Radio PropagationCopyright © 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Mobile Radio Propagation
Copyright © 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Outline
Delay Spread
Doppler Shift
Co-Channel Interference
Modulation Techniques
Copyright © 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Speed, Wavelength, Frequency
= 3 x 108 m/s = 300,000 km/s
System
Frequency
Wavelength
20 GHz
15 mm
Ultraviolet light
1015 Hz
10-7 m
Copyright © 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Types of Waves
Troposphere (0 - 12 km)
Stratosphere (12 - 50 km)
Mesosphere (50 - 80 km)
Ionosphere (80 - 720 km)
Copyright © 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Radio Frequency Bands
300 GHz - 3000 GHz
Copyright © 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Propagation Mechanisms
Reflection
Propagation wave impinges on an object which is large as compared to wavelength
- e.g., the surface of the Earth, buildings, walls, etc.
Diffraction
Radio path between transmitter and receiver obstructed by surface with sharp irregular edges
Waves bend around the obstacle, even when LOS (line of sight) does not exist
Scattering
- e.g. foliage, street signs, lamp posts
Copyright © 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Radio Propagation Effects
Building
Copyright © 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Free-space Propagation
The received signal power at distance d:
where Pt is transmitting power, Ae is effective area, and Gt is the transmitting antenna gain. Assuming that the radiated power is uniformly distributed over the surface of the sphere.
Transmitter
Receiver
hb
hm
Copyright © 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Antenna Gain
Gain G = ( D / )2
= net efficiency (depends on the electric field distribution over the antenna aperture, losses, ohmic heating , typically 0.55)
D = diameter
thus, G = ( D f /c )2, c = f (c is speed of light)
Example:
Antenna with diameter = 2 m, frequency = 6 GHz, wavelength = 0.05 m
G = 39.4 dB
G = 46.9 dB
* Higher the frequency, higher the gain for the same size antenna
Copyright © 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Land Propagation
L is the propagation loss in the channel, i.e.,
L = LP LS LF
Fast fading
Slow fading
Path loss
Copyright © 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Path Loss (Free-space)
Path Loss in Free-space:
This shows greater the fc , more is the loss.
Copyright © 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Path Loss (Land Propagation)
d : distance between transmitter and receiver
α : value of 3 ~ 4 in typical urban area
Copyright © 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Example of Path Loss (Free-space)
Chart2
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fc=150MHz
fc=200MHz
fc=400MHz
fc=800MHz
fc=1000MHz
fc=1500MHz
Suburban area
fc=150MHz
fc=200MHz
fc=400MHz
fc=800MHz
fc=1000MHz
fc=1500MHz
104.288597074
112.1364490609
119.9843010479
122.510745087
127.1014442106
101.0314442106
114.1667783291
122.0146303161
129.862482303
132.3889263422
136.9796254657
110.9096254657
119.9451439387
127.7929959257
135.6408479126
138.1672919518
142.7579910753
116.6879910753
124.0449595843
131.8928115712
139.7406635582
142.2671075973
146.8578067209
120.7878067209
127.2250236567
135.0728756437
142.9207276306
145.4471716697
150.0378707933
123.9678707933
129.8233251939
137.6711771808
145.5190291678
148.0454732069
152.6361723305
126.5661723305
132.0201578416
139.8680098286
147.7158618155
150.2423058547
154.8330049782
128.7630049782
133.9231408394
141.7709928264
149.6188448134
152.1452888525
156.7359879761
130.6659879761
135.6016908035
143.4495427904
151.2973947774
153.8238388165
158.4145379401
132.3445379401
137.1032049119
144.9510568988
152.7989088858
155.3253529249
159.9160520485
133.8460520485
