Modern Industrial Corporation Created by the Nation State

8/12/2019 Modern Industrial Corporation Created by the Nation State

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July 29, 1996 THE NEW FEDERALIST Page 7

America Almaac

The Modern Industrial Corporation

Was Created By the Nation-State

by Richard Freeman

Washington state

aerospace worers on

strie against Boeing

!ircra"t# which has

eliminated $% percento" its worers since

&'()*

EIRNS!Jim Wyric"

+aRouche supporters rally in &'(&

against the economy-wrecing

policies o" Federal Reser,e chie"

aul .olcer# which set o"" the

spree o" corporate asset-stripping

and downsi/ing*

EIRNS!S#uar# Le$i%


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T&e America c'r('ra#i', $&'%e )uc#i'ig $a% a*le #' )l'uri%& a% a re%ul#') #&e ra#i)ica#i', i 17+9, ') #&e i#e- S#a#e% .'%#i#u#i', a- $&ic&&el(e- ('$er #&i% a#i'/% -e0el'(me# )'r early 2 year%, ' l'gerei%#%3 I# &a% *ee -ecima#e- *y 45 year% ') a ('%#i-u%#rial %'cie#y

('licy3 T&a# ('%#i-u%#rial %'cie#y $a% im('%e- *y #&e 8ri#i%& 'ligarc&yu(' #&e i#e- S#a#e%, a)#er #&a# 'ligarc&y -irec#e- #&e N'0em*er 1964mur-er ') 3S3 Pre%i-e# J'& F3 ee-y3

T&e c'r('ra#i' $a% gi0e li)e, a- %#ill ei%#%, #&r'ug& a c&ar#er i%%ue- *y#&e a#i'%#a#e, $i#& a i#e-e- (ur('%e: #' %er0e #&e geeral $el)are ')#&e a#i'3 T&e c'r('ra#i'/% %i%#er i%#i#u#i', #&e (a#e#, i% %(eci)ically

(r'0i-e- )'r i Ar#icle I, Sec#i' +, ') #&e 3S3 .'%#i#u#i', T' (r'm'#e #&ePr'gre%% ') Sciece a- %e)ul Ar#%, *y %ecurig )'r limi#e- Time% #'Au#&'r% a- I0e#'r% #&e eclu%i0e rig #' #&eir re%(ec#i0e Wri#ig% a-

Di%c'0erie%3 T&e &i%#'ry a- )uc#i' ') #&e c'r('ra#i' a- (a#e# arei#ima#ely rela#e-, a- -a#e *ac" #' %i#ee#&ce#ury Egla-, u-er #&eTu-'r%, $&ere #&ere $a% a arrageme# u-er $&ic& #&e "ig $'ul- gra#cer#ai limi#e- lia*ili#ie% a- (ri0ilege% #' a i0e#'r a- &i% *u%ie%%a%%'cia#e%, )'r c'-uc#ig a cer#ai "i- ') *u%ie%% i #&e (u*lic g''-, )'r%'me )ii#e (eri'- ') #ime3

T&e )uc#i' ') #&e c'r('ra#i' i% *e%# ca(#ure- *y #&e i-ea ') #&e railc'mm' carrier, $&ic& i-ea $a% i e))ec# )r'm #&e #ime #&a# #&e I#er%#a#e.'mmerce .'mmi%%i' ;I..< $a% crea#e- i 1++7, #' regula#e #&e la$le%%

