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GANGLIONS OF HEAD

AND NECK

PRESENTED BY

Dr.G.MADHAN

PG STUDENT

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Autonomic

Nervous

system

Somtic

Nervous

System

Cns

Pns

Sensory Division Motor Division

Sny!t"etic

Divison

Prsym!t"eitic

#ivsion

GANGLION $ %

This is a microscopic plexus contrasting with the macro plexuses seen in gross lab

A completely dierent ganglionis the swelling !oten on the hand" o a tendon sheath

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ST&UCTU&E OF A NE&'E $ %

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Somatic motor #isceral motor

Eectors S$eletal muscles %ardiac& smooth muscles and glands

'ind o ibers (ne Two) sympathetic and parasympathetic

*rom lower center to

eect re+uire

Single neuron Two neurons) preganglionic neuron !iber" and

postganglionic neuron !iber"

*ibers Thic$ myelinated Preganglionic) thin myelinated

postganglionic) unmyelinated

Distributi,e orm Ner,e trun$ Ner,e plexuses

%ontrol #oluntary!consciousness"

-n,oluntary !unconsciousness "

Sym!t"etic (T"orco)um*r+ Division $ %

. Preganglionic neurons are in spinal cord segments T/0 123

. Sympathetic neurons produce the lateral horns o the spinal cord3

. Preganglionic ibers pass through the white rami communicantes and enter sympathetic

trun$ !para,ertebral" ganglia3

Sym!t"etic !rt $ %

. Lo,er center$located in lateral gray horn o spinal cord segments T/415

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. Sym!t"etic -n-)i

0 Para,ertebral ganglia

0 Pre,ertebral ganglia

Sym!t"etic Truns n# Pt",ys

. There are 25 para,ertebral ganglia in the sympathetic trun$ !chain"

0 5 cer,ical

0 // thoracic

0 6 lumbar

0 6 sacral

0 / coccygeal

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Prverte*r) -n-)i $ %

. Arranged on either side o ,ertebral column

. %onsist o /7422 o o,al8shaped ganglia

. Three cer,ical

0 /9 4 /2 thoracic

0 6 lumbar

0 2 4 5 sacral

0 :anglion impar) unpaired on the anterior ace o coccyx

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Sym!t"etic trun $ %

. *ormed by para,ertebral ganglia and

interganglionic branches

. 1ie on either side o ,ertebral

column rom base o s$ull to coccyx

. The trun$s o two side unite in ront

o the coccyx at a small swelling& the

ganglion impar

Preverte*r) -n-)i $ %

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. 1ie anterior to ,ertebral column and

near the arteries or which they are

named

. %eliac ganglion

. Aorticorenal ganglion

. Superior mesenteric ganglion

. -nerior mesenteric ganglion

T"ree /tes o/ !re-n-)ionic /i*ers $ %

. Relay in corresponding ganglion

. Ascend or descend in sympathetic

trun$ and relay in higher or lower

ganglia

. Pass without synapse to a

pre,ertebral ganglion or relay

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. Greter s!)nc"nic nerve ormed by preganglionic ibers rom T;4T7 ganglia& and

relay in celiac ganglion3

. Lesser s!)nc"nic nerve ormed by preganglionic ibers rom T/94T/2 ganglia& and

relay in aorticorenal ganglion3

. The postganglionic ibers supply the li,er& spleen& $idney and alimentary tract as ar as

the let colic lexure3

. Lum*r s!)nc"nic nerve

. *ormed by preganglionic ibers rom 1/416 ganglia& and relay in pre,ertebral

ganglia3

. The postganglionic ibers supplydescending and sigmoid colon& rectum& pel,ic

,iscera and lower limbs3

T"ree /tes o/ !ost-n-)ionic /i*ers $ % . Bac$ to a spinal ner,e along -ry

communictin- *rnc"es ! 5/ pairs "

to terminate in blood ,essels& arrectores

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pilorum and sweat glands o head& nec$&

trun$ and limbs

. The ibers rom their networ$s around

blood ,essels passing to ,isceral end

organs

. Terminate directly in certain organs

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Distri*ution o/ sym!t"etic nerve $ %

