Mississippian Carbonates in Indiana …….and beyond 14...Mississippian Mississippian-Devonian...
Transcript of Mississippian Carbonates in Indiana …….and beyond 14...Mississippian Mississippian-Devonian...
Mississippian Carbonates in Indiana…….and beyond
Brian D. KeithIndiana Geological Survey
GeneralizedGeology of the
Midwest-
structural features
Illinois Basin
MichiganBasin
Mississippian
http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/globaltext.html
Pennsylvanian
http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/globaltext.html
TIMEPASSIVE MARGIN ACTIVE MARGIN
CONTINENTALCOLLISION
SEAFLOORCONTRACTION
SEAFLOOR SPREADING
CONTINENTALPULL-APART
TERTIARY
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
PC
CRETACEOUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
CARBONIFEROUS
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
EDIACARIAN-HADRYNIAN
ALLEGHENIAN
ACADIAN
CALEDONIAN
TACONIAN
Sanford et al (1985)
Eastern North America Tectonic events
This image cannot currently be displayed.This image cannot currently be displayed.This image cannot currently be displayed.
ILLINOIS INDIANA MICHIGAN OHIO
Coal
Alleganian Clastic Wedge
Acadian Clastic Wedge
Taconic Clastic Wedge II
Taconic Clastic Wedge I
Carbonate platform Clastic Wedge Evaporites Mixed carbonate and clastic
Generalized Paleozoic Facies
Granite, basalt, arkose, and other rocks
Maquoketa
Black River
Ancell
200to
1000
35to
230100to
550
0to
500
0to
160
0to
2000
20to
2000
50to
400
400to
1000290to
2180
>1900
Trenton
Ever-ton
Potosi
Mt.Simon
Muscatatuck
NewHarmony
Bainbridge
20to
250
0to
750
50to
770
50to
350
NewAlbany
Brassfield/Sexton Creek
BuffaloWallow
Stephensport
West Baden
Blue River
Sanders
Borden
160to
375
130to
240
100to
260
40to
680
130to
910
35to
760
90to
350
NewAlbany
GROUP ORFORMATION
ROCK UNIT
McLeansboro
Carbondale
RaccoonCreek
170to
770
290to
460
160to
980
Sandstone
Shale
Carbonate
KEY
Igneous andmetamorphic
Paleozoic Stratigraphic Framework for Indiana
Vail et al, 1977Icehouse
Greenhouse
I
G
IOther Factors to Consider
Global sea-level(Vail, et al 1977)
Global climate(Fischer, 1981)
Flooding of North Americaduring much ofPaleozoic
+
Position near equator during warmer global climate
Lots of carbonate-secretingorganisms making lots of limestone *
* Interrupted unfortunately by the periodic clastic wedges
The Net Result
Granite, basalt, arkose, and other rocks
Maquoketa
Black River
Ancell
200to
1000
35to
230100to
550
0to
500
0to
160
0to
2000
20to
2000
50to
400
400to
1000290to
2180
>1900
Trenton
Ever-ton
Potosi
Mt.Simon
Muscatatuck
NewHarmony
Bainbridge
20to
250
0to
750
50to
770
50to
350
NewAlbany
Brassfield/Sexton Creek
BuffaloWallow
Stephensport
West Baden
Blue River
Sanders
Borden
160to
375
130to
240
100to
260
40to
680
130to
910
35to
760
90to
350
NewAlbany
GROUP ORFORMATION
ROCK UNIT
McLeansboro
Carbondale
RaccoonCreek
170to
770
290to
460
160to
980
Sandstone
Shale
Carbonate
KEY
Igneous andmetamorphic
Paleozoic Stratigraphic Framework for Indiana
Mississippian PeriodMississippian PeriodThe Geologic History of IndianaThe Geologic History of Indiana
PALEOGEOGRAPHY: PALEOGEOGRAPHY: Early Mississippian (Osagean)Early Mississippian (Osagean)
Modified from Kepferle (1978)Modified from Kepferle (1978)Modified from Gutschick and Sandberg (1983)Modified from Gutschick and Sandberg (1983)
Establishment of the Mississippian Platform in the Illinois Basin
Facies model and analogy with Mississippian carbonates of Illinois Basin
(1997)
Mississippian PeriodMississippian PeriodThe Geologic History of IndianaThe Geologic History of Indiana
PALEOGEOGRAPHY:PALEOGEOGRAPHY:Middle Mississippian (Meramecian)Middle Mississippian (Meramecian)
Big Snowy -Williston Basin
Acadian Foreland
Basin
Palo Duro Basin
Powder R.Basin
WisconsinHighlands
CARBONATE PLATFORM
PROBABLE ERODED CARBONATE PLATFORM
Illinois Basin
Michigan Basin
Fort WorthBasin
??
?
?
?
?
?
