Mixed methods study of IDU FSW in Mexico

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A mixed methods approach to understanding injection drug related HIV risk among female sex workers and their non commercial partners: A case study from Northern Mexico Jennifer L. Syvertsen, PhD, MPH; Angela M. Robertson, PhD; M. Gudelia Rangel, PhD; Gustavo Martinez, MD; Lawrence A. Palinkas, PhD & Steffanie A. Strathdee, PhD CFAR International HIV/AIDS Research Day September 18, 2012

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A mixed methods approach to understanding injection drug‐related HIV risk among female sex workers and their non‐commercial partners: A case study from Northern Mexico

Transcript of Mixed methods study of IDU FSW in Mexico

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Amixedmethodsapproachtounderstandinginjectiondrug‐relatedHIVriskamongfemalesexworkersandtheirnon‐commercialpartners:

AcasestudyfromNorthernMexico

Jennifer L. Syvertsen, PhD, MPH;Angela M. Robertson, PhD;M. Gudelia Rangel, PhD; Gustavo Martinez, MD;

Lawrence A. Palinkas, PhD & Steffanie A. Strathdee, PhD

CFAR International HIV/AIDS Research Day

September 18, 2012

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Acknowledgements• INVESTIGATORS & STAFF

• Investigators: Steffanie Strathdee (PI), Thomas Patterson, Lawrence Palinkas, Monica Ulibarri, Melanie Rusch, Victoria Ojeda, Davey Smith, Jennifer Syvertsen, Angela Robertson, Gudelia Rangel (Tijuana), Hugo Staines, Gustavo Martinez (Cd. Juarez)

• Consultants: Nabila El‐Bassel, Carlos Magis‐Rodriguez, Hortensia Amaro, Martina Morris• Statisticians: Daniela Abramovitz, Irina Artamonova, Shirley Rosas• Field Coordinators: Patricia Gonzales & Alicia Vera (Tijuana), Alma Barron Perez (Juarez)• Research Assistants: Maria Luisa Rolon and Daniel Hernandez• Editorial: Karla Wagner

• RECRUITERS & INTERVIEWERS• PROJECT PARTICIPANTS• FUNDING: National Institute on Drug Abuse 

• R01‐DA027772, T32‐DA023356, R36‐DA032376, T32‐AI007384‐21A1

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Mixedmethods:whatcanwelearnaboutHIVrisk?

Objective of today’s presentation: • illustrate how different methodological approaches shape our understanding of HIV risk among female sex workers (FSWs) and their intimate, non‐commercial partners

Quantitative

Qualitative

Ethnographic

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Background• Intimate relationships shape HIV risk in complex ways requiring innovative methodological approaches

• Drug‐using intimate couples:• Dual sexual and drug‐related risks• Syringe sharing common among injecting partners

• FSWs are at high risk for HIV• Intimate partners  risk?

• Low condom use; drug use

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Rhodes & Quirk 1998; Simmons & Singer 2006; Stoebenau et al 2009; Lam 2008

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Mexico‐U.S.bordercontextTijuana and Ciudad Juarez are largest border cities• Concentrated areas of sex work & drug abuse• HIV prevalence: FSWs (6%) & FSW‐IDU (12%)• Intervention reduced FSWs’ risk with clients  but no

effect on behaviors with intimate partners

Proyecto Parejas:mixed methods                                                                                        study of HIV/STI & risk                                                                           behaviors among FSWs &their non‐commercial                                                                                       partners in Mexico

5Source: PAHO

Patterson et al. 2008; Strathdee et al. 2008; Ulibarri et al. 2012

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Parejas studyprotocol• Eligibility: FSWs & their non‐commercial partners (e.g., boyfriends, spouses)

• Sampling: Targeted & snowball sampling through women first

• Screening: 2 step process

1. Primary Screener (73% eligible)

• Check women’s eligibility & intimate partner violence

2. Couple Verification Screening (96% eligible)• Questions “tested” partners’                                                                                       knowledge of each other

• Total enrolled: 214 couples (n individuals= 428)

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Syvertsen et al. BMC Public Health, 2012, 12:136 Photo: Evang

elinaOlivas, 201

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Quantitative Qualitative Ethnographic

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EpistemologyPositivism; testing a priori hypotheses

Iterative; open to modifications

+ Immersion; learn from daily life

Researcher‐participant relationship

Objective, neutral Social interaction, build rapport & trust

+ in‐depth, reflexive involvement

Focus Measurement & quantification

“Lived experience” –behaviors, beliefs,  meaning, emotions

+ Cultural context

Examples of methods ‐questions

Surveys: closed‐ended questions:“How often have you used a syringe after someone else?”