138.4614896427
146.3093416297
154.1571936166
156.6836376557
161.2743367793
135.2043367793
139.701506449
147.549358436
155.397210423
157.9236544621
162.5143535857
136.4443535857
140.8422113336
148.6900633205
156.5379153075
159.0643593466
163.6550584702
137.5850584702
141.8983390968
149.7461910837
157.5940430707
160.1204871098
164.7111862334
138.6411862334
142.8815705215
150.7294225084
158.5772744954
161.1037185345
165.6944176581
139.6244176581
143.8013220946
151.6491740816
159.4970260685
162.0234701076
166.6141692312
140.5441692312
144.6652958936
152.5131478805
160.3609998675
162.8874439066
167.4781430302
141.4081430302
145.4798720586
153.3277240456
161.1755760326
163.7020200717
168.2927191953
142.2227191953
146.2503950105
154.0982469975
161.9460989845
164.4725430236
169.0632421472
142.9932421472
146.981386167
154.829238154
162.677090141
165.2035341801
169.7942333037
143.7242333037
147.6767047064
155.5245566933
163.3724086803
165.8988527194
170.489551843
144.419551843
148.3396708979
156.1875228848
164.0353748718
166.5618189109
171.1525180345
145.0825180345
148.9731619948
156.8210139818
164.6688659688
167.1953100079
171.7860091315
145.7160091315
149.5796877042
157.4275396912
165.2753916781
167.8018357172
172.3925348408
146.3225348408
150.1614502395
158.0093022264
165.8571542134
168.3835982525
172.9742973761
146.9042973761
150.7203925887
158.5682445757
166.4160965626
168.9425406018
173.5332397253
147.4632397253
151.2582376682
159.1060896552
166.9539416421
169.4803856813
174.0710848049
148.0010848049
151.7765203519
159.6243723389
167.4722243259
169.998668365
174.5893674886
148.5193674886
152.276613878
160.1244658649
167.9723178519
170.498761891
175.0894610146
149.0194610146
152.7597517766
160.6076037636
168.4554557505
170.9818997897
175.5725989132
149.5025989132
80.2176242788
86.5281852733
91.9724280705
93.540745087
96.1606808107
90.0958055339
96.4063665284
101.8506093257
103.4189263422
106.0388620659
95.8741711435
102.184732138
107.6289749353
109.1972919518
111.8172276755
99.9739867891
106.2845477836
111.7287905809
113.2971075973
115.917043321
103.1540508615
109.464611856
114.9088546533
116.4771716697
119.0971073935
105.7523523987
112.0629133932
117.5071561905
119.0754732069
121.6954089306
107.9491850464
114.2597460409
119.7039888382
121.2723058547
123.8922415784
109.8521680442
116.1627290388
121.606971836
123.1752888525
125.7952245762
111.5307180083
117.8412790028
123.2855218001
124.8538388165
127.4737745402
113.0322321167
119.3427931112
124.7870359085
126.3553529249
128.9752886486
114.3905168475
120.701077842
126.1453206393
127.7136376557
130.3335733794
115.6305336538
121.9410946484
127.3853374456
128.9536544621
131.5735901858
116.7712385384
123.0817995329
128.5260423301
130.0943593466
132.7142950703
117.8273663016
124.1379272961
129.5821700934
131.1504871098
133.7704228335
118.8105977263
125.1211587208
130.565401518
132.1337185345
134.7536542582
119.7303492994
126.0409102939
131.4851530912
133.0534701076
135.6734058314
120.5943230984
126.9048840929
132.3491268901
133.9174439066
136.5373796303
121.4088992634
127.719460258
133.1637030552
134.7320200717
137.3519557954
122.1794222153
128.4899832099
133.9342260071
135.5025430236
138.1224787473
122.9104133718
129.2209743663
134.6652171636
136.2335341801
138.8534699038
123.6057319112
129.9162929057
135.360535703
136.9288527194
139.5487884431
124.2686981027
130.5792590972
136.0235018944
137.5918189109
140.2117546346
124.9021891996
131.2127501942
136.6569929914
138.2253100079
140.8452457316
125.508714909
131.8192759035
137.2635187008
138.8318357172
141.4517714409
126.0904774443
132.4010384388
137.845281236
139.4135982525
142.0335339762
126.6494197935
132.959980788
138.4042235853
139.9725406018
142.5924763255
127.187264873
133.4978258675
138.9420686648
140.5103856813
143.130321405
127.7055475567
