Modelling for Maintainability - University of …...EFF EPFL Fujitsu G. Dynamics Gen. Electric Gnome...
Transcript of Modelling for Maintainability - University of …...EFF EPFL Fujitsu G. Dynamics Gen. Electric Gnome...
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Andrew WatsonOMG Technical Director
Modelling for Maintainability
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
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• A successful forum for creating open integration standards in the computer industry- Platforms: BPMN, SBVR, UML, CORBA & related work- Domain: Finance, C4I, Healthcare, etc.
• An industrial consortium with vendor and user members- Implementation must be available from OMG member
• Interfaces freely available to all- Visit http://www.omg.org
• Decisions taken by members
Introducing OMG
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
AdaptiveAdelard LLPAgile BirdsAmadeusAppianAtegoAxwayBAE SystemsBoeingBrunel U.CACamundaCiti
CordysCSCDeere & Co.DeloitteEADSEclipse Fndn.EFFEPFLFujitsuG. DynamicsGen. ElectricGnome Fndn.HDMA
HPHitachiHondaIBMINRIAJARALockheedMayo ClinicMEGAMentor GʼicsMicrosoftMITRENARA
NASANECNISTNokiaNorthropNTT DataObjektumOpen GroupOraclePhastPrismTechRaytheonRolls-Royce
RTISaab Sys.SAPSofteamSoftware AGSparxSWIFTThalesToshibaU. FrankfurtUnisysW3C(250+ more)
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Worldwide Membership
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2009, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
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© Photo copyright Bristol Aeroplane Company/Rolls-Royce
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
Mechanical design• For 180 years (1800 to c.1980) all mechanical design
documented by draftsmen creating three-view drawings- With ruler, square, protractor, pencils, compass, “french
curve”- ... and eraser- Precise scale drawings; slow, laborious, error-prone- Design revisions involve reworking multiple drawings
• Drawings translated into parts by machinists and fitters- Milling, drilling & turning parts from blanks and castings- Design errors possibly not found until manufacture- Translation errors during fabrication also possible
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2009, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2009, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2009, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
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© Photo copyright Bristol Aeroplane Company/Rolls-Royce, Source: http://www.transportarchive.org.uk/ G1693
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2009, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
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© Photo copyright Rolls-Royce, Source: http://www.transportarchive.org.uk/ E123177-9
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
Computer Assistance• Early Computer-Aided Design (CAD) programs helped with
the production & storage of 2-D drawings
• 1968: Donald Welbourn of Cambridge University Engineering Dept. sees that computers could store 3-D design models- Can be still be rendered as familiar 2-D 3-view drawing ...- ... but can also generate “program” for CNC machine tools- Real parts automatically created directly from solid models- Computer can also check weight, behaviour of part when
loaded or heated, simulate assemblies (“soft prototyping”)
• Computer-Aided Milling (later Manufacturing) was born
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
CAD/CAM• CUED began experimenting with numerically-controlled
machine tools bought with government grant- But funding a continuing problem
• First public CAM demonstration August 1972, London- Hayes milling machine at Machine Tool Exhibition cut a
“jug- shaped object” directly from a DUCT CAD/CAM design
• Today, CAD/CAM has revolutionised engineering design- One-off, short-run & machined fabrication faster, cheaper,
less error-prone than 20 years ago
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2009, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2009, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2009, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
Additive Manufacturing
See: http://kck.st/swSkWN
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© Photos copyright Brook Drumm Source: http://kck.st/swSkWN
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
MDA: Computer-Aided Manufacturing for IT• Most IT shops in similar state to 1980s mechanical engineers
- We now have an agreed diagram syntax for software (UML)- 80% of software designs documented with UML diagrams
