Mob 1 Vn Intro 2011

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Internet & Mobile Communications

Master 1 - Spring 2011

MI 021

Ho Chi Minh Ville

Anne Fladenmuller

Assistant Professor UPMC (France)


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Overview of the lecture

Introduction

Use-cases, applications

Definition of terms

Challenges, history

Wireless Transmission

frequencies & regulations

signals, antennas, signalpropagation

Link budget

multiplexing, modulation, spreadspectrum, cellular system

Media Access

motivation, SDMA, FDMA, TDMA(fixed, Aloha, CSMA, DAMA,PRMA, MACA, collision avoidance,polling), CDMA

Wireless LANs Basic Technology

Wireless PANs IEEE 802.11a/b/g, .15,

Bluetooth

Network Protocols

DHCP Mobile IP

Ad-hoc networking

Routing

Transport Protocols Reliable transmission

Flow control

Quality of Service

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Bibliography

Course mostly based on the book :

"Mobile Communications",Addison-Wesleyde Jochen Schiller

Other reference books : Data and computer communications , William Stallings

Rseaux de mobiles et rseaux sans fil Khaldoun Al Agha, GuyPujolle, Guillaume Vivier

Wi-fi par la pratique, Guy Pujolle, Davor Mals

Several Tutorials : Vadia Nitin

Gwendal Le Grand


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Computers for the next decades?

Computers are more and more integrated small, cheap, portable, replacable - no more separate devices

Technology is in the background computer are aware of their environment and adapt (location

awareness)

computers recognize the location of users and react appropriately(e.g., call forwarding, fax forwarding, context awareness))

Advances in technology more computing power in smaller devices

Heterogeneous devices and diverse capacities

flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption

new user interfaces due to small dimensions

more bandwidth per cubic meter

multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless PANs, wirelessWANs, regional wireless telecommunication networks etc. (overlaynetworks)

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Number of wireless clients in the world

Market of mobile telephony between 1999

and 2003

0

50100

150

200

250

300

350

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Year

Millionsofunits

North America

Europe

Asia - Pacific - Japan

South America

Middle East - Africa

total

Wireless telephony worldwide


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Increase of the number of smartphones

In 2010, 82 % of french, elder than 12, have amobile phone

16 % have a smartphone

25 % of french customers equipped with a professionalphone have a smartphone.

29 % access to the Internet or to their e-mails, (86 % forsmartphones owners ).

In one year the number of mobile internet users hasgone from 4,2 to 7 millions.


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Internet Market


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Internet Market

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Wifi chips

The number of Wifi chips sold in 2008 reached 387 millionsof unit for all market areas.+ 52% for the Wi-Fi telephony market.

+ 51 % for the printing market.

+ 23% for the notebook, laptops (144 millions unit).

+ 33% for the mobile devices market (MID, camera, audio players ,video players ) (71 millions unit)

Stable for the game market, set-top-boxes,

According to the Wi-Fi Alliance and In-Stat, the increase should reach12% for laptop market.


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Commercial market of WLANs (ABI Research).! Increasing number of Wi-Fi hotspots in 2006"

Up to 143 700 access points in the world, growth of 47 % comparedto 2005."

74 % of Wi-Fi Access Points are in North America and Europe" Forecast : In 2011, the Asia Pacific area should overtake Europe and

North America in terms of number of Access Points." In Europe: "

First market for Wi-Fi, with 57 000 Access points. " Growth mostly in commercial areas which set up free Wi-Fi access.

Typical example : McDonald's, which has equipped 17 % of its 4000

fastfoods."

Hotel sector : currently the biggest market in the world" nearly 40 000 Access Points worldwide. " future : Voice over IP through wireless connections" In 2010, ABI foresees more than 109 000 Wi-Fi AP for this particular

market."

Promissing commercial benefits before the effective use of Wimaxtechnologies."

Vietnamese Market

German market research group, GFK predicted in 2008 that around 320,000 laptopsought to be sold in Vietnam for that year, doubling that of 2007

In 2010eEight licensed mobile service providers operate their GSM and/or 3G CDMAmobile networks in Vietnam.

The introduction of 3G mobile broadband and new IP-based services to theVietnamese market during the 2008 and 2009 has given alternative providers newscope and opportunities.

Vietnamese fixed-line market has been expanding continuously - from 11.2 million inQ4 2007 to 14.8 million in Q4 2008 followed by 17.4 million by Q4 2009

VinaPhone, MobiFone, Viettel and S-Fone - SPTs joint venture EVN Telecomlaunched their CDMA mobile phone networks in late 2006. S-Fone launched its 3GCDMA2000 1X network in July 2003.