134.0161085513
139.4603513485
141.028668365
143.6486040887
128.2056410828
134.5162020773
139.9604448745
141.528761891
144.1486976147
128.6887789814
134.9993399759
140.4435827732
142.0118997897
144.6318355134
Sheet3
100.9812410837
100.9812410837
104.2496384333
112.1215535071
119.9964981937
122.531664134
127.1382114709
110.8594223388
110.8594223388
114.1278196885
121.9997347623
129.8746794488
132.4098453891
137.016392726
116.6377879484
116.6377879484
119.9061852981
127.7781003719
135.6530450584
138.1882109987
142.7947583356
120.737603594
120.737603594
124.0060009437
131.8779160174
139.752860704
142.2880266443
146.8945739812
123.9176676664
123.9176676664
127.1860650161
135.0579800898
142.9329247764
145.4680907167
150.0746380536
126.5159692036
126.5159692036
129.7843665533
137.656281627
145.5312263136
148.0663922539
152.6729395908
128.7128018513
128.7128018513
131.981199201
139.8531142747
147.7280589613
150.2632249016
154.8697722385
130.6157848492
130.6157848492
133.8841821988
141.7560972726
149.6310419591
152.1662078994
156.7727552363
132.2943348132
132.2943348132
135.5627321629
143.4346472366
151.3095919232
153.8447578635
158.4513052004
133.7958489216
133.7958489216
137.0642462713
144.936161345
152.8111060316
155.3462719719
159.9528193088
135.1541336524
135.1541336524
138.4225310021
146.2944460758
154.1693907624
156.7045567027
161.3111040396
136.3941504588
136.3941504588
139.6625478084
147.5344628822
155.4094075687
157.944573509
162.5511208459
137.5348553433
137.5348553433
140.8032526929
148.6751677667
156.5501124533
159.0852783935
163.6918257304
138.5909831065
138.5909831065
141.8593804562
149.7312955299
157.6062402165
160.1414061568
164.7479534937
139.5742145312
139.5742145312
142.8426118808
150.7145269546
158.5894716412
161.1246375815
165.7311849184
140.4939661043
140.4939661043
143.762363454
151.6342785277
159.5092232143
162.0443891546
166.6509364915
141.3579399033
141.3579399033
144.626337253
152.4982523267
160.3731970133
162.9083629536
167.5149102905
142.1725160683
142.1725160683
145.440913418
153.3128284918
161.1877731783
163.7229391186
168.3294864555
142.9430390203
142.9430390203
146.2114363699
154.0833514437
161.9582961302
164.4934620705
169.1000094074
143.6740301767
143.6740301767
146.9424275264
154.8143426002
162.6892872867
165.224453227
169.8310005639
144.3693487161
144.3693487161
147.6377460658
155.5096611395
163.3846058261
165.9197717664
170.5263191033
145.0323149076
145.0323149076
148.3007122572
156.172627331
164.0475720176
166.5827379578
171.1892852947
145.6658060046
145.6658060046
148.9342033542
156.806118428
164.6810631145
167.2162290548
171.8227763917
146.2723317139
146.2723317139
149.5407290636
157.4126441373
165.2875888239
167.8227547642
172.4293021011
146.8540942492
146.8540942492
150.1224915988
157.9944066726
165.8693513592
168.4045172994
173.0110646363
147.4130365984
147.4130365984
150.6814339481
158.5533490218
166.4282937084
168.9634596487
173.5700069856
147.9508816779
147.9508816779
151.2192790276
159.0911941014
166.9661387879
169.5013047282
174.1078520651
148.4691643616
148.4691643616
151.7375617113
159.6094767851
167.4844214716
170.0195874119
174.6261347488
148.9692578877
148.9692578877
152.2376552373
160.1095703111
167.9845149977
170.519680938
175.1262282748
149.4523957863
149.4523957863
152.720793136
160.5927082098
168.4676528963
171.0028188366
175.6093661735
94.5687569097
97.4304024111
104.0688519866
110.3448253289
112.2881087278
115.7230239988
104.4469381648
107.3085836662
113.9470332417
120.2230065841
122.1662899829
125.601205254
110.2253037744
113.0869492758
119.7253988513
126.0013721937
127.9446555925
131.3795708636
114.32511942
117.1867649214
123.8252144969
130.1011878392
132.0444712381
135.4793865091
117.5051834924
120.3668289938
127.0052785693
133.2812519117
135.2245353105
138.6594505815
120.1034850296