rail i-u%#ry, #' #&e ('i# i 19+, $&e #&e S#agger% Ac# -eregula#e- #&erailr'a- i-u%#ry, crea#ig -i%a%#er3 -er #&e I.., #&e railr'a- $a% #rea#e-a% a (u*lic c'r('ra#i', ac#ig )'r #&e (u*lic g''-3 T&e railr'a- &a- #' *e'(e, $i#& e=ual acce%% a- %er0ice #' all %&i((er%, regar-le%% ') $&ere #&ey$ere l'ca#e- i #&e c'u#ry, 'r #&eir ec''mic %i>e3 T&e I../% ea*liglegi%la#i' %#i(ula#e- #&a# ra#e% $ere #' *e %e# a% ?u%# a- rea%'a*le3 8u##&i% #riggere- #&e ac#ua#i' ') a %ec'- )uc#i' #&a# i% li##le u-er%#''-:T&a# #&e railr'a- %&'ul- c&arge )air ra#e% al%' mea# #&a# i#% ra#e %&'ul- *e%e# *y a I..%u(er0i%e- regi'al ra#e *ureau, c'm('%e- ') #&e rail c'mm'carrier%, i %uc& a $ay #&a# #&ey c'0ere- #&e '(era#ig c'%#% ') #&e railc'm(ay, (lu% a rea%'a*le ra#e ') (r')i# #&a# all'$e- #&e rail c'm(ay #'e(a- a- #ec&'l'gically u(gra-e #&e %cale ') i#% '(era#i'3 T&i% i% *a%e-' #&e c'ce(# ') e=ui#y i la$3 I# i% &'$ agricul#ural (ari#y )uc#i'%, a-&'$ I.. %u(er0i%i' ') #ruc"ig a- $a#er #ra%('r#, a- g'0erme#regula#i' ') elec#ric a- ga% u#ili#ie%, al%' )uc#i'e-3 @(era#ig u-er %uc&


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c'-i#i'%, #&e i-u%#rie% #&em%el0e%, a- #&e 3S3 ec''my a% a $&'le,(r'%(ere-3

I# mu%# *e "e(# i mi- #&a# #&e rail %y%#em i% '# ?u%# ') c'cer #' railc'm(aie%3 T&e (r'-uc#i0i#y ') a ec''my, e%(ecially i#% mau)ac#urig

a- agricul#ural %ec#'r%, -e(e-% ' #&e e))ec#i0ee%% ') #&e #ra%('r# gri-3T&e #ur'0er #ime ') *ul" a- '*ul" c'mm'-i#ie% a- #&e c'%# ')#ra%('r# a))ec# e0ery c'mm'-i#y i #&e ec''my3 T&e %ame (rici(lea((lie% #' #ruc"ig a- elec#rici#y3

T&e a((r'ac& #&a# lay *e&i- #&e i%#i#u#i' ') #&e c'mm' carrier a*ru(#lyc&age-, &'$e0er, $i#& #&e 1964 iaugura#i' ') #&e ('%#i-u%#rial %'cie#y

('licy a- #&e -eregula#i' ') i-u%#rie%: %ecuri#ie% a- i0e%#me# *a"ig;1975ig #&e la*'r )'rce, a- #&e (la# a- e=ui(me#3

The !sset-Strippers

T&e agecy )'r #&i% c&age i% #&e 8ri#i%& 'ligarc&y3 I# a%%em*le-, '0er #&e(a%# 4 year%, a m'* ') a%%e#%#ri((er%, li"ig #&e )iacial eli#e% $i#& #&e'u#rig gag%#er%3 T&i% i% #&e ca%e $i#& Ea%#er Airlie%, $&ic& $a%

(illage- *y c'r('ra#e rai-er Fra" L're>', $&'%e %('%'r )'r 2 year% $a%Ciea('li%*a%e- .arl P'&la-, #&e gag%#er &eir ') i- .a/% Ciea('li%C'*3 T&i% i% #&e ca%e $i#& Dreel 8ur&am Lam*er#, $&ic& )r'#e- -rugm'ey )'r #&e i#e- Frui# .'3 a- )'r Ceyer La%"y, $&ic& $a% #&e rea%')'r #&e %ucce%% ') ?u" *'-%3

Here i% a eam(le ') &'$ #&i% m'*/% a%%e#%#ri((ig $'r"%: I 197+79,'e ') #&e )ir%# large le0erage- *uy'u#% ;L8@%< i America #ra%(ire-3 T&e0ic#im: H'u-aille I-u%#rie%, (rimarily a mac&iery(r'-ucer, $&ic& &a-


4/12

a*%'r*e- a um*er ') mac&ie#''l c'm(aie%, iclu-ig 8urgma%#er .'r(3I 1965, 8urgma%#er &a- *ec'me #&e large%# mac&ie #''lma"er $e%# ') #&eCi%%i%%i((i, a)#er -e0el'(ig a #urre# -rill (re%% i #&e la#e 19%3 '&l*ergra0i% R'*er#% ;Re ') m'%# ') #&e L8@% #&a# &a- *ee #&ere#')'reu-er#a"e3

