MINUTES OF THE MEETING PUBLIC HEALTH, WELFARE AND …
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MINUTES OF THE MEETING PUBLIC HEALTH, WELFARE AND SAFETY COMMITTEE MONTANA STATE SENATE JANUARY 14, 1983 The meeting of the Public Health, Welfare and Safety Committee was called to order by Chairman Tom Hager on Friday, January 14, 1983 at 1:00 in Room 410 of the State Capitol Building. Roll Call: All members were present. Woody Wright, staff attorney, was also present. Many visitors were in attentance. (See attachments.) CONSIDERATION OF SENATE BILL 22: Senator Judy Jacobson of Senate District 42, sponsor of SB 22, gave a brief resume of the bill. This bill is an act requiring use of a safety restraint system to transport a child less than 4 years old; establishing standards, exemptions, and penalty; providing for admissibility of evidence in civil suits without presumption of negligence; and providing an effective date. Senator Jacol::son offered a set of amendments which she felt would improve the bill and make it more workable. (Exhibit 1) She then handed out a copy of a newspaper clipping from this mornings paper telling that the Montana Supreme Court has given children the right to sue their parents. (Exhibit 2) Dr. Jeffrey Strickler, a Helena pediatrician and representing the Montana Chapter of American Academy of Pediatrics, stood in support of the bill. He stated that the pediatricians have over the last several years, developed a national and personal focus on the number one killer of children, automobile accidents. In the last ten years nearly 10,000 children under the age of 5 have been killed in automobile accidents in this country. A child riding in safety retraint system is 14 times less likely to die or be injured in an accident. Some articles stated that the presentage could be as high as 90 percent sucess rate. Dr. Strickler presented written testimony to the Committee. (See exhibit 3) He also turned in a letter he had received from a former resident telling of her personal experience with her child using a child restraint system. See Exhibit 4) He urged the Committee to stamp a Do Pass on this bi.ll. Dr. Jerrold M, Eichner of Great Falls Stood in support of the bil.l. Dr. Eichner handed in written testimony to the Committee
Transcript of MINUTES OF THE MEETING PUBLIC HEALTH, WELFARE AND …
MINUTES OF THE MEETING PUBLIC HEALTH, WELFARE AND SAFETY COMMITTEE
MONTANA STATE SENATE
'-.~.:..'
JANUARY 14, 1983
The meeting of the Public Health, Welfare and Safety Committee was called to order by Chairman Tom Hager on Friday, January 14, 1983 at 1:00 in Room 410 of the State Capitol Building.
Roll Call: All members were present. Woody Wright, staff attorney, was also present.
Many visitors were in attentance. (See attachments.)
CONSIDERATION OF SENATE BILL 22: Senator Judy Jacobson of Senate District 42, sponsor of SB 22, gave a brief resume of the bill. This bill is an act requiring use of a safety restraint system to transport a child less than 4 years old; establishing standards, exemptions, and penalty; providing for admissibility of evidence in civil suits without presumption of negligence; and providing an effective date.
Senator Jacol::son offered a set of amendments which she felt would improve the bill and make it more workable. (Exhibit 1) She then handed out a copy of a newspaper clipping from this mornings paper telling that the Montana Supreme Court has given children the right to sue their parents. (Exhibit 2)
Dr. Jeffrey Strickler, a Helena pediatrician and representing the Montana Chapter of American Academy of Pediatrics, stood in support of the bill. He stated that the pediatricians have over the last several years, developed a national and personal focus on the number one killer of children, automobile accidents. In the last ten years nearly 10,000 children under the age of 5 have been killed in automobile accidents in this country. A child riding in safety retraint system is 14 times less likely to die or be injured in an accident. Some articles stated that the presentage could be as high as 90 percent sucess rate. Dr. Strickler presented written testimony to the Committee. (See exhibit 3) He also turned in a letter he had received from a former resident telling of her personal experience with her child using a child restraint system. See Exhibit 4) He urged the Committee to stamp a Do Pass on this bi.ll.
Dr. Jerrold M, Eichner of Great Falls Stood in support of the bil.l. Dr. Eichner handed in written testimony to the Committee
PUBLIC HEALTH PAGE TWO JANUARY 18, 1983
and also a sheet of statistics for the Committee to review. (See exhibits 5 and 6). Studies show that the majority of fatal accidents involving young children occur during the daytime and the majority of the drivers were the child's mother, who was almost never wearing retraint of some kind herself. They were usually not alcohol related,occured on dry road within a few miles of home. Mandatory child restraint laws elsewhere have resulted in significant increase of use of those child restraints and a decrease in child passenger fatalities. Tennessee was the first state to pass a child restraint law. 50,000 children between o and 4 require emergency room visits each year because of car accidents. Each year accident death cost society $135,000. Each year deaths of children under age 5 costs $100,000,000 in the United States. Infants are at the highest risk with an occupant death rate of 9.1 per 100,000 population. Studies show that child restraints could reduce the death rate by 93% and serious injury rate by 70-80%, if everyone used them.
Larry Tobiason representing the Montana Automobile Association, stood in rupport of the bill. He handed out written testimony
. to the Committee. (See exhibit 7). Mr. Tobiason stated that the best way to protect a child under the age of 5 years of age during sudden braking, swerving or a crash is to use a child restraint device. Twenty one states now have a child restraint law on the books. Statistics from those states are impressive. He strongly urged the Committee to pass SB 22 for the safety of all infants in our state.
Cornel Landon, Chief Administrator of the Highway Patrol, asked the Committee for a Do Pass on the bill.
Albert Goke of the Highway Traffic Safety Division, stood in support of the bill and also in support of the offered amendments.
Glen Drak~ representing the American Insurance Association, stood in support of the the bill. However, he did offer an amendment on page I, line 24 insert, weighing less than 40 Ibs.
D~ane Tooley, chief of the Driver's Service of the Department of Justice, asked the Committee for a Do Pass on this bill.
PUBLIC HEALTH PAGE THREE JANUARY 14, 1983
Celinda Lake, Women's Lobbyists Fund, stood in support of the bill. She stated that education programs in Montana have already demonstrated the success in reducing infant mortality and injury when child restraints are used. She handed in written testimony to the Committee. (See exhibit 8) While parents have a responsibility to protect their children, the state also has a responsibility to see that children who are too young to ensure their own safety by using seat belts are protected, if parents do not follow through on their responsibility.
Judy Olson, representing the Montana Nurses Association, stood in support of the bill and the preceeding testimony.
Karla Hood, representing the Family Outreach Program, stood in support of the bill. She stated that she works daily with harrlicapped children, many of which are the result of an automobile accident where a child was not wearing a safety restraint. She urged the Committee to put a Do Pass on this bill and get it on its way.
Leona Tolsted, co-chairman of Buckle Up Your Babe Program and First Vice-president of the Montana Medical Association Auxiliary, stood in support of the bill. She handed out written testimony to the Committee. Mrs. Tolsted spoke about the infant restraint loan programs in the state and more particularly about the loan program in Helena~ (See exhibit 9) There are loan programs operating in 16 cities allover Montana.
Mrs. Tolsted presented a letter from her husband, a docto~ for the Committee to review. (See exhibit 10)
Margaret Johnson, representing herself as a mother, spoke on behalf of the bill. She told of an experience she, her husband and their two small infants had recently in the Livingston area. They were sideswiped by a large truck which cause their car to overturn. Everyone in the car was wearing some type of restraint; no one was seriously injured. She felt that the reason they were not injured was because of the restraints. She urged the Committee to place a Do Pass on the bill for the safety for everyone.
PUBLIC HEALTH PAGE FOUR JANUARY 14, 1983
Debra Kehr stood in support of the bill. She handed in a letter to the Committee which was sent to her by Dr. Dennis McCarthy of the Butte Pediatric Clinic. (See exhibi tIl)
A letter was presented from Alice L. Agnub, President of the Montana Medical Auxilliary Association in support of SB 22. (See exhibit 12.)
A phone call was received from Charlene Lodge of Dillon stating her support of the bill. (Exhibit 13)
With no further proponents, Chairman Hager called on the opponents, hearing non~ the meeting was opened to a question and answer period from the Committee.
Senator Himsl asked asked Senator Jacobson if pickup trucks were exempt from this bill. She replied that she did not feel that pickup trucks would be exempt, however, she would check into this.
Senator Marbut asked about the enforcement of the bill.
After much discussion Senator Jacobson closed by explaining the offered amendments to the Committee and urged the Committee to quickly pass this bill in the interest of everyone.
CONSIDERATION OF SENATE BILL 12: Senator Judy Jacobson of Senate District 42, sponsor of Senate Bill 12, gave a brief resume of the bill. This bill is an act allowing physicians to report to the Division of Motor Vehicles patients with coniditions that impair their ability to safely operate a motor vehicle; and providing limited immunity for such physicians.
Senator Jacobson offered a set of amendments which she felt would make the bill more workable.
Ben Havdahl, representing the Montana Motor Carriers Association, stood in support of the bill. He stated that he felt that this is an excellent bill and would help Montana statistics regarding the large number of accidents. He urged the Committee to place a Do Pass on this bill.
PUBLIC HEALTH PAGE FIVE JANUARY 14, 1983
Jerry Loendorf, of the Montana Medical Association, stood in support of the bill.
Duane Tooley, Chief of the Drivers Service Division of the Department of Justice, stated his groups' support of the bill. He felt that this would open up the communication lines. He said that the department already does receive some calls.
Larry Tobiason of the Montana Automobile Association stated that his association feels that this is an excellent bill. If one life is saved it is well worth the effort it will take to put this bill through the legislature.
Glen Drake, representing the American Insurance Association, stood in support of the bill.
With no further proponents, Chairman Hager called on the opponents. Hearing none, the meeting was opened to a question and answer period from the Committee.
Senator Hager asked if this bill is directed mainly at alcoholics. Senator Jacobson replied "yes". However, many other areas would be covered, such as eye problems, heart and stroke problems and other impairments.
Senator Marbut questioned a physicians liability in regards to a patient/physician confidentialty~ and would a patient we willing to tell a physician the whole story if he was afraid of his confidence being betrayed.
Senator Jacobson closed urging the Committee's whole hearted support of this great bill.
ADJOURN: The meeting was adjourned. The next meeting of the Public Health, Welfare and Safety Committee will be held on Monday, January 17, 1983 in Room 410 of the State Capitol Building to hear Senate Bill 61.
CHAIRMAN,
eg
ROLL CALL
PUBLIC HEABTH, WELFARE, SAFET~ COMMITTEE
4a th LEGISLATIVE SESSION -- 1983
NAME PRESENT ABSENT EXCUSED
S ENATOR TOM HAGER / S ENATOR REED MARBUT / S ENATOR MATT HIMSL / S ENATOR STAN STEPHENS \/ s ENATOR CHRIS CHRISTIAENS / S ENATOR JUDY JACOBSO~ /L s ENATOR BILL NORMAN /
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COMMI T'fEE ON ------------------------------------------REGISTER
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(Ple~sc leave pr0~arcd slatement with SecretarY)
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SENATE BILL 22
This bill prohibits Montana resident parents and legal guardians of children under 2 years old from transporting those children in the parents or guardians own car unless a child is properly retrained. Proper restraint contemplates manufactured commercial restraint systems that are used in accord with the manufacturers instructions. Safety belts are not sufficient restraint.
For children between the ages of 2 and 4 the same persons must use a proper safety belt.
The covered persons are not required to have more than 3 restraint systems in a vehicle. Motorhousffi, school buses taxicabs, mopeds, motorcycles and other vehicles not required by federal rule to have seat belts are exempt, as are vehicles designated as two person vehicles and the occupants are over 4 years of age. Further emeptions for children with certain physical or mental conditions or body size may be made by the Division of Motor Vehicles.
The Division must make rules for approved child restraint systems purchased after the effective date of the act.
Evidence of compliance with this act or failure to comply is admissible in personal injury or property damage legal actions; however, failure to comply is not a sufficient criteria to constitute negligence.
The penalty for violation is a misdemeanor that will not apply if the vehicle owner complies with the act within 30 days of the traffic violation.
The bill would be effective January 1, 1984.