representing different views of the required system- UML tools convenient for drawing & erasing diagram lines ..- ... but many programmers turn diagrams into code by hand
• MDA/MDD/MDSE tools store equivalent of CAM solid model- Design can be viewed as UML diagrams ...- ... but tools check correctness & internal consistency ...- ... and fabricate (parts of) the actual system from the model
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2009, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
Evaluating MDA/MDD (1)• Comparative study of productivity & satisfaction of junior
developers producing Web 2.0 social network applications- Martínez, Cachero & Meliá, Universidad Máximo Gómez
Báez (Cuba) & Universidad de Alicante (Spain)
• 26 MSc students (75% with >2 yrs web experience) split into 6 teams to compare 3 development methods
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Code Centric(VS 2010)
Model-Based(RSM)
Model-Driven(OOH4RIA)
Model
Implement
Test
Sketch or absent Blueprint Full model
Manual coding Semi-automatic Automatic
Manual Manual Semi-automatic
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
Evaluating MDA/MDD (2)• Independent Variables:
- Method – Each group used CC, MBD & MDD for something- Module – Each group implemented similar subsystems
• Dependent Measurable Variables:- Productivity of a team with a method & module (SLOC/hr)- Satisfaction of developers for 11 items, each on 7-point
Likert scale; based on post-experiment questionnaire
• Observed Productivity & Satisfaction both largely independent of module being coded, highly dependent on method being used
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
Productivity Means:- P(MDD) = 4.6- P(MBD) = 2.3- P(CC) = 0.23
• MDD 2x more productive than MDB, 20x more productive than CC
• Productivity significantly affected by method used, independent of module being developed
Impact of method on Productivity
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
Satisfaction Means:- P(MDD) = 4.76- P(MBD) = 3.48- P(CC) = 4.17
• MDD 35% more satisfying than MDB, 14% more satisfying than CC
• Satisfaction significantly affected by method used, independent of module being developed
Impact of method on Satisfaction
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
But ...• The price of software is tiny relative to Total Cost of
Ownership- It has little impact to the outcome of IT investment
decisions
• The price of software is historically less than 10% of TCO- Regardless of Build or Buy
• Up to 70% of TCO is post-implementation- Training, Maintenance, Enhancements, Administration- These costs are largely determined by system quality
• Optimising on the development cost yields a one time benefit - Much better to optimise the post-implementation costs
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
Software “maintenance”• In hardware engineering, “maintenance” means keeping
something in its original state- e.g. Keeping Concorde flying supersonic daily for 20+ years
• But ISO/IEC 14764 says “software maintenance” means:- Fixing design flaws (Corrective & Preventive maintenance)- Modification for new uses (Adaptive maintenance)- Improving performance (Perfective maintenance)
• Arguably, “maintenance” is the wrong word for any of this- Software “maintenance” is actually post-deployment design
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
Software “maintenance” very costly• More than 50% of staff time spent on maintenance
Leintz & Swanson 1980 survey of 487 organisations
• Other maintenance & evolution cost estimates even higher
> 90% Erlikh, 2000
75% Eastwood, 1993
> 90% Moad, 1990
60 – 70% Huff, 1990
76% Jones, 2005
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
New software development techniques that donʼt reduce “maintenance” costs are, at
best, irrelevant to software costs
At worst, theyʼre part of the problem
Cutting development costs in half reduces TCO by ... 5%
Cutting development costs by 20% but increasing “maintenance” costs by 5% actually increases TCO
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
More “maintenance” data• About 250bn lines of source code under “maintenance”
Sommerville, 2000
• US annual software “maintenance” cost > $70bnSutherland 1995, Edelstein 1993
• “Maintainers” spend half their time understanding the codeStandish, 1984
• Volume of code being “maintained” doubles every 7 yearsMüller et al, 1994
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
Technology churn• New delivery technologies arrive every 5-10 years
- Often an improvement (e.g. Java vs. C++)