Preganglionic ibers Postganglionic ibers

T/4T;

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. Prsym!t"etic -n-)i$ %

Terminal ganglia are near or within the wall o a ,isceral organ

0 Para8organ ganglia

. %iliary ganglion

. Pterygopalatine ganglion

. Submandibular ganglion

. (tic ganglion

0 -ntramural ganglia

CILIA&0 GANGLION

Prsym!t"etic o/ CNIII Pre-n)ionic!rsym!t"eitic neurons )octe# t t"e E#in-er $ %=estphal Nucleus3

Preganglionic ibers pass along %N--- to the inerior obli+ue muscle synapse at %iliary

ganglion Postganglionic parasympathetic ibers go to

/3 Pupillary constrictor muscles o iris and23 %iliary muscles o ciliary body

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. The ciliary ganglion !arrow 6" is an

important anatomic structure in the

posterior orbit because sensory

inner,ation to the anterior eye&

parasympathetic axons or the iris to

control pupil constriction& and

sympathetic ibers pass that

inner,ate the iris dilators and blood

,essels3 1ocated about / cm in ront

o the annulus o >inn& the ciliary

ganglion lies interposed between the

optic ner,e !shown in gray in the

image" and lateral rectus !arrow 7" at

the lateral aspect o the ophthalmic

artery with its attendant inner,ation

rom the abducens ner,e3

PTE&0GOPALATINE GANGLION

Prsym!t"etic o/ CN'II ) 8

Preganglionic neurons located the superior sali,atory nucleus

*ibres pass along %N#-- !Ner,ous intermediate" greater supericial petrosal ner,e3 Ner,e

o pterygoid canal !#idian ner,e" Synapse at pterygopalatine ganglion

Postganglionic Parasympathetic ibers go to

/3 1acrimal gland and

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23 ?ucosa glands o Nose& Palate and Pharynx

SU1MANDI1ULA& GANGLION

Prsym!t"etic o/ CN'II

Preganglionic neurons located at the superiod sali,atory nucleus ibers pass alongtympani %N#-- !Ner,ous intermediate" %horda tympani ner,e

Synapse at Submandibular ganglion

Postganglionic parasympathetic ibers go to

/3 Submandibular sali,ary gland and

23 sublingual sali,ary gland

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. The submandibular ganglion is small and usiormin shape3 -t is situated abo,e the deep

portion o thesubmandibular gland& on the hyoglossus muscle& near the posterior border

o the mylohyoid muscle3

. The ganglion @hangs@ by two ner,e ilaments rom the lower border o the lingual

ner,e!itsel a branch o themandibular ner,e& %N #5"3 -t is suspended rom the lingual

ner,e by two ilaments& one anterior and one posterior3 Through the posterior o these it

recei,es a branch rom thechorda tympaniner,e which runs in the sheath o the lingual

ner,e3

http://psychology.wikia.com/index.php?title=Fusiform&action=edit&redlink=1http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Submandibular_glandhttp://psychology.wikia.com/index.php?title=Hyoglossus_muscle&action=edit&redlink=1http://psychology.wikia.com/index.php?title=Mylohyoid_muscle&action=edit&redlink=1http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Lingual_nervehttp://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Lingual_nervehttp://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Mandibular_nervehttp://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Chorda_tympanihttp://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Chorda_tympanihttp://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Chorda_tympanihttp://psychology.wikia.com/index.php?title=Fusiform&action=edit&redlink=1http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Submandibular_glandhttp://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Submandibular_glandhttp://psychology.wikia.com/index.php?title=Hyoglossus_muscle&action=edit&redlink=1http://psychology.wikia.com/index.php?title=Hyoglossus_muscle&action=edit&redlink=1http://psychology.wikia.com/index.php?title=Mylohyoid_muscle&action=edit&redlink=1http://psychology.wikia.com/index.php?title=Mylohyoid_muscle&action=edit&redlink=1http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Lingual_nervehttp://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Lingual_nervehttp://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Mandibular_nervehttp://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Mandibular_nervehttp://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Chorda_tympanihttp://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Chorda_tympani