STATEMENT OF INTENT SENATE BILL 22
A statement of legislative intent is required for this bill because the bill authorizes the Division of Motor Vehicles of the Department of Justice, consistent with 61-9-504, to adopt rules prescribing standards for child safety restraint systems to be approved for installation in vehicles owned by residents of Montana. The intention is that the standards adopted incorporate federal standards that specify requirements for child restraint systems and seatbelts used in motor vehicles and prescribe proper procedures for retraining a child under 4 years old with acknowledgment of certain exemptions allowed in [S8 22]. The rules should also provide for informational activity to bring the new rules to the awareness of the public.
AMENDMENTS FOR SENATE BILL 22
1. Page 1, line 22. Preceding: "unless" Insert: "or his spouse"
2. Page 1, line 25. Following:"resident" Insert: "or his spouse"
3. Page 2, line 7 Following: "resident" Insert: "or his spouse"
4. Page 3, line 3. Following: "punishable" Strike: "as provided in 61-9-511" Insert: "by a fine of not less than $10 or more than
$25, a second or subsequent conviction within three years is punishable by a fine of not less than $25 or more than $100,"
.. "'-The Montano Standard. Butte. Friday. January 1~. 1983
'Montana .. r:ourt gives minor children limited right to sue parents ...,.It:L~A tAI'l - The Montana Supnme Court ruled "~y !ht under"'le child...... injured in •• to Kcidents hue a richl to sue tIteIr parents over oec1icent oper.tion of a mocor ¥ebJde.
.". ruUnc _e ... w ,.- in pareat-dliid relations. t its potentially rar·reach"" efrecta led !be court 10 speciric limits on tbe ~ of Ita rul"" ror now.
While much of wul tbe court said in tbe unaal_ _ision appeared to ,i .. c:IItId ...... IuD richta to sue !beir ,..-ents lllee"" wronc-4oiftc.,tbe court WI. careful to ""It bad no Inleation It tills time to permit tbe pouIbIe
I<:nninlnc of pa .... taI lutllority. 'Our boIdInc is limited to actions IIroqIIt I,ainst I <tit by I child under tbe ace of ..... lIdpatioa inJtIrecI
lIIIbe operation of • _ ftIIIcle. To allow ....,. .. .... Ion does not IIIIdermIae pa ..... tli authority Ind 4;.cipli.... nor does It tllrealea to IUbotItute Judicial '" ~- "'on ror pa ..... tli discretion III !be eare Ind
.r minor child ......... tbe court said.
..,tffl"'RUUNG CAME IN 'THE case of Mary Kay m1.... tbe now",uadrlplecic dauchter of I rormer
--...
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Pol .... mials"'r and his wilt, !be Rev. and Mn. Byron Haines. The lamlly .... Iince ..-ed to G~le, Ari •. , accordin, to !beir altorney, stlte Sea. Jeaa Tumale, R· Pol .....
The child loot !he ... of botb arms and lees I. a Nov . 14. 1980, aule accldtnL Sbe w •• tbe passoncer in a vehicle driven by her mother. The ear was insured by Tr ..... 'neriCI Insurance <A., .... t the ratber's policy iftCludecI. cla ..... cI\Idinc -ace lor bodily injury to any per_ related t.o and livinc with tbe poIic:yIIoIder at !be time of the lass.
WilU.m Royle wu Ippointed COIIMtYIltor ror tbe Injured child .nd be !\ltd • "rrlendly" .. It in stlte court apins! tbe parentx. lllecinc aecuc-ce. III order t.o tecOftt damacea lor tile dIIId. The pa ...... 11 demanded that T ...... merica .... me Iheir def ..... Ind ptOYide cover.... Tra_merica refuatd &ad went to lederal court claiminc it had no obIic.tioa under the ............ contract. The pa ...... 11 tbea went 10 atste court 10 let a declaration !ht tbe "houoehoId udIIIioa cia ...... wu i.valid. That .uit .... conaolldlted with Tran&america'. ca .. in lederai court. bolt the leeIer.1 Judce
senl tbe whol. mall.r to the Montana Supreme Court lor • d."'nninalion in liPt of Montana I. w,
The Supreme Court ruled !ht tbe hou .. hoId uclusion cl.use WII illegal under Montana's 1m mandalory Uabilily insurance I.w which requires polk:ies to protect ".ny person" injured or damaced by acUons 01 th. policyholder, '
BUT SINet: TilE MANDATORY insurance stalule requires proIedlon .. ainlt oal" those ....... resulline lrom "Ii.bilily impoaed by law." the Supreme Court Ii ...... bad to det ...... i ... wbetber. parenll ha .. any leeal li.biIit=. sued by tbeIr minor child .......
The Court xaid thai tbe Amerlc •• venlon of tbe doc:trifte of pa ...... tli Immunit" appeared to be born ill .n 1191 Mississippi court rul"" used COl no previous .utllorily. Nevertbe"". tbe court said. tbe dootrIne pined widespread ac::ceptsnce ill years 10 come. untU eourts and sdIoIars beaan 10 quetion .... simple JusU.,. of tbe doctrine ........ pplied to many I.dual situations .
The court said !ht tile publlc:-polic:y rea .... lor the parental immunlly doctrine haft IetIded 10 evaporate
unc:Je.r insurance coft'r1ce. "lbe eliltence of liability insun,nee prevents benl
discord .and depletion of family assets in lulotnobr neclicence caSH; c:oatrary to the ori,i~1 polkiC"~. wrote Justice John ConWI' Harrisoa., whose own oldu 50ft is presumed dead followinc the recent disa:~.l" a~ of .:a light airplane in which he was riding.
Uarrison said the mott persuasive afgument in [.tv(
of parental irnmunity i.!ht unscrupulouslamilie., 1><0. on fraud lind coUusiOQ. may attempt to r«'O ... , unjustified awards from insurance companies. J1l5ti~ Daniel Shea, in a sepante concurrinC opinior
said tbe court should not ..... 1eI1 opeo tbe possibility, keepinc lbe parental Immunity doctrine .Iive f( applk:allon to olber circumstances.
"1/ il il 10 be reeocnIsed (In any f.shion I it i. question lor the Leeblature. not lor tbe c:ourts." ~ xaid. "W. are iU-equipped to undertake that !.ask."
The Suprftne Court'. interpretalion of Montan.l I.' will now be .pplied by the federal court ill de~inin the extent o! the parentx' -.nd, ..-epoinledly. Tn", a_ric.·s - Uabilily to pay for !.be chl~'s injuri.,
, INTERNAL MEDICINE:
J.B. SPAULDING. M.D. DR HIESTERMAN. M.D.
OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY:
J.E. NICKEL. M.D. RM. BROWNING. M.D.
PEDIA TRICS: E.P. GUNDERSEN. M.D. B.C. RICHARDS. M.D. J.H. STRICKLER. MD.
SURGERY W.J. HOOPES. M.D. K.J. WRIGHT. 101.0 J.W. HARLAN. M.D.
1930 9TH AVE . . HELENA, MONTANA 59601
TELEPHONE .... 2·9523
Janua ry 11, 1983
Mr. Chairman and Members of the Committee:
DAN SMELKO Bu.I ..... Menege,
I come to speak in favor of Senate Bill 22. I am Dr. Jeffrey Strickler, I practice pediatrics here in Helena, ~1(jntana and I am representing the r~ontana Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Pediatricians have, for years, been involved in preventive health. We encourage good nutrition; we encourage immunizations to prevent disease; we stress hygiene and the early diagnosis of ~ medical" problems through a regular series of well child exams. We as pediatricians have, over the last several years, developed a national and personal focus on the number one killer of children, automobile accidents. In the last decade nearly 10,000 children under age 5 were killed in automobile accidents in this country. This is far more than died of leukemia, 20 times more than died in this age group from Reye's Syndrome,(which you have heard so much about lately1 more than any di~ease out of the newborn period that we treat. It is a curious fact that parents will diligently feed the child the recommended formulas and baby foods to assure adequate health and growth, give vitamins to build resistance and sterilize bottles to ~revent disease; they will faithfully bring the child to the doctor to prevent diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and to make sure that their child does not have a host of diagnoseable diseases; yet they unconcernedly fail to protect their infant or young child from the 1 eadi ng cause of death by 1" 1m nf a car seat.
{d;h'np fD use.
Injuries to children in automobiles can actually be caused by the child by distracting the parentis attention from the road. The injuries that a child receives in an accident are the result of being thrown from the car, being thrown into the windshield or dashboard or by being crushed by the adult's body against the windshield or dashboard. In addition, many children are killed or injured by falling out of automobiles in non-crash situations. The use of a seat belt or proper child safety restraint avoids all of these problems. It has been stated in the literature that a child riding in a safety restraint is 14 times less likely to die or be injured in an accident. Other articles will tout a 90 percent success rate. These figures generally come from derivative theoretical or crash analysis studies. In November, however, we were presented with irrefutable data of the value of child safety restraints. Tennessee passed the first child restraint law in 1978 and in that state the use of child restraints increased 3 fold from 9 percent to 32 percent in 1981. Over that 3 year period, the injury rate among Tennessee children dropped from 440 injuries per 100,000 children in 1979 to 306 per 100,000 in 1981 (a 30 percent drop). Deaths were reduced more than
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half from 7.72 to 3.5 per 100,000. These are tremendous results from a medical point of view, and I only wonder how much greater the success would be if the use of child restraints were at 90 percent rather than 30 percent.
Finally, I would like to warn you against two things. The first is an exclusion of children for "physical or medical reasons". There has been concern expressed that the u~e of a child restraint will worsen an existing medical problem, such as a wound or fracture in the event of a collision. This is a misplaced concern since statistics clearly show that the risk of injury or death is far greater when the child is unrestrained. Secondly, I would like to warn you against the "child crushing" exclusion. Legislators in other states have, in the past, suggested that it is acceptable to allow the child to ride on a parentis lap. I would like to dissuade in the strongest possible terms from allowing this, since the parental lap is the most deadly place to ride. The inertial force generated by a one year old infant at a 20 mile an hour crash has been likened to attempting to hold onto a falling refrigerator. The children are invariably thrown from the parental lap against the windshield or dash and then further crushed against it by the weight of the parentis body.
In conclusion, the Montana Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics would like to commend Senator Jacobson for introducing this bill. It is an excellent piece of legislation that will far in preventing the leading cause of death and injury to chi en in Montana.
Thank you
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TESTIMONY IN FAVOR OF MANDATORY CAR SEAT LEGISLATION
FOR THE STATE OF MONTANA
Januarv 14, 1983 • Jerrold 1'1. Eichner, M.D.
Great Falls, Montana II
Motor vehicle accidents are a leading cause of deatll and injury in this country. .. They arc the number one killer of American children between the ages of 1 and 14.
In 1978,51,500 persons were killed in illataI' vehicle ;)ccidents; i+,ClOO were less II
than 14 years old, and 1,500 less than four years old; 800 of those were motor
vehicle occupants. In the 1970's for the ten-year span there were 16,820 children
0-4 years of age killed in motor vehicle ;)ccidents in the United States. .. In addition to those killed, more than 150,000 children under 14 years of II
age sustain disabling injuries each year in motor vehicle accidents in the
United States; and 50,000 motor vehicle occupants under five years of age
sustain injuries requiring an emergency room visit. .. All of this has enormous financial consequences. National Safety Council data .. shows that each motor vehicle death costs society $135,000; incapacitating
injuries $11,900; non-incapacitating visible injuries $3,500; and nonvisible
claimed injuries $880. This adds up to motor vehicle occupant death in •
children under five years of age costin~ over $100,000,000 per year in the
United States. •
Other data show that proportionally more infants are killed in accidents than • older children; children less tkm six Illontlis of ngc hilve an occupant death
rate of Y.l por 100,000 population; 1 year aIds 7.2; 2 yeilr aIds 4.6;
3 year aIds 3.8 per 100,000; and the number stays steady until it rises again ... in the adol~scent years.
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The vast majority of younr; children ride unprotecl:(,d nnd are vulneclble to
serious injurLes. TilLs Ii(lS iJe,on dOCllrllnll/(~<i ill illlrll<:rous sl.udios:in c1LCCeront
parts of the country. Anywhere from 7 to 20'%, of childrcm were properly
restrained under the age of 5 in ohserviltionnl studies.