122.965130531
129.6035801065
135.8795534488
137.8228368477
141.2577521187
122.3003176773
125.1619631787
131.8004127542
138.0763860966
140.0196694954
143.4545847665
124.2033006751
127.0649461765
133.703395752
139.9793690944
141.9226524932
145.3575677643
125.8818506392
128.7434961406
135.3819457161
141.6579190584
143.6012024573
147.0361177283
127.3833647476
130.245010249
136.8834598245
143.1594331668
145.1027165657
148.5376318367
128.7416494784
131.6032949798
138.2417445553
144.5177178977
146.4610012965
149.8959165675
129.9816662847
132.8433117861
139.4817613616
145.757734704
147.7010181028
151.1359333739
131.1223711692
133.9840166706
140.6224662462
146.8984395885
148.8417229873
152.2766382584
132.1784989325
135.0401444339
141.6785940094
147.9545673517
149.8978507506
153.3327660216
133.1617303572
136.0233758586
142.6618254341
148.9377987764
150.8810821753
154.3159974463
134.0814819303
136.9431274317
143.5815770072
149.8575503496
151.8008337484
155.2357490194
134.9454557293
137.8071012307
144.4455508062
150.7215241485
152.6648075474
156.0997228184
135.7600318943
138.6216773957
145.2601269712
151.5361003136
153.4793837124
156.9142989835
136.5305548462
139.3922003476
146.0306499231
152.3066232655
154.2499066643
157.6848219354
137.2615460027
140.1231915041
146.7616410796
153.037614422
154.9808978208
158.4158130919
137.9568645421
140.8185100435
147.456959619
153.7329329613
155.6762163602
159.1111316312
138.6198307335
141.4814762349
148.1199258105
154.3958991528
156.3391825516
159.7740978227
139.2533218305
142.1149673319
148.7534169074
155.0293902498
156.9726736486
160.4075889197
139.8598475399
142.7214930413
149.3599426168
155.6359159592
157.579199358
161.014114629
140.4416100751
143.3032555765
149.9417051521
156.2176784944
158.1609618932
161.5958771643
141.0005524244
143.8621979258
150.5006475013
156.7766208437
158.7199042425
162.1548195136
141.5383975039
144.4000430053
151.0384925808
157.3144659232
159.257749322
162.6926645931
142.0566801876
144.918325689
151.5567752645
157.8327486069
159.7760320057
163.2109472768
142.5567737136
145.418419215
152.0568687906
158.3328421329
160.2761255317
163.7110408028
143.0399116123
145.9015571137
152.5400066892
158.8159800316
160.7592634304
164.1941787015
distance
fc
0
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0
Copyright © 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Path Loss (Urban, Suburban and Open areas)
Urban area:
Suburban area:
Open area:
Copyright © 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Path Loss
Urban area (large city)
Suburban area
Open area
Copyright © 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Example of Path Loss (Urban Area: Large City)
Chart3
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104.288597074
112.1364490609
119.9843010479
122.510745087
127.1014442106
101.0314442106
114.1667783291
122.0146303161
129.862482303
132.3889263422
136.9796254657
110.9096254657
119.9451439387
127.7929959257
135.6408479126
138.1672919518
142.7579910753
116.6879910753
124.0449595843
131.8928115712
139.7406635582
142.2671075973
146.8578067209
120.7878067209
127.2250236567
135.0728756437
142.9207276306
145.4471716697
150.0378707933
123.9678707933
129.8233251939
137.6711771808
145.5190291678
148.0454732069
152.6361723305
126.5661723305
132.0201578416
139.8680098286
147.7158618155
150.2423058547
154.8330049782
128.7630049782
133.9231408394
141.7709928264
149.6188448134
152.1452888525
156.7359879761
130.6659879761
135.6016908035
143.4495427904
151.2973947774
153.8238388165
158.4145379401
132.3445379401
137.1032049119
144.9510568988
152.7989088858
155.3253529249
159.9160520485
133.8460520485
138.4614896427
146.3093416297
154.1571936166
156.6836376557
161.2743367793
135.2043367793
139.701506449
147.549358436
155.397210423
157.9236544621
162.5143535857
136.4443535857