Wall S#ree# rec'gi>e- imme-ia#ely #&a# #&e rule% $ere ' l'ger #&e%ame3 3 3 3 T&ere $ere 0ir#ually ' limi#% ' &'$ large a *uy'u# c'ul- *e,Ca H'lla- $r'#e i &i% 19+9 *''", When the Machine Stopped. T&e)iacier% ma-e a "illig, *u# H'u-aille $a% -e0a%#a#e-3 Rec'u#ig ai#er0ie$ $i#& Alla F'lger, #&e (re%i-e# ') 8urgma%#er, H'lla- $r'#e, /A)#er #&e *uy'u#, H'u-aille (er %e c&age-,/ F'lger recalle-3 /I# %eeme-

#' l'%e i#% e=uili*rium3/ Fiacial e(er#i%e *ecame #&e %igle m'%# 0alue-re%'urce, a- u-er%#a-a*ly %'3 /Acc'u#ig &ire% gre$ )a%#er #&a mau)ac#urig &ire%,/ *ecau%e maagig )'r ca%& )l'$ /#' %er0ice #&e -e*# *ecame#&e $&'le e-,/ %ai- F'lger3 .'r('ra#e &ea-=uar#er% '$ -ema-e- %' maye#e%i0e )iacial re('r#% #&a# e0e F'lger, $i#& &i% ca(aci#y )'r um*er%,came #' *elie0e #&a# i# i#er)ere- $i#& a##em(#% #' im(r'0e 8urgma%#er/%

(r'-uc# a- -e)e- i#% mar"e#3

8y 19+4, 8urgma%#er/% *ac"l'g ') 'r-er% $a% =ui#e m'-e%#, 'ly 2 #' 4m'#&%, c'm(are- #' #&e 1+ m'#&% #&a# $ere c'mm' *e)'re #&e R

arrage- le0erage- *uy'u#3 A% m'ey $a% *eig %i(&'e- )r'm (r'-uc#i'#' (ay -e*# %er0ice, 8urgma%#er/% mac&ie% $ere *ec'mig le%% relia*le, *u#%#ill #&ey $ere *eig %&'0e- 'u# #&e )r'# -''r3 @ @c#3 1, 19+5, a *a"ru(#e- a- -e%#r'ye- 8urgma%#er $a% %&u# -'$ )'re0er3

T'-ay, #&i% (rici(le i% (ullig -'$ #&e $&'le ec''my3 T&e &i%#'ry ') #&e$ar ') #$' a#ag'i%#ic c'ce(#i'% ') #&e c'r('ra#i': #&e re(u*licac'ce(#i' 0er%u% #&e 'ligarc&ical)iacier c'ce(#i', eac& r''#e- i a-i))ere# 0ie$ ') ec''mic%, -e#ermie% muc& ') $&a# i% &a((eig iAmerica3 We (re%e# #&e &i%#'ry a- (re%e#-ay %igi)icace ') #&a# $ar,

$i#& #&e 0ie$ #&a# #&i% i% i-i%(e%a*le i)'rma#i' )'r #&'%e '$ a##em(#ig#' re0i0e #&e America c'r('ra#i' a% a i%#rume# ') #&e (u*lic g''-3


5/12

I-e(e-ece Na#i'al Hi%#'ry Par"!Jay Wil"e%

The Second National Ban o" the 0nited States# whose credit policy

encouraged corporate growth in in"rastructure# mining and industry*

Pri#% a- P&'#'gra(&% Di0i%i'!Li*rary ') .'gre%%

Combined locs on the 1rie Canal in the early &(2)s*


6/12

Pri#% a- P&'#'gra(&% Di0i%i'!Li*rary ') .'gre%%

! ,iew o" the Manchester# N*3* +ocomoti,e Wors at the turn o" the century*

EIRNS!P&ili( la'$%"y

! loo at this Roanoe# .a* rail-yard speas ,olumes about Wall Street

looting o" !merica4s transport grid*


7/12

5irigism and the Corporation

T&e (ur('%e)ul e0'lu#i' ') #&e c'r('ra#i', $&ic& *ega, i i#% earlie%#)'rm, -urig #&e ele0e#& ce#ury, reac&e- i#% &ig&e%# -e0el'(me# iAmerica a)#er #&e a-'(#i' ') #&e .'%#i#u#i', a- e%(ecially -urig #&e