Child restraint devices have been estimated to be able to greatly reduce child
passenger death rates as well as the rate of serious injuries in automotive
accidents as well as in non~crash events. Children who (lre not properly
restrained become an unguided missile that is eithor thrown from the ilutornobile
or crashes into the interior of the vellicle; even with padded approved interiors,
small children frequently hit pnrts that arc lower and in the front scat that
are not designed to ilhsorb any impact of an ilccident. Children who are carried
on the lap of an adult, oven if the adult is restrained, also go flying. It is
impossible for even .1 very strong adult to hold on to an infant if there is a
collision at even less than 30 MPH. If the adult is not restrained, there is
a risk of the infant boini', crushocl between the ildult nne! the car interior.
Some studies have shown that injury rates are different depending on where the
child is sitting. There c1e:nly is an aclv;mt;lge to sitting in the 'back seaL
A child who is restrained in the front seat is hetter off than one unrestrained
in the back scat, :lnci best of nIl is the child vIlla i_s properly rc:strainee! in the
back seat.
II study published in 1981 from the St,lte of' Waslrington looked into all accidents
in which children less than 4 years of age \,ere in the motor vehicle; the study
covered the ten~year period from January 1,1970, through December 31, 19~~.
One hundred il,nel forty~eight children were killed in motor vcllicle accidents.
There were 30,500 children involved in the ;lccidents, and of these 6,300 or
16% were wearing some kind of safety restraint. Only two of those children
wearing safety restraints were killed, with a death rate of 1 per 3,350. Of
those not wearing safety restraints 146 were killed, or a deatll rate of
1 per 227. This meClns if these numbers ;lre r~xtr:lpolnted, you C;l11 conclude
that if all children were wearing restraints there would have been 93% fewer
deaths in the State of Washington in that ten-year period. This does not say
that those chilclron were properly restrilined in tlJnt silfcty restrClint or
whether the restraints were properly used. Of those two deaths, at least one
of them was in a lap uelt, anrl that fatality might have been prevented if that
2-year-old had been in a proper child restraint device. Other studies have
shown that serious injuries can be reduced 70-80% by using child restraints.
Furthermore, this study as well as others s11m"s tllat the majority of fatal
accidents involving young children occur during the clzlytime. The majority of
drivers were the child's mother, who was almost never wearing a restraint of
some kind her se 1 f • The y wer e usua 11 y no t .11 coho 1 re In te d, and us ua 11 y a ccur red
on dry roads in good weather, during the daytime, and within a few miles of
home, and there were no defects in the cars that contributed to the accident.
This is clearly different [rom statistics in most fatal accidents which are
heavily alcohol related and occur more often at night and the other risk
factors such as weather, car defects, road conditions may be contributory.
Efforts have been mndo through public education and education by pediatricians
and other health professionals to convince parents to adequately protect their
children in cars. A couple of studies have demonstrated a very small improvement
with these efforts, but there was no significnnt dent made in the lack of child
restraint use.
Mandatory child restraint laws elscwllcre have resulted in significant increase
of use of those child restraints and a decrease in child passenger fatalities.
This has been demonstrated in a follow up of the Tennessee child restraint law
after three years. TkIt was the first state to 11;.Ive a child restraint law in
1978. It subsequently has been amended to make up for its deficiencies that
included allowing infants to be carried by their parents in a car; that is no
longer permissible under the Tennessee Jaw. 'The usc of child restraint devices
in Tennessee has more than tripled in follow~up studies since the law has been
in effect. In a small amount of time, just a one~year study, the Rhode Island
child restraint law has more than doubled the lise of proper restraint devices.
Because of the lack of other methods in protecting children in automobile
accidents, this state must have an interest in doing this just as other
public health issues become law. When a child is injured in an automobile
accident, it is the public's responsibility to rescue the child, to transport
him to the hospital, and to provide expensive medical and rehabilitative services.
Often there are permanent damages from those injuries, and the individual may
need to be supported for life by the State. These costs are extreme ly high,
and if the State is going to be paying for them it should have the right and
the responsibility of trying to reduce the number of injuries that' occur. One
,,13Y of doing that is to use the m;mdntory clli 1<1 s:I[ety rcstr:lint laws.
Even the new Federal standards for passive restraints in automobiles are not
good enough for the protection of small children. They are designed for the
protection of adults and not for small children, who will not Cit under
automatic shoulder belts and who may end up underneath an air bag or thrown out
of the automobile entirely if not properly restrained.
,
.. -5-
Tho dollar savings from death and injury to the Stale as woll as the individual
are estimated to be huge. Even if all ~hildren were to get a new child restraint
device in the State of Montana, the cost would only be $640,000 per year. Of
course these seats can be used for more than one child and sometimes can be sold
or rented and used for many children in their useful lifetime. Compare this
number with the estimated $135,000 cost of a single death, $11,900 for one
single incapacitating injury, and $3,500 for one single non-incapacitating
visible injury. The hidden costs of the incapacitating injuries which may
include a lifetime of care or prolonged rehabilitation are not easily estimated.
There are other benefits besides protection of a child in automobile accidents.
Studies have shown that children who are properly restrained are better behaved
in the car, and travel is easier for the family. In addition, children who
are loose in a.' car are distracting and in themselves a cause of accidents if
they distract the driver of the vehicle in one way or another. It has been
shown that children who are properly restrained produce a decrease in the
number ·of accidents involving their vehicles.
It is for these reasons that it is important that the State of Montana have a
child safety restraint law. After all, children have been called ~ur most
important natural resource, and that resource needs to be protected.
CAR SEAT LEGISLATION FOR MONTANA
January 14, 1983
Jerrold M. Eichner, M.D.
Motor vehicle accidents are the number one killer of American children between 1 and 14 years of age.
1,500 children between 0 and 4 are killed each year 50,000 children between 0 ~nd 4 require an emergency room visit
each year because of a car accident
Each accident death costs society $135,000 Incapacitating injuries $11,900 Non-incapacitating visible injuries $3,500 Nonvisible claimed injuries $880
Each year deaths of children under age 5 cost $100,000,000 in the United States.
Infants are at the highest risk with an occupant death rate of 9.1 per 100,000 population.
The vast majority of children ride unprotected.
Studies show child restraint devices could redllce the death rate by 93% and serious injury rate by 70-80% if everyone used them.
Laws in other states have already shown a significant improvement in the use of restraint devices and a decrease in death rates.
The state has the right and the responsibility to try to reduce the risk of death and injury in automobile accidents. After all, society almost always bears the cost of those deaths and disabilities, and they are expensive. The State of Montana should have a child safety restraint law to help protect our· children.
,
Montana Automobile Association STATE HEADQUARTERS OFFICES: P.O. BOX 4129 607 N. LAMBORN / HELEN.... MONTANA 59601
PHONE 442·5920
TESTIMONY FOR SB 22 ••••••••
Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of death and injury for
American children, ranking ahead of all other types of accidents -- and claims
more lives than any childhood disease.
During a sudden stop, swerve or crash, all occupants of a motor vehicle
need protection from impact with the car's interior. If unrestrained, infants
and children are thrown around the vehicle like flying missiles. In a 30-mph
crash, a child may be thrown forward with a force equal to 30 times his or her
own weight. That's like falling from a three-story building.
Young passengers are also the most helpless. They are dangerously exposed
to serious head injury because they have proportionately larger heads. Each
year 1,000 children under age five are killed and more than 100,000 are injured
as a result of vehicle collisions and sudden stops.
Many adults believe they can protect children by holding them on their lap.
In vehicle crashes -- even at low speeds -- the forces generated are such that
even strong adults cannot restrain or shield a child held on their lap. The
child is thrown forward into the dashboard area and then crushed between the
unrestrained adult's body and the dashboard or windshield.
The best way to protect children under five years of age during sudden
braking, swerving or a crash is to use a child restraint device.
Keep in mind that children lack the experience necessary to make intel-
ligent decisions regarding the use of safety devices. It1s your responsibility
BILLINGS GREAT FALLS
Branch Offices: 3220 4TH AVE. NORTH (59101) 1812 10TH AVE. SOUTH (59405)
PHONE 248-7738 PHONE 727-2900
MISSOULA 275 WEST MAIN (59801) PHONE 549-5181
KALISPELL 116 F'RST AVE. WEST (59901) PHONE 755-5511
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Lis
ted ~~
~!~~~~
es~~~~
~hat have
l b
een
.. nan
ufa
ctu
red
aft
er J
anu
ary
1,
19
81
, th
e ef
fect
ive
dat
e fo
r F
eder
al S
tan
dar
d N
o. 2
13
. A
ll
item
s ar
e li
sted
in
al
ph
abet
ical
o
rder
wit
hin
ea'
gro
up
. T
he
"bes
t" s
afet
y se
at f
or y
ou is
th
e o
ne
in w
hich
yc.
chil
d w
ill
be
com
fort
able
, th
at c
an b
e se
cure
ly i
nsta
lled
in
your
veh
icle
, an
d w
hich
yo
u w
ill
use
each
tim
e yo
ur c
hild
ri
des
in
a v
ehic
le.
Infa
nts
up
to a
pp
roxi
mat
ely
one
year
old
-2
0 Ib
s.
Th
ese
seat
s p
rote
ct a
ch
ild
fr
om b
irth
to
only
ab
ou
t 9
-12
m
onth
s of
ag
e (1
7-2
0 p
ou
nd
s)
and
sh
ou
ld b
e u
sed
fro
m
the
tim
e an
in
fan
t is
dri
ven
ho
me
from
th
e h
osp
ita
l. W
hen
sel
ecti
ng
a
rest
rain
t d
evic
e fo
r an
inf
ant,
no
te t
he
hei
gh
t an
d w
eig
ht
lim
itat
ions
an
d c
hec
k t
he
infa
nt c
arri
er
inst
alla
tion
dir
ecti
on
s.
Infa
nt c
arri
ers
face
th
e re
ar o
f th
e v
ehic
le a
nd
are
sec
ure
d
by t
he
seat
bel
t sy
stem
. Th
e in
fan
t is
cra
dle
d i
n a
sem
i-er
ect
posi
tion
an
d i
s su
pp
ort
ed b
y t
he
carr
ier
On
the
hea
d,
bac
k
and
bu
tto
cks.
Ex
tra
pad
din
g o
n t
he
sid
es m
ay m
ake
the
seat
m
ore
com
fort
able
for
infa
nts.
Dyn
-O- M
ite
#4
41
(to
17
Ibs.
) In
fant
Lov
e S
eat
(to
20
Ibs.
) Q
uest
or
Cen
tury
Con
vert
ible
-fo
r in
fan
t an
d to
dd
ler/
pre
sch
oole
r T
hes
e sa
fety
se
ats
hav
e th
e ad
van
tag
e of
p
rote
ctin
ch
ild
ren
fro
m b
irth
(ab
ou
t 7
poun
ds)
to a
rou
nd
fou
r ye
ars
age
(ab
ou
t 4
0 p
ound
s).
Th
ey a
re c
on
ver
tib
le f
rom
a b
ack"
w
ard
-fac
ing
infa
nt p
osit
ion
to f
orw
ard
faci
ng
for
a t
od
dle
r (p
resc
hool
er).
Th
ose
re
stra
int
dev
ices
mar
ked
wit
h a
n *
h
av
e a
to
p t
eth
er s
trap
wh
ich
pro
vid
es
an
ex
tra p
targ
in o
f p
rote
ctio
n.
Mak
e ce
rtai
n th
at t
he
seat
bel
t sy
stem
in
you
r v
ehic
le w
ill s
ecu
re
the
chil
d r
estr
ain
t as
in
dic
ated
in
th
e m
anu
fact
ure
r's
inst
ruct
ions
for
bo
th r
ear-
faci
ng
inf
ant s
tyle
an
d
forw
ard-
faci
ng t
od
dle
r st
yle.
For
ve
ry s
mal
l in
fant
s, r
olli
ng u
p s
mal
l b
lan
ket
s o
r to
wel
s an
d p
laci
ng
th
em a
t ea
ch s
ide
of t
he
infa
nt's
bo
dy
may
mak
e th
e m
ore
com
fort
able
.
