MM202 LECTURE 5MULTICULTURALISM IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICAInstitute of Western European Studies, FSV UK

Spring 2010

Lecturer: Antonin Mikes

CANADA

Nation of immigrants

BACKGROUND INFO

VISIBLE Minorities Definition in Employment Equity Act

Persons other than aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in ‘race’ or non-white in colour, other origin than European

1981: 1.1 million visible minorities (4,7% of population) Since 1996 Question no 19: DO YOU BELONG TO...? 1999 3 mil (12,2%) Total population 31,241,030 total visible minorities 5,068,095

(2006)

2006 CENSUS ETHNIC ORIGINS , VISIBLE MINORITIES (HTTP://WWW.STATCAN.GC.CA/DAILY-QUOTIDIEN/080402/DQ080402A-ENG.HTM)

More than 200 different ethnic origins reported against 25 in 1901

11 ethnic origins had passed the 1-million population mark. The largest group enumerated by the census consisted of just over 10 million people who reported Canadian as their ethnic ancestry

English, French, Scottish, Irish, German, Italian, Chinese, North American Indian, Ukrainian and Dutch.

VISIBLE MINORITY POPULATION SURPASSES 5-MILLION MARK

2006> 5,068,100 individuals who belonged to the visible minority population > 16,2% of population

Employment Equity Act visible minorities are defined as "persons, other than Aboriginal persons, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.“

Rate of growth between 2001-2006  27.2% (5,4% for population as a whole)

Canada Census 2006

VISIBLE MINORITIES Largest groups South Asians, 1,262,900

individuals 24,9 % of visible minorities Chinese minority 1,216,600 individuals 24%

of visible minorities Black 783,800 individuals 15,5% Filipinos 8.1% of the visible minority Latin Americans 6.0% Arabs 5.2% Southeast Asians 4.7% West Asians 3.1% Koreans 2.8% Japanese 1.6%

DESIGNATED GROUPS

Employment Equity Act Apart from visible minorities

Women Aboriginals Disabled

MULTICULTURAL POLICIES

Official Languages act in 1969 Official policy of multiculturalism in 1971 Canadian Multiculturalism Act in 1988 1997 Renewed multiculturalism programme

IMPORTANT ACTS

Employment Equity Act 1986 Canadian Multiculturalism Act 1988 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

1982 Official Languages act 1969 Canadian Bill of Rights 1960 Canadian Bill of Rights 1960 Canadian Citizenship Act 1947

POLICES IN CANADA TO ENSURE EQUALITY AND DIVERSITY

“pluralism [is] a fact of life” 1960 Passage of the Canadian Bill of Rights 1969 Book IV of Bilingualism and Biculturalism

Commission Report emphasises the bilingual and multicultural nature of Canada

1969 introduction of the Official Multiculturalism Policy

1982 Adoption of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

1988 Passage of the Canadian Multiculturalism Act

1997 Renewed Multiculturalism Program announced

NOWADAYS IN CANADA

52% of primary school students speak English as a second language (2005)

the PRC has supplied the biggest number of Canadian immigrants since 2000,

averaging well over 30,000 immigrants per year, totaling an average of 15% of all immigrants to Canada. This wave, however, dropped to only 8,000 a year in 2004.

HEAD TAX REDRESS.

On June 22, 2006, Prime Minister Stephen Harper delivered a message of redress in the House of Commons, offering an apology in Cantonese and compensation for the head tax once paid by Chinese immigrants.

Survivors or their spouses will be paid approximately $20,000 CAD in compensation.

There are about 20 people whom paid the tax still alive in 2006

$975 RIGHT OF LANDING FEE - THE NEW HEAD TAX  As of February 1995, all adult immigrants

coming to Canada must pay a $975 "Right of Landing Fee" ("ROLF") in order to be granted permanent residence.

A family of four, for instance, would have to pay $3,150 in total fees just to be accepted, an amount that is equivalent to the annual salary of an accountant in El Salvador and three years wages for a nurse in Sri Lanka. 

RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN CANADA http://www.hrea.org/lists/wcar/markup/doc00000.doc

EDUCATION 2006HTTP://WWW.STATCAN.GC.CA/DAILY-QUOTIDIEN/060404/DQ060404B-ENG.HTM 79% of visible-minority immigrant youth

aspired to obtain at least one university degree in their future, compared with 57% of Canadian-born non-visible minority students according to a study by the Research Data Centres

88% of visible-minority immigrant parents stated that they hoped their children would acquire a university education against 59% for Canadian born

NETHERLANDS

16,527,595 people in August 2009 80% by Caucasian Dutch population of

Germanic or Gallo Celtic descent 2008 Other origins 20% of which 11% are non-western origin mainly

Turks, Moroccans, Antilleans, Surinamese and Indonesians according to census in 1999

Roman Catholic: 28%, Protestant: 19%,  Muslim: 6%, other: 4%, none: 43% (2007)

http://www.hollandtrade.com/holland-information/facts-and-figures/?gclid=CIiQk8W03qACFQi7ZwodsCuSMw

CLASSIC GROUPS2009

Turkey 378 330 Suriname 338 678 Morocco 341 528 Antilles/Aruba 134 774

http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLEN&PA=37325eng&D1=0-2&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0-1,3-4,139,145,210,225&D6=4,9,%28l-1%29-l&HD=090611-0858&LA=EN&HDR=G3,T&STB=G5,G1,G2,G4

NEW GROUPS

Iraq 41 000 Afghanistan 31 000 Somalia 29 000 Iran 27 000  

INTEGRATION SYSTEM Civic Integration: people who come and live in

the Netherlands have to speak Dutch, be aware of aspects of the Dutch society and be familiar with a number of key norms and values of it.

2008 142, 737 new commers Obligatory programs

Came to the Netherlands after 2007, does not have Dutch passport

Voluntary programmes for „oldcomers“ Stock of about 464 000 oldcomers

does not have a Dutch passport; lived in the Netherlands before 1 January 2007, lived in the Netherlands for less than eight years when he/she was of school age; does not hold a certificate demonstrating a sufficient level of knowledge of the Dutch language and Dutch society

http://www.vrom.nl/pagina.html?id=42920

GOVERNMENT POLICIES

Newcomers Integration Act (30 Sept. 1998) Policy document on oldcomers (June 2001) Dual paths   Funding: Newcomers: 177 million Euro (2001) Oldcomers: 100 million Euro (2002)

in 2004 a Parliamentary Research Committee on the Integration Policy (Blok Commission) concluded that integration had actually been

relatively successful and that progress had been achieved in the various fields of housing, employment, and education

"Integration Policy New Style" > series of explicit policies purportedly aimed at the integration of migrant communities in 2003

Integration Abroad Act 2005 The Civic Integration Act 2007 Delta Plan for Civic Integration > €460 million

for approximately 60,000 people annuallyhttp://www.hrw.org/en/node/82373/section/7http://www.vrom.nl/pagina.html?id=42920

ANTIDICRIMINATION Equal treatment legislation since 1994 The Equal Treatment Act (ETA)/ The Equal

Treatment Commission (semi-judicial) Race+ ethnic origin, religion, belief, political

opinion, nationality, sexual orientation and civil status (not handicap and age- cf. EC Framework Directive)

Human rights law prohibits discrimination and unjustified unequal treatment. The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) forbid discrimination on the basis of nationality and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) forbids discrimination on the basis of race.

ETA

Allows positive action as an exception to the general prohibition of unequal treatment: „prohibition shall not apply if the discrimination is aimed at putting members of ethnic and cultural minorities in a privileged position, in order to eliminate or reduce de facto inequalities. This preferential treatment has to be reasonably proportionate to that aim, and it should be abolished when equality is reached

WET SAMEN Act on the stimulation of labour participation

of ethnic minorities (Wet SAMEN): Required organisations to reach

proportionate participation of ethnic minorities in their staff. Wet SAMEN implemented Section 2.2 of ICERD-

The objectives of various laws include reaching de facto equality of minority groups on the labour market.