)ig% -urig #&e )ir%# =uar#er ') #&e ie#ee#& ce#ury, #' )irmly e%#a*li%& a('licy ') ec''mic -irigi%m3

Durig #&e ele0e#& #&r'ug& )'ur#ee#& ce#urie%, c'mmerce *e#$ee #&eI#alia %ea('r#% a- #&e Near Ea%# *ecame #&e ce#er ') a large Ce-i#erraea #ra-e3 8u%ie%% (ar#er%&i(% e0'l0e- calle- commenda. @e (ar#er,#&e tractator, u-er#''" #&e maageme# ') #&e e#er(ri%e, $&ile #&e '#&er

(ar#er, #&e commendator, %u((lie- #&e ca(i#al3 T&e%e (ar#er%&i(% ')#e &a-m're #&a 'e tractator a- commendator. A# #&e %#ar#, #&e%e arrageme#%$ere ma-e )'r a %igle 0e#ure, *u# %'me#ime% #&ey $ere em(l'ye- )'r l'g

(eri'-% a- m're #&a 'e 0'yage3

T&e commenda*ecame #&e m'-el )'rm )'r #&e ?'i# %#'c" c'm(ay3 T&eEa%# I-ia .'m(ay, #' $&ic& Egla-/% Guee Eli>a*e#& I ;reige- 155+164< ga0e a r'yal c&ar#er i 16, $a% a ?'i# %#'c" c'm(ay3 W&e #&e0'yage e-e-, #&e (ar#ici(a#% g'# *ac" #&eir ca(i#al, (lu% a %&are ') (r')i#, i)ay $ere ma-e3 Fre=ue#ly, i0e%#'r% $ere a%"e- #' lea0e #&eir m'ey i )'r%e0eral 0'yage%3 I 1617, )'r eam(le, i0e%#'r% $ere a%"e- #' (u# i ca(i#al#' c'0er %e0e 0'yage%3 .'cerig #&e (eri'- 155 #' 165 i Egla-, a

&i%#'ria $r'#e:T&e gra#ig ') %(ecial ec''mic (ri0ilege% '0er a #ra-ig area 'r i#&e (r'-uc#i' ') a cer#ai c'mm'-i#y c&arac#eri>e- #&i% (eri'-3 T&ec'r('ra#i' $a% )re=ue#ly #&e 0e&icle )'r gra#ig #&e%e eclu%i0em''('li%#ic (ri0ilege%3 S'me#ime% #&e %'0ereig (ar#ici(a#e- i #&e

(r'm'#i' a- )iacig a- al%' #&e (r')i#%3 T&e cr'$ came #'regar- #&e c'r('ra#i' a% a crea#ure ') #&e %#a#e3 -er Jame% I ')Egla- reige- 16425, #&e 0ie$ ') a c'r('ra#i' a% a %e(ara#elegal (er%', -i%#ic# )r'm i#% '))icer% a- crea#e- *y #&e au#&'ri#y ')

#&e %#a#e, $a% )ir%# clearly lai- -'$3

A (arallel (r'ce%% 'ccurre- )'r (a#e#%3 Durig #&e reig ') Egla-/%Eli>a*e#& I, (e#i#i'% c'ul- *e ma-e #' #&e #&r'e )'r (a#e#%3 I 1624,-urig #&e reig ') #&e S#uar# Jame% I, a %#a#u#e ' m''('lie% $a% (a%%e-,%(eci)yig #&a# #&e )ir%# a- #rue i0e#'r ') a e$ mau)ac#ure $i#&i #&e


8/12

realm, $a% gra#e- #&e rig #' *e #&e 'ly (er%' e(l'i#ig #&a# ar#icle )'r a(eri'- ') 1 year%3

H'$e0er, #&e %&a(e a- (ur('%e ') #&e c'r('ra#i' $ere #' *e 0ery muc&m'l-e- *y #&e #e-ecy re(re%e#e- *y Frace/% ig L'ui% I, $&', -urig