Ast
rose
at 9
1 O
OA
In
tern
atio
nal
/Ted
dy
Tot
C
olli
er-K
eyw
orth
C
olli
er-K
eyw
orth
C
olli
er-K
eyw
orth
C
olli
er-K
eyw
orth
Bob
by- M
ac C
ham
pio
n C
ar S
eat
Bob
by-M
ac.C
ham
pio
n 3
-in
-l C
ar S
eat
Bob
by-M
ac D
elu
xe
11 C
ar S
eat
#8
12
B
obby
-Mac
Su
per
Car
Sea
t #8
14
*
1
Hi-
Rid
er (
Shi
eld)
# 1
90
30
pn
e S
tep
#4
01
*
f1.e
di-R
ider
# 1
91
30
B
afe-
N-E
asy
31
3B
S
afe-
N-S
nug
32
3A
~
-..{e
-T-Seat 7
8A
. -
T-S
hiel
d 8
1A
'!,
dv
el T
ot #
98
7 S
erie
s W
ee C
are
#59
7A
*
ee C
are
# 59
9 S
erie
s*
on
da-
Ch
air
#81
0
Kol
craf
t Q
ues
tor /
Kan
twet
K
olcr
aft
Cos
co/P
eter
son
C
osco
/P
eter
son
Cos
co/P
eter
son
C
osco
/Pet
erso
n
Wel
sh
Str
olee
S
ho
lee
Bab
yhoo
d In
dust
ries
Tod
dler
/pre
scho
oler
on
ly
The
se
seat
s p
rote
ct
chil
dre
n
from
ab
ou
t 2
0 p
ou
nd
s u
p t
o 5
0
poun
ds. T
hey
are
no
t fo
r in
fan
ts.
A
chil
d
seat
w
ith
a p
add
ed
imp
act
shie
ld i
s av
aila
ble
in
thi
s g
rou
p. T
he p
add
ed s
hiel
d ac
ts a
s a
cush
ion
in a
hea
d-o
n c
rash
an
d
requ
ires
no
safe
ty h
arn
ess.
Sm
all,
acti
ve
chil
dre
n m
ay a
ttem
pt
to
clim
b o
ut o
f th
is d
evic
e.
Tot
Gu
ard
(S
hiel
d)
Chi
ld L
ove
Sea
t*
For
d C
entu
ry
ChU
dren
-ov
er fo
ur y
ean
S
pec
ial
safe
ty
boos
ter
seat
s ar
e p
rov
ided
fo
r o
lder
ch
ild
ren
. T
hese
wil
l im
prov
e th
e se
at b
elt
fit
and
per
mit
~hildren
to s
ee o
ut t
he
win
dow
. hi
ld S
afet
y V
olvo
-O
ver
50
us
hion
Ib
s. M
ust
be
use
d
only
in
se
atin
g
posi
tion
s w
ith
lap
an
d
shou
lder
be
lts.
Cen
tury
-2
0-6
5
Ibs.
Mus
t b
e u
sed
w
ith
lap
an
d
shou
lder
b
elt
or
acco
mp
an
yin
g
bo
dy
har
nes
s th
at
~ is
an
cho
red
lik
e a
teth
er s
trap
. tr
olee
Wee
-Car
e B
oost
ers
#60
1 *
, #6
04
*
Tot
-Rid
er C
hild
Car
Sea
t #
19
23
0*
S
trol
ee
Kol
craf
t
As
a la
st a
lter
nat
ive,
wh
en
th
e ab
ov
e ch
ild
res
trai
nts
re
no
t av
aila
ble
, th
e re
gu
lar
lap
bel
t o
n m
ost
car
s m
ay
e
use
d f
or c
hil
dre
n. P
lace
th
e ch
ild
in
th
e b
ack
sea
t, u
sin
g t
he
lap
bel
t. I
f th
e b
ack
seat
is f
ille
d,
use
th
e fr
on
t eat.
T
he
lap
bel
t sh
ou
ld b
e f
Ute
d sn
ug
ly a
cro
ss t
he
chil
d's
ip
s -
no
t ac
ross
th
e st
om
ach
-
an
d
an
att
ach
ed
sh
ou
lder
str
ap
sh
ou
ld b
e p
laced
beh
ind
th
e ch
ild
un
less
' y
ou
are
cer
tain
th
at i
t w
ill
no
t m
ake
con
tact
wit
h t
he
hil
d's
nec
k o
r fa
ce.
A c
hil
d s
ho
uld
nev
er b
e s
trap
ped
nex
t to
or
into
a b
elt
n th
e la
p o
f an
ad
ult
. T
he
adu
lt's
ow
n w
eig
ht,
gre
atl
y
;ncr
aa"a
d
du
rin
a
era"
h
fore
.....
w
ou
ld
ora
""
the
bel
t
Rem
emb
er ...
•
Buy
a c
hild
res
trai
nt
dev
ice
man
ufa
ctu
red
aft
er J
anu
ary
1,
1981
•
Inst
all i
t p
rop
erly
as
per
man
ufa
ctu
rer'
s in
stru
ctio
ns
• U
se it
eac
h t
ime
your
ch
ild
is r
idin
g in
a v
ehic
le
• D
o y
ou
bu
ckle
up
yo
urs
elf?
An
un
rest
rain
ed a
du
lt c
an b
e th
row
n in
to o
ther
pas
sen
ger
s an
d
cau
se
seri
ous
or
even
fa
tal
inju
ries
. Y
our
chil
dre
n n
eed
you
ali
ve a
nd
wel
l. P
rote
ct t
hem
..
. by
pro
te
ctin
g y
ours
elf.
Whe
re to
sh
op
for
chU
d re
stra
ints
•
Co
nta
ct y
our
loca
l A
AA
clu
b
• R
etai
l out
iets
, in
clu
din
g d
epar
tmen
t st
ores
•
Dis
coun
t sto
res
• Ju
veni
le f
urni
ture
an
d b
aby
nee
ds
stor
es
• N
ew c
ar d
eale
rs
• H
ospi
tal
gift
sho
ps
• C
atal
og
sal
es (
avai
lab
le fr
om l
arg
e re
tail
ers)
•
Aut
omot
ive
reta
il a
nd
su
pp
ly d
eale
rs
Fo
r ad
dit
ion
al i
nfo
rmat
ion
, ple
ase
ask
: •
You
r p
edia
tric
ian
, fa
mil
y do
ctor
, ho
spit
al
or
Co
un
ty
hea
lth
dep
artm
ent
• P
hysi
cian
s fo
r A
uto
mo
tive
Sa
fety
, C
omm
unic
atio
ns D
epa
rtm
ent,
5 E
ve L
ane,
Rye
, N
Y 1
05
80
•
Am
eric
an
Aca
dem
y o
f P
edia
tric
s, P
.O.
Box
10
34,
Eva
nst
on,
IL 6
02
04
•
Con
sum
ers
Uni
on,
Was
hing
ton
Off
ice,
15
11
K
Str
eet,
N
.w.,
Was
hin
gto
n, D
.C. 2
00
05
•
Am
eric
an
Ass
oci
ati
on
for
Au
tom
oti
ve M
edic
ine,
P.O
. B
ox
22
2, M
orto
n G
rove
, IL
60
05
3
• N
ati
on
al
Hig
hw
ay
Tra
ffic
S
afe
ty A
dm
inis
tra
tio
n,
40
0
7th
Str
eet S
.W.,
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
. 20
59
0
• N
ati
on
al
Sa
fety
Cou
ncil
, 4
44
N.
Mic
hig
an A
venu
e, C
ca
go, I
L 6
06
11
•
Lo
cal A
AA
clu
b
Am
eric
an A
utom
obil
e A
ssoc
iati
on
Tra
ffic
Saf
etv
Deo
artm
ent
diM>
Why
are
ch
ild
re
stra
ints
nee
ded
? In
th
e U
nit
ed S
tate
s, t
he
fam
ily
car
is t
he
pri
nci
ple
mea
ns
of
tran
spo
rtat
ion
. A
s a
resu
lt,
traf
fic
acci
den
ts i
nvol
vin
vehi
cles
are
an
ev
ery
day
occ
urr
ence
. M
otor
veh
icle
a
den
ts a
re t
he
lead
ing
cau
se o
f dea
th a
nd
inj
ury
for
Am
eri
chil
dre
n, r
ank
ing
ah
ead
of
all
oth
er t
ypes
of
acci
den
ts -
and
cla
im m
ore
liv
es t
han
an
y c
hil
dh
oo
d d
isea
se.
Tra
um
a fr
om a
uto
mo
bil
e ac
cid
ents
als
o is
a m
ajo
r ca
use
of
epil
eps
and
par
aple
gia
in
ch
ild
ren
. In
fact
, th
e A
mer
ican
Aca
dem
YI
of P
edia
tric
s st
ates
th
at t
he
trau
ma s
uff
ered
by
ch
ild
ren
ri
din
g u
np
rote
cted
in
cars
in
vo
lved
in
acc
iden
ts i
s th
e m
ajo
r cau
se o
f d
eath
an
d s
erio
us
inju
ry t
hre
aten
ing
ch
ild
ren
to
day
.
Du
rin
g a
su
dd
en s
top,
sw
erve
or
cras
h, a
ll o
ccu
pan
ts o
f a
mot
or v
ehic
le n
eed
pro
tect
ion
fro
m i
mp
act
wit
h th
e ca
r's
inte
rior
. Th
ey a
lso
nee
d t
o b
e re
stra
ined
to
pre
ven
t ej
ecti
on,
from
th
e v
ehic
le i
tsel
f. I
f u
nre
stra
ined
, in
fant
s an
d c
hil
dre
n!
are
thro
wn
aro
un
d t
he
veh
icle
lik
e fl
ying
mis
sile
s. T
hing
sl
hap
pen
so
fast
, ev
en i
n l
ow-s
peed
q
uic
k s
tops
, th
at t
his
viol
ent
imp
act
-g
ener
ally
ag
ain
st t
he
unyi
eldi
ng s
urfa
ces
of t
he
veh
icle
its
elf
or t
hro
ug
h t
he
win
dshi
eld
in a
col
lisi
on'
-is
u
np
red
icta
ble
. In
a
30
-mp
h c
rash
, a
chil
d m
ay b
e]
thro
wn
forw
ard
wit
h a
forc
e eq
ual
to
30
tim
es h
is o
r h
er o
wn
wei
gh
t. T
hat
's li
ke f
alli
ng f
rom
a t
hree
-sto
ry b
uild
ing!
You
ng p
ass
en
gers
are
th
e m
ost h
elp
less
. The
y ar
e d
ang
er
ousl
y ex
po
sed
to
seri
ous
hea
d i
njur
y b
ecau
se t
hey
hav
e pr
op
ort
ion
atel
y l
arg
er h
ead
s. U
nd
er i
den
tica
l si
tuat
ions
, a
chil
d
is m
uch
mor
e li
kely
to
be
inju
red
th
an a
n a
dult
. E
ach
yea
r ab
ou
t 8
50
ch
ild
ren
un
der
ag
e fi
ve a
re k
ille
d an
d m
ore
than
7
0,0
00
ar
e in
jure
d
as
a re
sult
of
v
ehic
le c
olli
sion
s an
d
sud
den
sto
ps.
Man
y a
du
lts
bel
iev
e th
at
they
can
pro
tect
ch
ild
ren
by
h
old
ing
th
em o
n t
hei
r la
p.
Act
ual
ly,
a p
aren
t o
r o
ther
ad
ult
in
cre
ase
s b
oth
th
e p
rob
abil
ity
an
d d
egre
e of
in
juf..
v in
a
cra
sh.
Saf
ety
ex
per
ts c
all
th
is t
he
"ch
ild
cru
sl:
po
siti
on
. In
veh
icle
cra
shes
-ev
en a
t lo
w s
pee
ds
-'
forc
es g
ener
ated
are
su
ch t
hat
ev
en s
tro
ng
ad
ult
s ca
nn
ot
re-,
st
rain
or s
hie
ld a
ch
ild
hel
d o
n t
hei
r la
p. T
he
chil
d is
thr
own:
fo
rwar
d m
to t
he
das
hb
oar
d a
rea
and
th
en c
rush
ed b
etw
een
th
e u
nre
stra
ined
ad
ult
's b
od
y a
nd
th
e d
ash
bo
ard
or
win
dsh
ield
.
Th
e b
est
way
to
pro
tec
t ch
ild
ren
un
der
five
years
of
ag
e d
uri
ng
su
dd
en
bra
kin
g. s
wer
vin
g o
r a
crash
is
to u
se
a ch
ild
rest
rain
t d
evic
e.
Infa
nts
and
yo
un
g c
hil
dre
n s
houl
d al
way
s ri
de
in c
hil
d c
ar s
afet
y se
ats.
Su
ch d
evic
es h
old
the
chil
d s
ecu
rely
in
one
pos
itio
n an
d a
bso
rb t
he
forc
es o
f ev
en
the
mos
t vio
lent
cra
shes
.
