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Modern materials John Summerscales School of Engineering University of Plymouth.
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Transcript of Modern materials John Summerscales School of Engineering University of Plymouth.
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Modern materialsModern materials
John SummerscalesSchool of Engineering
University of Plymouth
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Introduction Introduction
composite materials smart materials and intelligent structures biomimetics nano technology and MEMS opportunities
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Composite materialsComposite materials
19xxs reinforced rubber tyres 1930s fibreglass 1960s carbon fibre 1970s aramid fibre 2000s smart materials
and intelligent structures
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Recent composite failuresRecent composite failures Team Philips
sandwich debond Flight 587 ?
shear failure ?
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Smart materialsSmart materials
normal materials have limited responses smart materials have appropriate responses ... but response is the same every time
“smart responds to a stimulus with one predictable action”
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Smart materialsSmart materials
smart materials have appropriate responses photochromic glass
darkens in bright light
acoustic emission sounds emitted under high stress
optical fibres broken ends reflect light back
self-healing tyres
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photochromic glass
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Intelligent structures (IS)Intelligent structures (IS)
composites made at low temp can embed sensors-control-actuators control can decide on novel response
“intelligent responds to a stimulus
with a calculated response and
different possible actions”
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SensorsSensors
piezoelectric crystals shape memory alloys electro-rheological fluids optical fibres
see animated image files athttp://www.spa-inc.net/smtdsmart.htm
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ActuatorsActuators
hydraulic, pneumatic and electric piezoelectric crystals
shape changes when voltage applied shape memory materials
shape changes at a specific temperature electro-rheological fluids
viscosity changes with electric field
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Electro-/magneto-rheological Electro-/magneto-rheological fluidsfluids
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shape memory alloy
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Applications for Applications for Intelligent StructuresIntelligent Structures artificial hand
SMA fingers control by nerve signals vibration damping
apply electric field to ER fluid skyscraper windows
acoustic emission warning system
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BiomimeticsBiomimetics a.k.a bionics, biognosis the concept of taking ideas from nature
to implement in another technology Chinese artificial silk 3 000 years ago Daedalus' wings - early design failures
gathering momentum due to the ever increasing need for sympathetic technology
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BiomimeticsBiomimetics
Notable innovations from understanding nature
Velcro Lotus effect self-cleaning surfaces drag reduction by shark skin
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BiomimeticsBiomimetics
Velcro small hooks enable seed-bearing burr
to cling to tiny loops in fabric
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Biomimetics: Lotus effectBiomimetics: Lotus effect most efficient self-cleaning plant
= great sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)
mimicked in paints and other surface coatings
pipe cleaning in oil refineries (Norway) Images from
http://library.thinkquest.org/27468/e/lotus.htm http://www.villalachouette.de/william/lotusv2.gif http://www.nees.uni-bonn.de/lotus/en/vergleich.html
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BiomimeticsBiomimetics
Lotus effect self-cleaning surfaces
surface of leaf water droplet on leaf
Image from http://library.thinkquest.org/27468/e/lotus.htm
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BiomimeticsBiomimetics
drag reduction by shark skin special alignment and grooved structure of tooth-like scales
embedded in shark skin decrease drag and thusgreatly increase swimming proficiency
Airbus fuel consumption down 1½%when “shark skin” coating applied to aircraft
Image from http://www.pelagic.org/biology/scales.html
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Waterproof clothing Waterproof clothing
Goretex®
micro-porous expanded PTFE discovered in 1969 by Bob Gore ~ 1.4 billion micropores per cm².
each pore is about 700x larger than a water vapour molecule
water drop is 20,000x larger than a pore
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GoretexGoretex
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Controlled crystal growthControlled crystal growth
Brigid Heywood Crystal Science Group at Keele
controlling the nucleation and growthof inorganic materials to make crystalline materials
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Mohs hardness scaleMohs hardness scale
felspar quartz topaz carborundum diamond
talc gypsum calcite fluorite apatite
Hardness of steel about 6.5
... but what will scratch diamond?
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HardnessHardness
Diamond begins to burn at 850°C Boron nitride (BN) subjected to
pressures of 6 GPa and temperatures of 1650°C produces crystals that are harder than diamond and can withstand temperatures up to about 1900°C.
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Auxetic materials/structuresAuxetic materials/structures
Normal
Transverse contraction
Auxetic
Transverse expansion
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Auxetic materials/structuresAuxetic materials/structures
negative Poisson’s ratio
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auxetic honeycomb
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NanostructuresNanostructures surface structures with feature sizes
from nanometres to micrometres white light optics limited to ~1μm use electron-beam or x-ray lithography
and chemical etching/deposition image = calcium fluoride
analog of a photoresist fromhttp://mrsec.wisc.edu/seedproj1/see1high.html
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NanotubesNanotubes
Carbon 60 buckyballs (1985) graphitic sheets seamlessly wrapped
to form cylinders (Sumio Iijima, 1991) few nano-meters in diameter, yet
(presently) up to a milli-meter long Image from
http://www.rdg.ac.uk/~scsharip/tubes.htm
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MEMS: micro electro MEMS: micro electro mechanical systemsmechanical systems
Microelectronics and micromachining on a silicon substrate
MEMS has enabled electrically-driven motors smaller than the diameter of a human hair to be realized
Image from http://www.memsnet.org/mems/what-is.html
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ElekTex™ElekTex™
looks and feels like a fabric capable of electronic x-y-z sensing fold it, scrunch it or wrap it lightweight, durable, flexible cost competitive cloth keyboards and keypads
details: http://www.electrotextiles.com
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ConclusionConclusion
more energy efficient thro’ light weight more compact thro’ miniaturisation more environment friendly
reduced failures, pollution
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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Various websites from whichimages have been borrowed
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To contact me:To contact me: Dr John SummerscalesACMC/DMME, Smeaton Room 101
University of Plymouth
Devon PL4 8AA 01752.23.2650 01752.23.2650 [email protected] http://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/sme/jsinfo.htm