Presentation By: Kritika Dawar Kriti Mehta Miriam Thomson Stuti Goel.
Miriam Okun Presentation
Transcript of Miriam Okun Presentation
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Growth Relative to 2000
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100Year
FractionalChange
Cons tant Growth 1.6% Plus Population Growth to 10 billion Clos ing the Gap at 2%
E ne rg y i nte ns ity d ro p 1 %/yr E ne rg y In te ns ity d ro p 1 .5 %/yr En erg y In te ns ity d ro p 2 % p er ye ar
Constant growth
Plus Population Growth
Closing the Gap
1% energy intensity reduction
1.5% energy intensity reduction
2.0% energy intensity reduction
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1900 2000 2100 2200
Continued
Exponential
Growth
Constant
Emissions
after 2010
100%
of 2010 rate
33%
10%
0%Preindustrial Level
280 ppm
Hazardous Level
450 ppm
Hazardous Level
450 ppm
Stabilize CO2 concentration not CO2 emissions
CO2
(ppm)
year
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The Mismatch
in CarbonSources and
Sinks
43
12
5
1800-
2000
Fossil Carbon
Consumption to date
180ppm
increase in
the air 30% of
the Ocean
acidified30%
increase in
Soil Carbon
50%increase
inbiomass
Net Zero Carbon Economy
CO2extractionfrom air
Permanent &safe
disposal
CO2 fromconcentrated
sources
Capture from power
plants, cement, steel,refineries, etc.
Geological StorageMineral carbonate disposal
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Separate Sources from
SinksAir Extraction cancompensate for CO2emissions anywhere fromanytime (historicalemissions)
Art Courtesy Stonehaven CCS, Montreal
Leave existing infrastructure intact
Retain quality transportation fuels
Eliminate shipping of CO2
Open remote sites for CO2 disposal Enable C-cycling with low cost electricity
Act as insurance against leakage
REDUCE atmospheric CO2 concentrations
CO2
1 m3of Air40 moles of gas, 1.16 kg
wind speed 6 m/s
0.015 moles of CO2
produced by 10,000 J ofgasoline
2
20 J2
mv
Volumes are drawn to scale
CO2 Capture from Air Can it be done?
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Wind area that
carries 22 tonsof CO2per year
Wind area thatcarries 10 kW
0.2 m2
for CO2capture 80 m2
for Wind Energy
How much wind?(6m/sec)
50 cents/ton of CO2for contacting
Wind energy Air capture
artists rendering
Air collector reduces net CO2emissions much more thanequally sized windmill
Wind energy~20 J/m3
CO2 combustionequivalent in air
10,000 J/m3
Passive contactingof the air isinexpensive
Wikipedia picture
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Air Capture of Carbon Dioxide
Air is rich in CO2 air collector is small
Energetics is very similar to fluestack scrubbing
G = RT log P
Produce CO2 not CO2 free air
Counterintuitive Result: Air capture is not much more difficult thanflue gas scrubbing
CO2
CO2 in 1 m3 of air
CO2 could be made from 10,000J of gasoline
Wind energy is 20J
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
100 1000 10000 100000
CO2 Partial Pressure (ppm)
BindingEnergy(kJ/mole)
airPower plant
350K300K
Thermodynamic Requirement
Flue Gas Scrubbing Air Capture
artists rendering
Sorbent regeneration slightlymore difficult for air capturethan for flue gas scrubbers
Dominant costs are
similar for air capture
and flue gas scrubbing
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Evolution of Air Capture-A First Attempt
Air contactor:2Na(OH) + CO2 Na2 CO3
Calciner:CaCO3CaO+CO2
Ion exchanger:
Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 2Na(OH) + CaCO3
After Initial Work atLos Alamos and Columbia
GRT is to demonstrate air capture inTucson
Allen Wright
Gary Comer
Deliver proof of principle
KSL joined the company
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Choice of Sorbent
Lower Binding Energy
Easier Regeneration
Fast Uptake
Carbonate/bicarbonate vs. Hydroxide/Carbonate Swing:
A matter of energy and kinetics
Solids vs. Liquids: A matter of surface area
Anionic Exchange ResinsSolid carbonate solution
Quaternary amines form strong-base resin
GRT photo
Positive ions fixed to polymer matrix Negative ions are free to move
Negative ions are hydroxides, OH-
Dry resin loads up to bicarbonate OH- + CO2 HCO3
- (hydroxide bicarbonate)
Wet resin releases CO2 to carbonate 2HCO3
- CO3-- + CO2 + H2O
Moisture driven CO2 swing
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Novel Regenerator Chemistry
Low absolute humidity
in ambient air
High absolute humidity
without air
Resin collects CO2Carbonate Bicarbonate
Resin releases CO2Bicarbonate Carbonate
REGENERATOR BOX COMPRESSION TRAIN
Water vapor condenses
out with compression (