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OTIC GANGLION

Prsym!t"etic o/ CNI2

Preganglionic neurons located at the In/erior s)ivtory nuc)eus

*ibers pass along %N- tympanic ner,e tympanic plexus lesser supericial

petrosal ner,e Synapse at Otic -n-)ion.

Postganglionic parasympathetic ibers go to Proti# s)ivry-)n#

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INFE&IO& SALI'ATO&0 NUCLEUS $ %

. :lossopharygeal ner,e

. -ts tymphanic branch

. Tymphanic plexus

. Passes through oramen o,ale

. 1esser petrosal ner,e

. (tic ganglion3 Relay occurs3

. Post ganglionic ibres pass

. Thrrough auriculo temoral ner,e

. Parotid gland3

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'AGUS NE&'E

PA&AS0MPATHETIC OF CN2 $ %

Dors) motor nuc)euso ,agus ner,e

Preganglionic parasympathetic ibers tra,el along the ,agus ner,e3

Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons locate near or within the wall o the eector

organs e3g3 Myenteric -n-)i o :- tract Postganglionic parasympathetic ibers end at the smooth muscle o the :- tract

Prsym!t"etic nervous system o/ t"e He# n# Nec $ %

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Preganglionic

ibers tra,el

cranial ner,e

Preganglionic

ibers

Synapse at

ganglia

Postganglionic

ibers

Target organs =hat happens to that

organC

%N3--- oculomotor

ner,e toineriorobli+ue m3

8%iliary

ganglion

Short ciliary ner,e Pupillary

constrictor oiris and ciliarymuscle o

ciliary body

Pupil constrict

%ontraction o ciliarym3 88 increase

bulging o lens or

close ,ision

%N3#--

!Ner,ous

intermediate"

greatersupericial

petrosal ner,

,idian ner,e

chordatympani ner,e

Pterygopalatine

ganglion

Subman

dibularganglion

?axillary n3

1lingual n3

1acrimal gland

(ral& palaline

glands andNasal glands

Submandibular

and sublingual

sali,ary glands

Secretion o tear

Secretion o mucous

glands in that area

Secretion o sal,a

rom sub mandibular

and sublingualsali,ary glands

%N3- Tympanicner,e

lesser

supericialpetrosal ner,e

(ticganglion

Auriculotemporal n3 Parotid sali,arygland

Secretion o sali,arom parotid gland

T&IGEMINAL GANGLION

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. The tri-emin) -n-)ion!or Gsserin -n-)ion& or semi)unr -n-)ion& or Gsser3s

-n-)ion" is a sensoryganglion o the tri-emin) nerve!%N #" which occupies a ca,ity

!?ec$el@s ca,e" in the dura mater co,ering thetrigeminal impression near the apex o

the petrous part o the temporal bone3&e)tions

. -t is somewhat crescentic in shape& with its con,exity directed orward) medially& it is in

relation with the internal carotid artery and the posterior part o the ca,ernous sinus3

. The motor root runs in ront o and medial to the sensory root& and passes beneath

the ganglion it lea,es the s$ull through the oramen o,ale& and& immediately below this

oramen& Foins the mandibular ner,e3

. The greater supericial petrosal ner,e lies also underneath the ganglion3

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. The ganglion recei,es& on its medial side& ilaments rom the carotid plexus o the

sympathetic3

. -t gi,e o minute branches to the tentorium cerebelli& and to the dura mater in the middle

ossa o the cranium3

. *rom its con,ex border& which is directed orward and lateralward& three large ner,es

proceed& ,iG3& theo!"t")mic!#/"& m4i))ry!#2"& and mn#i*u)r!#5"3

http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/183001http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/183001

