Missed&Abdominal&cases& Case1: … 1 Missed&Abdominal&cases& Sheila’Sheth,’MD,’FACR,’FSRU’...

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8/17/15 1 Missed Abdominal cases Sheila Sheth, MD, FACR, FSRU Selected missed or difficult cases Findings missed Interpreta:on incorrect Teaching points Case 1: A 59 year old woman with history of Primary Sclerosing Cholangi=s Case 1 Gallbladder fundal mass being followed on MR and CT, mass had more solid appearance since prior US requested Addi:onal history of right breast cancer and radia:on Interpreta:on, Outcome, Final Diagnosis “Gallbladder mass with vascularity concerning for gallbladder carcinoma” Pa:ent underwent open cholecystectomy Path: Acute and chronic cholecys11s with intramural organizing abscess Differen:al Diagnosis of Polypoid Gallbladder Mass Tumefac:ve sludge (mobile) Focal adenomyomatosis (fundus) Cholesterol Polyps (small, mul:ple, not associated with stones Inflammatory polyps Abscess / focal perfora:on Xanthogranulomatous cholecys::s Gallbladder carcinoma Metastasis to gallbladder GB mass: size maWers Benign lesions More common (74%) Cholesterol polyps Small size <10mm and mul:ple Younger pa:ents Malignant lesions Size >10mm Age >60 y Associated with gallstones

Transcript of Missed&Abdominal&cases& Case1: … 1 Missed&Abdominal&cases& Sheila’Sheth,’MD,’FACR,’FSRU’...

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Missed  Abdominal  cases  Sheila  Sheth,  MD,  FACR,  FSRU  

 Selected  missed  or  difficult  cases  

Findings  missed  Interpreta:on  incorrect  

Teaching  points  

Case  1:  A  59  year  old  woman  with  history  of  Primary  Sclerosing  

Cholangi=s  

Case  1   §  Gallbladder  fundal  mass  being  followed  on  MR  and  CT,  mass  had  more  solid  appearance  since  prior    

§  US  requested  §  Addi:onal  history  of  right  breast  cancer  and  radia:on  

Interpreta:on,  Outcome,  Final  Diagnosis  

§  “Gallbladder  mass  with  vascularity  concerning  for  gallbladder  carcinoma”  

§  Pa:ent  underwent  open  cholecystectomy  §  Path:  Acute  and  chronic  cholecys11s  with  intramural  organizing  abscess  

 

Differen:al  Diagnosis  of  Polypoid  Gallbladder  Mass  

 §  Tumefac:ve  sludge  (mobile)  §  Focal  adenomyomatosis  (fundus)  §  Cholesterol  Polyps  (small,  mul:ple,  not  associated  with  stones  

§  Inflammatory  polyps  §  Abscess  /  focal  perfora:on  §  Xanthogranulomatous  cholecys::s  §  Gallbladder  carcinoma  §  Metastasis  to  gallbladder  

   

GB  mass:  size  maWers  § Benign  lesions  

§ More  common  (74%)  § Cholesterol  polyps  § Small  size  <10mm  and  mul:ple  § Younger  pa:ents  

§ Malignant  lesions  § Size  >10mm  § Age  >60  y  §   Associated  with  gallstones  

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GB  cancer:  imaging  §  Focal  mass  arising  from  GB  § Mass  replacing  the  GB  §  Focal  or  diffuse  thickening  of  GB  wall  §  Invasion  into  adjacent  liver  § Periportal  adenopathy  causing  BD  obstruc:on  

§ Carcinomatosis  

Gallbladder  metastases   §  Seen  in  pa:ents  with  widespread  metastases  

§  Melanoma  most  common  primary  cancer  (>50%)  

§  Other  primary  cancers:  §  Breast,  RCC,  lung  §  Invasion  from  HCC,  cholangioca  

§  Lymphoma  very  rare  

 