&i% reig ') 161+4, crea#e- #&e a#i'%#a#e ') Frace a- #&e (arallel i-ea') a#i'al ec''my3 L'ui% I/% 'u#l''" ar'%e )r'm #&e 149 .'ucil ')Fl'rece, $&ic& *ega )r'm #&e c'ce(#i' #&a# ma i% a )'rce ') crea#i0erea%', crea#e- a- ac#ig i #&e image ') '-3

S'0ereig i-i0i-ual ma/% crea#i0e -i%c'0ery i% #&e $ell%(rig ') all ec''mic $eal#&3 8u# #&e%e i-ea% are ma#eriali>e- a- %(rea- *y #&e a#i'%#a#e3 8y )'%#erig #&e #ra%mi%%i' ') %cie#i)ic i-ea%, #&e a#i'%#a#eui=uely crea#e% %u%#aie- %'cial %ur(lu%, 'r (r')i#, $&ic& i% #&e %'urce )'rgr'$#& i ('#e#ial rela#i0e ('(ula#i' -e%i#y3

Durig #&e %e0e#ee#& ce#ury, #&a# c'ce(# ') ec''mic% $a% #ra%mi##e-a- eric&e- *y Jea8a(#i%#e .'l*er# ;1619+43 .'l*er# ma-e clear #&a# #&e i-u%#rial 'r #ra-ig )irm a-!'rc'r('ra#i' $a% '# a a*%#rac# e#&ereal, *u# $a% reali>e- 'ly *y #&e

(r'#ec#i'i%#-irigi%#ic ac#i0i#y ') #&e %#a#e, $&ic& ga0e i# a c&ar#er3 T&ec'r('ra#i' mea# %'me#&ig 'ly i) #&e a#i'%#a#e -e0el'(e- i# a% a

i%#rume# )'r #&e g''-3 T&i% (ur('%e ') )ur#&erig #&e )irm a-!'rc'r('ra#i' i% e(lici#ly ma-e i #&e r'yal -eclara#i' ') Aug3 26, 166, )'r$&ic& .'l*er# $a% re%('%i*le3 I# %#a#e-:

Ha0ig c'%i-ere- &'$ muc& i# $'ul- *e u%e)ul )'r #&i% "ig-'m') Frace #' ree%#a*li%& c'mmerce *'#& $i#&i a- *ey'- #&e

*'r-er% ') #&e %ame, a- #&a# *ey'- 'ur %u(('r# a- (r'#ec#i''#&ig c'ul- c'#ri*u#e *e##er #' #&e %ucce%% ') %uc& a g''- (la, $e&a0e re%'l0e- #' #&a# e- #' &a0e &el- a- gi0e '0er i i#% e#ire#ye0ery #$' $ee"% a %(ecial c'mmercial c'ucil i $&ic& #&e i#ere%#%

') *u%ie%%me a- merc&a#% i ma"ig %uc& a ree%#a*li%&me#%uccee- $ill *e eamie- a- re%'l0e- a% al%' e0ery#&ig $&ic&c'cer% #&e mau)ac#urig i-u%#ry33 3 3 We 3 3 3 &a0e all'ca#e- )r'm#&e e(e%e ') 'ur S#a#e 1 milli' li0re% aually )'r #&e ree%#a*li%&me# ') mau)ac#ure% a- )'r #&e icrea%e ') %&i((ig ca(aci#y3


9/12

The Corporation in the 0*S*!*

I America, #&e .'l*er#iaLei*i>ia )ac#i'al 0ie$('i# ') #&e %#a#ec&ar#ere- c'r('ra#i' )'u- )er#ile %'il a- e0'l0e-, i America/% )ig )'ra#i'*uil-ig3 T&e America #ra-i#i' ') c'r('ra#e c&ar#er% %#ar#e- $i#&

#&e 1629 Ca%%ac&u%e##% 8ay .'l'y, $&ic& '(era#e- u-er a Egli%&c&ar#er3 I c'l'ial America, #&ere $ere 'ly %i *u%ie%% c'r('ra#i'%3 8u##&ere $a% a ra(i- icrea%e i ic'r('ra#i'% 'ce America ra#i)ie- #&e .'%#i#u#i', #&u% *ec'mig a re(u*lic3 8y 1+, #&ere $ere $ere 219 #ur(i"e,

