Mining Risks and Hazards
-
Upload
ogala-oscar -
Category
Documents
-
view
229 -
download
0
Transcript of Mining Risks and Hazards
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
1/126
Presenter: Eng. Thomas
Makumbi
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
2/126
IntroductionToday we are going to discuss
• Human Factors• Maslow’s “Heirarchy of Needs” • Human Barriers that Affect Performance• The Four Types of Controls to Prevent Accidents
• “SLAM” and “SMART” • History and Results of Human Factors Safety and
Health Programs• MSHA’s Goal and Action Plan
• These are tools that will help the mining industryattain a new level of risk assessment and long termrisk management
Make the RIGHT Decision!
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
3/126
PURPOSE OF THE PROGRAM
Provide management andminers with the sametools that each can use
on a daily basis to
•Recognize Risk
•Manage Risk
Make the RIGHT Decision!
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
4/126
Main
Menu
MSHA’s GOAL
Educate miners onmotivators that influencetheir decisions regardingsafety and health
Help them to
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
5/126
Menu
Risk and Hazards
SLAM for Small Mines
“5 miners or Less”
SMART
ACTION PLAN
EXIT
Human Factors Safety and Health
History and Results
Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs
Human Factors
Human Barriers that
Affect Performance
The Four Types of Controls
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
6/126
WHAT IS RISK?
• Risk is the combination of thelikelihood that an accident or injurywill occur and its potential severity
• A hazard is anything that has thepotential to cause harm
• Harm is the negative effect on one’ssafety or health
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
7/126
THERE IS RISK IN EVERYTHING WE DO
• Regardless of the job in the miningindustry, a potential for danger alwaysexists
• Mining has few constant factors and many
variables• Environment, conditions, and human
factors all impact this risk
• Risks must be eliminated or mitigated by
identifying, evaluating, and controlling thehazards as each task is performed
• Performing this process on a recurringbasis creates system safety and health
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
8/126
WHERE DO WE BEGIN TO LOOKFOR THE HAZARDS?
In the “ SYSTEM”
•The system is the composite of people ,machines , and materials that are used to
perform a specific task in a specifiedenvironment• All components are interrelated so a failureof any part can cause a failure of thesystem•Our risk assessment must take intoaccount all the components and any
associated hazards and human factors
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
9/126
People
Machines
Materials
TASK
Methods
Accident
ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT
SYSTEM
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
10/126
Methods not followed lead to accidents
We want to focus on the motivators
Focusing on motivatorswill help us influence thedecisions that minersmake about their safetyand health
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
11/126
Mining Factors that Motivate Risky Actions
•Production
Excessive emphasis or focus on production (e.g.condoning or encouraging unsafe acts duringrepairs or maintenance, excessive emphasis placed
on production bonuses, etc.)
•InconvenienceIt’s often very inconvenient to follow safety &health regulations
•Pride, Ego, or Fear of Appearing Incompetent
These attitudes prevent some miners from askingfor help
•Working AloneMany times this increases the opportunity for at-risk actions
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
12/126
What are Human Factors?
Human attributes,susceptible to orrepresentative of the
sympathies and frailtiesof human nature,inconsistency of actionor thought, the manner
in which a personconducts oneself, can beinfluenced or motivated
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
13/126
Human factors is an act or action by an
individual that can be observed by others.
Human factors is what a person does or says…
…not what they think, feel, or believe.
Feelings, attitudes, or motives are not human factors.
They are internal aspects of a person that cannot be
directly observed by others.
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
14/126
Describing Human Factors
Human factors descriptions should be:
Clear – to avoid being misinterpreted
Precise – to fit the specific human factors observed
Brief – to keep it simpleChosen for their reference to the activity
The test of a good human factors definition is
whether the persons using the definition canaccurately observe
if the target human factor is occurring
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
15/126
(1) “Is not paying attention” (2) “acting careless”
(3) “keeping hand on handrail”
(4) “lifting safely”
(5) “moving knife away from body while cutting”
(6) “using knees while lifting”
Determine which of the following human factorsdescriptions fit these criteria:
EXERCISE
Describing Human Factors
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
16/126
Most safe and healthy work humanfactors do not provide obvious andmeasurable feedback to the worker. Instead, most safety and health
practices have intrinsic negativeconsequences such as discomfort,inconvenience, and reduced pace.
At-risk human factors often allow formore immediate fun, comfort, andconvenience than safe human factors.