Xanthogranulomatous  cholecys::s  

§  Rare  form  of  chronic  cholecys::s  §  Destruc:ve  inflammatory  process  

§  Extension  to  adjacent  structures  §  Occlusion  of  RA  sinuses  with  extravasa:on  of  inspissated  bile  

§  Lipid  laden  macrophages  within  GB  wall  §  Poten:ally  difficult  surgery  

§ Conversion  to  open  cholecystectomy  § Adhesions,  risk  of  fistuliza:on  

Technical  and  Teaching  points   §  Image  in  mul:ple  posi:ons  and  wait  to  let  tumefac:ve  sludge  move  

§  Color  and  Power  Doppler  to  detect  flow  and  twinkling  ar:fact  

§  Use  high  frequency  linear  transducer  when  fundus  is  close  to  the  anterior  abdominal  wall  

§  Size  and  number  maWers  (5mm  or  less,  mul:ple)  

   

Case  2:  A  52  year  old  man  with  back  pain  and  history  of  substance  

use  

Case  2  

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Findings,  Interpreta:on  

§  “Hypoechoic  enlarged  pancreas  sugges:ve  of  pancrea::s,  correlate  with  Lipase”  

§  What  mislead  us:  Age  of  the  pa:ent,  substance  use,  at  risk  for  pancrea::s  

§  Lipase:  52  §  CT  requested  by  ED  (Rou:ne)  

 

Case  2:  

CT  shows  infiltra:ng  unresectable  pancrea:c  mass:  adenocarcinoma  

Adenocarcinoma  pancreas  54  yo   Pancrea:c  cancer   §  Adenocarcinoma,  neuroendocrine  tumor  §  US  can  be  the  1st  exam  requested  if  suspected  biliary  obstruc:on  (head  of  pancreas  mass)  

§  Hypoechoic  mass,  ductal  dilata:on  §  NO  calcifica:ons  §  Diffuse  form  of  pancrea:c  cancer  can  mimic  pancrea::s  on  US  

§  Recommend  CT  especially  in  older  pa:ents  if  pancrea:c  abnormality  seen  on  US  

§  Differen:al  diagnosis:  §  Pancreas  metastases  (widespread  cancer)  §  Peripancrea:c  adenopathy  

   

Case  3:  26  year  old  in  3d  trimester  of  pregnancy  with  LUQ  mass  

Case  3:  

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Case  3   Findings,  Interpreta:on  

§  “Indeterminate  complex  mass  in  the  LUQ,  consider  pedunculated  fibroid  or  sarcoma”  

§  MR:  “No  connec:on  with  uterus  or  liver,  consider  exophy:c  GIST  or  duplica:on  cyst”  

§  CT  with  IV  contrast  aler  delivery  by  CS:  “Hepa:c  adenoma,  GIST  or  mesenteric  mass”  

§  Key  element  of  the  history:  Surgery  for  acute  appendici:s  during  previous  pregnancy  with  prolonged  post  opera:ve  course  

 

Retained  intra-­‐abdominal  sponge   §  Gossypiboma  ,tex:loma  §  1/1.000  to  1.500  intr-­‐abdominal  surgeries  §  Emergency  surgery,  obese  pa:ents  §  May  be  rela:vely  asymptoma:c  and  present  several  

years  aler  surgery  §  Intes:nal  obstruc:on  §  Intra-­‐abdominal  abscess  

§  Difficult  diagnosis  §  Complica:ons:  

§  Adhesions,  infec:ons,  fistuliza:on    Manzella  and  al  AJR  2009;  193:S101  

 

   

Case  4:  73  year  old  woman  with  history  of  cirrhosis  presents  to  the  ED  with  increasing  abdominal  

distension  and  confusion    

Case  4:  

§ US:  Nodular  heterogeneous  liver  compa:ble  with  cirrhosis,  no  mass”  § “Non  occlusive  thrombus  in  the  main  PV”  

Case  4  

AFP  206.5  CT:  findings  consistent  with  infiltra:ng  hepatocellular  cancer  with  malignant  PV  thrombus  

