Minor components of cpo
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GROUP MEMBERS:
Ong Hui Jin 152161
Norshafidah Bt Abu Shafian 151897
Siti Nor Rafidah Bt Mohd Ali Jinnah 152025
Hazwani Bt Mokhtar 151802
Mohd Nasrudin B. Rahiman 152090
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Fatty Acids Glyceride composition
( % )
Diglyceride 6.32
Triglyceride 93.60
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Triunsaturated
Composition ( %)
OOO 3.90
OOL 1.22
Monosaturated
Composition ( %)
PLO 10.02
POO 21.39
OOS 2.78
M- Myristic (C 14 : 0)
P- Palmitic (C 16 : 0)
S- Stearic (C 18 : 0)
O- Oleic (C 18 : 0)
L- Linoleic (C 18 : 2)
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Disaturated Composition ( % )
MPL 3.03
PPL 9.37
PPO 27.39
POS 5.29
SOS 1.36
Trisaturated Composition ( % )
MMM 0.76
MMP 2.38
PPP 4.81
M- Myristic (C 14 : 0)
P- Palmitic (C 16 : 0)
S- Stearic (C 18 : 0)
O- Oleic (C 18 : 0)
L-Linoleic (C 18 : 2)
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Some minor components in CPO bring
undesirable effects to oil
E.g: phospholipids (surface active agent:
disperse impurities in oil)
Remove by refining to produce good quality
of refined oil
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Minor components Amount (ppm)
Structure
Carotenoids 500-700
Tocopherols& tocotrienols 600-1000
Sterols 326-527
Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q10) 10-80
Squalene 200-500
Phospholipids 5-130
Triterpene alcohols 40-80
Aliphatic alcohols 100-200 R-OH
Aliphatic hydrocarbon 50
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Carotenoids Composition(%)
ẞ- carotene 56.0
α-carotene 35.1
phytoene 1.3
lycopene 1.3
γ- carotene 0.8
Neurosporene 0.3
phytofluene 0.1
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Minor components Amount (%)
Sterols
Cholesterol 4.1
Campesterol 22.8
Stigmasterol 11.3
ẞ- sitosterol 57.5
Phosphatides
Phosphatidylcholine 36
Phosphatidylethanolamine 24
phosphatidylinositol 33
Phosphatidyglycerol 9
Diphosphatidyglycerol 4
Phosphatidic acid 3
Monoglycerides (MGs) ~ <1
Diglycerides (DGs) ~2-7
Free fatty acids (FFAs) e.g myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic
~2-5
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Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
phosphatidylinositolPhosphatidyglycerol
Diphosphatidyglycerol(Cardiolipin)
Phosphatidic acid
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MINOR CONSTITUENTS OF PALM OIL BENEFICIAL EFFECT
CAROTENOIDS
• human body uses carotenoids as Vitamin A.
• enhance immune function by a variety of mechanisms & can improve cardiovascular health.
• acting as biological antioxidants, protecting cells & tissues from the damaging effect of free radicals.
TOCOPHEROLS &TOCOTRIENOLS
• Natural vitamin E exists in eight different forms or isomers,four tocopherols & four tocotrienols.
• Tocotrienols in Vitamin E have been found to have antioxidant & anticancer activities.
• preventing skin aging, preventing fat oxidation & reducing blood pressure.
• palm tocotrienols have the ability to reverse blockage of the carotid artery & platelet aggregation.
• Tocotrienol-rich fraction of palm oil is capable of protecting brain against oxidative damage & thereby from the ensuing adverse alterations that accompany aging.
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MINOR CONSTITUENTS OF PALM OIL
BENEFICIAL EFFECT
Fatty acid • focus of attention in determining its nutritional adequacy in relation to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors
Monoglycerides • used as emulsifiers in foods
Mineral oil • medicinal uses
• use in the kitchen is to saturate the cutting board and other wood items to make them water resistant
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Types of fatty acid
Saturated - 50%
unsaturated – 50%
Saturated :
44.0% Palmitic acid
5.0% stearic acid
1.0% myristic acid
Unsaturated :
39.0% oleic acid
11.0% linoleic acid
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Fractionation :a physical method using the crystallization properties of triglycerides to separate a mixture into:
low melting liquid fraction high melting liquid fraction
Components consists : palm olein (liquid oil) palm stearin (solid form)
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Palm olein (liquid) Palm stearin (solid)
Fatty acid composition : 45% saturated fat 55% unsaturated fat
Fatty acid composition : 60% saturated fat 40% unsaturated fat
The main saturated fatty acid : 40% palmitic acid 5% stearic acid
The main saturated fatty acid : 54% palmitic acid 5% stearic acid 1% myristic acid
The unsaturated fatty acid : 43%oleic acid(monounsaturates) 12% linoleic acid(polyunsturates)
The unsaturated fatty acid : 33%oleic acid(monounsaturates) 7%linoleic acid(polyunsturates)
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