Smart
Menu
Describing Human Factors
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
17/126
• PHYSICAL BARRIERS – ACCIDENTS THAT COULD HAVE BEEN PREVENTED BY
SOME TYPE OF PHYSICAL BARRIER. A CONTROL IS APHYSICAL BARRIER THAT HAS BEEN INSTALLED ORIMPLEMENTED.
• HUMAN BARRIERS – ACCIDENTS THAT COULD HAVE BEEN PREVENTED BY
THE INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED. HUMAN FACTORS-BASEDSYSTEMS AND PROGRAMS CREATE AN OPTIMUM SAFEWORK ATMOSPHERE WHERE WORKERS CHOOSE TO
VALUE SAFETY.
The Two Types of Barriers
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
18/126
The Five Major Barriers to
Human Performance
1. INFORMATION
2. PROPER TOOLS3. INCENTIVE
4. KNOWLEDGE
5. CAPACITY
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
19/126
INFORMATION
• EXPECTATIONS NOT CLEAR
• GUIDANCE TO PERFORMING THE
TASK IS ABSENT OR VAGUE
• NO FEEDBACK ON HOW WELL APERSON IS PERFORMING
• LACK OF CLEAR OPERATINGPROCEDURES
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
20/126
PROPER TOOLS OR EQUIPMENT
APPROPRIATE TOOLS OREQUIPMENT:
- ARE NOT AVAILABLE
- IMPROPERLY DESIGNED
- RETRO-FITTED WITH FLAWS
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
21/126
INCENTIVE
• UNSAFE PERFORMANCE REWARDED• SAFE PERFORMANCE PUNISHED
• POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT FOR
FOLLOWING SAFE PROCEDURES ISOVERSHADOWED BY NEGATIVE PEERPRESSURE
• COMPANY MONETARY INCENTIVEPROGRAMS THAT REWARD “ZERO”INJURIES CAN PROMOTE MINERS TO
NOT REPORT ACCIDENTS
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
22/126
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
23/126
CAPACITY• INTERNAL TO THE PERSON
• CAN BE BOTH MENTAL AND PHYSICAL
• TASK EXCEEDS CAPACITY OF THEINDIVIDUAL
• SOMETHING IMPAIRS THEINDIVIDUAL’S CAPACITY
• EXAMPLES WOULD BE:
– Equipment operator with a short attentionspan
– Miner that has no peripheral vision
– Impaired by alcohol or drugs
– Mind is on other issues
Smart
Menu
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
24/126
The Four Types of Controls
Engineering
Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
AdministrativePeople
Smart
Menu
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
25/126
Engineering Controls
Engineering Controlsencompass:
• A sound system design beforeuse
• A redesign after a problem isdiscovered
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
26/126
Examples of Engineering Controls
• Automating parts of the process• Redesigning machine controls
• Reducing speed
• Using safer materials
• Ventilation (dilution or local)
• Enclosing, Isolating, or Absorbing
• Increasing or shortening distances
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
27/126
Administrative Controls
Administrative Controls encompass:
• Management’s structuring of work
activities and duties• Management’s implementation of
instructional tools and reminders
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
28/126
Examples of Administrative Controls
• Rotating workers between jobs• Rotating work schedules
• Establishing work procedures
• Putting up warning signs
• Eliminating certain jobs or tasks
• Improving education and training
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
29/126
Personal Protective Equipment
Controls (PPE)PPE Controls encompass:
• Miners wearing an apparatus,device, or article of clothing thatshields them from unwantedobjects or energy
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
30/126
Examples of PPE Controls
• Respirators
• Hearing protection
• Gloves• Boots
• Safety glasses
• Hard hats
Note: PPE controlsshould only be usedwhile other controlsare being developed,
installed, orimplemented; whenadditional protectionis needed; or whenhazards cannot be
controlled any other
way.
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
31/126
Determine the Optimum Place or
Places for Controls to be Implemented
Source Path ReceiverThe location where the
unwanted energy orobject(s) are released
The medium through
which the unwantedenergy or object(s)
travel
The miner in danger of
being contacted by theunwanted energy or
object(s)
Engineering
controls work inthese locations
Administrative and
PPE controls workon the receiver
People controls implemented through human factorssafety and health programs work on all three
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
32/126
Smart
Menu
Questions
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
33/126
Addressing Human Factors
Make the RIGHT Decision!
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
34/126
Make the RIGHT Decision!
