Misura della sostenibilità - Indicatori e indici sostenibilita - Indicatori.pdfIl report di...

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Misura della sostenibilità - Indicatori e indici

1.  Misura dello sviluppo

2.  Human Development Index

3.  Report di Sostenibilità

4.  EEA – Indicator influence in policy making

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Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna

Environmental Risk Management Summer School 2010

Tragedy of commons

In a well know paper, Garrett Hardin (in 1968) argued that users of a commons are caught in an inevitable process that leads to the destruction of the resources on which they depend. Garrett Hardin, 1968. The Tragedy of the Commons, Science 162, 1243-1248. Garrett Hardin, 1998. Extensions of "The Tragedy of the Commons”, Science 280, 682-683.

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Economic growth

•  Economic growth is usually measured as the growth of GDP (Gross Domestic Product).

•  GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period.

•  GDP= private consumption + investments + public expenses + exported goods – imported goods

Note: GDP allocates production based on geographic location GNP allocates production based on location of ownership

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Data Source: Angus Maddison's "World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1-2003 AD" at The Groningen Growth and

Development Centre. http://www.ggdc.net/

Doubling of GDP: 10000 BC to 1500 : 11500 years without doubling 1500 to 1830 : 330 years 1830 to 1880 : 50 years 1880 to 1915 : 35 years 1915 to 1951 : 36 years (Great Depression and World Wars) 1951 to 1975 : 24 years (recovery to trendline) 1975 to 2003 : 28 years 2003 to 2024-2027? : 21-24 years (on current trends)

Evolution of economic growth

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The concept of “development”

•  Truman (1949): –  First, "we will continue to give unfaltering support to the

United Nations and related agencies, and we will continue to search for ways to strengthen their authority and increase their effectiveness."

–  Second, "we will continue our programs for world economic recovery."

–  Third, "we will strengthen freedom-loving nations against the dangers of aggression."

–  Fourth, "we must embark on a bold new program for making the benefits of our scientific advances and industrial progress available for the improvement and growth of underdeveloped areas.”

•  For the first time the term “underdeveloped areas” is used to indicate regions economically less advanced.

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Limits to growth

•  1972: the “Club of Rome” put the first doubts on the possibility to continue an indefinite growth.

•  Earth ecosystem is limited in resources: –  finite non-renewable resources; –  pollution –  increase of enthropy

•  The new idea is that the development cannot come from an unlimited growth.

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1987 – Brundtland Commission Report

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

In 1983 the UN establishes the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED – also known as Brundtland Commission)

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Goals of sustainable development

Economic growth positive

Growth quality better

Natural resources conservation

Occupational levels constant

Risk management better

Economy, Society and Environment integration

International relations new structures

International cooperation better

Quantify the goals

Indicators

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Stigliz Commission

“Stiglitz” Commission - Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress

In February 2008, the President of the French Republic, Nicholas Sarkozy, unsatisfied with the present state of statistical information about the economy and the society, asked Joseph Stiglitz (President of the Commission), Amartya Sen (Advisor) and Jean Paul Fitoussi (Coordinator) to create a Commission, subsequently called “The Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress” (CMEPSP). The Commission’s aim has been to identify the limits of GDP as an indicator of economic performance and social progress, including the problems with its measurement; to consider what additional information might be required for the production of more relevant indicators of social progress; to assess the feasibility of alternative measurement tools, and to discuss how to present the statistical information in an appropriate way.

http://www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr/en/index.htm

Whenever there are "externalities"—where the actions of an individual have impacts on others for which they do not pay or for which they are not compensated—markets will not work well. But recent research has shown that these externalities are pervasive, whenever there is imperfect information or imperfect risk markets—that is always.

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Commission recommendations

1.  When evaluating material well-being, look at income and consumption rather than production

2.  Emphasise the household perspective 3.  Consider income and consumption jointly with wealth 4.  Give more prominence to the distribution of income, consumption and wealth 5.  Broaden income measures to non-market activities 6.  Quality of life depends on people’s objective conditions and capabilities. Steps

should be taken to improve measures of people’s health, education, personal activities and environmental conditions. In particular, substantial effort should be devoted to developing and implementing robust, reliable measures of social connections, political voice, and insecurity that can be shown to predict life satisfaction

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Commission recommendations 7.  Quality-of-life indicators in all the dimensions covered should assess inequalities in a

comprehensive way 8.  Surveys should be designed to assess the links between various quality-of-life domains for

each person, and this information should be used when designing policies in various fields 9.  Statistical offices should provide the information needed to aggregate across quality-of-

life dimensions, allowing the construction of different indexes 10.  Measures of both objective and subjective well-being provide key information about

people’s quality of life. Statistical offices should incorporate questions to capture people’s life evaluations, hedonic experiences and priorities in their own survey

11.  Sustainability assessment requires a well-identified dashboard of indicators. The distinctive feature of the components of this dashboard should be that they are interpretable as variations of some underlying “stocks”. A monetary index of sustainability has its place in such a dashboard but, under the current state of the art, it should remain essentially focused on economic aspects of sustainability

12.  The environmental aspects of sustainability deserve a separate followup based on a well-chosen set of physical indicators. In particular there is a need for a clear indicator of our proximity to dangerous levels of environmental damage (such as associated with climate change or the depletion of fishing stocks)