*ri-ge, a- caal c'm(aie%B 46 c'r('ra#i'% (r'0i-ig -'c" )acili#ie%, 'r)uri%&ig $a#er a- )ire (r'#ec#i'B a- 67 *a" a- i%urace c'm(aie%3A%i-e )r'm #&e )iacial i%#i#u#i'%, %e0eral ') $&ic& $ere ece%%ary, #&e

*ul" ') ic'r('ra#i'% $ere i i)ra%#ruc#ure3

Fre=ue#ly, i# #''" a %(ecial legi%la#i0e ac# #' ge# a c'r('ra#e c&ar#er3 I1795, N'r#& .ar'lia '))ere- #&e )ir%# ic'r('ra#i' la$3 H'$e0er, i# $a%re%#ric#e- #' caal c'm(aie%, a- (r'0i-e- #&a# #&e e#er(ri%e %&'ul- ul#ima#ely *ec'me (u*lic (r'(er#y3 Ca%%ac&u%e##% (r'0i-e- a %imilar la$ )'r$a#er c'm(aie%3 I 1+11, Ne$ K'r" S#a#e *ecame #&e )ir%# %#a#e #' gra#geeral ic'r('ra#i' )'r mau)ac#urig (ur('%e%: T&e la$ limi#e- eac&c&ar#er #' 2 year%, a- limi#e- ca(i#al #' 1,3

Cea$&ile, #&e Su(reme .'ur# i#er0ee- i#' #&e (r'ce%% #' -eci-e #&ec&arac#er ') #&e c'r('ra#i'3 Fr'm #&e 0ery *egiig, #&e )e-eral g'0er

me# &a- *ee i0'l0e- i #&e -e0el'(me# ') #&e America ec''my3 A%early a% 1+6, #&e g'0erme# &a- *egu c'%#ruc#i' ') a Na#i'alR'a-#&e .um*erla- R'a-, $i#& i#% ea%#er e- a# #&e &ea-$a#er% ') #&eP'#'mac Ri0er, a- e#e-ig $e%#$ar-, e0e#ually, a% )ar a% a-alia,Illi'i%3

8u# %#ill, cer#ai #rai#'r'u%, (r'8ri#i%& )'rce% =ue%#i'e- #&e a#i'alg'0erme#/% rig #' i%%ue c&ar#er%, a- %(eci)ically i#% rig #' ic'r('ra#e#&e Sec'- 8a" ') #&e i#e- S#a#e%, $&ic& $a% u%e- #' -irec# c&ea( cre-i##' #&e -e0el'(me# ') i-u%#ry a- agricul#ure3 T&i% $a% a -irec# a##ac" '

#&e 8a"3 IMcCulloch v. Maryland i 1+19, #&e 3S3 Su(reme .'ur#u(&el- #&e rig ') .'gre%% #' ic'r('ra#e #&e Sec'- 8a"3

Al%' i 1+19, i #&e Dar#m'u#& .'llege ca%e, .&ie) Ju%#ice J'& Car%&allrule-: A c'r('ra#i' 3 3 3 *eig a mere crea#ure ') la$, i# ('%%e%%e% 'ly#&'%e (r'(er#ie% $&ic& #&e c&ar#er ') i#% crea#i' c')er% u(' i# ei#&ere(re%%ly 'r a% ici-e#al #' i#% 0ery ei%#ece3 T&i% i% im('r#a# i #&e


10/12

-e*a#e #'-ay ' #&e a#ure ') #&e c'r('ra#i' (r'm(#e- *y Se3 T&'ma%Da%c&le ;DS3D3e ay%#eam*'a# u%e- *y ay %&i((ig lie ') ay '#&er %#a#e, u-er #&e )'r)ei#ureclau%e3 I #&e ca%e ') i**'% v. Ogden, i**'% c&allege- #&i% m''('ly

a% a re%#ric#i' ') #ra-e3I re-erig #&e '(ii' )'r #&e c'ur# i #&i% ca%e, .&ie) Ju%#ice Car%&all-eliea#e- #&e ('$er ') #&e i#e- S#a#e% #' regula#e i#er%#a#e c'mmerce,a- #&u% 0'i-e- a rulig *y Ne$ K'r" S#a#e #&a# c'#ra0ee- #&a# ('$er3Sec'-, &e rule- agai%# a m''('ly c'%#rue- i %uc& a maer #&a# i#$'ul- -ey *a%ic %ciece $&ic& c'ul- *ee)i# #&e c'u#ry3 Car%&all )'u-agai%# a Ne$ K'r" S#a#e rulig $&ic& u(&el- #&e m''('ly3 Car%&all/%)i-ig rea- i (ar# #&a# %uc& eclu%i0e (ri0ilege 3 3 3 i% re(uga# #' #&e.'%#i#u#i' a- la$% ') #&e i#e- S#a#e%3 He c'#iue-:

