MODERN AFRICA (1945-PRESENT)

THE END OF COLONIALISM IN AFRICA

• BY THE EARLY 1900s NATIONALISM (PRIDE & DEVOTION TO ONE’S COUNTRY) WAS EVIDENT IN AFRICA.

• NATIONALISM GREW OUT OF A DESIRE TO END EUROPEAN RULE.

AFRICA: POST WW II

• AS WW II ENDED, INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS GAINED STRENGTH IN AFRICA.

• THE WAR WEAKENED COLONIAL POWERS SUCH AS ENGLAND & FRANCE.

• THE USSR CONDEMNED IMPERIALISM & AIDED SOME NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS.

• THE U.S. SPOKE OUT AGAINST COLONIALISM.

NEW NATIONS EMERGE• SLOWLY EUROPEAN

NATIONS REALIZED THEY MUST GIVE UP THEIR COLONIAL EMPIRES.

• IN 1950 AFRICA HAD ONLY 4 INDEPENDENT NATIONS (LIBERIA, ETHIOPIA, EGYPT & SOUTH AFRICA).

• DURING THE 1950s & 60s, AFRICAN DEMANDS FOR FREEDOM LED TO THE BIRTH OF MANY NEW NATIONS.

COMMON PROBLEMS

• IN THE MODERN ERA, MUCH OF AFRICA HAS STRUGGLED WITH:– POVERTY– HEALTH ISSUES– OTHER QUALITY

OF LIFE ISSUES– WAR & GENOCIDE

POVERTY IN AFRICA • POVERTY IN AFRICA IS HIGHER THAN IN OTHER DEVELOPING REGIONS.

• MANY AFRICANS LACK THE INCOME NECESSARY TO SATISFY BASIC HUMAN NEEDS (FOOD, SHELTER, HEALTHCARE).

HEALTH ISSUES• AFRICA HAS THE WORLD’S

HIGHEST INFANT MORTALITY RATE…

• LACK OF BASIC HEALTHCARE

• THE AIDS (ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME) EPIDEMIC HAS BEEN RAVISHING AFRICA SINCE THE DISEASE WAS IDENTIFIED IN 1980:– IN 2001 40 MILLION PEOPLE

WERE SICK WITH AIDS OR INFECTED WITH HIV, THE VIRUS THAT CAUSES AIDS.

AIDS IN AFRICA • 70% OF THE WORLD’S VICTIMS LIVE IN AFRICA.

• REASONS FOR HIGH AFRICAN AIDS RATES:

– SOCIAL NORMS– POVERTY– LACK OF EDUCATION– POLITICAL INDIFFERENCE

• HIV/AIDS IS A THREAT TO PHYSICAL HEALTH AND ALSO TO ECONOMIC HEALTH, EXACERBATING AFRICA’S CHRONIC POVERTY.

• PBS/Frontline: The Age of Aids (13 min 29 sec)http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/video/flv/generic.html?s=frol02s466q90&continuous=1

OTHER QUALITY OF LIFE CONCERNS

• POLITICAL CORRUPTION

• WORLD’S LOWEST LITERACY RATE

• LACK OF SAFE DRINKING WATER

• LOWEST LIFE EXPECTANCY RATES: – U.S.: 77– WORLD: 63– AFRICA: 52

CIVIL WAR AND GENOCIDE

• CIVIL WAR OCCURRED BECAUSE AFRICAN STATES HAVE FREQUENTLY BEEN HAMPTERED BY INSTABILITY, CORRUPTION, VIOLENCE AND AUTHORITARIANISM

• GENOCIDE IS THE DELIBERATE, SYSTEMATIC KILLING OF A GROUP OF PEOPLE BECAUSE OF THEIR RACE, RELIGION OR ETHNICITY.

YESTERDAY’s WARM UP:

What were some of the reasons for emerging nations in Africa in the 1950s and 1960s?

• Nationalism (pride in their countries)

• USSR & US were condemning colonialism (to get countries on “their side”)

• European nations were war torn and had to focus on themselves, not colonies

Date: 11/8/12 Activity: Africa

Map/Catch Up Day

Warm Up:-Homework: *Africa map and

questions due tomorrow

*notebook quiz tomorrow

*Unit test next Friday *Bonus due Tues

11/13

Pg Assignment Date

43 Africa Power Point Worksheet 11/5

44 Africa Sloppy Notes p1 11/5

45 Africa Sloppy Notes p2 11/5

46 Africa Sloppy Notes p3 & Qs 11/5

47 Africa Map 11/7

48 Africa Map Assignment 11/7

49 Bonus Opportunity 11/7

50 Israel Sloppy Notes 11/8

51 Israel Sloppy Notes 11/8

52 Israel Power Point Worksheet 11/8

Welcome to Contemporary U.S. and World History

Date: 10/28/13

Activity: Africa Qs, Formation of Israel

Warm Up: Why did so many African nations fall into civil war soon after they gained their independence?