140.8422113336
148.6900633205
156.5379153075
159.0643593466
163.6550584702
137.5850584702
141.8983390968
149.7461910837
157.5940430707
160.1204871098
164.7111862334
138.6411862334
142.8815705215
150.7294225084
158.5772744954
161.1037185345
165.6944176581
139.6244176581
143.8013220946
151.6491740816
159.4970260685
162.0234701076
166.6141692312
140.5441692312
144.6652958936
152.5131478805
160.3609998675
162.8874439066
167.4781430302
141.4081430302
145.4798720586
153.3277240456
161.1755760326
163.7020200717
168.2927191953
142.2227191953
146.2503950105
154.0982469975
161.9460989845
164.4725430236
169.0632421472
142.9932421472
146.981386167
154.829238154
162.677090141
165.2035341801
169.7942333037
143.7242333037
147.6767047064
155.5245566933
163.3724086803
165.8988527194
170.489551843
144.419551843
148.3396708979
156.1875228848
164.0353748718
166.5618189109
171.1525180345
145.0825180345
148.9731619948
156.8210139818
164.6688659688
167.1953100079
171.7860091315
145.7160091315
149.5796877042
157.4275396912
165.2753916781
167.8018357172
172.3925348408
146.3225348408
150.1614502395
158.0093022264
165.8571542134
168.3835982525
172.9742973761
146.9042973761
150.7203925887
158.5682445757
166.4160965626
168.9425406018
173.5332397253
147.4632397253
151.2582376682
159.1060896552
166.9539416421
169.4803856813
174.0710848049
148.0010848049
151.7765203519
159.6243723389
167.4722243259
169.998668365
174.5893674886
148.5193674886
152.276613878
160.1244658649
167.9723178519
170.498761891
175.0894610146
149.0194610146
152.7597517766
160.6076037636
168.4554557505
170.9818997897
175.5725989132
149.5025989132
fc=150MHz
fc=200MHz
fc=400MHz
fc=800MHz
fc=1000MHz
fc=1500MHz
Suburban area
fc=150MHz
fc=200MHz
fc=400MHz
fc=800MHz
fc=1000MHz
fc=1500MHz
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Sheet3
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94.5687569097
97.4304024111
104.0688519866
110.3448253289
112.2881087278
115.7230239988
104.4469381648
107.3085836662
113.9470332417
120.2230065841
122.1662899829
125.601205254
110.2253037744
113.0869492758
119.7253988513
126.0013721937
127.9446555925
131.3795708636
114.32511942
117.1867649214
123.8252144969
130.1011878392
132.0444712381
135.4793865091
117.5051834924
120.3668289938
127.0052785693
133.2812519117
135.2245353105
138.6594505815
120.1034850296
122.965130531
129.6035801065
135.8795534488
137.8228368477
141.2577521187
122.3003176773
125.1619631787
131.8004127542
138.0763860966
140.0196694954
143.4545847665
124.2033006751
127.0649461765
133.703395752
139.9793690944
141.9226524932
145.3575677643
125.8818506392
128.7434961406
135.3819457161
141.6579190584
143.6012024573
147.0361177283
127.3833647476
130.245010249
136.8834598245
143.1594331668
145.1027165657
148.5376318367
128.7416494784
131.6032949798
138.2417445553
144.5177178977
146.4610012965
149.8959165675
129.9816662847
132.8433117861
139.4817613616
145.757734704
147.7010181028
151.1359333739
131.1223711692
133.9840166706
140.6224662462
146.8984395885
148.8417229873
152.2766382584
132.1784989325
135.0401444339
141.6785940094
147.9545673517
149.8978507506
153.3327660216
133.1617303572
136.0233758586
142.6618254341
148.9377987764
150.8810821753
154.3159974463
134.0814819303
136.9431274317
143.5815770072
149.8575503496
151.8008337484
155.2357490194
134.9454557293
137.8071012307
144.4455508062
150.7215241485
152.6648075474
156.0997228184
135.7600318943
138.6216773957
145.2601269712
151.5361003136
153.4793837124
156.9142989835
136.5305548462
139.3922003476
146.0306499231
152.3066232655
154.2499066643
157.6848219354
137.2615460027
140.1231915041
146.7616410796
153.037614422
154.9808978208
158.4158130919
137.9568645421
140.8185100435
147.456959619
153.7329329613
155.6762163602
159.1111316312
138.6198307335
141.4814762349
148.1199258105
154.3958991528