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UN – Human Development Index

Developed by pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990. Three variables:

•  Life expectancy at birth •  Education:

•  Mean years of schooling •  Expected years of schooling

•  Gross national income (GNI) per capita (constant 2005 PPP $)

http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi/ 73

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HDI: calculation

Each dimension index is computed as: with: Life expectancy: min=20, max=83.4 Mean years of schooling: min=0, max=13.1 Expected years of schooling: min=0, max=18 Gross national income (GNI): min=ln(100), max=ln(107,721)

Dimension index =actual value – minimum value

maximum value – minimum value

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HDI: calculation

The Education index is computed as: The HDI is the geometric mean of the three dimension indices:

Education =

√Mean years of schooling ×

√Expected years of schooling

0.978

HDI =3�Life expectancy × 3

√Education× 3

√Income

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HDI: example

Italy •  Life expectancy at birth: 81.9 •  Education:

•  Mean years of schooling: 10.1 •  Expected years of schooling: 16.3

•  Gross national income: 26,484

Dimension indices: •  Life expectancy at birth: (81.9-20)/(83.4-20)=0.976 •  Education:

•  Mean years of schooling: (10.1-0)/13.1-0)=0.771 •  Expected years of schooling: (16.3-0)/(18-0)=0.906

•  Gross national income: (ln(26,484)-ln(100))/(ln(107,721)-ln(100))=0.799 HDI=0.874

0.854

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Inequality index (GINI)

0.854

A = 1−n√X1X2...Xn

X̄

A=0 perfect equality A=1 perfect inequality

geometric mean

arithmetic mean

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Inequality-adjusted HDI

I∗x = (1–Ax)× Ix

computed using the actual distributions of an index inside a nation

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HDI 2011

http://hdr.undp.org/en/data/map/ 79

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HDI vs. GDP

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0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000

IHD

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GDP/person (US$ 2005)

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

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IHD

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Energy consumption (toe/person)

Above a given value of GDP (or energy consumption) there is no significant improvement in HDI

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Il report di sostenibilità definisce la responsabilità complessiva dell’organizzazione in termini di:

•  sostenibilità economica, che include la capacità dell’organizzazione di creare ricchezza per sé e per la comunità, attraverso la remunerazione del personale, il rapporto con clienti, fornitori, banche, erario, la creazione di nuovi posti di lavoro, la remunerazione agli azionisti, investimenti in ricerca e sviluppo, ecc.

•  sostenibilità ambientale, che include la valutazione degli impatti dei processi, dei prodotti e dei servizi sulle risorse naturali, nell’ottica di salvaguardia del patrimonio ambientale

•  sostenibilità sociale, che include la sicurezza e la salute sul lavoro, le condizioni di lavoro, il rispetto dei diritti umani, la partecipazione alla comunità

Report di Sostenibilità

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Caratteristiche generali Trasparenza L’informativa e la visibilità dei processi, delle procedure e delle assunzioni sono essenziali per la credibilità del report. Coinvolgimento L’organizzazione che redige il report dovrebbe sistematicamente confrontarsi con i propri stakeholder per focalizzarne oggetto e contenuto al fine di migliorare continuativamente la qualità dei propri report. Verificabilità I dati e le informazioni inclusi nel report devono essere rilevate, analizzate, esposte e descritte in modo da rendere possibile la loro tracciabilità e affidabilità. Completezza Tutte le informazioni utili ai destinatari del documento per valutare le performance economiche, ambientali e sociali dell’organizzazione devono apparire nel report in un modo coerente rispetto all’oggetto, ai periodo temporale ed ai limiti stabiliti dichiarati. Rilevanza E’ il grado di importanza assegnato dal management a particolari aspetti, indicatori o informazioni e rappresenta la soglia alla quale le informazioni diventano abbastanza significative al fine di essere comunicate. Contestualizzazione L’organizzazione dovrebbe cercare di posizionare le proprie performance nel più ampio contesto ecologico e sociale, nei casi in cui ciò aggiunga significatività alle informazioni riportate. Accuratezza Si riferisce al raggiungimento del grado di esattezza per limitati margini di errore nelle informazioni riportate, necessari per i destinatari per prendere decisioni con un alto livello di confidenza. Neutralità Il report deve evitare condizionamenti nella selezione di informazioni, fornendo un quadro bilanciato delle performance dell’organizzazione. Comparabilità L’organizzazione deve mantenere coerenza nei confini e nell’oggetto dei report, illustrare ogni cambiamento e riformulare o riclassificare le informazioni precedentemente fornite. Chiarezza L’organizzazione, consapevole delle diverse esigenze e background degli stakeholder, deve rendere disponibili le informazioni con un adeguato livello di dettaglio, in modo da renderle comprensibili al maggior numero di destinatari. Periodicità Il report dovrebbe fornire informazioni con una periodicità adeguata alla natura dell’informazione, tenendo conto delle esigenze dei destinatari. 82

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Modello GRI

Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), 1997 (CERES e UNEP)

Sito web Unigrà

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EEA – Indicator influence in policy making

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Misura della sostenibilità - Indicatori e indici sostenibilita - Indicatori.pdfIl report di...

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Transcript of Misura della sostenibilità - Indicatori e indici sostenibilita - Indicatori.pdfIl report di...