Psychological Needs
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
35/126
Psychological Needs “Survival, Safety, Belonging and
Self-Esteem”
Make the RIGHT Decision!
http://www.passinc.net/Midas%20Miners%20Cropped.JPG
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
36/126
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
37/126
Aesthetic Needs
Make the RIGHT Decision!
Haul Truck Training Simulator
http://www.5dt.com/software.html
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
38/126
Hunger forKnowledge and
Understanding
• Miners have certainrights and
responsibilitieswhere safety andhealth areconcerned.
• Please take a look atthe booklet, Guide toMiner's Rights andResponsibilities
Under the FederalMine Safety andHealth Act of 1977.
http://www.msha.gov/s&hinfo/minersrights/minersrights2000.pdfhttp://www.msha.gov/s&hinfo/minersrights/minersrights2000.pdfhttp://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aerosols/images/topicimg.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aerosols/internal_research.html&h=198&w=170&sz=12&tbnid=jnTsRFHq8TAJ:&tbnh=99&tbnw=85&hl=en&start=60&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dminers%26start%3D40%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.stillwaterpalladium.com/images/miners-258.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.stillwaterpalladium.com/stock.html&h=278&w=258&sz=42&tbnid=cbVq5IyTB0oJ:&tbnh=109&tbnw=101&hl=en&start=33&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dminers%26start%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DNhttp://www.msha.gov/s&hinfo/minersrights/minersrights2000.pdfhttp://www.msha.gov/s&hinfo/minersrights/minersrights2000.pdf
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
39/126
Self-Actualization
Make the RIGHT Decision!
Independence!Comfort with Oneself
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
40/126
Self-Actualization NeedsChallenging Projects, Innovative Ideas,
Creativity, andHigh Level Learning
Abraham
http://avcs.org/archive/2000/AFES/images/afnewsdec.gif
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
41/126
• To change human factors,
management and miners must
form a team that meets regularly to
create an atmosphere where
miners actively care for safety.
• Maslow’s triangle depicts what
this atmosphere must consist of to
cause miners and management to
decide to work safely and healthily.
• People value things in life such
as family, friendships, and hobbies
because of the elements in this
triangle.
• When management & minershave these elements built into how
they perform safety and health in
the mine, they will choose to work
safely and healthily because they
value it.
Optimism = the extent to which a person expects the best will happenfor him/her
Self Esteem = feelings of self -worth and value
Belonging = the perception of group cohesiveness or feelings of
togetherness
Personal Control = the extent a person belie ves he or she is personallyresponsible for his/her life situation
Self Efficacy = general level of belief in one’s competence
Maslow’s
hierarchy of
human needs
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
42/126
Smart
Menu
Questions Anyone?
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
43/126
SLAMKEY PRINCIPLE
Personal risk assessment &management is a step-by-step process used to
eliminate or mitigate risksbefore performing aspecific task. The mineralso uses it while the taskis being performed andafter the task is completed.
Main
Menu
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
44/126
Risk Management for Miners (SLAM)
•
Stop – think through the task
• Look – identify the hazards for each jobstep
• Analyze – determine if you have theproper knowledge, training and
tools to do the task
• Manage – remove or control hazards and
use the proper equipment
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
45/126
STOP
•Not so fast!•Freeze the situation for a moment and lookat each step in the task
•Is this a new task?
•Has the task changed?
•When was the last time you did this task?
•Do you feel comfortable doing this task?
•If you do not, you need training
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
46/126
LOOK
• Always inspect the work area for potentialhazards
•This step begins prior to starting any task,
during the task, and after the task iscompleted
•Identify the hazards for each job step
•Evaluate what must be done in respect tothe potential hazards
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
47/126
•Determine if you have theKnowledgeSkillsTraining
Tools to do the task safely•Think about what else you need in order toperform the task safely•
If you need help, ask for it•If you need training, do not perform thetask until you have been trained
ANALYZE
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
48/126
MANAGE
•Take the appropriate action to eliminate orminimize any hazards that make the riskunacceptable•Ensure that the proper equipment is used
and that it has been well maintained•Take account of the task just completed•Did anything unanticipated happen?• Address unplanned occurrences and plan
for them in the future•Share this information with other minersand mine management
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
49/126
• Regularly train andretrain miners on howto SLAM risks
• Regularly solicit new
SLAM risk testimoniesfrom the miners.
• Allow all miners tohear and discussthese testimonies.
Main
Menu
Implementing SLAM
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
50/126
SMARTKEY PRINCIPLE
A dynamic risk reductionprogram is a roadmap anda vehicle that produces
continual improvements insafety and health. Thisprogram is run by a teamcomprised of management
and miners. The teamconstantly revises theprogram to solve problemscreated by specific risks.