T&ey are %ai- #' *e re(uga#

13 T' #&a# clau%e i #&e .'%#i#u#i' $&ic& au#&'ri>e% .'gre%% #'regula#e c'mmerce3

23 T' #&a# $&ic& au#&'ri>e% .'gre%% #' (r'm'#e #&e (r'gre%% ')%ciece a- u%e)ul ar#%3

Wi#& #&i% a#i'ali%# rulig, #&e Su(reme .'ur# ma-e i# clear #&a# c'r('ra#ec&ar#er% c'ul- '# *e e%#a*li%&e-, %uc& a% #&e Li0ig%#' 'e, e0e i) *ac"e-

*y i-i0i-ual %#a#e%, i) #&ey ga0e ('$er% #' c'r('ra#i'% $&ic& c'#ra0ee-#&e c'mm' g''- ') #&e i#e- S#a#e%3

Regulating the Railroads

I 1++7, #&e 3S3 .'gre%% (a%%e- #&e la$ crea#ig #&e I#er%#a#e .'mmerce.'mmi%%i'3 T&e a#i'ali%# )'rce% &a- *uil# #&e America rail %y%#em,


11/12

#&r'ug& e0ery )'rm ') g'0erme# a%%i%#ace: %#a#e *'-%B ci#y!c'u#yi%%uace ') railr'a- %#'c"B %#a#e (urc&a%e ') railr'a- %#'c"B %#a#e guara#ee') railr'a- c'r('ra#e *'-%B %#a#e l'a%B %#a#e a- )e-eral %u*%i-ie%B )e-eralgra#% ') la-%, iclu-ig all mieral rig% $i#&i a cer#ai -i%#ace ') #&erailr'a-B a- %' )'r#&3 8y 1+6, #&ere $ere 4, mile% ') railr'a- #rac",

*u# #&e Lic'l rail ac#% ') 1+626 ga0e a im(e#u% %' #&a# #'#al 3S3 #rac"mileage icrea%e- #' m're #&a 19, mile% *y #&e 1+9%3

H'$e0er, #&e m'e#ari%# )'rce% ') J3P3 C'rga, Jame% Hill, E-$ar- Harrima, .'reliu% a-er*il#, Jac'* Sc&i)), a- Jay 'ul- #''" m'%# ') #&e raillie% a$ay )r'm #&e a#i'ali%# )'rce% $&' &a- *uil# #&em, a- #&e #&em'e#ari%#% (illage- #&em3 Durig #&e 1+7% a- 1++%, #$e#y (erce# ')#&e railr'a-% $ere (ermae#ly i *a"ru(#cy3 Rail '$er% cu# $age% *y 24 (erce#, $&ic& %e# ')) 0i'le# %#ri"e%3

I 1++7, #&e .'gre%% (a%%e- A Ac# #' Regula#e .'mmerce, i#r'-uce-*y Se3 S&el*y .ull'm ;RIll3


12/12

S#agger% Ac#, $&ic& $a% -eregula#ig #&e railr'a- i-u%#ry, (re%e#e- #&ec'ce(# i0'l0e-:

8e)'re #&e S#agger% Ac#, #&e regula#e- c'mm' carrier c'ce(#(re0aile-3 3 3 3 -er #&a# c'ce(#, railr'a-% $ere #rea#e- a% c'mm'

carrier%3 T&ey &a- #' %er0e all %&i((er% ' )air #erm%3 Rail ra#e% &a-#' *e (u*li%&e-3 ?u%#i)ie- -i%crimia#i' $a% (r'&i*i#e- i ra#e%a- %er0ice3 I %&'r#, railr'a-% $ere #rea#e- a% =ua%i(u*licc'r('ra#i'%, $i#& a %(ecial -u#y #' %er0e #&e (u*lic3

Modern Industrial Corporation Created by the Nation State

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