Homework: -Review Packet due

before test on Friday

-ALL LATE WORK for unit 2 due by Friday

-Unit 2 Test Friday 11/1

Pg Assignment Date

35 Decolonization PPT Notes 10/18

36 India Sloppy Notes Packet 10/18

37 India Questions 10/18

38 Africa PPT Notes 10/23

39 Africa Reading 10/23

40 Africa G.O. & Questions 10/23

41 Formation of Israel ppt notes 10/28

42 Unit 2 Review Packet 10/28

Welcome to Contemporary U.S. and World History

Date: 10/30/13

Activity: Africa Notes /Review

Warm Up:Which country in

southwestern Africa was a battleground of the Cold War?

Homework: -Review Packet due

before test on Friday

-ALL LATE WORK for unit 2 due by Friday

-Unit 2 Test Friday 11/1

Pg Assignment Date

38 Africa PPT Notes 10/23

39 Africa Reading 10/23

40 Africa G.O. & Questions 10/23

41 Formation of Israel ppt notes 10/28

42 Unit 2 Review Packet 10/28

43 Suez Crisis Reading 10/29

44 Suez Crisis Notes 10/29

Welcome to Contemporary U.S. and World History

Today’s Warm Up:

Why did so many African nations fall into civil war soon after gained their independence? -There was a lot of instability and corruption, violence an authoritarianism

  Tactics used by Nkrumah:  StrikesBoycotts     

Nkrumah’s reforms:  New roads, schools Expanded health facilitiesPrograms for industrialization, Health and welfare programs Expanded educational facilities

Problems:  Costs of reforms hurt economy and strengthened his opposition.  When he was out of country, the army and police seized control and was under civilian and police power until 2000 when they had first election

          

Tactics used by Mau Mau: Guerilla warfare used to push White farmers into leaving Highlands.     

Kenyatta’s reforms:  Unite various ethnic & language Groups.

Problems:  Corruption in Moi’s government and ethnic conflicts that killed hundreds and left thousands homeless.

          

How independence was gained: Belgium plundered rubber and Copper in the Congo, treated Harshly and provided no services-granted independence in 1960-Transition to independence was In upheaval  

Mobutu’s rule: Seized power in 1965 for 32 yrs-ruled through force, one-party rule and bribes to supporters. Overthrown in 1997

Problems:  Promises of democracy by Kabila (renamed Democratic Republic of Congo) never came and civil war ensued. Kabila assassinated, son took over and has worked towards peace. (still pres)

          

How independence was gained: FLN (Algerian National Liberation Front) (approx. 9 mil) fought French (.5 mil troops) and won Independence in July 1962    

Ben Bella’s program:  Socialist –overthrown in 1965

Problems: Unemployment and dissatisfaction with the government contributed to the rise of religious fundamentalists wanted an Islamic state. -Civil war continues on and off -Gov resisted FIS (Islamic Salvation Front) election win 1990

          

How independence was gained: Portugal sent 50,000 troops to Hold on to Angola in withdrew in1975 after huge costs and Opposition from home.    

Causes of civil war:

Right after independence (commi) MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola) vsSoviet Union and Cuba backed themUNITA(National Union for the Total Independence) backed by US and South Africa

Other problems:  

Strained Cold War relations even more with USSR and US Civil war from 1975-2002 when they finally signed a LASTING peace accord.

Africa Questions1. List the four problems that have been common to many African nations in the modern (post WW II) era:PovertyHealth IssuesStandard of Living Problems Civil War and Genocide

2. What is the term for pride and devotion to one’s country?

Nationalism 

Africa Questions

3. What were the only four independent African nations prior to 1950? LiberiaEthiopiaEgyptSouth Africa

4. What was the Negritude Movement? -a movement to celebrate African culture, heritage and values

Africa Questions

5. What was the first African nation to gain its independence? -Ghana

6. Who was the leader of the movement to liberate the Gold Coast and how did he go about doing it? -Kwame Nkrumah and he went about it in a non-violent campaign of strikes and boycotts

Africa Questions:

7. What large Central African country was once a colony of Belgium?The Congo (Zaire) 

8. What resources did Belgium ruthlessly plunder from the Congo? Rubber and copper

Africa Questions

9. How did the civil war in Angola contribute to tensions in the Cold War? The USSR backed the Communists (MPLA) and the US backed the UNITA (like Nationalists)

10. Why did so many African nations fall into civil war soon after gained their independence? -There was a lot of instability and corruption, violence an authoritarianism

Africa Map Questions

1. Which two European countries had the largest colonial empires in Africa in 1914?

•Great Britain and France

2. What are the two African island nations?

•Madagascar and Comoros

Africa Map Questions

3. The Democratic Republic of the Congo used to be controlled by what European nation?

•Belgium

4. Based on your map, how many African nations are there?

 •45+ would be acceptable. 54 to be exact. •Why is this significant?