Ri k M t f Mi O t
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
51/126
• STOP – Isolate each step in a task andidentify past and potential accidents,injuries, and violations
•MEASURE – Evaluate the risks associatedwith the task and barriers that haveallowed hazards to cause injuries
• ACT – Implement controls to minimize oreliminate any hazards that make the riskunacceptable
Risk Management for Mine Operators
(SMART)
Make the RIGHT Decision!
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
52/126
• R EVIEW – Conduct frequent work sitevisits to observe work practices and
audit accidents, injuries, andviolations to identify root causes
• TRAIN – Develop a human factor-based action plan and then involve andtrain the miners
Risk Management for Mine Operators
(SMART)
Make the RIGHT Decision!
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
53/126
STOP•Develop one or more health and safety
teams comprised of management and miners•Teams must meet regularly to discussaccidents, violations, observations, audits,
and testimonies of miners who haveSLAMmed Risks
•Identify specific risky acts and tasks thatneed to be targeted
•Share with all miners and incorporate theirsuggestions
Page of
Audit Sheet for Date _____/_____/______ Page _______ of ________
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
54/126
Page _______ of ________
Totals
C a p a c i t y
I n c e n t i v e
T
o ol s /
M a t e r i a l s
T r a i ni n g
I nf o
r m a t i on
C or r e c t i on
I n s t a l l a t i on
E x a mi n a t i on
CAUSE PROBLEM AREA
ACCIDENT or VIOLATION
_____________________________________________(write work activity here)
Sample Audit Form
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
55/126
MEASURE
•Perform root cause analysis to find out whyunsafe acts are happening
•List the barriers that permit these unsafeacts (physical, human)
•Share with all miners and incorporate theirsuggestions
Make the RIGHT Decision!
Human
Barriers
Root Cause Analysis Form _________________________________________________________
(write work activity here)
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
56/126
Sample Root Cause Analysis Form
(write work activity here)
Date: ___/___/___ Shift: _____ Time: ________ am pm
Observer:______________________ Miner Observed: __________________________
AT - RISK human factors PROBLEM AREA CAUSE OF AT - RISK human factors Human
Factor
No.
Ex ami n a t i on
I n s t al l a t i on
C or r e c t i on
I nf or m a t i on
Tr ai ni n g
T
o ol s /
M a t e r i al s
I n c e n t i v e
C a p a c i t y
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Totals
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
57/126
ACT
•Decide on one or more engineering,administrative, personal protectiveequipment (PPE), and people controls
•Install, require, and/or enact thesecontrols
•Share with all miners and incorporate
their suggestions
Make the RIGHT Decision!Smart
Menu
REVIEW
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
58/126
REVIEW
•
Perform announced and unannouncedobservations where miners observe the workpractices of other miners•Miners must record their observations anddiscuss with the miners they have observed•Perform audits on observations, violations,accidents, and SLAM testimony•Share audit findings with miners andincorporate their suggestions
Make the RIGHT Decision!Smart
Menu
Critical Action Checklist for __ _______________________________________________________
(write work activity here)
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
59/126
• Develop Critical human
factors Checklists (CBC) forspecific tasks and occupations
• List the safe human factorsthat must be performed to dothe task safely
• List these human factors inorder if applicable
(write work activity here)
Date: ___/___/___ Shift: _____ Time: ________ am pm
Observer:_____________ _____ _ ___ Miner Observed: __________________________
No. Action SAFEAT -
RISKCOMMENTS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
TOTALS
% Safe= Total Safe Observations X 100 = _________________ %
Total Safe + At - Risk Obs.
Page of
Audit Sheet for Date _____/_____/______ _____________________________________________ Page _______ of ________
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
60/126
Page _______ of ________
Totals
C a
p a c i t y
I n c e n t i v e
T
o ol s /
M a t e r i a l s
T r
a i ni n g
I nf o
r m a t i on
C or r e c t i on
I n s t a l l a t i on
E x a mi n a t i on
CAUSE PROBLEM AREA
ACCIDENT or VIOLATION
_____________________________________________(write work activity here)
Sample Audit Form
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
61/126
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
62/126
TRAIN
•Develop ingenious proactive and reactivehuman factors-based programs that willcreate a safe and healthy work culture at
the mine•Share with all miners and incorporate theirsuggestions
•Take safety and health to the next level byenacting these programs
Make the RIGHT Decision!Smart
Menu
Implementing SMART
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
63/126
Once the team knows the specific human
factors they wish to target, they are ready todevelop ingenious proactive and reactivehuman factors-based programs.