INTEGRATION & IMMIGRATION POLICY Coordination: Ministry of Justice Ministry for Immigration and Integration

Minister is Verdonk / part of Justice Goals of ministry:

Better integration Restrictive entrance policy  Combat illegals and effective remigration policy 

of illiegals 

ETA The Equal Treatment Act (1994) The Equal Treatment Commission

(semi-judicial) Newcomers Integration Act (1998)

/ Wet inburgering nieuwkomers “Stranger Act” / Vreemdelingen Wet

(2000) “Live Together Act” / Wet Samen (2004)

Replacement National Network Diversity

Rotterdam Act (2006) Integration Act / Wet Inburgering (2006)

UK

61,383,000 people (2008) England> 84% Wales> 5% Scotland> 8% Nothern Ireland >3%

HTTP://WWW.STATISTICS.GOV.UK/CCI/NUGGET.ASP?ID=273

Census 2001

POLCIES The first Race Relations Act in Britain was passed

in 1965 Legislation in Britain against racial discrimination

has been in operation since 1965. The Race Relations Act 1976 does not fully protect Muslims because religious discrimination, in spite of Article 13 of the Treaty of Amsterdam, is still not unlawful in Britain

Institutional policies UK Commission for Racial Equality

The Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) is a publicly funded, non-departmental public body, set up under the Race Relations Act 1976 to tackle racial discrimination and to promote equal opportunities and good race relations. 

Race Relations Act (1976) Race Relations Act protects (against) racial discrimination

in most, but not all, situations

REPRESENTATION

ROLE OF SPECIALISED BODIES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS

CRE in UK ► Good bench mark/example Characteristics of Specialized Bodies

Responsibilities Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Good race

relations, Promoting equality and operation etc…) Status

Independent, Up hold the principles of public life, Accountable, Open and honest

Governance Commissioners, Advisers, Committees

EXAMPLES

“The emergence of a strong Muslim identity in Britain is, in part, a result of multicultural policies implemented since the 1980’s which have emphasized difference at the expense of shared national identity and divided people along ethnic, religious and cultural lines.” Munira Mirza,

Despite widespread concerns about Islamophobia, 84% of Muslims believe they have been treated fairly in this society

Policy of devolution in the UK has decentralized control to some extent and left each region to its own devices.

HUGE RISE IN NUMBER OF RACIST ATTACKSBY NIGEL MORRIS, HOME AFFAIRS CORRESPONDENTWEDNESDAY, 9 JULY 2008

EU AND UN IN UK

The Government supports the Council's main anti-racism body, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI)

Framework Convention on the Protection of National Minorities

International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination

http://www.communities.gov.uk/communities/racecohesionfaith/raceandethnicity/europeaninitiatives/

CITIZENSHIP Britain has long had an open, largely jus soli- based

definition of citizenship, while Germany until 2000 had a restrictive, ethnic definition. Despite this, the two countries’ experiences of integration and social cohesion have not been radically different.

WHY? Since 2005> have to pass Life in the UK citizenship

test before you can apply for citizenship for naturalization if you cannot prove ancestry

Need to have lived 6 years in the UK, need to speak english

If married to a British citizens then need to have lived 3 years in UK and have permanent residence

http://www.ukimmigration.com/family/uk_citizenship.htm

GERMANY German citizenship was historically based on

blood ties to Germany. i.e. Turks could not become citizens (even if born in Germany)

resident in Germany for 8 years with a valid residence permit

a livelihood-guarantee of you and your dependants without recourse to social welfare or unemployment benefits (exceptions are made for people under 23 years)

adequate knowledge of the German language on oath on the German constitution you have to give up your former citizenship

(although there are exceptions to this) http://www.justlanded.com/english/Germany/Germany-

Guide/Visas-Permits/Citizenship

http://www.proasyl.de/ GERMANY’S IMMIGRATION LAW MARKS ONE

YEAR http://www.icare.to/article.php?

id=1292&lang=en ASYLUM SEEKER NUMBERS IN GERMANY FALL

BY 18PC http://www.icare.to/article.php?

id=1351&lang=en Http://www.icare.to/

EU

The Racial Equality Directive 2000/43/EC The purpose of this Directive is to lay down a

framework for combating discrimination on the grounds of racial or ethnic origin, with a view to putting into effect in the Member States.

the principle of equal treatment. COUNCIL DIRECTIVE of 9 February 1976 on

the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions (76/207/EEC)

The Employment Equality Directive 2000/78/EC

SINCE 2000 EU anti-discrimination policy

Equal treatments for Racial or ethnic origin Religion and belief Disability Sexual Orientation Age 

2007 commission set up European Commission set up a new series of anti-discrimination training activities financed by Progress programme (employment and social solidarity; € 743,25 million for seven years (2007-2013) for Employment, Social inclusion and protection, Working conditions, Non-discrimination, Gender equality)

HOME WORK

What other EU directives / treaties could be related to Minorities/ travelers/ immigrants/

How are they applied.