Africa Map Questions

5. How do you think African political stability and unity is affected by the large number of African nations?

 •It is difficult to have stability and unity with so many nations with different forms of governments and goals.

Africa Map Questions6. Explain what the cartoon map is trying to show about the history of Africa:

•It’s trying to show how each European nation was pulling at a different part of Africa to have control over it.

7. Using your current knowledge, what highly valuable natural resources found in Africa do you think the European nations were interested in gaining access to?

•Gold, rubber, copper, diamonds

Date: 11/14/12 Activity: Africa Map

review Israel Ppt

Warm Up: Why was Israel so concerned about Egypt’s seizure of the Suez Canal?

-Homework: *Review sheets due

TOMORROW for full credit

*Unit test Friday covering India, China, Africa and Israel

Pg Assignment Date

43Africa Power Point

Worksheet11/5

44 Africa Sloppy Notes p1 11/5

45 Africa Sloppy Notes p2 11/5

46 Africa Sloppy Notes p3 & Qs 11/5

47 Africa Map 11/7

48 Africa Map Assignment 11/7

49 Bonus Opportunity 11/7

50 Israel Sloppy Notes 11/8

51 Israel Sloppy Notes 11/8

52Israel Power Point

Worksheet11/8

Welcome to Contemporary U.S. and World History

On the 3x5 card you picked up..

• Write your name

• Place your strengths in these categories in order from best to worst– Organization– Writing – Art/Creativity – Research

Why was Israel so concerned about Egypt’s seizure of the Suez Canal?

• When they blocked the Suez Canal, they blocked the ability for Israel to import and export from the rest of the world.

• This is why Britain and France were upset as well.

• This was also significant regarding the Cold War because USSR backed Egypt and the US stayed out of it.

SOMALIA: A CASE STUDY IN OUTSIDE INTERVENTION

• CIVIL WAR ERUPTED IN 1988 BETWEEN RIVAL WARLORDS AND ALSO AGAINST THE GOV’T WHICH CEASED TO EXIST BY 1992.

• MASSIVE STARVATION FOLLOWED.• THE RED CROSS & U.N. SENT FOOD

BUT MUCH WAS STOLEN BY THE WARLORDS.

• IN DEC. 1992, PRES. GEORGE H. W. BUSH INITIATED “OPERATION RESTORE HOPE” SO THAT AID COULD BE DELIVERED & PROTECTED. PRES. CLINTON CONTINUED THIS OPERATION.

• SOMALIS WELCOMED U.S. TROOPS BELIEVING THEY WOULD REMAIN NEUTRAL.

• WITH STABILITY RESTORED, THE U.N. TOOK OVER THE MISSION.

“NATION BUILDING” IN SOMALIA• AS THE U.N. MADE EFFORTS TO

REBUILD SOMALIA, LOCALS NO LONGER SAW U.S. TROOPS AS NEUTRAL.

• IN OCT. 1993 U.S. FORCES WERE SENT TO APPREHEND A LEADING WARLORD WHO HAD KILLED 24 PEACEKEEPERS.

• OUTCOMES:– 18 U.S. SOLDIERS WERE KILLED– WARLORD ELUDED CAPTIVITY– U.S. FORCES WERE WITHDRAWN– THE U.S. LOST ITS APPETITE FOR

HUMANITARIAN-BASED INTERVENTION

RWANDA: A CASE STUDY IN GENOCIDE• 1994-1996 RWANDA WAS THE

SCENE OF ONE OF AFRICA’S MOST VICIOUS CIVIL WARS.

• AT LEAST 500,000 PEOPLE WERE KILLED DUE TO FIGHTING BETWEEN 2 RIVAL ETHNIC GROUPS: TUTSIS & HUTUS.

• THE KILLING WAS SO GREAT IN SCALE THAT IT WAS LABELED GENOCIDE.

• GENOCIDE IS THE DELIBERATE, SYSTEMATIC KILLING OF A GROUP OF PEOPLE BECAUSE OF THEIR RACE, RELIGION OR ETHNICITY.

RWANDA: A CASE STUDY IN INACTION• AFTER ITS EXPERIENCE IN

SOMALIA, THE U.S. CHOSE TO LET THE U.N. DEAL WITH RWANDA.

• EVENTUALLY THE U.N. VOTED TO WITHDRAW MOST OF ITS FORCES, PAVING THE WAY FOR ADDITIONAL BLOODSHED.

• HAD THE CIVILIZED WORLD ABANDONED ITS PLEDGE MADE AT THE END OF WW II TO NEVER AGAIN STAND BY WHILE GENOCIDE OCCURRED?