Once again, at-risk human factors oftenallows for more immediate fun, comfort,and convenience than safe human factors.
Because of this, there is a need for specialintervention to direct and motivate
safe human factors.
Implementing SMART
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
64/126
There are Two Types of Interventions:
Activators precede and direct humanfactors and are proactive.
Consequences follow and motivate humanfactors and are reactive.
ACTIVATORS
&
CONSEQUENCES
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
65/126
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
66/126
ACTIVATORS
The six keys to powerful activators:
•Specify human factors
•Maintain significance with novelty
• Vary the message
•Involve the target audience
• Activate close to responseopportunity
•Implicate consequences
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
67/126
(1) SPECIFY Human Factors
Signs that refer to a specific human factors are beneficial
Signs with general messages have very little impact.
EXERCISE – Promotional flyers were passed out a grocerystores. Three different messages were placed on the flyersto get the patrons to not litter by throwing the flyers onto
the ground. Pick the message that you think worked best.
“Please don’t litter. Please dispose of properly.”
“Please deposit in green trash can in rear of store.”
Equally ineffective – oneas ineffective as theother
Drastically moreeffective – Up to 30%in trash cans
Smart
Menu
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
68/126
Too many activators can be overwhelming and ineffective
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
69/126
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
70/126
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
71/126
(2) MAINTAIN SIGNIFICANCE WITH NOVELTY
Maintain the significance of activators bydoing different and new things from time totime.
Failing to update activators for long periodsof time causes workers to become boredwith , and irresponsive to activators. This iscalled habituation.
EXERCISE Can an one tell me hat the seat belt eminde
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
72/126
EXERCISE – Can anyone tell me what the seat-belt reminderin your personal car sounds like?
EXERCISE – The effectiveness of different seat-beltreminders were tested. Pick the message that you thinkworked best.
A standard six-second buzzer or chime triggered by
engine ignitions
A six-second buzzer or chime that initiated fiveseconds after ignition.
A voice reminder, “Please fasten your safety belt”,that initiated five seconds after engine ignition and
was followed by a “Thank you” if the driver buckledup.
Does this sound cause you to buckle-up?
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.lakenetnwi.org/member/safetysigns/buckle-up.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.lakenetnwi.org/member/safetysigns/&h=378&w=326&sz=20&tbnid=maZpwfsZeQwJ:&tbnh=119&tbnw=102&hl=en&start=7&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbuckle%2Bup%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGLG,GGLG:2005-22,GGLG:en%26sa%3DN
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
73/126
EXERCISE – The effectiveness of different seat-belt reminders were tested. Pick the message
that you think worked best.
A standard six-second buzzer or chime triggered byengine ignitions
A six-second buzzer or chime that initiated five
seconds after ignition. A voice reminder, “Please fasten your safety belt”,that initiated five seconds after engine ignition andwas followed by a “Thank you” if the driver buckledup.
Least effective
Moreeffective
Most effective
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
74/126
Habituation can cause irresponsive human factors to activators
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
75/126
(3) VARY THE MESSAGE
Self explanatory – Safety and health teams can get newideas by having regular meetings. All miners with acertain job title should meet regularly. New ideas formessages can be obtained by asking miners to sharesomething they did for safety since the last meeting.Miners should also discuss their near misses. Great
ideas will come because these testimonies will bepersonal, genuine, and distinct.
Maslow Principle!
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
76/126
Changeable signs (vary the message) – notice how theauthor is given credit for the sign!
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
77/126
(4) INVOLVE THE TARGET AUDIENCE
Self explanatory – When people contribute to a safety
and health effort, their ownership of and commitmentto safety increase. Also, when individuals feel a greatersense of ownership and commitment, their involvementin safety achievement is more likely to continue.People feel like they belong and that they have control.
Maslow Princip le!
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
78/126
(5) ACTIVATE CLOSE TO RESPONSE OPPORTUNITY
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
79/126
EXAMPLE – post the safe work procedure lists near thelocations where electricians will have to perform the workactivity on the list.
(5) ACTIVATE CLOSE TO RESPONSE OPPORTUNITY
Activators should be physically positioned close to
the location where the human factors will beperformed.
EXERCISE - A study was performed on the effectiveness of TVcommercials in getting drivers to buckle-up. For the controlgroup (the group receiving no messages), the 10-month meanwas 8.2% for males and 10.3% for females. Pick the mean
you think was for the group getting the TV messages.
