MINERALES MANGANO-ARGENTJFEROS OXIDADOS.docx

7/23/2019 MINERALES MANGANO-ARGENTJFEROS OXIDADOS.docx

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BOLETIN DE LA SOCIEDAD Gl!OLOGICA MEXICANA.-:-TOMO Xl-1-6·

MINERALES MANGANO-ARGENTJFEROS OXIDADOS, .

SU GENESIS Y BENEFICIO METALl]RGICO

POR RAFAEL ORTIZ MENA, M.S. G. M.

INTRODUCCWNCon freen"# l# $l#%# y el &#n'#ne(o (e enen%r#n #(o-

"#)o( en #l'no( &"ner#le(* lo(. +e on $o#( e,e$"one( (on&#r#)#&en%e refr#%#r"o( # lo( &%o)o( or)"n#r"o( )e enef"-"o* e,e$%#n)o # lo( $roe(o( $"ro&e%#l/r'"o(. Cr"#n)o di0o( &"ner#le( (on r"o( en $l#%#* no 0# "non2en"en%e en ene-f""#rlo( $or fn)""3n* )e 0e0o e( &0o el. ·&"ner#l )e e(%e%"$o +e (e 2en)e # )"2er(#( fn)""one(* en l#( +e e( & #$ee-

"#)o $or (( #l")#)e( o&o fn)en%e4 ("n e&#r'o* 5o0n-(on & C#l)eo%%1* Ro(e y o%ro(* 0#n 0e0o no%#r l# %en)en"# )elo( 3,")o( ("l"#%o( )e &#n'#ne(o* $#r# ##rre#r $l#%# # l#e(o)#.

En lo( #(o( en +e el &"ner#l &",%o )e $l#%# y &#n'#ne(oe( $ore4 no $#'# (( !'#(fo( )e fn)""3n* (e le 0# 2en")o e-nef""#n)o on & #7# ef""en"#* Q "en /o (e le enef""#* r#-83n e(%# /l%"&# # l# +e (e )ee +e 2#r"#( re'"one( &"ner#( )el

$#9(* ##n)onen 'r#n)e( %onel#7e( )e .&"ner#l )e rel#%"2# #l%#le* 1;<r no 0#er $o)")o enef""#rlo*

.1\. =o +e $#ree* el $role&# )e lo(-&"ner#le( )e $l#%# &#n-'#ne(9fero(*> f o(er2#)o $or $r"&er#. 2e8 $or· Goo)#le?* )e()ef"ne( )el ("'lo $#(#)o* #n)o #$l"3 el $roe(o )e $#n-#&#l'#-&#"3n en Io&(%one* Ar"8on#* El &"(&o %"$o )e &"ner#le(

$#ree 0#er (")o %#&"n* el +e ol"'3 # +e (e )e(#rroll#r#*eI &%o)o e($e"#l )e lor"n#"3n )e @#!0 $#r# lo( &"ner#le()e N#'#' O9fen#n#* en @n'r9#. No f: ("no 0#(%# 1<

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RAABL ORTI MENA

#n)o L"n%on? y )e($( @#&"l%on en 1<* (e )"eron en%#)e l# 2er)#)er# n#%r#le8# )el ·$role&#* #l e(%)"#r l# "#nr#-

F"3n )e &"ner#le( =#n'#no-#r'en%9 f ero(* $re$on"en)o %r#%#-&"en%o( $rel"&"n#re( +e 0#r9#n )e $er&"%"r n# re$er#"3n&#or )e lo( 2#lore(.

