The End of Poverty?

� What is the legacy of colonialism?

� Does the north have good intentions?

�  If yes, why have good intentions failed?

�  If no, what motivates the north?

�  REVIEW �  Colonialism �  Raw Materials �  Formal vs. Informal �  European Nation

States �  1825 Latin America

New Ideas of Empire

�  “Imperialism” – 1880s � Domination of European powers over

subject lands in the larger world �  Formal and Informal – exploitation

�  Influence historical development of subjects

by controlling domestic and foreign policies �  Introduce European cultural preferences ○  Dress, education systems, food, language

Reasons for Empire

� Economic Reasons �  Pursuit of Imperialism and Colonialism

necessary for survival and health of home state

� Not simply for gain à Mercantilism � Capitalism was the new motivator

� Political Reasons � Overseas territories served political and

military purposes

Reasons for Empire con’t

� Political Reasons con’t �  Aboard: colonies had strategic importance ○  Ports, harbors, supply stations

� Domestically: redirected social unrest ○  Inspire patriotism by shifting public focus to

imperialist ventures

� Cecil Rhodes: Imperialism is an attractive alternative to civil war

Reasons for Empire con’t

� Cultural Reasons � Missionaries seeking converts to Christianity ○  Missionaries defend locals ○  BUT, provided means for communicating

� Others sought to bring “civilization” ○  French had “mission civilisatrice” ○  English had “White Man’s Burden”

“The White Man’s Burden”

White Man’s Burden (excerpt) by Rudyard Kipling 1899 Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. Take up the White Man's burden-- In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain To seek another's profit, And work another's gain.

The Philippines

Philippine Revolution 1896-1901

� Spanish colony since c.1565 � Hub of Spanish trade in Pacific � Galleon Trade

� Battle of Manila Bay � May1,1898 �  Spanish Defeated �  Philippine Victory??

Spanish Galleon Trade

General Emilio Aguinaldo �  Independence

Leader �  1st President at age

22 �  Captured by US

March 23, 1901

U.S.-Filipino War 1898-1900 �  1.4 million Filipinos die �  June12, 1898 Declaration of

Independence

� December 1898 Treaty of Paris �  Spain cedes Philippines to U.S.

� Sedition Act 1907 �  Treaty of Manila July 4,1946

June 12, 1898

Declaration of Independence

…And having as witness to the rectitude of our intentions the Supreme Judge of the Universe, and under the protection of our Powerful and Humanitarian Nation, The United States of America, we do hereby proclaim and declare solemnly in the name by authority of the people of these Philippine Islands.

And imbued with firm confidence in Divine Providence … That they are and have the right to be free and independent; that they have ceased to have allegiance to the Crown of Spain; that all political ties between them are should be completely severed and annulled;

and that, like other free and independent States, they enjoy the full power to make War and Peace, conclude commercial treaties, enter into alliances, regulate commerce, and do all other acts and things which an Independent State has a right to do,

Cold War

� Given Status of Commonwealth 1936 �  President Manuel Quezon

� Becomes independent July 4, 1946

Tools of Empire

� Diamond’s Guns, Germs, and Steel �  Transportation Technologies

�  Steamships and railroads �  Suez Canal 1859-1869 �  Panama Canal 1904-1914

� Military Technology �  Accurate rifles and machine guns ○  Maxim Gun 1880s – 11 bullets/second

�  Armored gun boats

Tools of Empire con’t

� Communications Technology �  Steamships ○  1830s – took two years to receive reply to

letter sent from England to India ○  1850s – took 4 months ○  1869 after Suez Canal opened – 2 weeks

�  Telegraph ○  1830s used overland wires ○  1870s submerged wires – message to

Bombay in 5 hours – 1902 all of empire linked

Scramble for Africa 1875-1914

� Slave trade replaced by trade of textiles for gold, ivory and palm oil �  Limited to coast and Portuguese and French

colonies � Causes for sudden burst of imperialism

� New understanding of Africa resources ○  Continues to drive industry

� Nationalist rivalries in Europe

Berlin West Africa Conference

�  1884-1885 – Delegates from: �  12 European States � United States � Ottoman Empire

� Devised rules for colonization of Africa � Must notify other participants of claims �  Followed occupation ○  Done by signed agreement with local ruler or

military victory

� DID NOT DIVIDE UP TERRITORY �  Just put world on notice of intention to

do so “democratically” � Also had other objectives:

�  End slave trade �  Extended civilization and Christianity �  Promote commerce and trade

Free African States

� Ethiopia – had been major part of Roman Empire � Well armed � Defeated Italians

�  Liberia

�  Today there are 57 nations in Africa