starting material in the production of epoxy resins, which is applied as protective lining in cans and others products intended to come in contact with food stuffs.

BPA is present in many products used daily by humans. According to data provided by the industrial plastics Europe, world production is over 3 million tonnes per year and according to data from 2005/2006, 1.15 million tonnes of BPA are used per year within the union European.

The production of epoxy resins represents 30% of the use of BPA, which is mainly used as a food packaging coating.

In the last few years there has been a growing interest in effect of BPA on consumer health, therefore studies of migration phenomenon from epoxy paint to foodstuffs are very important.

The main objective of this work is to analyze the influence of the stoichiometric ratio on the crosslinking properties of epoxy paint and on the migration of BPA to foodstuffs, thus we used Infrared technic for the determination of residual reactive groups of four different mixtures between the epoxy paint and the polyamide as curing agent, then the calculation of the migrating amount of BPA of each formulation was made by UV. The results show that with 20% of curing agent, the OH bonds of the polymeric crosslinking chain weakly decrease in contact with foodstuffs or with 30% these bonds remain intact.

Abstract

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