En 'ener#l* %o)o &"ner#l &#n'#ne(9fero on le )e $l#%#*(e $e)e ($oner for&#)o )e )o( $#r%e(: n# )3"l #l enef""oy l#. o%r# refr#%#r"# # lo( 2er(o( %r#%#&"en%o(. L# e,$er"en-"# 0# )e&o(%r#)o +e l# $#r%e reel)e )el &"ner#l* e(% eon(%"-%9)# $or lo( 3,")o( )el &#n'#ne(o* $r"n"$#l&en%e $or el "3,"-)o* en %#n%o +e e#n)o el &#n'#ne(o e(% o&"n#)o o&o ("-

l"#%o o #ron#%o* +e e( lo &( 'ener#l* l# $l#%# no $re(en%#)"f"l%#)e( $#r# ( e,%r#"3n.

El o&$or%#&"en%o #n%er"or* "n)"# )e()e le'o* +e l# e(- $e"e &"ner#l3'"# en l# #l l# $l#%# (e $re(en%#* e( )"feren%een lo( ("l"#%o( #ron#%o( )e &#n'#ne(o* #(9 o&o $#r# lo(H)o(* y $e(%o +e lo( (e'n)o( )er"2#n )e lo( $r"&ero(* (e

$e)e )e)"r +e l# e($e"e refr#%#r"# )e l# $l#%#* 11< e(%2o $re(en%e en el &"ner#l #n)o (e )e$o("%3 or"'"n#l&en%e* 2"n"en-

)o (olo # for&#r(e #n)o )"0o &"ner#l $r"&#r"o f #l%er#)o*on el onr(o )e lo(. #'en%e( #)e#)o(* )#n)o or"'en # lo(,")o(.

Se'/n 1o #n%er"or* l# &#r0# l3'"# +e (e )ee (e'"r $#r#e(%)"#r lo( &"ner# le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero(* e(: $r"&ero )e%er-&"n#r l# n#%r#le8# )el &"ner#l )e $l#%# +e (e $re(en%# on lo3,")o( )el &#n'#ne(o en lo( &"ner#le( reel)e(* 4 )e($(* l#Seel# +e lo( &"ner#le( or"'"n#le( ("'"eron* 0#(%# (er on2er-%")o( en 3,")o(* ono")o (%o* (e $e)e e(%)"#r el enef""o

#$ro$"#)o )e )"0o( &"ner#le(.

J



GENESIS DE LOS MINERALES MANGA.NO-ARGENTIEROS OXIDADOS

PRIMERA eARTE

NATURALEA DEL MINERAL RERACTARIO 'E( & freen%e ($oner +e l# $l#%# (e enen%r# o&o

lorro #n 'ener#l"8#n)o* o&o 0#lo'enro* en &"ner#le(&#n'#no-#r'en%9fero( o,")#)o(. E(%o e(% & le7o( )e l# re#-l")#)* $e( lo( 0#lo'enro( )e $l#%# (on )e n#%r#le8# )3"l $#-r# el enef""o* )n)o(e $or o%r# $#r%e* #(o( en +e # $e(#r )ere$or%#r(e # l# $l#%# o&o lorro* 0o nee(")#) )e reo&en-)#r $#r# el enef""o )el &"ner#l* n %o(%#)o elorr#n%e on elo7e%o )e lo'r#r #&en%o en l#( e,%r#"one(4 e(%o )e&e(%r#+e* (" "en n# $#r%e )e l# $l#%# $e)e e(%#r o&o lorro* no

lle'# ("n e&#r'o* # on(%"%"r l# $#r%e $re)o&"n#n%e en el %o%#l.En o%ro( #(o(* (e re$or%# # l# $l#%# o&o $re(en%e en n#

for&# ?"rreo'no"le ?K* en re#l")#)* )e")o # l# #(o"#"3n%#n 9n%"&# )el &e%#l on n# $ro$or"3n & 'r#n)e )e 3,")o(($er"ore( )el &#n'#ne(o* l# e($e"e #r'en%9fer# no $e)e (er #"(l#)#. $#r# ( ")en%"f"#"3n* o&o lo (on l#( )e&( 2#r"e)#)e(&"ner#l3'"#( )e e(e &e%#l* $or lo +e (e nee("%# rerr"r # &-

