Minggu 1: Pengenalan
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Transcript of Minggu 1: Pengenalan
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Amali 1
Pengenalan Anatomi
Institut Pendidikan Guru Malaysia
PJM3106 (PJ ELEKTIF)
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Anatomy
Gross anatomy: the study of body structuresvisible to the naked eye (without amicroscope)
Microscopic anatomy:
Cytology: Analysis of the internal structures ofindividual cells
Histology: examination of tissues (groups ofspecialized cells that work together to performa specific function.
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Anatomical Position
Anytime you describe structures
relative to one another, you must
assume this standard position:
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs point away from body
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Anterior
Landmarks
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Posterior
Landmarks
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Anatomical Locations
Abdominal: abdominal region
Acromial: the point of the shoulder
Antebrachial: forearm
Antecubital: anterior surface of the elbow
Axillary: armpit
Brachial: upper arm
Buccal: cheek of the face
Calcaneal: heel of the foot
Carpal: wrist
Cephalic: head
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Anatomical Locations
Cervical: neck
Deltoid: round part of the shoulder
Digital: fingers and toes
Dorsum: back
Femoral: thigh
Frontal: forehead
Gluteal: buttocks Hallux: big toe
Inguinal: groin
Lumbar: lower back
Mammary: breast
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Anatomical Locations
Mental: chin
Nasal: Nose
Occipital: base of the skull
Olecranal: elbow
Oral: mouth
Orbital: bony eye socket
Otic: ear
Palmar: palm of hand
Patellar: Kneecap
Pedal: Foot
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Anatomical Locations
Pelvic: pelvis region
Perineal: area between anus and externalgenitals
Plantar: sole of foot Pollex: thumb
Popliteal: behind the knee
Pubic: genital region Sacral: lower back between the hips
Scapular: shoulder blade
Tarsal: ankle
Thoracic: chest
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Body Orientation
and Direction
These are relative positions
Proximal/distal
Used to describe locations onthe arms and legs
GI tract
Medial/lateral
Medial is closer to the midline
Farther away from the midline
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Body Orientation and Direction
Dorsal: Back
Ventral: Front
Superior or Cephalad is
toward the head
Inferior or Caudal is
toward the feet Anterior: most forward
Posterior: toward the
backside
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Planes of the Body
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Dorsal cavity
protects the nervous
system Contains Brain and
Spinal Cord
Dorsal Body Cavity
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Cavities
Thoracic Cavity
Heart & Lungs
Subdivided into the
mediastinum and pluralcavities
Lower border is the diaphragm
Abdominal Cavity
Stomach, Liver, Intestines
Pelvic Cavity
Reproductive organs Bladder,
Rectum
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Serous Membranes
Serous Membranes have two layers
1. Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
1. Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
Serous fluid separates the serosae
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Serous Membranes
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Serous Membranes of the Heart
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Quadrants
RUQ
Liver
LUQ Spleen
RLQ
Appendix
LLQ
Sigmoid colon
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Abdominopelvic
Regions
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Lab Activity 2
Organ Systems
Martini Chapter 1, Pages 9-10
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Integumentary System
Structures: Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands
Function:
Forms external body covering
Protects deeper tissues from injury
Involved in vitamin D synthesis
Prevents desiccation, heat loss, and pathogen entry
Site of pain and pressure receptors
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Skeletal System
Structure: 206 bones of the human body
Function:
Protects and supports body organs
Provides a framework that muscles can use to create
movement
Hematopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells)
Mineral storage
Bone contains 99% of the bodys store of calcium
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Muscular System
Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body
Function:
Locomotion
Manipulation of the environment
Maintaining posture
Thermogenesis (generation of heat)
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Nervous System
Structures: Brain, Spinal cord,
and peripheral nerves.
Function:
Fast-acting control system of the body
Monitoring of the internal and external environment
and responding (when necessary) by initiating
muscular or glandular activity
Information Assessment
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Endocrine System
Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands
Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal,
Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, SmallIntestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries,
Kidneys, Heart
Functions: Long-term control system of the body
Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient
use among other things.
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Cardiovascular System
Structures:
Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)
Functions:
The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels.
Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients
(glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2),wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules
(hormones), and heat.
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Lymphatic/Immune
System
Structures:
Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus,
Red bone marrow Functions:
Returning leaked fluid back to the bloodstream
Disposal of debris
Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogensi.e., disease-causing organisms)
Absorption of fat from the digestive tract
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Respiratory System
Structures:
Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Functions:
Constantly supply the blood with O2, and remove
CO2
Regulate blood pH
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Digestive System
Structures:
Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas,liver, gallbladder
Functions:
Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food intoabsorbable units that will enter the blood for
distribution to the bodys cells
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Urinary System
Structures:
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,
urethra
Functions:
Removal of nitrogenous wastes
Regulation of bodys levels of water, electrolytes,
and acidity
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Reproductive System
Structures:
Male:
Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra,prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis
Female:
Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary
glands
Functions:
Making Babies
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Lab Activity 3
The Microscope
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Care of the Microscope
1. When transporting microscope, hold in uprightposition with one hand on the arm and the othersupporting the base
2. Only use lens paper to clean the lens. NEVERUSE KIMWIPES.
3. Always begin the focusing process with the lowest-power objective and change to higher-power
lenses as necessary. Use fine focus only for adjustment
4. Use coarse adjustment knob only with the lowestpower objective lens
5. Always use a coverslip with temporary
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Putting Microscope Away
1. Remove slides from stage and place inappropriate place
2. Rotate the lowest-power objective lens into
position3. Move stage to the lowest position
4. Turn down light brightness
5. Turn off power
6. Wipe microscope (not the lens) with Kimwipes oralcohol wipe if needed
7. Wrap the cord neatly around the base
8. Lock the cabinet
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The End