• But critical IT systems live 25+ years- Worldwide, CICS transaction rate ~= WWW page hit rate- In 2008 Credit Suisse had > 32 MLOC of PL/I in use (vs. 11
MLOC Java)- Ovum estimates > 200,000 MLOC of COBOL in use (2005)
• We can no longer afford to pretend that todayʼs delivery platform is the last one thereʼll ever be- We must stop investing all our intellectual capital in code- That investment too difficult to withdraw when itʼs time to
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
How to cope?• Rising costs of “maintenance” of a huge, growing software
legacy means we cannot carry on as we have in the past- Cost of keeping old code in service rises to meet budget
• A different approach is needed, recognising that “maintenance” is actually design work- Re-design to fix design errors (Corrective maintenance)- Re-design to serve new purposes (Adaptive maintenance)- Re-design to run on new platforms (Adaptive maintenance)- Re-design for better performance (Perfective maintenance)
• It then becomes obvious that we must apply modern model-driven software design techniques to “maintenance”
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
Middleware Company MDA study• Two parallel implementations of Sunʼs Pet Store sample app
- Sunʼs illustration of “Java Blueprints” design patterns- Typical 3-tier DB/Java/HTML e-commerce application
• Two 3-person teams, “traditional” Java tools vs. OptimalJ
• MDA team completed in 330 man-hours, “traditional” in 508- 35% effort saving, despite learning MDA tool on the job- MDA team estimated they would be 10-20% faster next time
• Level of bugs found during the testing process was higher for the traditional IDE team than the MDA-tool team
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
Middleware Company maintenance report• Pair of 2-man teams add new features to existing Petstore
apps- Tracking pet maturation- Calculating shipping costs- Soliciting supplier bids for new inventory- Integrating with Amazon.com via its web service- Integrating with mainframe application to track shipments
• Traditional team took 260 hours, MDA team 37% less (165 hrs)
• MDA advantage greatest for disruptive changes (pet maturation), break-even for smallest updates (shipping costs)
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
Summary• Model-driven development delivers better code, faster
- ... in the same way that CAD/CAM delivers better engineering products, faster
- Higher code quality reduces short-term “maintenance” costs
• However, major MDA/MDD benefit comes in the long term- Long-term “maintenance” costs dominate TCO- “Maintaining” applications using design models far easier- Porting to new platforms is easier (or even possible)
• The software industry has for decades behaved as though todayʼs delivery platform is the last one thereʼll ever be- This cannot continue
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
Partial Reference listEvaluating the impact of a Model-Driven Web Engineering Approach on the Productivity and the Satisfaction of Software Development TeamsMartínez, Y, Cachero, C , Meliá, S (2011)http://www.dlsi.ua.es/~santi/papers/EvaluatingProductivityMDD.pdf
Evaluating the impact of a MDWE Approach on the Productivity and the Satisfaction of Software Development TeamsMartínez, Y, Cachero, C , Meliá, S (2012)http://www.slideshare.net/SantiMelia/productivity-mdd-mdbcodecentric-13803834
The Economics of Software Maintenance in the Twenty First CenturyJones, C. (2006)http://www.compaid.com/caiinternet/ezine/capersjones-maintenance.pdf
Software Engineering (6th Edition)Sommerville, I.Addison-Wesley (2000)
Software maintenance costs (annotated bibliography)Koskinen, JUniversity of Jyväskylä (2010)http://web.archive.org/web/20110716064254/http://users.jyu.fi/~koskinen/smcosts.htm
Model Driven Development for J2EE Utilizing a Model Driven Architecture (MDA) ApproachThe Middleware Company (2003)http://www.omg.org/mda/mda_files/MDA_Comparison-TMC_final.pdf
Model Driven Development for J2EE Utilizing a Model Driven Architecture (MDA) Approach –Maintainability AnalysisThe Middleware Company (2003)ftp://ftp.omg.org/outgoing/MDA_Maintainability.pdf
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Modelling for MaintainabilityCopyright © 2012, Object Management Group. All rights reserved. 28 Sept 2012
Essay Question• What is software maintenance? Describe some of the factors
that influence the cost of maintaining software, and critically analyse the claim that Model-Driven Development techniques, such as MDA, have a positive effect on software maintenance practice.
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