In 2008, Russian operator Vimpelcom formed a joint venture with the Vietnamesegovernment to acquire a 40 per cent stake in a seventh mobile GSM operatornamed Gtel. The new network operator is allowed to go to market with a wholerange of communication services including mobile, fixed-line, broadband, VoIP andWiMax services.


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Vietnamese market

VTC will provide 3G services over the infrastructure ofEVN Telecom, which commercially launched its 3Gnetwork earlier in June 2010.

The mobile service market in Vietnam is boomingand competition is intensifying. Mobilesubscriptions increased by 31 per cent from 74.87million at end-2008 to 98.2 million by end-2009.

Viettel ranks first with a 33.8 per cent market share,followed by Vinaphone with 27.19 per cent andMobiFone with 27.15 per cent.


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Vietnamese Market

Operators view No standard wireless model though Wifi is praised for its business

potentials, telecom firms are hesitating to develop Wifi. Most of themare just testing services

After an experimental period, we see space barriers and we are

seeking better solutions for these, said Viettels Deputy Director incharge of technology, Hoang Son.

S-Fones wireless Internet service for mobile phone is praised for itsgood quality but the charges are still high.

For EVN Telecom, though the service is wireless, users have to usea slow dial-up connection.

Security is a problem for wireless Internet services as it is said thathackers can attack computers through Wifi system. Some service providers have warned that as wireless services in Vietnam are in

a trial period and there is no standard security model users must protectthemselves. Internet & Mobile Communications

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Wireless in the world


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Growth of the 3G+

In Europe, forecast for of the growth of 3G+telephony (CCS Insight).


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2009 Estimation

for2011

subscribers 22 millions 43 millions

incom 6 billions of 11 milliards of

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Long Term Evolution

Average annual growth rate (conseil Pyramid Research)

Motorola : + 404 % between 2010 and 2014,

Estimation of 136 millions of subscribers by the end of 2014. (growth ofUMTS/HSPA subscribers was of 100 millions in 6 years)

Goal: transfert of high speed data with a longer transmission range,higher number of user per cell and lower latency.

USA/ Sweeden/ :An offer is set up for 2010 (Ericsson : HSPA (3G) networkwith very high speed (84 Mbits/s) over Danemark other major cities inSweeden before the end of 2010)

France :Arcep (Autority dof regulation of communications) : Licencesallocated in 2010 and sold in 2011.

- Sprectrum of 2,6 GHz Band (military) should be freed by 2010 and 2012

- Spectrum of 800 MHz Band (television and army) freed by december 2011


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Internet Market


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Commercial Wifi market (ABI Research).! Increase of the number of WiFi hotspots"

2008 : Paris noticed an increase of 534%of its public and professionnal Wi-Fi connexion. " 400free hotspots in Paris" London remain the most connected city with12.276 connexion

area in the city In Europe : important increase in commercial centers with setting up of free Wi-Fi.

Example : McDonalds (1 sur 2 Paris)"

In2006 :" 143 700 access points in the world, +47 % compared to 2005." 74 % of this wifi points are in North America and Europe"

Forecast: " In 2011, South Pacific should overtake Europe and America in terms of number

of access points. " Hotels: First user ofe WiFi in the world. Promissing market since VoIP is

progresing. "

In 2010, ABI foresee more than 109 000 WiFi AP for this area."

2013 : forecast of wifi market x4 (ABI)" Promissing market, until LTE/WiMAX is being deployed ?"


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WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)

WiMAX available in 2 solutions: fixed WiMAX (within a building)

mobile WiMAX (connection of nomad clients).

Device maker

10 000 Wimax base station delivered by Motorola Annual growth rate of 40 % since the delivery of the first

WiMAX access points in 2007

802.16m (WiMAX Release 2) is the next generation for this

high speed mobile technology.

In the USA Consortium : Sprint and Clearwire planed an investment of 10 billions

of $

In Europe WiMAX and similar services are restricted to areas with no or very little

high-speed wired connectivity. LTE (long term evolution) seems to bethe natural evolution of HSPA


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Introduction

The development of wireless interfaces generates a need forintegration : standardisation of W -LAN/MAN/PAN technologies IEEE 802.11,.15, .

16,

Internet: extensions of Mobile IP to the IP protocol

Wide area networks

Fixed telephony :stable market

Cellular :growing market

Internet :Growing market

GSM GPRS/EDGEUMTS/IMT2000

4 G

Wireless ATM IEEE 802.11 Bluetooth Wimax

Evolution ofwired telephony :More services

IP/IPv6WDM

IP with/without QoS


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Different aspects of mobility

Mobile computing refers to different aspects : Terminals mobility

Wireless connection between a mobile terminal and an accesspoint or between several mobile terminals

Maintain the connection when users are on the move

Allow handover and paging

Users mobility Identify a user whichever terminal or network he uses.