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Portal  vein  thrombosis  

•  Cirrhosis  •  Portal  hypertension  • Venous  stasis  

•  Hypercoagulable  states  •  Pyelephlebi:s  • Malignant  thrombosis    

•  Tumor  thrombus:  HCC  •  Encasement  occlusion:  pancrea:c  ca  

•  Pediatric  age  group  • Umbilical  cord  infec:on  • Dehydra:on  

Portal  cavernoma  •  Chronic  portal  vein  thrombosis  

•  Tortuous  worm  like  channels  in  portal  hepa:s  

•  PV  type  flow  on  doppler  •  Can  be  associated  with  GB  wall  varices  

•  Portal  biliopathy  with  dilata:on  of  biliary  branches  due  to  ischemia  or  compression    

Teaching  points   §  Image  Portal  Vein  with  Color  AND  gray  scale    

§  Non  occlusive  thrombus  §  Adjust  technical  parameters  for  slow  flow  when  diagnosis  

of  venous  thrombosis  §  Diffuse  infiltra:ve  form  of  HCC  difficult  to  diagnose  §  Maintain  high  level  of  suspicion  

§  Sudden  change  in  pa:ent’s  condi:on  §  New  portal  vein  thrombosis  §  Expanded  PV  including  intra-­‐hepa:c  branches  §  Vascularity  in  PV  thrombus  

§  Correlate  with  serum  AFP  §  Dedicated  contrast  liver  protocol  CT  or  MR  

   

Case  5:  83  year  old  woman  from  the  Arabic  Penisula  

referred  for  abdominal  pain  and  disten=on  

Case  5:   Findings,  Interpreta:on  

§  US  interpreta:on:“Two  large  complex  liver  lesions,  may  represent  internal  debris  within  hepa:c  cysts  or  solid  lesions”  

§  Surgery:  hyda:d  cysts  

 

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Differen:al  diagnosis  hepa:c  cys:c  mass   §  Complex  cyst  (bleeding)  §  Infec:on  

§  Pyogenic  abscess  §  Hyda:d  cyst  §  Amebic  abscess  

§  Cys:c  metastases  (squamous  cell  ca,  GIST  tumors)  §  Biliary  cystadenoma/carcinoma  §  Mass  with  extensive  bleeding  (adenoma)  

 

Hyda:d  disease   §  Infesta:on  by  Echinoccocus  Granulosus  (cys:c  form)  §  Endemic  regions  

§  Mediterranean  basin  §  Middle  East  §  Australia  §  Some  part  of  USA  and  Canada  

§  Affected  organs  §  LIVER  §  Lungs,  kidneys,spleen,  CNS,  bones  

 

Case  6:  33  year  old  woman  underwent  CT  for  painful  

palpable  abdominal  wall  mass  

CT  findings:  ‘Fluid  collec:on  with  rim  enhancementand  surrounding  inflamma:on  and  indura:on  of  the  right  rectus  muscle”  No  specific  diagnosis  offered  Clinic  note:  Abdominal  pain  and  tenderness  around  menses,  CT  not  contributory  

Case  6:  33  yo  woman  with  painful  palpable  mass  

Axial

US:  hypodense  fluid  collec:on  in  the  anterior  abdominal  wall  with  small  tract  connec:ng  to  the  anterior  uterus.  On  US,  the  C-­‐sec:on  scar  is  seen,  which  was  an  important  clue  to  the  diagnosis.  Ques:oning  the  pa:ent  revealed  cyclical  abdominal  pain  and  focal  tenderness  And  history  of  CSec:on  MR  (sagiWal  T2):  blood  fluid  level  within  the  collec:on,  which  confirmed  the  diagnosis  (  not  shown)  

US  2  months  later  

Axial

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Endometriosis   §  Endometrial  glands  implanted  outside  the  endometrial  cavity  undergo  cyclical  bleeding  

§  Found  in  20  to  24%  to  women  evaluated  for  infer:lity  or  chronic  pelvic  pain  