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A. T"e tri-emin) nuc)eus com!)e4$

. The collection o cells in the brainstem that can be called the trigeminal nucleus is huge 8

it stretches rom midbrain to medulla3 - we could see it in a transparent brainstem3

. ?ost o the sensory ibers enter the tri-emin) -n-)ion& regardless o which trigeminal

di,ision they are coming rom3 Their cell bodies& li$e those o all somatosensory neurons&

lie outside the %NS in the ganglion& and their proximal processes enter the brainstem in

the mid8pons3 *rom there they an out to their dierent targets3 Each modality will be

described separately below3

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1. Discrimintive touc"$

. The large diameter !Ab" ibers enter directly into the min sensory nuc)eus o/ t"e

tri-emin)!#"& also called the !rinci!) nuc)eus3 Hust li$e the somatosensory neurons o

the body& they SYNAPSE& then %R(SS3 The secondary aerents can then Foin

the me#i) )emniscuson its way to the thalamus3

C. Pin n# tem!erture $

. The small diameter ibers carrying pain and temperature enter at mid pons& and then do

something unusual 8 they turn down the brainstem3 They tra,el down the pons and

medulla until they reach the caudal medulla& which is where they inally synapse and

cross3

. The tract that the descending axons tra,el in is called the s!in) trct o/ '& and the long

tail o a nucleus that they inally synapse in is called the s!in) nuc)eus o/ '3 These

names come rom the act that they actually reach as ar down as the upper cer,ical spinal

cord3 The spinal nucleus o # can be di,ided into three regions along its length the

region closest to the mouth is called su*nuc)eus or)is& the middle region is

called su*nuc)eus inter!o)ris& and the region closest to the tail is called su*nuc)eus

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cu#)is3 The pain ibers actually synapse in subnucleus caudalis& so you may hear that

term used instead o the spinal nucleus o #3

. The secondary aerents rom subnucleus caudalis cross to the opposite side& and Foin

the s!inot")mic trcton its way to the thalamus3

D. Pro!rioce!tion $

. The propriocepti,e axons in the trigeminal ner,e are the stretch and tendon receptors

rom the musc)es o/ mstiction3 !Recall that all o the muscles o acial expression are

controlled by the acial ner,e3 " These axons coming rom the ace ha,e a strange

characteristic uni+ue among primary somatosensory neurons) their cell bodies are inside

the %NS3 They are the only exception to the rule3 Although their cells loo$ similar to cells

in the dorsal root ganglion !the cell body does not come between the distal and proximal

axon processes"& they are located inside the brainstem in a nucleus called

the mesence!")ic nuc)eus3 The mesencephalic nucleus is essentially a dorsal root

ganglion that has been pushed into the %NS& so there are no synapses within it3 The ibers

enter the brainstem ,ia a small branch o the trigeminal that bypasses the trigeminal

ganglion& turn up towards the mesencephalic nucleus& pass by the cell body& and lea,e the

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nucleus immediately3 ?ost then synapse in the nearby motor nuc)euswhere they can

initiate the stretch relexes or the muscles o mastication3 The stretch relex in the ace

beha,es exactly li$e that in the body& and tapping on the tendon o the masseter !or

example" will produce a twitch3

E. Motor innervtion$

. ?otor or eerent control is not considered a sensory modality& but it is the ourth

component o the extensi,e trigeminal complex3 Themotor nuc)eus o/ 'lies Fust medial

to the main sensory nucleus& and in it reside the a8motor neurons that control the muscles

o mastication3 The two principal muscles in,ol,ed are the msseter!in your chee$" and

the tem!or)is!o,er your temple"& both o which tighten when you clench your teeth3

The motor axons lea,e the mid8pons and bypass the trigeminal ganglion& and reach their

targets ,ia the mandibular di,ision o the trigeminal ner,e3