Livelihoods,  charcoal,  ecosystem…  •  Indigenous  forests  of  precious  hardwood  species,  breeding  sites  for  wild  animals    •  Lack  of  alterna9ve  livelihoods,    need  for  pasture,  promp9ng  tree  felling  for  charcoal  for  

small  return  •  Difficulty  of  controlling  produc9on  and  trades  and  to  conserve    with  complex  directories  

and  lack  of    clear  responsibili9es  among  ministries  in  charge  

Drivers of degradation

across landscape

Activities, actors, formal/informal multi-sectoral regulatory frameworks across

different stages of value chain/landscape

Rural forests, woodlands, range- lands, farmlands

Production & processing

Transport

End-use

Value chain

Road networks

Urban markets, settlements

Retail by city traders

Consumption by urban households

Carbonization by farmers / charcoal burners

Wood harvest by farmers

Collection by middlemen

Wholesale by dealers

Energy Sector

Local Authority,

Police

Forestry Sector

Agricul. Sector

Land, tree tenure

Growing demand for

charcoal along urbanization

Extensive tree exploitation

Poverty, income needs

Unclear regulatory

frameworks, room for

corruption, bribes

Damaged ecosystem services, loss of resilience

Perceived free resources

Lifestyle change

Trade-offs

Unaffordability of alternative energy

Lack of incentives to

adopt sustainable

technologies

Squeezed margins for

charcoal producers

Longer supply

distance, higher

footprints

Charcoal  Economics  in  Landscape  Context  –  Conceptual  Framework  

goal  –  sustainable  charcoal  •  Compara9ve  studies  between  African  countries,  and  even  Asia/La9n  America…    

Rwanda  Case   Price  (RWF)  /32kg  

Price  (USD)/kg  

Producer  margin  

Nyungwe   4,000  RWF     0.18  $/kg      Butare  city   5,500-­‐6,000RW

F  0.24-­‐0.26  $/kg  

66-­‐72%  

Kigali  city   7,500  RWF   0.33  $/kg   53%  

Kenya  Case   Price  (KSH)  /35.7kg  

Price  (USD)/kg  

 Producer  margin  

Farm  gate  price   KFS  -­‐  438  Ksh    (Mara  -­‐  100ksh)  

0.14  $/kg  (0.03$)  

   

Nairobi  price   1,949ksh   0.61  $/kg   22%  (5%)  (casual  interview  during  Nov  2014) (Kenya  figures  from  KFS  2013)

Rwanda  •  Only  Forestry  Dep    –  Ministry  of  Natural  

Resources  is  a  responsible  authority.  •  A  land  owner  to  clear  a  plot  over  0.25  ha,  

transporters  obtain  permits  from  District  Gov  which  controls  all  the  revenue,  while  Na9onal  Government  does  not  interfere.        

•  Charcoal  is  a  rela9vely  profitable  business  while  the  same  Eucalyptus  can  serve  mul9-­‐purposes  –  firewood,  9mber,  bean  stakes.    

•  In  sum,  the  impacts  of  centralized  policies,  decentralized  implementa9on,  higher  margins  for  landowner/producers,  mul9-­‐purpose  trees  compa9ble  with  local  crop-­‐livestock  systems,  are  key

Expected outcomes

across landscape Landscape approach for sustainable

charcoal

Rural forests, woodlands, range- lands, farmlands

Production & processing

Transport

End-use

Value chain

Road networks

Urban markets, settlements

Multi-stakeholder management structure to

handle externalities

Tree planting, regeneration Sustained income

Clear regulatory frameworks, little room for

corruption, bribes

Enhanced ecosystem services, Improved resilience

Right valuation of resources

Synergies

Retail by city traders

Carbonization by farmers / charcoal burners

Wood harvest by farmers

Collection by middlemen

Wholesale by dealers

Inter-sectoral coordination to get the policy

environment right

Consumption by urban households

Affordability of efficient devices

Lifestyle change

Shorter supply

distance, lower

footprints

Moderate demand for

charcoal along

urbanization

Adoption of sustainable

technologies

Higher margins for

charcoal producers

Charcoal  Economics  in  Landscape  Context  –  Conceptual  Framework