Front RangeUplift
Ozark Uplift
Oolites
OolitesOolitesOolites
Oolites
Modified from Ettensohn (1993)Modified from Ettensohn (1993)
LAND
LAND
DEEP MARINE(mud and chert)
DEEPMARINE
(mud)
W
EMM
SHALLOW MARINE(silt, shale, carbonate mud)
SHALLOW MARINE(carbonate sand and mud)
LAND
LANDMM
Early to Middle Mississippian Paleogeography
Deltaic deposition from east followed byextensive shallow carbonate platform
Borden Valmeyeran
LAND
LAND LM1
LAND
LAND LM2
Late Mississippian Paleogeography
Alternation of thick sand and shale depositionvs. widespread thin limestone deposition -
Control an issue
Chesterian
PP
Pre-Pennsylvanian Paleogeography
Erosion and incision of major paleovalleysinto exposed Mississippian surface
PERMIAN **PENNSYLVANIANMISSISSIPPIAN
DEVONIANSILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN *
PALEOZOIC
MESOZOIC
CENOZOIC
TRIASSIC **
JURASSIC **
CRETACEOUS **
TERTIARY ***
QUATERNARYEON ERA PERIOD
PHANEROZOIC
PROTEROZOIC
ARCHEAN
PRECAMBRIAN *
Millions ofYears Ago
540
500
435410355
295325
250
203
135
65
1.75
± 5
± 6± 8± 5
± 5± 3
± 3
± 5
± 0.5
± 0.05
* Not exposed at the surface *** Scattered deposits** Not present4,600
Industrial Minerals of Indiana ($775 million for 2009)*1. Crushed stone (limestone & dolostone)
MississippianDevonianSilurianOrdovician
2. Portland cement (limestone and clay)
Quaternary (clay)MississippianMississippian-Devonian (clay)DevonianSilurian
3. Sand & gravel 6. Clay & shaleQuaternary Pennsylvanian
Mississippian4. Lime and masonry cement (limestone)
Mississippian, Devonian, Silurian 7. OtherGypsum (Mississippian)
5. Dimension stone Industrial sand (Quaternary &Pennsylvanian (sandstone) Mississippian)Mississippian (limestone and sandstone)Devonian & Silurian * USGS
10 0 30 Miles
10 0 50 Km
Granite, basalt, arkose, and other rocks
Maquoketa
Black River
Ancell
200to
1000
35to
230100to
550
0to
500
0to
160
0to
2000
20to
2000
50to
400
400to
1000290to
2180
>1900
Trenton
Ever-ton
Potosi
Mt.Simon
Muscatatuck
NewHarmony
Bainbridge
20to
250
0to
750
50to
770
50to
350
NewAlbany
Brassfield/Sexton Creek
BuffaloWallow
Stephensport
West Baden
Blue River
Sanders
Borden
160to
375
130to
240
100to
260
40to
680
130to
910
35to
760
90to
350
NewAlbany
GROUP ORFORMATION
ROCK UNIT
McLeansboro
Carbondale
RaccoonCreek
170to
770
290to
460
160to
980
Sandstone
Shale
Carbonate
KEY
Igneous andmetamorphic
Paleozoic Stratigraphic Framework for Indiana
Bahama Platform as model for warm shallow water seas
Enos (1974)
Bahama Platformfacies distribution
Mississippian PeriodMississippian PeriodThe Geologic History of IndianaThe Geologic History of Indiana
MODERN CARBONATE SHOALS:MODERN CARBONATE SHOALS:BahamasBahamas
SPILLOVER LOBESSPILLOVER LOBES
2D DUNES2D DUNES
Images from Hine and others (1985)Images from Hine and others (1985)
Mississippian PeriodMississippian PeriodThe Geologic History of IndianaThe Geologic History of Indiana
DEPOSITIONAL MODEL:DEPOSITIONAL MODEL:Salem LimestoneSalem Limestone
OpenMarine
Platform
ShoalComplex
RestrictedPlatformInterior
After Brown (1990)After Brown (1990)
Granite, basalt, arkose, and other rocks
Maquoketa
Black River
Ancell
200to
1000
35to
230100to
550
0to
500
0to
160
0to
2000
20to
2000
50to
400
400to
1000290to
2180
>1900
Trenton
Ever-ton
Potosi
Mt.Simon
Muscatatuck
NewHarmony
Bainbridge
20to
250
0to
750
50to
770
50to
350
NewAlbany
Brassfield/Sexton Creek
BuffaloWallow
Stephensport
West Baden
Blue River
Sanders
Borden
160to
375
130to
240
100to
260
40to
680
130to
910
35to
760
90to
350
NewAlbany
GROUP ORFORMATION
ROCK UNIT
McLeansboro
Carbondale
RaccoonCreek
170to
770
290to
460
160to
980
Sandstone
Shale
Carbonate
KEY
Igneous andmetamorphic
Paleozoic Stratigraphic Framework for Indiana
Monroe County Geology
Borden
Salem
Penn.
Ste. Genevieve
West Baden(Lower Chesterian)
Paoli Ls.
Ste. GenevieveLs.
St. Louis Ls.
Salem Ls.Harrodsburg Ls.Ramp Creek Fm.
Paoli Ls.
Keith (2011, 2013)
Summary of Mississippian Rocks in Monroe and Lawrence Counties - Interpretation and possible sea-level curve
Facies model and analogy with Mississippian carbonates of Illinois Basin
St. LouisSalemHarrodsburgRamp Creek
(1997)
Ste. Genevieve
Global implications of regional events?
Ross and Ross (1975)
Indian Creek beds?
Acrocyathus bed?