8.4% males 11.3% females
15.2% males 20.6% females
30.1% males 47.7% females
(5) ACTIVATE CLOSE TO RESPONSE OPPORTUNITY
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
80/126
EXAMPLE – post the safe work procedure lists near the locationswhere electricians will have to perform the work activity on the list.
(5) ACTIVATE CLOSE TO RESPONSE OPPORTUNITY
Activators should be physically positioned close tothe location where the human factors will be
performed.
EXERCISE - A study was performed on the effectiveness of TVcommercials in getting drivers to buckle-up. For the control group(the group receiving no messages), the 10-month mean was 8.2% formales and 10.3% for females. Pick the mean you think was for thegroup getting the TV messages.
8.4% males 11.3% females
15.2% males 20.6% females
30.1% males 47.7% females
TV message mean – very ineffective because it wastoo far removed from the desired human factors
(6) IMPLICATE CONSEQUENCES
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
81/126
The subject of direct consequences as interventionswill be discussed later. But for now, the amount of
power an activator has to motivate human factorsdepends on the consequence it signals.
(6) IMPLICATE CONSEQUENCES
Activators should have obvious or implied consequencesor they may be ineffective. These consequences can bepositive and negative. Positive consequences are calledincentives and negative consequences are calleddisincentives. Incentives usually are in the form of somereward, where as disincentives usually are some form ofpenalty.
ACTIVATOR EXAMPLE
http://www.aline-p.ru/misc.files/images/good%20job.gif
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
82/126
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
83/126
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
84/126
Smart
Menu
CONSEQUENCES
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
85/126
CONSEQUENCES
The ingenious use and management of incentives, rewards,disincentives, and punishments to motivate workers to worksafe. Consequences follow and motivate human factors.
Most safe work human factors do not provideobvious and measurable feedback to the worker.
In fact, most safety practices have intrinsicnegative consequences such as:
(1) Discomfort,
(2) Inconvenience, and
(3) Reduced pace.These intrinsic negative consequences discouragesafe work human factors.
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
86/126
Because of intrinsic negative consequences, there isoften a need for intentionally added supportiveconsequences.
Once again, extra positive consequences are
necessary when the natural consequences areinsufficient to motivate safe human factors and/ordiscourage safe human factors.
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
87/126
Intermittent praise, recognition, novelties, and credits
redeemable for prizes are powerful consequencesthat motivate safe human factors. These methodsare keys to maintaining continuous safe and healthyhuman factors for long periods of time.
It’s important that workers perceive doing a taskcorrectly as valuable and rewarding. For this reason,praise and recognition should be intermittent.
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
88/126
If the teacher displaysgenuine approval anddelight in thestudent’sachievement, an extra
reward orconsequence mightnot be needed toencourage goodperformance.
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
89/126
It’s important that incentives and rewards are not
given in a way in which people feel controlled.People must believe that they truly earned theconsequence through their own efforts.
Maslow Principle!
Punishment Consequences
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
90/126
Punishment is only warranted when the undesirable human factors is
intentional and not encouraged by the work culture
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
91/126
•The person should then develop a personal correctiveaction plan to correct his/her human factors. If a supervisoragrees with the plan, the worker should sign the plan.
•When a person signs a commitment that took some effortto develop, the probability of compliance is greatly
enhanced.Punishments must be fair and everyone must be treated thesame!
A powerful human factorspunishment strategy is to
have a worker conduct a rootcause analysis of his/heractions.
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
92/126
REWARDS
Effective incentive/reward programs satisfy thefollowing:
• Human factors required to achieve a safety rewardshould be specified and perceived as achievable byall participants.
• Rewards should be given soon after safe humanfactors are observed.
• Workers should select the rewards they would liketo receive. MASLOW PRINCIPLE!
• Everyone who meets the safe human factors criteriashould be rewarded.
REWARDS
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
93/126
REWARDS
• It is better for many participants to receive small rewards
than for one person to receive a big reward.
• The rewards should be displayed and represent safetyachievement. Coffee mugs, hats, shirts, sweaters, blankets,or jackets with a safety message are preferable to rewardsthat will be hidden, used , or spent.
• Contests should not reward one group at the expense ofanother.
• Groups should not be penalized or lose their rewards forfailure by an individual.
• Progress toward achieving a safety reward should besystematically monitored and publicly posted for allparticipants.