User profiles should always be recognised

Service mobilityAllow adaptation of the service to the operating environment

Session mobilityAllow to pause and restart a session on different environments

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Mobile Communications

Two aspects of mobility: user mobility: users communicate (wireless) anytime, anywhere,

with anyone

device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere tothe network

Wireless vs. mobile Examples stationary computer notebook in a hotel wireless LANs in historic buildings Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

The demand for mobile communication creates the need forintegration of wireless networks into existing fixed networks: local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11,

ETSI (HIPERLAN)

Internet: Mobile IP extension of the internet protocol IP

wide area networks: e.g., internetworking of GSM and ISDN


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Applications

Vehicles transmission of news, road conditions, weather, music via DAB

personal communication using GSM

position via GPS

local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents,guidance system, redundancy

vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can betransmitted in advance for maintenance

Emergencies early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first

diagnosis

replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes,hurricanes, fire etc.

crisis, war, ...

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Typical application: road traffic

UMTS, WLAN,GSM, Wimax ...

Personal Travel Assistant,DAB, PDA, laptop,GSM, UMTS, WLAN,Bluetooth, ...


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Applications

Traveling salesmen direct access to customer files stored in a central location

consistent databases for all agents

mobile office

Replacement of fixed networks

remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities flexibility for trade shows

LANs in historic buildings

Entertainment, education, ... outdoor Internet access

intelligent travel guide with up-to-datelocation dependent information

ad-hoc networks formulti user games

Built

150BC B

uilt

150BC

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Applications

Location aware services what services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the local

environment

Follow-on services automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to

the current location

Information services push: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket

pull: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cherry Cake? Support services

caches, intermediate results, state information etc. follow themobile device through the fixed network

Privacy who should gain knowledge about the location


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Applications

The ultimate goal : overlay networks

area

city

campus

home

Vertical handover

Horizontalhandovers

integration of heterogeneous networksFixed and mobile with different caracteristics

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Mobile devices

Pager receive only tiny displays simple textmessages

Mobile phones voice, data simple text displays

PDA simple graphical displays character recognition simplified WWW

Palmtop tiny keyboard simple versionsof standard applications

Laptop fully functional standard applications

Sensors,embeddedcontrollers Smartphone

keyboard simple versionsof standard applications

connectivity


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Effects of device portability

Power consumption limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due to

limited battery capacity

Loss of data higher probability, has to be included in advance into the design (e.g.,

defects, theft)

Limited user interfaces compromise between size of fingers and portability

integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols

Limited memory limited value of mass memories with moving parts (flash-memory or ?)

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Wireless in comparison to fixed networks

Higher loss-rates due to interference emissions of, e.g., engines, lightning

Restrictive regulations of frequencies frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost

all occupied

Low transmission rates local some Mbit/s, regional currently, e.g., 9.6kbit/s with GSM

Higher delays, higher jitter

connection setup time with GSM in the second range, severalhundred milliseconds for other wireless systems

Lower security, simpler active attacking radio interface accessible for everyone, base station can be

simulated, thus attracting calls from mobile phones

Always shared medium secure access mechanisms important


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Early history of wireless communication

Many people in history used light for communication flags (semaphore), ...

150 BC smoke signals for communication;(Polybius, Greece)

1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe

Here electromagnetic waves areof special importance:

1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction

J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic Fields, waveequations (1864)

H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrateswith an experiment the wave characterof electrical transmission through space(1886, in Karlsruhe, Germany, at thelocation of todays University of Karlsruhe)

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History of wireless communication I

1895 Guglielmo Marconi first demonstration of wireless

telegraphy (digital!)

long wave transmission, hightransmission power necessary (> 200kw)

1907 Commercial transatlantic connections huge base stations (30 100m high antennas)

1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco

1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi reflection at the ionosphere

smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of thevacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)

1926 Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin wires parallel to the railroad track


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History of wireless communication II

1928 many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV,TV news)

1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)

1958 Analog telephony in Germany analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile station, no

handover, 80% coverage, in 1971: 11000 customers 1972: evolution : analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed

network too (but location of the mobile station has to be known)

1982 Start of GSM-specification goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming

1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile PhoneSystem, analog)

1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones

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History of wireless communication III

1991 Specification of DECT Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced

Cordless Telecommunications)

1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/sdata transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to several10000 user/km2, used in more than 50 countries

1992 Start of GSM Fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels

automatic location, hand-over, cellular

roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 170 countries

services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...