Chi
ld c
ar s
afet
y s
eats
man
ufa
ctu
red
aft
er J
anu
ary
I,
19
81
ar
e re
qu
ired
to
mee
t n
ew s
afet
y s
tan
dar
ds.
How
ever
, m
an
seat
s m
anu
fact
ure
d b
efor
e th
at d
ate
pro
vid
e ad
equ
ate
pro
te
ctio
n if
use
d c
orre
ctly
.
Mak
e ce
rtain
th
at
the
chil
d re
stra
int
dev
ice
is p
rop
erly
, in
stal
led
in
th
e au
tom
ob
ile
and
th
at i
t is
att
ach
ed t
o th
e!
seat
by
the
veh
icle
lap
bel
t. I
f th
e ch
ild
car
sea
t is
eq
uip
ped
..
• .
. I,
."
11
•
, 1
11
1
1
Wha
t som
e p
rom
inen
t sa
fety
exp
erts
say
: "A
utom
otiv
e co
llis
ions
are
th
e m
ost
com
mon
cau
se o
f in
il,
uies
in
ch
ild
ho
od
an
d t
hey
hav
e re
ceiv
ed l
ittl
e at
ten
tio
n.
inju
ry c
om
ple
x s
houl
d b
e d
escr
ibed
as
the
'neg
lect
ed
d sy
ndro
me'
sin
ce a
mp
le e
vid
ence
in
dic
ates
that
a g
reat
m
any
of t
hes
e in
juri
es c
ou
ld b
e re
du
ced
or
pre
ven
ted
by
sim
ple
par
enta
l ac
tio
n ...
" In
juri
es
to
Chi
ldre
n in
A
uto
mo
bil
e C
olli
sion
s by
A
. S
iege
l, A
. N
ahu
m,
and
M.
Ap
ple
by
, U
.C.L
.A.
Sch
ool
of
Med
icin
e
"Beg
inni
ng w
ith
the
very
fir
st r
ide
-th
e dr
ive
hom
e fr
om
the
hosp
ital
-th
e b
aby
sho
uld
be
carr
ied
in a
pro
ven
saf
ety
rest
rain
t."
Phy
sici
ans
for
Au
tom
oti
ve S
afe
ty.
"We
can
't h
elp
wo
nd
er w
hy s
ome
par
ents
sp
end
th
ou
san
ds
of d
olla
rs f
or a
car
an
d h
un
dre
ds
of d
olla
rs t
o eq
uip
it
wit
h an
FM
ra
dio,
ai
r-co
ndit
iOni
ng,
and
oth
er l
uxur
ies
-an
d
then
neg
lect
to
inve
st $
45
or
less
for
a r
estr
aint
th
at c
ou
ld
sav
e th
eir
chil
d's
life
in
a c
olli
sion
."
Con
sum
er R
epor
ts, J
un
e 1
97
7
"The
ev
iden
ce i
s ov
erw
helm
ing!
Tim
e an
d a
gai
n,
safe
ty
belt
s an
d c
hil
d r
estr
ain
ts h
ave
not
only
sa
ved
liv
es b
ut
pre
ven
ted
inj
urie
s b
y k
eep
ing
pas
sen
ger
s in
th
eir
seat
s d
uri
ng
cr
ash
es, s
ud
den
sto
ps o
r q
uic
k e
vas
ive
man
euv
ers.
A d
riv
er
can
't a
lway
s an
tici
pat
e ev
ery
mov
e ot
hers
on
th
e ro
ad a
re
goin
g to
mak
e an
d a
lso
pla
n fo
r sm
ooth
, ea
sy
adju
stm
ents
of s
pee
d o
r po
siti
on.
How
ever
, re
stra
int
dev
ices
off
er m
axim
um p
rote
cti
on b
y k
eep
ing
th
e dr
iver
beh
ind
the
whe
el a
nd
pas
sen
ger
s se
cure
ly p
osi
tion
ed. K
eep
in m
ind
th
at c
hil
dre
n
lack
the
exp
erie
nce
nec
essa
ry to
m
ake
inte
llig
ent
dec
isio
ns r
egar
d
ing
th
e us
e of
saf
ety
dev
ices
. It's
re
spon
sibi
lity
to in
sist
on
ra
int
usa
ge
. It's
als
o a
n e
x
pre
ssio
n o
f y
ou
r co
nce
rn f
or
the
safe
ty o
f th
ose
yo
u lo
ve.
" D
r. F
ranc
is C
. Ken
el, D
irec
tor,
T
raff
ic S
afet
y D
epar
tmen
t,
Am
eric
an A
utom
obil
e A
ssoc
iati
on
Bow
to s
elec
t th
e be
st c
ar s
afet
y se
at
Cho
ose
a re
stra
int
dev
ice
suit
able
for
you
r ch
ild
's w
eig
ht
and
hei
ght,
an
d a
lso
one
that
fits
in
your
aut
omob
ile.
D
o no
t us
e "o
ld-s
tyle
" ch
ild
sea
ts t
hat
han
g f
rom
th
e tr
)
a ca
r se
at b
ack
or
sit
loos
ely
on
th
e se
at w
itho
ut b
se
cure
d b
y a
lap
bel
t. H
ouse
hold
"b
aby
car
rier
s" a
nd
car
b
eds
are
also
uns
atis
fact
ory
. T
hey
won
't p
rote
ct t
he c
hil
d in
a
cras
h, s
wer
ve o
r su
dd
en s
top.
Cra
sh-t
este
d car
seats
th
at
mee
t th
e
Jan
ua
ry
1981
F
eder
al S
afet
y S
tan
dard
No.
213
off
er a
ch
ild
pass
en
ger
th
e sa
me l
evel
of
pro
tect
ion
that
an
ad
ult
rec
eiv
es w
hen
w
eari
ng
a c
om
bin
atio
n l
ap-s
ho
uld
er b
elt.
Sel
ect
a ch
ild
res
trai
nt
that
you
wil
l us
e ev
ery
tim
e yo
u ta
ke
your
ch
ild
for
a r
ide
in t
he
car.
It s
houl
d b
e co
mfo
rtab
le
for
your
ch
ild
. Bef
ore
pu
rch
asin
g a
car
sea
t, h
ave
your
ch
ild
si
t in
dif
fere
nt o
nes
an
d t
ry t
hem
out
. If
you
are
ex
pec
tin
g a
ch
ild
or
ob
tain
ing
a
chil
d r
estr
aint
for
so
meo
ne e
lse,
ask
ot
hers
who
hav
e a
chil
d r
estr
aint
ab
ou
t it
s us
e, a
dv
anta
ges
I
and
d
isad
van
tag
es
befo
re
you
mak
e yo
ur
pu
rch
ase.
R
emem
ber
to t
est
the
chil
d r
estr
aint
in
your
car
to d
eter
min
e if
it
fits
an
d i
f yo
ur s
eat
bel
t sy
stem
is
com
pat
ible
wit
h th
e ch
ild
res
trai
nt
and
wil
l p
rop
erly
sec
ure
it
as
the
man
u·
fact
urer
dir
ects
.
Rem
emb
er: C
hil
d c
ar s
afet
y se
ats
are
eff
ecti
ve
on
ly i
f th
ey a
re i
nst
alle
d a
s th
e m
anu
fact
ure
r's
spec
ific
atio
n!
ind
icat
e. a
nd
use
d c
orr
ectl
y e
ach
an
d e
ver
y t
ime
a ch
ile
rid
es i
n a
mo
tor
veh
icle
.
Wh
eres
hou
l th
e ch
ild
re
stra
int
be
pla
ce
Use
ch
ild
ca
r sa
fet·
se
ats
wh
ere
ther
e is
a s
ea
belt
. C
hil
d c
ar s
afet
y se
ats
give
ex
cell
ent
pro
tect
ion
w
her
ever
th
e ch
ild
i
seat
ed
-if
th
e ch
ild
i.
pro
per
ly b
uckl
ed u
p.
Th.
, I
bac
k
seat
is
p
refe
rred
. D
oors
sho
uld
be
lock
ed.
1
u
Pro
per
inst
alla
tion
of
chil
d c
ar s
afet
y se
ats
Rec
ent
surv
eys
rev
eal
that
a h
igh
pro
po
rtio
n o
f al
l ch
ild
re
stra
ints
are
inc
orre
ctly
inst
alle
d. T
he r
estr
ain
t sy
stem
mus
t "\
anch
ore
d t
o a
veh
icle
lap
bel
t to
in
sure
its
saf
e pe
r[m
ance
in
a c
rash
. If
th
e re
stra
int
syst
em c
omes
wit
h a
teth
er s
trap
for
sec
uri
ng
th
e to
p o
f th
e ch
ild
sea
t, i
ts u
se i
s es
sent
ial.
If
your
ch
ild
is
go
ing
to
be
rid
ing
oft
en w
ith
your
fr
iend
s, n
eigh
bors
, gra
nd
par
ents
an
d o
ther
rel
ativ
es w
ho d
o
not
hav
e a
pla
ce t
o se
cure
th
e to
p st
rap
in
the
ir c
ars,
bu
y a
ch
ild
res
trai
nt t
hat
do
es n
ot
req
uir
e a
top
tet
her
str
ap.
Poi
nts
to k
eep
in
min
d
1.
A p
aren
t's
lap
isn
ot
a sa
fe p
lace
to
tran
spo
rt a
ch
ild
in
a
car.
2.
If
a ch
ild
car
saf
ety
seat
is
not
avai
lab
le,
a se
at b
elt
is
bel
ter
than
not
hing
. 3
. A
to
p q
uali
ty c
hil
d r
estr
ain
t w
ill
be
of l
ittl
e v
alu
e if
it
is
not
inst
alle
d an
d u
sed
corr
ectl
y.
4.
Mos
t m
otor
veh
icle
acc
iden
ts o
ccur
at
low
sp
eed
an
d
clos
e to
hom
e.
5.
Hav
ing
a c
hil
d r
estr
aint
an
d n
ot u
sin
g i
t h
as b
een
de
scri
bed
as
a fo
rm o
f ch
ild
ab
use
. 6
. R
emov
e al
l lo
ose
item
s fr
om t
he
rear
win
dow
she
lf a
nd
el
imin
ate
dan
ger
fro
m f
lyin
g m
issi
les
in c
ase
of a
su
dd
en
stop
or
cras
h.
7.
Infa
nts
shou
ld b
e tr
ansp
ort
ed o
nly
in a
n i
nfa
nt/
chil
d c
ar
safe
ty s
eat.
Th
e P
erfe
ct G
ift?
It's
the
gif
t o
f lif
e an
d t
he
lovi
ng
pro
tect
ion
of
that
lif
e. I
n t
he
car,
for
you
r ch
ild, t
he
Per
fect
Gif
t is
a c
ar
safe
ty s
eat.
Fo
r m
ore
info
rmat
ion
, ple
ase
ask
you
r p
edia
tric
ia
or
fam
ily d
oct
or.
Pu
blis
he
d b
y t
he
Tra
nsp
ort
ati
on
Ha
zard
s C
om
mit
tee
, A
me
rica
n
Aca
de
my
of
Pe
dia
tric
s, C
alifo
rnia
Ch
ap
ter
2.
Ad
ap
ted
in
pa
rt f
rom
ma
teri
als
of
the
Mic
hig
an
Off
ice
of
Hig
hw
ay
Sa
fety
Pla
nn
ing
.
Pri
nte
d w
ith
th
e a
ssis
tanc
e o
f th
e C
alif
orn
ia S
tate
Off
ice
of
Tra
ffic
Sa
fety
an
d t
he
Au
tom
ob
ile
Clu
b o
f S
ou
the
rn C
alif
orn
ia.
Co
ve
r p
ho
to b
y:
Th
om
as V
ine
tz
3rd
ed
itio
n,
De
ce
mb
er
19
80
.
Pri
nte
d a
nd
dis
trib
ute
d w
ith
th
e co
nce
rn a
nd
he
lp o
f:
AFF
ILIA
TED
CLU
BS
Wha
t ca
n ha
ppen
if
my
infa
nt o
r ch
ild
is n
ot
buck
led
up?
In a
cra
sh o
r su
dden
sto
p, y
ou
r ch
ild
can
beco
me
a fl
ying
m
issi
le a
nd m
ay b
e sm
ashe
d fa
ce f
irst
int
o w
indo
ws,
the
da
shbo
ard
knob
s, s
ome
oth
er p
arts
of
the
car,
or
into
an
othe
r pa
ssen
ger.