Rewards
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
94/126
that minershave
chosen.
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
95/126
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
96/126
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
97/126
EXAMPLE: The Hoechst Celanese company of about 2 000 employees
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
98/126
EXAMPLE: The Hoechst Celanese company of about 2,000 employees
developed a plant-wide incentive program. When employees were
observed performing safe human factors, they received immediate
praise and a “credit”. At the beginning of the year, each worker
received a “safety credit card” for tallying ongoing credit earnings.
Only the late reporting of an injury was penalized by a loss of credits.
At the end of the year employees exchanged their credits for a prize of
their choice.
EXAMPLE: In 1994, a Toyota Motor manufacturing plant in Kentuckyreceived 35,000 suggestions from its 6,000 employees. More
suggestions were expected in 1995. Here’s why. The employees
received timely feedback regarding the utility and feasibility of every
suggestion. If the suggestion was approved, they were empowered to
implement it themselves. Also, the individual or team responsible
received 10% of the savings for the first year the suggestion was
implemented.
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
99/126
One company designed a card with a peel off sticker which allowed therecognized employee to place on his/her hard-hat or dinner bucket.
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
100/126
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
101/126
MSHA’s Motivational Tools for Miners
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
102/126
Smart
Menu
Exxon, Ford, General Motors, and Westinghouse are
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
103/126
Exxon, Ford, General Motors, and Westinghouse areexamples of companies that have used thank-youcard programs.
Some companies allowed thank-you cards to beexchangeable for gifts, or displayed them on abulletin board as a “safety honor roll”.
Some companies put safety messages or logos onthe gifts that signified safety achievement.
A few companies set up an additional collectioncontainer for thank-you cards. Every carddeposited in this container was worth 25 cents to acharity or needy families.
Another company affixed a value of $1.00 to cardsd it d i i l b t h t f
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
104/126
deposited in a special box, to purchase toys fordisadvantaged children. The children of the
employees picked out and delivered the toys.
MYSTERY OBSERVEE PROGRAM – The NORPACpaper mill developed an ingenious program. 35 of450 workers volunteered to be “mystery-
observers”. These volunteers received a coupon fora meal for two at a restaurant. The mill workerswere challenged to complete a critical humanfactors checklist (CBC) on a co-worker every week.
If a worker happened to select a mystery-observerto observe, the mystery-observer gave a rewardcoupon to the observer. The observer then becamea mystery-observer and had the chance to rewardsomeone else.
Eff ti l l th t ti t ith i li d
SETTING GOALS
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
105/126
•Effective goals are goals that are activators with impliedconsequences
•Human factor goals hold people accountable for the decisionsthey make.
•Goals need to be measurable, personal, and attainable.
•Establishing goals that employees feel they can not control,causes negative stress or distress, and encourages under-
reporting of accidents. The only control workers have overinjuries and accidents, is the ones that involve their directcontribution.
“Zero Injury” goals should be the aim and purpose of a safetyvision or mission. It should not be the daily goal for workers.
•One injury in the workplace, perhaps resulting from anotherperson’s carelessness, ruins the goal of zero injuries. This
leads to a perception of failure and no one likes to feel like afailure.
Goals should focus on the human factor
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
106/126
processes that need to be in place toreduce injuries and accidents.
It is critical that people asked to worktoward a goal “buy in” or believe in thegoal.
Goals should:
(A)Define what will happen when the goal is reached (theconsequences),
(B)Track progress toward reaching the goal, and
(C)Provide rewarding feedback when intermediate stepsare completed. This feedback is in itself is aconsequence that motivates continued progress.
• Process-focused and achievement-oriented l k b th t t
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
107/126
goals work because they are not outcome-based and injury-focused.
• More importantly, these goals are employeedriven.
• Workers are motivated to initiate the safetyprocess because it is their idea.
• They get involved in the process and own itand stay motivated because the goals are aroadmap which tell them
a. Where they are going,
b. when they get there,
c. and how to monitor their progress along theway.
•Human nature is very fragile
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
108/126
•Human nature is very fragileand delicate.
•Small changes in how we dobusiness can create
huge changes in the safety andhealth culture at the mine.
•The changes may seeminsignificant , but it can beexactly what is needed.
IMPORTANT
http://www.lionking.org/imgarchive/Clip_Art/elephant.gifhttp://www.cybertales.co.uk/Molly%20Mouse%20pics/Mouse%201.jpg
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
109/126
IMPORTANT
We should not expect the adding of activators orconsequences to improve safety over the long term ifpowerful consequences exist at a company thatencourage at-risk decisions. In these cases it isnecessary to change the existing system first.