156.3391825516
159.7740978227
139.2533218305
142.1149673319
148.7534169074
155.0293902498
156.9726736486
160.4075889197
139.8598475399
142.7214930413
149.3599426168
155.6359159592
157.579199358
161.014114629
140.4416100751
143.3032555765
149.9417051521
156.2176784944
158.1609618932
161.5958771643
141.0005524244
143.8621979258
150.5006475013
156.7766208437
158.7199042425
162.1548195136
141.5383975039
144.4000430053
151.0384925808
157.3144659232
159.257749322
162.6926645931
142.0566801876
144.918325689
151.5567752645
157.8327486069
159.7760320057
163.2109472768
142.5567737136
145.418419215
152.0568687906
158.3328421329
160.2761255317
163.7110408028
143.0399116123
145.9015571137
152.5400066892
158.8159800316
160.7592634304
164.1941787015
distance
fc
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Copyright © 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Example of Path Loss
Chart4
100.9812410837
104.2496384333
112.1215535071
119.9964981937
122.531664134
127.1382114709
110.8594223388
114.1278196885
121.9997347623
129.8746794488
132.4098453891
137.016392726
116.6377879484
119.9061852981
127.7781003719
135.6530450584
138.1882109987
142.7947583356
120.737603594
124.0060009437
131.8779160174
139.752860704
142.2880266443
146.8945739812
123.9176676664
127.1860650161
135.0579800898
142.9329247764
145.4680907167
150.0746380536
126.5159692036
129.7843665533
137.656281627
145.5312263136
148.0663922539
152.6729395908
128.7128018513
131.981199201
139.8531142747
147.7280589613
150.2632249016
154.8697722385
130.6157848492
133.8841821988
141.7560972726
149.6310419591
152.1662078994
156.7727552363
132.2943348132
135.5627321629
143.4346472366
151.3095919232
153.8447578635
158.4513052004
133.7958489216
137.0642462713
144.936161345
152.8111060316
155.3462719719
159.9528193088
135.1541336524
138.4225310021
146.2944460758
154.1693907624
156.7045567027
161.3111040396
136.3941504588
139.6625478084
147.5344628822
155.4094075687
157.944573509
162.5511208459
137.5348553433
140.8032526929
148.6751677667
156.5501124533
159.0852783935
163.6918257304
138.5909831065
141.8593804562
149.7312955299
157.6062402165
160.1414061568
164.7479534937
139.5742145312
142.8426118808
150.7145269546
158.5894716412
161.1246375815
165.7311849184
140.4939661043
143.762363454
151.6342785277
159.5092232143
162.0443891546
166.6509364915
141.3579399033
144.626337253
152.4982523267
160.3731970133
162.9083629536
167.5149102905
142.1725160683
145.440913418
153.3128284918
161.1877731783
163.7229391186
168.3294864555
142.9430390203
146.2114363699
154.0833514437
161.9582961302
164.4934620705
169.1000094074
143.6740301767
146.9424275264
154.8143426002
162.6892872867
165.224453227
169.8310005639
144.3693487161
147.6377460658
155.5096611395
163.3846058261
165.9197717664
170.5263191033
145.0323149076
148.3007122572
156.172627331
164.0475720176
166.5827379578
171.1892852947
145.6658060046
148.9342033542
156.806118428
164.6810631145
167.2162290548
171.8227763917
146.2723317139
149.5407290636
157.4126441373
165.2875888239
167.8227547642
172.4293021011
146.8540942492
150.1224915988
157.9944066726
165.8693513592
168.4045172994
173.0110646363
147.4130365984
150.6814339481
158.5533490218
166.4282937084
168.9634596487
173.5700069856
147.9508816779
151.2192790276
159.0911941014
166.9661387879
169.5013047282
174.1078520651
148.4691643616
151.7375617113
159.6094767851
167.4844214716
170.0195874119
174.6261347488
148.9692578877
152.2376552373
160.1095703111
167.9845149977
170.519680938
175.1262282748
149.4523957863
152.720793136
160.5927082098
168.4676528963
171.0028188366
175.6093661735
Path loss in city
fc=150MHz
fc=200MHz
fc=400MHz
fc=800MHz
fc=1000MHz
fc=1500MHz
Suburban area
fc=150MHz
fc=200MHz
fc=400MHz
fc=800MHz
fc=1000MHz
fc=1500MHz
0
0
0
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0…