Mobilizing for War

One similarity between WWI and WWII on the home front was that

A. Japanese Americans were forcibly interned

B. young men protested by burning their draft cards

C. women filled many jobs traditionally held by men

D. African Americans left the North to migrate to the South

Starter

Japanese suicide pilots were know as _________ pilots.

A. ShintoB. SamuraiC. KamikazeD. Amphtrac

Starter

One complaint of African Americans at the beginning of WWII was that they were

A. integratedB. employedC. empoweredD. disenfranchised

Converting the Economy

During the war American workers weretwice as productive as Germansfive times more productive than the

Japanese

“American production, without which this war would have been lost”

- -Joseph Stalin

Pre-War Preparations When Germany entered France, FDR

declared a national emergency

Built 50,000 warplanes a year Asked for $4 billion to build a “Two-Ocean”

Navy Defense budget was at $17 billion by

October 1940 Created a National Defense Advisory

Committee

Cost-Plus Contracts

Government agreed to pay a company whatever it cost to make a product, PLUS a guaranteed percentage of the costs as profit

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)made loans to companies wanting to

convert factories to war production

Tanks for Cars

Automobile industry was uniquely suited to mass production of military equipment

Built vehicles, artillery, rifles, mines, helmet, pontoon bridges

The auto industry produced nearly 1/3 of all military equipment

Liberty Ships Henry Kaiser went from construction to ship

building (built 30% of all ships) Prefabricated parts and brought them to

shipyards

Liberty Shipbasic cargo shipWent from 244 days to build to 41 days by the

end of the war3,000 built

War Production Board (WPB) Set priorities and production goals,

distributed raw materials and supplies

Clashed with the militaryMilitary continued to sign contracts without

consulting the WPB

Office of War Mobilization (OWM) Settled arguments between different

agencies

Building an Army

Selective Service and Training Act (1940)first peacetime draft in American historyapproved by Congress in September

More than 60,000 enlisted after Pearl Harbor

At first the army did not have the facilities or equipment to train that many

A Segregated Army

At the beginning of the war the military was segregated

African Americans served in separate units commanded by white officers

Most even wanted to keep them out of combat

“Double V” Campaign

1941 the National Urban League encouraged members to join the war effort

Support the war to get victory over Hitler’s racism abroad and racism at home

African Americans in Combat FDR ordered all branches to recruit

African Americans and put them into combat

1941 the Air Force created its first African American unit-- 99th Pursuit SquadronBecame known as the “Tuskegee Airmen”

Military bases were integrated in 1943

President Truman would fully integrate the military in 1948

Other Minorities in the Military Japanese American were not allowed to

serve in the military at first

Second-generation Japanese Americans served in the 100th Infantry Battalion and the 442nd Regimental Combat Team1/2 had been in internment campsbecame the most decorated units in the

history of the U.S. military

Mexican Americans joined the National Guard during the 1930s and served on the front lines

Most minorities served in non-combat positionsNative Americans were the exception1/3 between 18-50 served

Women in the Armed Forces Women served in WWI Most worked in administrative and

clerical positions

Women’s Auxiliary Corps (WAAC)May 1942First allowed women in the militaryHeaded by Oveta Culp Hobby

Women’s Army Corps (WAC)replaced WAACHobby appointed Colonel

Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs)training began in 1942delivered planes

○ 300 pilots made over 12,000 deliveries of 77 kinds of planes

The Coast Guard, Navy, and Marines also set up women’s units

68,000 women served as nurses in the army and navy

Starter: African Americans pushed for a ______ victory in the war effort.