The human factors that aremotivated
are the human factors that areperformed!
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
110/126
History & Results
Human FactorsSafety and Health
H F t f t th d h b
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
111/126
Human Factor safety methods have beenused in the US since 1990. They have been
proven to cause workers to:
• Decide to work safe and healthy
• Individually make the change fromworking unsafe and unhealthy toworking safe and healthy
• To reduce accidents by up to 50% inthe first year
Companies that havehuman factors-based
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
112/126
health and safety programs
Safety Performance Solutions (SPS) advertisesthese results (www safetyperformance com)
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
113/126
these results (www.safetyperformance.com)
Safety Performance
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
114/126
Safety Performance
0 2001
Jan04
Feb04
Mar04
Apr04
May04
Jun04
10
20
30
F r e q
u e n c y R a t e
17
13
TRIFR
Performance
Range 2004
2002 2003
2001 –
Introduction of Newmont
Safety System. Safety defined as an
individual and organisational value.
2002 –
Focus on risk
assessment and risk
management.
2003 –
Focus on
Leadership and
behaviour.
2004 – Focus on
Quality of existing
safety processes.
March 2004 NationalMetalliferous Benchmark
Smart
Menu
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
115/126
Safety
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
116/126
FIVE YEARS AGO• Reactive
• Ad hoc approach to safety management
• Reliance on mine safety regulations
• Focus on lost time injuries
• No formal risk management
• Minimal management leadership
SAFETY SEEN AS A
COMPLIANCE ISSUE
TODAY• Proactive
• Systems approach to safety management
• Industry and company standards exceed
regulations
• Focus on total recordable injuries, nearmiss incidents and lead metrics
• Application of qualitative and quantitative
risk assessments and systematic focus on
risk management
• Safety as a personal and company value
BUSINESS EXCELLENCE
THROUGH SAFETY
Responsibility
http://www.phelpsdodge.com/
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
117/126
human
factors-
based safety
and healthprogram
results
http://www.teichert.com/index.html
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
118/126
Recognized by
MSHA for Working 3
Years with No
Violations
SAFE-T
Human Factors Safety & Health
http://www.teichert.com/index.html
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
119/126
Human Factors Safety & Health
• DOES NOT point fingers
• DOES join hands
• DOES NOT place blame
• DOES break barriers
Most Safety & Health Programs, Initiatives,Stickers Flyers Bulletins etc Focus on:
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
120/126
Stickers, Flyers, Bulletins, etc. Focus on:
• WHAT work practice is desired or undesired& how to do it or prevent it
• WHY work practices are desired or undesired
• WHO is required to perform certain work practices
• WHEN certain work practices are to be performed
• WHERE certain work practices are to beperformed
Human Factors Safety and HealthF
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
121/126
Focuses on
• HOW to get miners to make the right decisionsand perform safe work practices
• It answers the age old question, “HOW do weget miners to lock-out & tag-out, not go underunsupported ground, buckle-up their safety belt,etc.”
Human Factors Safety and Health Focuses
on SOLVING the PERFORMANCE problem.
To do this, Human Factors
S f t & H lth Z i
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
122/126
Safety & Health Zeroes in on
• The ROOT CAUSES of hazards andunacceptable risks that exist in the mine
• Then it says, “Let’s form a team ofsupervisory and non-supervisory miners to permanently remove and/or mitigate thesehazards and unacceptable risks.”
Human factors safety & health does not have tofocus on WHO was at fault to be effective.
Action Plan
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
123/126
• Give the team or teams the authority tofully implement SLAM Risks the SMARTWay!
• Train managers and miners on SLAMRisks the SMART Way!
• Establish regular meeting times
• Develop the team or teams to developthe human factors safety and health
program
Action Plan
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
124/126
• Handle smaller safety & health issuesfirst to allow time for the new way ofthinking to take root. Then tackle largerissues.
• Be patient and give the process time towork. Don’t abandon the principles if anunfortunate accident occurs. Safety &
health victories will come fromleadership, ingenuity, diligence, and hardwork. Newmont saw a decrease inaccidents of approximately 50% in 12months or less!
• Closely monitor all steps, techniques,and strategies
When Miners & Mine Management areRisk SLAMMERS
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
125/126
Risk SLAMMERS
together they
Make the RIGHT Decision and…
Questions
-
8/17/2019 Mining Risks and Hazards
126/126
Questions