Semi‐structured interviews: “tell me about the last  time you injected drugs” – set of prompts

+ Observations, fieldnotes: what are they actually doing?

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Parejas:Datasources

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QUANTITATIVEn=214 couples(428 individuals)

QUALITATIVEn=44 couples(88 individuals)

ETHNOGRAPHICn=7 couples

(14 individuals)

QUANTITATIVE: ALL couples participate in surveys & HIV/STI testing at baseline & 6‐month visits for 24 months to assess behavioral & clinical outcomes

QUALITATIVE interviews with a subset of dyads at baseline and 1‐yr follow‐up to examine the social context of relationships

ETHNOGRAPHICmethods:    in‐depth interviewing, photo elicitation & observations to further explore the context of injection‐related HIV risk

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Parejasquantitativemethods• Design & Data Collection:

• Designed by binational team• Pilot tested in Tijuana • Computer‐assisted surveys                                                           administered by trained interviewers

• Measures include: • Socio‐demographics and relationship characteristics• Sexual behaviors and sex work• Drug use: injection drug use, syringe sharing, HIV risk behaviors

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Photo: Ang

ela Ro

bertson, 201

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Parejas qualitativemethods• Purposeful sub‐sample: 

• age, relationship duration, drug use, male employment

• Semi‐structured joint & individual interviews:• Major themes: relationship, finances, sex, sex work, drug use and drug treatment

• Follow‐up: changes in                                                          relationship dynamics &                                                              project experiences

• Grounded theory analysis• Emergent themes grounded                                                                      in participants’ experiences                                                                       to build theories 10

Photo: Jenn

ifer Syvertsen, 201

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ParejasEthnographicmethods

• Semi‐structured & ethnographic interviewing

• Photo elicitation (participants took photos  interviews)

• Ethnographic observations                                                          

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The Tijuana River Canal, where injectors often congregate to buy, sell & use drugs                       

Photo: Jenn

ifer Syvertsen, 201

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Whatistheprevalenceofinjection‐relatedHIVriskbehaviors?

• “Sharing” behaviors? • Social context of risk?• Need to understand injection‐related risk in the context of the drug market & type of heroin used on the border:• Mexican black tar heroin (sticky, like tar)• Cannot easily share in raw form; must be dissolved in water and heated into an injectable form

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Past6monthinjectionriskbehaviors(n=254,59%ofParejas sample)

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Recent Injection behaviorsMalesn=122 (48%)

Femalesn=132 (52%)

Total n=254

Indirect sharing (cooker, water, filter) 52 (41.9) 63 (47.7) 115 (44.9)

Share syringe to divide drugs 50 (40.3) 53 (40.2) 103 (40.2)

Receptive syringe sharing 48 (38.7) 59 (44.4) 107 (41.6)

Receptive syringe sharing partners  n=48 (44.9%)

n=59 (55.1%) Total n=107

Partner 23 (47.9) 40 (67.8) 63 (58.9)

Friends 19 (39.6) 20 (33.9) 39 (36.4)

Acquaintances 15 (31.3) 8 (13.6) 23 (21.5)

Strangers 4 (8.3) 1 (1.7) 5 (4.7)

Family 1 (2.1) 2 (3.4) 3 (2.8)

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QualitativedataonHIVrisk• Couples’ sharing: with each other vs. outside of relationship• Sharing patterns shaped by:

• relationship dynamics (e.g., trust)• context of risk behaviors (e.g., spaces of drug use)

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Quantitative data: next steps ‐conduct further analyses that account for interdependence in dyadic data

Ethnographic data: further explore the sociocultural context of HIV risk

Qualitativeunderstanding

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Ethnographiccontext• Spaces (physical and social) in which injection occurs  shapes HIV risk

• Public vs. private spaces• Some injected in risky public places, like picaderos(shooting galleries)

• Social vs. isolated• Couples preferred injecting at home, but observations revealed different risk environments:

• Some pooled resources to share with family & friends• Others were socially isolated and only injected together 15

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Takehomemessages• PROYECTO PAREJAS

• Complexity of HIV risk • Behaviors are embedded in social context

• Risk constructed differentially by participants

• One data source incomplete view of risk

• Better understanding improved research designs, prevention & care

Quantitative

Qualitative

Ethnographic

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ThankyouContact information: Jennifer Syvertsen, PhD, [email protected] Fellow, UCSD Division of Global Public HealthSchool of Medicine

* Note: The original CFAR presentation contained images of drug use and the contexts in which drug use occurred. These photos were taken by the researchers and participants themselves as part of the study. Due to ethical concerns, I purposely omitted these images from this version of the presentation. I also request that the images that remain in this version not be duplicated without permission.

Anyone interested in hearing & viewing the original presentation may contact me. I am happy to give a talk that features the photos.

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