The
cru
shin
g fo
rces
on
your
chi
ld's
br
ain
and
body
in
a 3
0 m
ile-p
er-h
our
cras
h w
ould
be
the
sam
e as
if
your
chi
ld f
ell
from
a 3
.sto
ry b
uild
ing.
B
ut c
an't
I p
rote
ct m
y ch
ild
by h
oldi
ng h
im o
r he
r in
my
arm
s?
No.
Saf
ety
expe
rts
call
this
th
e "c
hild
cru
sher
pos
itio
n".
It
is p
roba
bly
the
mos
t da
nger
ous
way
to
car
ry a
chi
ld i
n a
car.
Eve
n in
a l
ow s
peed
cra
sh,
yo
ur
chil
d co
uld
be r
ippe
d o
ut
of y
our
arm
s. A
nd i
f yo
u ar
en't
usi
ng y
our
safe
ty b
elts
, yo
ur c
hild
cou
ld b
e cr
ushe
d be
twee
n yo
ur b
ody
and
the
dash
boar
d an
d w
inds
hiel
d.
Wha
t ca
n I d
o to
pro
tect
my
chil
d?
Infa
nts
and
youn
g ch
ildr
en s
houl
d al
way
s ri
de i
n ca
r sa
fety
se
ats.
The
se w
ill h
old
the
child
sec
urel
y in
the
car
and
hel
p to
abs
orb
safe
ly t
he f
orce
s o
f ev
en v
iole
nt c
rash
es.
Use
on
ly s
afet
y se
ats
whi
ch p
erfo
rm w
ell
in c
rash
tes
ts
(see
the
Sho
ppin
g G
Uid
e).
For
my
infa
nt, w
hat
shou
ld I
do?
M
ake
the
firs
t ri
de a
nd e
ach
ride
a s
afe
ride
. Eve
ry b
aby,
ev
en g
oing
hom
e fr
om t
he n
ewbo
rn n
urs
ery,
sho
uld
ride
in
a ba
ckw
ard-
faci
ng, s
emi-
recl
ined
car
saf
ety
sea
t. It
mus
t be
se
cure
d to
the
car
's s
eat
by t
he
lap
belt
. H
ouse
hold
"b
aby
ca
rrie
rs"
and
"car
bed
s" d
o n
ot
give
goo
d pr
otec
tion
.
And
for
my
todd
ler
or p
resc
hool
er, w
hat
shou
ld
I do
? A
ll ch
ildr
en w
ho c
an s
it u
p al
one
and
who
wei
gh u
nder
4
0 p
ound
s sh
ould
be
buck
led
up
in a
for
war
d-fa
cing
car
sa
fety
sea
t.
Wha
t ha
ppen
s w
hen
my
chil
d ha
s to
rid
e in
a c
ar
wit
hout
a s
afet
y se
at, o
r fi
nall
y ou
tgro
ws
it?
The
se c
hild
ren,
tee
nage
rs t
oo
, sh
ould
use
th
e re
gula
r ca
r se
at b
elt.
Thi
s is
virt
uall
y al
way
s sa
fer
than
rid
ing
unre
stra
ined
. T
he s
eat
belt
mus
t be
snu
g an
d fi
t ov
er t
he
hip/
thig
h bo
nes,
not
ove
r th
e be
lly.
For
chi
ldre
n ov
er
3 ye
ars
old,
you
can
pur
chas
e sp
ecia
l sa
fety
boo
ster
sea
ts.
The
se i
mpr
ove
the
seat
bel
t fi
t an
d al
low
chi
ldre
n to
see
o
ut
the
win
dow
.
Is t
here
any
thin
g el
se I
sho
uld
know
? T
he s
afet
y se
at m
ust
be u
sed
exac
tly
as r
ecom
men
ded
by
the
man
ufac
ture
r.
Whe
neve
r po
ssib
le,
pu
t ch
ildr
en i
n th
e ba
ck s
eat;
it's
muc
h sa
fer
than
the
fro
nt.
Chi
ldre
n w
ill g
et u
sed
to t
he
safe
ty s
eat
if it
is
used
on
ev
ery
ride
. S
omet
hing
nic
e ..
. chi
ldre
n be
have
bet
ter
if th
ey a
re b
uckl
ed u
p.
And
fin
ally
, do
you
buck
le-u
p yo
urse
lf?
An
unre
stra
ined
adu
lt c
an b
e th
row
n in
to o
ther
pa
ssen
gers
and
cau
se s
erio
us o
r ev
en f
atal
inj
urie
s.
And
you
r ch
ildr
en n
eed
you
aliv
e an
d w
ell.
So p
rote
ct y
ou
r ch
ildr
en .
.. by
pro
tect
ing
your
self
.
Sh
op
pin
g G
uid
e
Ca
r Saf
ety
Sea
ts f
or
Infa
nts
an
d C
hild
ren
As
of
Dec
emb
er 1
98
0, t
hese
sea
ts h
ave
all
do
ne
wel
l in
dy
nam
ic
cras
h te
sts,
acc
ordi
ng t
o t
he
Mic
higa
n O
ffic
e o
f H
ighw
ay S
afet
y
up 1
'c
on
vert
ible
. for
In
fan
t an
d T
od
dle
r/P
resc
ho
ole
r.
bby-
Mac
2 in
1 C
olli
er-K
eyw
orth
ob
by-M
ac D
elux
e C
olli
er-K
eyw
orth
K
antw
et C
are
Sea
t* #
987
-74
Oue
stor
P
eter
son
Safe
-T-S
eat*
Cas
co
afe
N'
Eas
y #1
3-31
3, #
13-3
14 C
osco
T
eddy
Tot
Ast
rose
at V
I In
tern
atio
nal
Tra
v-L
-Gua
rd
Cen
tury
Dyn
-O-M
ite #
441
(to
17 I
bs.)
Oue
stor
In
fant
Lov
e S
eat
(to
20 I
bs.)
G
ener
al M
otor
s, C
hrys
ler,
For
d T
rav-
L-E
tte
(to
17 I
bs.)
Cen
tury
Gro
up
3
To
dd
ler/
Pre
sch
oo
ler
On
ly
Mop
ar C
hild
Shi
eld
Chr
ysle
r T
oddl
er S
eat
#5
95
S
trol
ee
Tot
Gua
rd (
Shi
eld)
F
ord
Gro
up
4
Top
An
cho
r S
tra
p R
eq
uir
ed
'
Bob
by-M
ac S
uper
(7-
40 I
bs.)
Col
lier
-Key
wor
th
Chi
ld L
ove
Sea
t (1
7-40
Ibs
.) G
ener
al M
otor
s K
antw
et O
ne-S
tep
(7-4
3 Ib
s.)
Oue
stor
Sa
fe N
' E
asy
Sea
t #
13-2
03 (
7-40
Ibs
.) C
osco
W
ee-C
are
#5
97
S (
7-43
Ibs.
) S
trol
eet
Lis
t of
Dis
cont
inue
d S
eats
Am
eric
an S
afet
y S
eat
(TA
) S
win
gam
atic
/Gra
co
Kan
twet
Car
Sea
t (T
A)
#7
84
, #
78
5,
#8
84
, #
88
5
Oue
stor
K
antw
et C
are
Sea
t #
98
5,
#9
86
, O
uest
or
Lit
tle
Rid
er H
arne
ss I
TA
) R
ose
Mot
or T
oter
(T
A)
Cen
tury
P
eter
son
Saf
ety
Shel
l C
osco
P
osit
est
Hed
stro
m
Pla
nnin
g. T
he
seat
s ar
e li
sted
in
alp
hab
etic
al o
rder
wit
hin
eac
h
grou
p. T
he "
bes
t" s
afet
y s
eat
is th
e o
ne
in w
hic
h y
ou
r ch
ild
wil
l be
co
mfo
rtab
le, t
hat
can
be
secu
red
pro
per
ly i
n y
ou
r ca
rs o
r va
ns,
and
th
at y
ou
will
use
on
eve
ry r
ide.
New
mo
del
saf
ety
sea
ts w
ill
be
avai
labl
e so
on
. A
ny
sea
t n
ot
list
ed h
ere,
bu
t be
arin
g m
anu
fact
ure
d
ate
afte
r D
ecem
ber
31
,19
80
, sh
ou
ld o
ffer
go
od
pro
tect
ion
.
Th
ese
safe
ty s
eats
hav
e th
e ad
van
tag
e o
. p
rote
ctin
g c
hil
dre
n f
rom
bir
th (
abo
ut
7 p
ou
nd
s) t
o a
rou
nd
4 y
ears
old
(ab
ou
t 4
0
po
un
ds)
. Th
ey d
o n
ot
req
uir
e a
top
an
cho
r st
rap
to
pas
s 3
0 M
PH c
rash
tes
ts a
nd
so
may
be
easi
er t
o u
se t
han
sea
ts i
n G
rou
p 4
. C
on
ver
tib
le f
rom
bac
kw
ard
-fac
ing
in
fan
t p
osi
tio
n t
o f
orw
ard
fac
ing
for
tod
dle
r.
Whe
n fo
rwar
d f
acin
g, u
se i
n fu
lly
up
rig
ht
sett
ing
. (T
ho
se m
ark
ed w
ith
an
* ha
ve a
vail
able
an
op
tio
nal
to
p a
nch
or
stra
p f
or
an e
xt
mar
gin
of
pro
tect
ion
.)
See
als
o G
rou
p 4
.
The
se s
afet
y s
eats
pro
tect
ch
ild
ren
fro
m
bir
th t
o o
nly
ab
ou
t 9
-12
mo
nth
s o
f ag
e (1
7-2
0 p
ou
nd
s). T
her
efo
re,
yo
u w
ill
have
to
pu
rch
ase
ano
ther
saf
ety
sea
t to
las
t u
nti
l y
ou
r ch
ild
is
abo
ut
4 y
ears
old
. T
hey
all
mu
st f
ace
bac
kw
ard
fo
r p
rop
er
pro
tect
ion
. N
o to
p a
nch
or
stra
p i
s re
qu
ired
.
Th
ese
seat
s p
rote
ct c
hil
dre
n f
rom
ab
ou
t 2
0 u
p t
o 4
0-5
0 p
ou
nd
s. N
ot
for
infa
nts
. N
o t
op
an
cho
r st
rap
is
requ
i red
.
Th
ese
safe
ty s
eats
all
requ
ire
a to
p
anch
or
stra
p t
o p
erfo
rm w
ell
in 3
0 m
ile
per
-ho
ur
cras
h te
sts,
wh
en u
sed
fo
r ch
ild
ren
sit
tin
g i
n th
e fo
rwar
d-f
acin
g
po
siti
on
. T
he
anch
or
stra
p u
sual
ly
requ
ires
ex
tra
effo
rt a
nd
/or
exp
ense
to
in
stal
l an
d u
se p
rop
erly
. U
sual
ly i
t is
no
t ea
sy t
o d
o t
his
, an
d i
t is
espe
cial
ly d
iffi
cu
lt i
n h
atch
bac
ks,
sta
tio
n w
ago
ns,
van
s,
RV
's a
nd
in
car
pool
sit
uat
ion
s. M
ost
are
con
ver
tib
le f
rom
in
fan
t to
to
dd
ler
po
siti
on
.
Whi
le t
hes
e ar
e no
lon
ger
man
ufa
ctu
red
, th
ey s
till
may
be
avai
labl
e in
sto
res
or
seco
nd
-han
d.
All
per
form
ad
equ
atel
y
in d
yn
amic
cra
sh t
ests
. (T
A =
To
p A
nch
or
stra
p·
is r
equ
ired
.)
'Th
e an
cho
r st
rap
mu
st b
e fa
sten
ed t
o a
spe
cial
an
cho
r p
late
ins
tall
ed
to t
he
rear
, o
r cl
ippe
d to
a s
et o
f re
ar·s
eat
lap
belt
s. T
he
stra
p m
ust
be
pul
led
tig
ht.
If
it is
used
pro
per
ly i
t gi
ves
an e
xtr
a m
argi
n of
p
rote
ctio
n.