A. Tuskegee

B. Triple C

C. Double V

D. Carver

Life on the Home Front

End of the Great Depression

Created 19 million jobs Doubled the income of the average

family

ProblemsHad to move where jobs wereIncreased taxes, race riots, poor housing,

increased juvenile delinquency, rationing

“Rosie the Riveter”

Women

• Worked in airplane plants and shipyards as riveters, steelworkers, and welders• numbers increased from 12.9 to 18.8 million

• Challenges • men in the workforce, childcare, and unequal

pay

• When the war was over many were expected to return home

African Americans

FDR issued Executive Order 8802 on June 25, 1941“There shall be no discrimination in the

employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color, or national origin”

Fair Labor Practices Commission○ enforced the order○ first civil rights agency since Reconstruction

Mexican Farmworkers

Bracero Program (1942-1964)program organized by the government

more than 200,000 Mexicans came to the Southwest to work

Moving

15 million moved during the warmost moved west and southSunbelt: southern California and into the

Deep South

Housing CrisisLanham Act (1940): provided $150 million

for housingNational Housing Agency (NHA):

coordinated government housing

The Zoot Suit Riots Worn by Mexican

American teenagers in California

June 1943rumors that zoot-

suiters attacked sailors caused 2,500 soldiers and sailors to attack Mexican American neighborhoods in LA

War Bonds

Federal spending increased from $8.9 billion in 1939 to $95.2 billion in 1945Costs from 1941 to 1945 totaled $321 billion

Higher taxes paid for much of the war Began selling bonds in 1941 Total sales reached $186 billion

Pop Culture

• Income levels rise because of jobs created in wartime industry

• “Baby Boom”• Books and movies (Casablanca)

• Baseball– 4,000 of 5,700 major and minor league

players were in the service– 1943 Philip Wrigley founded the AAGSL that

became the AAGBL in 1945

Shortages and Controls

• More war production=less consumer goods

• Office of Price Administration (OPA) began rationing tires and other goods to fairly distribute scarce items• Ration books of coupons for certain goods

including gasoline

• Victory Gardens

How did the federal government control the economy during the war?

The government controlled the economy through wage and price controls, rationing, and the selling of bonds to pay for the war.

Starter

The Office of Price Administration began rationing, or limiting the availability of, many consumer products to make sure enough were available for

A. military useB. the elderlyC. childrenD. schools

Japanese Internment In 1941 there were only about 127,000 in the U.S.,

most lived on the west coast

Nisei- born in the U.S. From parents who emigrated from Japan

Feb. 19, 1942 FDR signed an order that allowed the Secretary of War to establish military zones on the west coast and remove anyone from those zones

Internment

• War Relocation Authority - set up to move everyone of Japanese descent to internment camps (110,000)

• Many lost their homes and businesses

• Camps were in isolated areas

• Wooden barracks with barbed wire and guards around the outside

Italian and German American Relocation

• FDR declared any unnaturalized residents of German or Italian descent 14 or over were designated enemy aliens

• travel restrictions, ID cards• 5,000 were interned in Montana and North

Dakota

• In early 1945 they were allowed to leave

• In 1988 Congress passed a law awarding each surviving internee $20,000

• 20,000 served in the military• 442nd Regimental Combat Team fought in

France and Germany and won more medals than any other unit

In the case Korematsu v. the United States, the Supreme Court ruled that relocation of Japanese Americans was

A. constitutional because it was based on military urgency

B. unconstitutional, and they had to be released at once

C. constitutional, but the government had to pay them property losses

D. unconstitutional because it was based on race

United Nations

FDR believed a new organization could be created to prevent another war

39 delegates met in 1944 in D.C.

Created the United Nations

General Assemblyeach member had 1 vote

vote on resolutions, choose non-permanent members of the security council, vote on budget

Security Councilresponsible for international peace

and security

11 members5 permanent members with veto power

○ Britain, France, China, Soviet Union, United States

Charter officially signed on April 25, 1945

Commission on Human Rights issued the Universal Declaration on Human Rights on 1948lists 30 rights for all human beings in all

societies

Starter

In what way did the Treaty of Versailles lead to world conflict?

A. it created the League of NationsB. it partitioned RussiaC. it forced England and France to disarmD. it led to the economic and political

instability of Germany