§  Pathology:  §  Superficial  implants  (laparoscopy)  §  Chocolate  cysts,  easiest  to  diagnose  on  US  §  Deep  infiltra:ng  endometriosis  with  fibrosis  and  adhesions  §  Affect  GYN  organs,  rectosigmoid,  bladder,  surgical  scars  

   

Scar  Endometriosis   §  Most  common  aler  CSec:on  §  Dissemina:on  of  endometrial  cells  at  surgery  §  Olen  infiltrates  deeper  into  Rectus  Abdominus  muscle  

§  May  not  be  associated  with  pelvic  endometriosis  §  Preopera:ve  diagnosis  made  in  20  to  50%  of  women  §  US:  solid  hypoechoic  heterogeneous  mass,  irregular  or  spiculated  margins  

§  May  have  internal  vascularity  

Scar  Endometriosis  Differen:al  Diagnosis   §  Desmoid  tumor  §  Suture  granuloma  §  Hematoma  §  Metastases  (ovarian  cancer,  pancrea:c  cancer..)  

Teaching  points   §  Elicit  specific  history  §  Should  always  try  to  offer  specific  diagnosis  or  differen:al  diagnosis  

§  Advantages  of  US  §  Interac:on  with  pa:ent  §  Correla:on  of  findings  with  symptoms  

   

Case  7:  75  year  old  man  with  elevated  crea=nine  

US  report:  “Mild  right  hydronephrosis”  Pa:ent  also  had  history  of  palpable  mass  in  the  jaw  and  scrotal  enlargement  CT  showed  hypodense  mass  in  the  right  renal  pelvis  Biopsy  of  Jaw  mass:  B  cell  lymphoma  

Case  7:  

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Differen:al  diagnosis  of  mass  in  the  renal  sinus      

•  Cys:c/fluid  filled  •  Dilated  collec:ng  system  •  Parapelvic  cysts  

•  Normal  variant  simula:ng  a  solid  mass  • Hypoechoic  renal  sinus  fat  • Hypertrophied  column  of  Ber:n  

•  Solid  mass  •  Transi:onal  cell  carcinoma  •  Lymphoma  •  Renal  cell  carcinoma  

Renal  lymphoma  US  findings  

•  Usually  B  cell  Lymphoma  •  Mul:ple  hypoechoic  renal  masses  •  Solitary  mass  •  Direct  invasion  of  the  kidney  from  retroperitoneal  adenopathy  

•  Bilateral  renal  infiltra:on  with  large  heterogeneous  kidneys  

•  Perinephric  hypoechoic  mass  •  Hypoechoic  mass  in  the  renal  sinus  •  Lymphoma  can  be  quite  hypoechoic  (densely  packed  cells  with  few  interfaces)  and  mimic  fluid  

Case  8:  50  year  old  woman  with  abdominal  bloa=ng  

Case  8:  50  yo    woman  with  bloa:ng  

US  interpreta:on:  “  Echogenic  mass  likely  from  right  adrenal  gland,  less  likely  liver  mass,  recommend  CT”  CT  showed  faWy  adrenal  mass  consistent  with  adrenal  myelolipoma  

Adrenal  myelolipoma      •  Benign  non  func:oning  tumors  •  Incidental  finding  •  Contain  variable  amount  of  fat  and  bone  marrow  deriva:ves  

•  Echogenic  supra  renal  mass  •  Speed  propaga:on  ar:fact  allows  diagnosis  of  fat  containing  mass  –  Velocity  of  sound  in  fat  slower  then  velocity  of  sound  in  sol  :ssue  

–  Apparent  break  in  diaphragm  –  Mass  >4cm  

Determining  origin  of  large  RUQ  mass  

Anterior  displacement  of  echogenic  retroperitoneal  fat  stripe  in  large  adrenal  cor:cal  carcinoma    

Not  seen  in  this  case  of  hepatocellular  carcinoma