If y
ou
can
no
t, o
r ar
e n
ot
wil
ling
to
do
all
thi
s, c
on
sid
er
a se
at l
iste
d in
Gro
up
s 1
,2 o
r 3
Whi
ch d
oes
no
t re
qu
ire
a to
p a
nch
or
stra
p.
tWee
Car
e #
59
75
sea
ts m
anu
fact
ure
d b
efo
re M
arch
19
80
may
no
t p
rote
ct w
ell
in b
ack
war
d-f
acin
g i
nfa
nt
po
siti
on
. Sea
ts m
ade
afte
r
TYPE
S I F
CH
ILD
RE
ST
RA
INT
SY
ST
EM
S
j
Ch
oo
se
a re
stra
int
devi
ce
suita
ble
fo
r yo
ur
child
's w
eig
ht a
nd
he
igh
t. M
ake
cert
ain
the
rest
rain
t de
vice
labe
l sta
tes
cras
h te
sts
have
bee
n p
erf
orm
ed
sa
tisfa
ctor
ily a
t spe
eds
sim
ula
ting
30
mp
h b
y a
rec
ogni
zed
en
gin
ee
rin
g o
r sci
en
tific
test
ing
labo
rato
ry.
Infa
nts
(Jp
To
9 M
on
ths
-2
0 L
bs.
\
rt:37
C7t
? C
AR
B
ED
~
Th
e t
ypic
al c
ar
bed
is r
ecta
ngul
ar,
has
deep
pad
ded
side
s o
f u
nifo
rm
he
igh
t a
nd
pro
vide
s a
nett
ing
or
stra
ps o
ver
the
top
to
ret
ain
the
infa
nt
insi
de.
INF
AN
T
CA
RR
IER
T
he
in
fan
t fa
ces
back
war
d in
a
\ I
1 I
~J
Ch
lld
ren
-9 M
onth
s To
4
Ye
ars
-20
To
50
Lbs
.
CA
R S
EA
T A
ch
ild s
eat
with
a s
afet
y ha
rnes
s. D
esig
ned
for
child
ren
able
to
sit
up
C
----
----1
•••
unai
ded.
So
me
ca
r se
ats
requ
ire a
n an
ch
orag
e at
the
top
. It
is e
ssen
tial
to u
se t
his
I
__
__
anch
orag
e be
lt an
d in
stal
l it c
orre
ctly
. So
me
mo
de
ls
can
be t
urn
ed
to fa
ce t
he r
ear,
recl
ined
, an
d u
sed
as
infa
nt c
arrie
rs fo
r ch
ildre
n n
ot y
et a
ble
to s
it un
aide
d.
SH
IELD
A
ch
ild s
eat
with
an
im
pa
ct s
hiel
d.
The
pad
ded
shie
ld
~cts
as
a cu
shio
n in
~
head
-on
cras
h an
d re
quire
s n
o s
afet
y ha
rnes
s. S
mal
l, ac
tive
child
ren
ma
y ex
pe
rienc
e d
iffic
ulty
in s
eein
g a
nd
att
em
pt t
o c
limb
out
.
HA
RN
ES
S
recl
inin
g p
OS
ition
A
co
mb
ina
tion
pel
vic
an
d is
he
ld f
irm
ly i
n
~ '"
I I a
nd
up
pe
r to
rso
belt
plac
e b
y a
ham
ess
i. .
rest
rain
t fo
r ch
ildre
n
pro
vid
ed
with
the
ca
pabl
e o
f si
ttin
g ca
rrie
r. S
om
e m
od
els
" ,
up
rig
ht
by t
he
m-
can
late
r be
tu
me
d i
nto
I I
II se
lves
. T
he
sys
tem
u
pri
gh
t, f
orw
ard
fa
cin
g c
hild
sea
ts f
or
the
todd
ler.
l,.
,in
clud
es a
n C
he
ck in
fan
t ca
rrie
r in
sta
llatio
n in
stru
ctio
ns
for
the
over
-the
-sho
ulde
rs
ne
ed
to
an
cho
r to
p o
f de
vice
in
the
for
war
d fa
cin
g
, j
I an
d p
elvi
c-cr
otch
bel
t in
co
mb
ina
tion
. T
he c
hild
is
posi
tion;
als
o no
te th
e h
eig
ht a
n.d
we
igh
t lim
its o
f the
! ,
:
prev
ente
d fr
om
sta
ndin
g w
hile
ha.
mes
sed.
An
cho
r-
Ch
lld
ren
-4 T
o 5
Year
s
Th
e r
egul
ar l
ap b
elt
ma
y be
use
d fo
r ch
ildre
n o
f th
is a
ge.
Chi
ldre
n ov
er
55
inch
es
tall
can
use
bo
th t
he l
ap
an
d s
ho
uld
er
belt.
Ad
just
the
la
p be
lt sn
ugly
ac
ross
th
e h
ips
whe
n ei
ther
use
d al
one,
or
as a
la
p-s
ho
uld
er
belt
com
bin
atio
n.
Rem
embe
r ..
.
• B
UY
ON
LY
A C
RA
SH
-TE
ST
ED
CH
ILD
R
ES
TR
AIN
T S
YS
TE
M.
• IN
ST
AL
L I
T P
RO
PE
RLY
.
• U
SE
IT
EA
CH
TIM
E Y
OU
R C
HIL
D I
S
RID
ING
IN
A V
EH
ICLE
.
<fR)
A
ME
RIC
AN
AU
TO
MO
BIL
E A
SS
OC
IAT
ION
T
raff
ic E
ngin
eeri
ng &
Saf
ety
De
pa
rtm
en
t fa
lls C
hu
rch
. V
A 2
20
42
ch
ildre
n
for
wh
om
th
e
rest
ram
t sy
stem
was
de
-"
• ag
e o
f th
e
ha
rne
ss t
o t
he
vehI
cle
mu
st b
e as
"--
__
"'.
1
• __
~ _
_ , _
_
,~
, ...
... _
__
__
_ -! _
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
PR
OT
EC
TIO
N
FO
R T
HE
CH
ILD
Du
rin
g a
sud
den
sto
p o
r cra
sh, a
ll oc
cupa
nts
in
mo
tor v
ehic
les
need
pro
tect
ion
fro
m i
njur
y ca
used
~.
by
imp
act
with
the
car
's in
teri
or a
nd e
ject
ion.
Und
er
1 id
entic
al c
ondi
tions
, a
child
is
mo
re l
ikel
y to
be
inju
red
than
an
adul
t, A
ccid
en
t dat
a sh
ow th
at 1
,000
ch
ildre
n u
nd
er
age
5 ar
e ki
lled
and
100,
000
are
" I
inju
red
ann
ually
in a
uto
mo
bile
col
lisio
ns, M
any
par-
ents
th
ink
they
can
pro
tect
the
ir c
hild
by
ho
ldin
g
. th
em
on
the
ir la
p. B
y h
old
ing
a c
hild
on
thei
r la
p, a
pa
rent
incr
ease
s b
oth
the
prob
abili
ty a
nd d
egre
e o
f -1
in
jury
. In
car
cra
shes
, ev
en a
t m
oder
ate
spee
d, t
he
forc
es g
ener
ated
are
suc
h th
at h
um
an
s ca
nnot
re
stra
in o
r.p
rote
ct a
ch
ild h
eld
on
th
eir
lap.
Fur
ther
, th
ere
is in
crea
sed
like
liho
od
of a
ch
ild b
eing
cru
shed
b
y th
e pe
rson
ho
ldin
g h
im/h
er.
Th
e m
ost
effe
ctiv
e m
eans
of
pro
vid
ing
cra
sh p
rote
ctio
n t
o c
hild
ren
un
de
r 5
year
s o
f ag
e is
a c
hild
res
trai
nt s
yste
m.
In
addi
tion,
the
use
of
a re
stra
int
devi
ce p
reve
nts
the
child
fro
m fa
lling
or
bein
g in
jure
d, o
r fr
om
dis
trac
t-in
g t
he d
rive
r w
hile
the
veh
icle
is
in m
otio
n.
BA
CK
GR
OO
ND
Fed
eral
Ch
ild S
eatin
g S
yste
ms
Sta
ndar
d N
o.
21
3, h
as e
xist
ed s
ince
Apr
il 1,
197
1.
In m
id 1
976,
a n
ew C
hild
Res
trai
nt S
yste
ms
pro
posa
l w
as
issu
ed.
Th
is p
ropo
sal
requ
ires
that
all
type
s o
f ch
ild r
estr
aint
dev
ices
pro
tect
you
ng c
hil-
J
d ...
... "
in f
.n"t
,,1
"ra
",h
p"-
'-I.1
n t
o..
30
rnn
h, _
__
__
__
__
_
WH
AT
DO
ES
J"
HE
NE
W
'FE
DE
RA
L
PR
OP
OS
AL
DO
?
The
mo
re s
igni
fican
t re
quir
emen
ts i
nclu
de:
1 T
he s
afet
y p
rote
ctio
n o
f th
e re
stra
int
devi
ce
mu
st b
e ev
alua
ted
with
sim
ulat
ed c
rash
tes
ting
usin
g ne
w c
hild
-siz
e te
st d
um
mie
s.
2 E
ach
child
rest
rain
t sys
tem
mu
st re
tain
the
spe
cial
test
du
mm
y w
ithin
the
syst
em a
nd u
nder
go
no
sep
arat
ion
of
stru
ctur
al e
lem
ents
du
rin
g a
nd
afte
r a
sim
ulat
ed c
rash
tes
t.
3 S
ize,
sha
pe a
nd e
nerg
y-ab
sorb
ing
requ
irem
ents
w
ould
be
spec
ified
fo
r su
rfac
es c
onta
ctin
g o
ccu
pant
s to
pre
vent
inj
ury
du
rin
g a
cra
sh.
l C
hild
sea
ting
syst
ems,
exc
ept
child
har
ness
es,
4 m
ust
be
atta
chab
le t
o th
e ve
hicl
e by
mea
ns o
f ve
hicl
e la
p be
lts. A
dded
anc
hora
ge fo
r the
top
of t
he
devi
ce,
supp
lied
by
the
man
ufac
ture
r, w
ould
be
perm
itted
, in
add
ition
to
the
lap
bel
t.
Infa
nt c
ar b
eds
mu
st b
e de
sign
ed s
o th
ey m
ay
be
5 in
stal
led
late
rally
(ac
ross
the
vehi
cle
seat
) us
ing
a ve
hicl
e la
p be
lt.
6 M
anuf
actu
rers
of r
estr
aint
sys
tem
s w
ould
be
re
quir
ed to
incl
ude
in th
eir l
abel
ing
the
heig
ht a
nd
wei
ght o
f chi
ldre
n w
ho
co
uld
saf
ely
use
the
syst
em.
An
inst
ruct
ion
man
ual e
xpla
inin
g th
e in
stal
latio
n o
f th
e de
vice
in t
he v
ehic
le a
nd t
he p
rop
er
plac
emen
t
AR
E C
RA
SH
-TE
ST
ED
C
HIL
D S
EA
TIN
G
SY
ST
EM
S A
VA
ILA
BLE
?
The
fede
ral p
ropo
sal w
ould
pe
rmit,
at t
he c
hild
se
atin
g sy
stem
man
ufac
ture
r's o
ptio
n, c
ompl
ianc
e w
ith th
e cu
rren
t req
uire
men
ts o
f Sta
ndar
d N
o. 2
13,
or
with
the
new
req
uire
men
ts (
sim
ulat
ed c
rash
test
in
g), o
n th
e da
te th
e fin
al c
hild
res
trai
nt r
ule
is p
ub
lis
hed.
C
om
plia
nce
w
ith t
he
new
re
qu
ire
me
nts
w
ould
be
com
e m
anda
tory
on
May
1,
19
60.
A n
um
be
r o
f m
anuf
actu
rers
of
child
res
trai
nt
syst
ems
have
upg
rade
d th
eir
pro
du
cts
so th
at t
hey
wou
ld p
erf
orm
sat
isfa
ctor
ily u
nd
er
the
prop
osed
fe
dera
l cr
ash
test
req
uire
men
ts.
Whe
n pu
rcha
sing
an
y ch
ild r
estr
aint
dev
ice,
ch
eck
the
info
rma
tion
on
the
labe
l. O
nly
dev
ices
th
at
have
m
et
cras
h-te
st
crite
ria c
an p
rovi
de t
he n
eede
d sa
fety
pro
tect
ion.
WH
ER
E T
O P
LAC
E
TH
E C
HIL
D
RE
ST
RA
INT
SY
ST
EM
?