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History of wireless communication IV

1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local AreaNetwork) ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s

recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) aswireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)

1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11 IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s

already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning

1998 Specification of GSM successors for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as

European proposals for IMT-2000

Iridium 66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone

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History of wireless communication V

1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s

Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4Ghz,

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cellular phones satellites wireless LANcordlessphones

1992:GSM

1994:DCS 1800

2001:UMTS/IMT-2000

1987:CT1+

1982:Inmarsat-A

1992:Inmarsat-BInmarsat-M

1998:Iridium

1989:CT 2

1991:

DECT

199x:proprietary

1995/96/97:IEEE 802.11,HIPERLAN

2005?:MBS, WATM

1988:Inmarsat-C

analog

digital

1991:D-AMPS

1991:CDMA

1981:NMT 450

1986:NMT 900

1980:CT0

1984:CT11983:

AMPS

1993:PDC

4G fourth generation?

Wireless systems


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Areas of research in mobile communication

Wireless Communication transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay)

modulation, coding, interference

media access, regulations

...

Mobility location dependent services location transparency

quality of service support (delay, jitter, security)

...

Portability power consumption

limited computing power, sizes of display, ...

usability

...

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Simple reference model used here

Application

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Medium

Data Link

Physical

Application

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Data Link

Physical

Network Network

Radio


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Influence of mobile communication to the layer model

service location

new applications, multimedia

adaptive applications

congestion and flow control

quality of service

addressing, routing,device location

hand-over authentication

media access

multiplexing

media access control

encryption

modulation

interference

attenuation

frequency

Application layer

Transport layer

Network layer

Data link layer

Physical layer

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Systmes sans fil


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Wireless & mobile Internet

Ongoing research Wireless communications

transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay)

Modulation, coding, interferences

Access support, regulation,

Mobility Services dependant on the localisation QoS support (delay, jitter, security),

Portability Energy consumption

Limited processing power,

Usages

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Reference model for the course

Application

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Medium

Data Link

Physical

Application

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Data Link

Physical

Network Network

Radio


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Reference Model for this course

Influence of mobile communications on thehierarchical OSI model Application Layer: localisation services, adaptive

applications

Transport Layer: Flow control and congestion control. Network Layer: addressing, locating, routing, handover,

Quality of Service

Data Link Layer: authenthication, medium access,multiplexaging

Physical Layer: encryption, modulation, interference,loss, frequencies

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Course outline

Transmissions sans fil

Medium Access Control

WirelessLAN and PANs

Network Layer

transport layer


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Overview of the lecture

Introduction Use-cases, applications

Definition of terms

Challenges, history

Wireless Transmission



multiplexing, modulation,spread spectrum, cellularsystem

Media Access motivation, SDMA, FDMA,

TDMA (fixed, Aloha, CSMA,DAMA, PRMA, MACA, collisionavoidance, polling), CDMA

Wireless LANs

Basic Technology

IEEE 802.11a/b/g, .15,Bluetooth

Network Protocols

DHCP

Mobile IP

Ad-hoc networking

Routing

Transport Protocols

Reliable transmission

Flow control

Quality of Service

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Wireless Transmissions



multiplexing, modulation, spreadspectrum, cellular system


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Electromagnic spectrum and its usage

Twisted pair

100 102 104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024

radio microwaves

infrared

UV X Rays Gamma rays

lumirevisible

f (Hz)

104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015

coaxial

navyradioAM

radioFM

TV

satellite

-wavesterrestrial

fibre

f (Hz)

bande LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF THF

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Frequencies and regulations

ITU-R manages auctions of new frequencies and frequencybands in the world (f in MHz)


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Frequencies and regulations

Lots of frequency bands have beenallocated fot : Satellite links

Communications with planes

Radio Frequencies

Paging services

Military, police,

Higher frequencies are less used because moresubject to losses.

Non regulated Band under study.

How about UWB (ultra Wide Band)?

Spectrum allocation in the US

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Frequencies allocation

For a dedicated usage The larger the spectrum is, the higher the throughput

At the International level

l'ITU proposes some Recommendations, which are onlyrecommendations

At a national level

le government allocates frequency bands : AM or FM radio, TV, cellularphones, police, military, navy,

For operators algorithms

Selection based on proposals

auctions

lottery

ISM band


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The ISM Band

Industrial, Scientific, Medical Microwave ovens, opening systems for garage doors, computer mice,

phone, toys with remote control,

Main Idea Anyone can transmit at wish but the transmission power is limited Varying bands in the spectrum depending on the country, with varying

maximum permissiable power depending on both the band and the country

ex : US, limited power to 1 Watt in 5.7GHz band, but only 200mW in the 5.1 to5.3GHz band

ex : In France, the ANFR (Agence Nationale des Frquences) publishes theTNRBF (Tableau National de Rpartition des Bandes de Frquences)

f

BP

902MhZ

928MHz

2,4GHz

2,4835GHz

5,735GHz

5,860GHz

26MHz

83,5MHz

125MHz

Mob 1 Vn Intro 2011

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