Mo
st s
afet
y ex
pert
s re
com
me
nd
the
ce
nter
se
atin
g po
sitio
n as
the
safe
st p
lace
to
inst
all a
chi
ld
rest
rain
t sys
tem
. The
cen
ter-
rear
sea
t is
favo
red
over
th
e fr
ont.
In th
is p
ositi
on, t
he
ch
ild is
leas
t lik
ely
to b
e th
row
n in
to th
e ha
rd s
ide
inte
riors
. The
sof
ter
ba
ck
surf
ace
of t
he f
ront
sea
t is
less
dan
gero
us th
an t
he
fro
nt
inst
rum
en
t pa
nel a
nd
das
hboa
rd.
of
t_h4
!lo..
a.~h.
ild
in ___ t
hA
L.1 u~
it u
,oul
,.i.
..L~I_c.o b~
!rLLI"G".lir.Ad
&"'
PR
OP
ER
IN
ST
AL
LA
TIO
N
bF
CH
ILD
R
ES
TR
AIN
T S
YS
TE
MS
Rec
ent
surv
eys
have
sho
wn
on
ly a
bo
ut
ha
lf o
f al
l ch
ild r
estr
aint
s ar
e co
rrec
tly i
nsta
lled.
Th
e r
est
rain
t sys
tem
mu
st b
e an
chor
ed to
a v
ehic
le la
p b
elt
to in
sure
its
safe
per
form
ance
in a
cra
sh. W
here
an
adde
d be
lt is
sup
plie
d w
ith th
e ch
ild r
estr
aint
for t
op
an
chor
age,
its
use
is e
ssen
tial.
The
man
ufac
ture
r's
inst
alla
tion
inst
ruct
ions
mu
st b
e fo
llow
ed w
ith c
are.
A
ch
ild r
estr
aint
with
an
adde
d be
lt, u
sed
in th
e re
ar
seat
, re
quire
s th
e b
elt
to b
e at
tach
ed t
o th
e ve
hicl
e st
eel s
truc
ture
. T
his
can
be d
one
by d
rilli
ng a
hol
e th
rou
gh
the
rea
r pa
ckag
e sh
elf.
Use
d in
the
fro
nt
seat
, the
add
ed b
elt c
an a
ttach
to
the
rear
lap
belt.
Th
e fe
dera
l pr
opos
al w
ould
req
uire
th
at l
abel
in
g in
form
atio
n o
n th
e co
rrec
t use
of c
hild
rest
rain
ts
be v
isib
le o
n th
e sy
stem
whe
n it
is b
ein
g in
stal
led
in a
ve
hicl
e, T
he
labe
ling
wo
uld
con
tain
info
rma
tion
on
th
e h
eig
ht a
nd
wei
ght l
imits
of t
he c
hild
ren
for w
ho
m
the
rest
rain
t is
desi
gned
. The
re w
ou
ld a
lso
be w
arn
ing
s to
snu
gly
adju
st a
nd u
se a
ll be
lts p
rovi
ded
with
th
e s
yste
ms.
. i;
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Ref. 1. Scherz, R. Fatal Motor Vehicle Accidents of Ch~ld Passenger from Bittb Through Four Years of Age in Washington State., Pediatrics '~,p.572 Oct 19~1.
2. Sanders, R. Report of the Twelfth Ross Roundtable. p.39, 1~1.
3. Russe, P. Easy Rider-Bard Fact MOtoroycle Helmet Laws New England Journal of Medicine 299,p.107Jt., Wov. 197~.
Your s truly,
~,d_'LI--' I (..li ~ 6,Ub .anni s J. McCarthy, M •••
DENNIS J. McCARTHY, M.D.
LlNDAA. ROGERS, M.D.
BUTTE PEDIATRICS, INC. DISEASES OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
401 South Alabama
BUTIE, MONTANA 59701
The following is offered in support of Bill No.
MOtor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of accidental death of young children in the United States. In the 1970' s , 1',e20 children 0 to ~ years of age were killed in motor vehicle related accidents.
Enclosed in a graphioal display of the Washington State Seat Belt Study oompiled during the past deoade for ohildren aged o to ~ years. Sixteen per cent (',3(>0) of children involved in accidents in this study were in a restratnt as opposed to eightyfour per oent (33,200) who were not. Two restrained infants died for a fatality ratio of 1:3,150. This is contrasted by 1~' deaths in the unrestrained children or a fatality ratio of 1:227.
The Montana experienoe acconding to the higbway patrol has only been cOlllpiled for the year 1~2. The results are not complete, but
Phone 406·723-4337
it is estimated at least five deaths have been prevented by restraints.
These figures obviously ignore theuntolled maimed and permanently disabled.
Opponents to this bill may feel this legislation is an enoroachment on civil liberties. Unfortunately these victims become societies. ohildren. Analogous are the motoroyole helmet lwws which in the Massachusetts MotorcyUe Helmet Law in 1972 in the oase of Simon vs. Sargent, where the United State Supreme Court answered the argument of the plantiff "the police power does not extend to overcoming the right of an individual to inco* risk that involve only himself." That decision clearly delineated the public resources involved in motorcycle aocidents:
" •••• From the moaent of injury, society picks the person up off the highway, delivers him to a municipal hospital and muniCipal doctorsl •••• and if the injury causes permanent disability, may assume the responsibiiity for his •••• sUbsistenee. We do not understand a state of mind that permits plaintiff to think that only he himself is concerned."
other costs to society may result from increased auto insurance rates and increased medical insuranoe.
In sUJllllary, I close with the oaveat, infant restraints make sense.
r
American Bourd of Urology {;'!Ilito (JrirHlry SlIrg(!ry
VERN G. TOLSTEDT, M.D. F.A.C.S. EBC Professional Cenler
2225 Eleventh Avenue Helena. Montana 59601
Tel. (406) 442-3550
Physicians are vitally interested in preventive medicine.
Not only is prevention of disease a part of preventive medicine
but also prevention of accidents. The automobile is a very large
source of inj ury and death through accidents. I do not have to
repeat the statistics about auto accidents nor do I have to
repeat statistics relative to the use of seat belts and child
restraint devices.
I believe there has been adequate publicicty about the
importance of the use of seat belts and child restraint devices.
It appears then that this rather simple preventive medical
measure is not used only because of public apathy. Unlike the
adul t dr i ver an infan tis unabl e to make a choice abou t use of
safety measures. Perhaps a penalty for not providing infants
with these safety devices will reduce the apathy among adult
drivers.
Injury to a child or infant in an automobile accident where
restraint devices are not used is a form of child abuse. We have
good laws governing child abuse. Failure to use restraint devices
must also be included.
The cost of these restraint devices is less than the cost of
emergency room care for even the most minor of injuries. The cost
of care for a major injury perhaps resulting in a life time of
public support is not measurable but almost astronomical. We all
know that saving on life cannnot be monetarily measured.
I believe 5B-22 will reduce child and infant morbidity and
mortality. I strongly urge that this bill be passed.
Thank
,
':6', / , / '/
,/
can see that we are talking about approximatedly $1.00 per month
to keep a child safely restrained.
In the beginning, when this law is passed, I'm sure that we
will experience a shortage of used seats that meet the new
standards of testing since i980. We are in that state now
because of the awareness created by the loan-rental
programs and the attention given them by our advertising media.
But as more used seats are on the market, I feel that the
cost should be in the reach of any parent who cares deeply
about their children.
I urge the passage of Senate Bill 22 for the protection of
our greatest resource, our children.
Leona Tolstedt Co-chairman Buckle Up Your Babe
First-Vicepresident Montana Medical Association Auxiliary
Members of the Public Health Committee, Senators and Representatives:
I won't reiterate all the statistics and the need for SB-
22. The facts speak very well for the need of safety
restraints. What I want to speak to is how the infant
restraint loan programs can help to mitigate the cost of
restraints for the parents. I will speak rather specfically
about the program I am familiar with operating at St Peters
Community Hospital in Helena. There are similar programs
operating in 16 cities allover our state. Each is operated with
slight variations. We have an infant restraint loan program
in which the parents are able to rent an infant restraint for the
first 9 months or until they weigh 20 pounds for $7.00. At the
end of that period we conduct toddler restraint workshops to
familarize the parents with different types of restraints. In
this way they can make an educated purchase of a restraint that
will meet their needs. Through our participating merchants we
have been able to give the parents a discount certificate toward
the purchase of a restraint. Even with this inticement our
educational program for toddler restraints has met with a poor
response. Sad as that commentary may be I feel that parents have
to be further encouraged to see that their infants and toddlers
are restrained while in an automobile. This law will help to do
that.
A proper restraint for a toddler can be purchased for
approximately $40.00 to $70.00.I have seen nearly all the
restraints advertised on sale quite regularly at between $45.00
and $50.00 \.yhen you consider that a child should be able to
Ilse the seat until he or she is nearly five years old, you
," TESTIMONY BY CELINDA C. LAKE, WOMEN'S LOBBYIST FUNU IN SUPPORT OF SENATE BILL 22 UN JANUARY 14, 1982
The Women's Lobbyist Fund represents a broad coalition of wrnnen's groups across Montana. We support Senate Bill 22 calling for child restraints for children four and under. Education programs in Montana have al ready demonstrated the success in reducing infant mortality and injury when child restraints are used. Other states's programs such as Michigan's and Tennessee's have shown that mandatory programs can reduce the injury rate by 40% and the death rate of children by 50%. Preliminary analysis in Montana suggests that the voluntary programs have already had an even higher success rate than that.
While parents have a responsibility to protect their children, the state also has a responsibility to see that children who are too young to ensure their own safety by using seatbelts are protected, if parents do not follow through on their responsibility. In Montana with programs like the mandatory immunization program for young school chil dren, we have al ready set the precedent of state involvement in ensuring that young children are protected when they can not reasonab ly be expected to take res pons ibi 1 i ty for thei r own protect ion and when their parents may not follow through on their responsibility to protect thei r ch il dren.
For these reasons the Women's Lobbyi st Fund strongly urges the conlllittee to pass Senate Bill 22.
to insist on restraint usage. It's also an expression of your concern for the
safety of those you love. ·,..., ... ,,4-.,-0') G
i~~l t i~ states now have child restraint laws on the books. Statistics from
the state of Tennessee -- the first state to pass child restraint legislation in
1978 -- are impressive. Tennessee experienced a drop of 50% in both fatalities
and injuries of children under four during the first year the law was in effect.
The second year'showed a drop of 75%. In 1978, 92% of children under four in
Tennessee rode unrestrained in vehicles. Since the law was enacted, the usage
rate of child restraints in Tennessee has increased almost four fold.
I strongly urge this committee to pass SB 22 for the safety of all infants
in our state.
SENATE BILL 12
When any physician in the ordinary course of his practice comes across a patient's physicial or mental condition which he judges will significantly impair that patient's ability to operate his motor vehicle in a safe manner, the physician may report that judgement to the Division of Motor Vehicles. No liability attaches if the physician acts in good faith and without gross negligence, nor may the physician be sued for not making a report.
When the Division of Motor Vehicles receives a report it must require an examination. The examination is the regular driver's license examination. (61-5-110)
The procedure would be the same as when the Division has good cause to believe a licensed operator or chauffeur is incompetent or not qualified for a driver's license. (61-5-207)
Amendments to Senate Bill 12 (Introduced copy)
1. Page 1, line 20.
Following: " ( 2) "
Strike: "Subsection (1) is subject to the provisions
of 26-1-805, and the"
Insert: "(a) The"
2. Page 1, line 21.
Following: "may"
Strike: "not"
3. Page 1, line 24.
Following: "court."
Insert: "(b) The physician's report may not be utilized in a
criminal proceeding, or in a civil proceeding other than as
provided in this subsection, without the consent of the patient."
r t. ,,~ /1 I 3";;'-' 1/, DA'fE : --- / (; -J ,? '7 ( . Ct' ._______ _ --'------''--
ADDRESS: _....,III-!-!---=o.f_I....\..f_"'-1 ..... i/-+I_~jl-=zJ:.:..--' _________________ _ , J
PHONE: __ 4..:....· .-:..Cf....:2~~_t:_.:...7....;..f_()_' __________________ _
REPRESENTING WHOM?-LA_~_f __ .~J1~Y_='/~/~r'~c~v_! __ ~d~f~j~.~1 ___________________ __
APPEARING ON WHICH PROPOSAL: 5 J? / 7. -~~~~---------------------
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