. %o)o( "n)"re%o( $#r# f"7#r n# o&$o(""3n # e(e er$o.De lo( &%o)o( "n)"re%o( $o("le(* l# (ol"l")#) )el o&-

$onen%e refr#%#r"o )e &"ner#le( n#%r#le(* o&$#r#)# on l#(ol"l")#) orre($on)"en%e # &e(%r#( $re$#r#)#( #r%"f""#l-&en%e* =( (en"ll#* y # Co'0"ll* Cle2en'er-C#ron o%ro(* )#n(f""en%e( 7#%o( #l re($e%o. Lo( )#%o( o%en")o( $or Cle2en-'er-C#ron? $#r# &"ner#l )e l# &"n# Ge)#n' Il"r* )e S&#%r#* (eo&$en)"#n en l# %#l# 1;.

#r# $o)er "n%er$re%#r lo( )#%o( )e l# %#l# 1; en rel#-"3n on l# (ol"l")#) e= #l'no( o&$e(%o( ) $l#%# en lo(

)"(ol2en%e( &( o&/n&en%e (#)o(* $e)e. on(l%#r(e l# %#l#



1< RAFA.EL ORTIZ MBNA

; en l# +e (e e,$onen lo( 2#lore( rel#%"2o( #. )"0# (ol"-l")#).

L# 'r#n e,%r#"3n )e $l#%# +e $e)e o%ener(e )el &"ne-

r#l refr#%#r"o* en (ol"one( )e lorro )e (o)"o )e 0"$o(lf"-%o* ('"ere +e el o&$e(%o $o)r9# (er A'Cl* $ero l#( &"(&#( $r%"#( e,$er"&en%#le( )e&e(%r#n lo on%r#r"o* )#)o +e (e-'/n (e e,$one en l# %#l# 1;* l# (ol"l")#) )el &"ner#l en#&on9#o e( & #7#. Co'0"ll )e($( )e %r#%#r el &"ner#lon ")o (lfro(o $#r# )"(ol2er #l &#n'#ne(o* enon%r3 $#r#n# &e(%r# )e G#n#e29* +e (3lo 1 % )e l# $l#%# on%en")#en el re(")o er# (olle en #&on9#o* on &"ner#l )e Te%el#)e O#&$o* "n)e$en)"en%e&en%e )e +e (e el"&"nen lo( 3,")o(-)e &#n'#ne(o on no o%ro re#%"2o* l# $l#%# $r%"#&en%ee( "n(olle en #&on9#o. To)o e(%o "n)"#* +e el &"ner#l #r-'en%9fero no e( el 0#lo'enro ($e(%o* $e(* o&o (e (#e* el#&on9#o e( el )"(ol2en%e ")e#l $#r# el lorro )e· $l#%#.

De l#( $re#( efe%#)#( on 0"$o(lf"%o* 2#(e l# %#l#1; l# $r"&er# (e lo'r3 re)"en)o el &"ner#l on 0")r3'eno8"n &( ")o; y )"(ol2"en)o )e($( el &#n'#ne(o en ")o(lf/r"o o,#l#%o* en %#n%o +e en l# (e'n)#* (e $roe)"3 )e(-

)e le'o # l# )"(ol"3n )el &#n'#ne(o. L# $r"&er# $re# )"6.P )e $l#%# (olle l# (e'n)# .P )e e,%r#"n 4 "n)"-#n)o +e l# $l#%# no (e 0#ll# #l e(%#)o &e%l"o* ("no &( "eno&o 3,")o* # +e l# re)"3n )e )"0o 3,")o $or el 0")r3'eno*)#r9# $l#%# &e%l"# no (olle en 0"$o(lf"%o* l3 +e e(% )e#er)o on lo( re(l%#)o(.

S"n e&#r'o* (e 0#e no%#r )e &#ner# & e($e"#l +e 1114

e,"(%en"# )e $l#%# o&o 3,")o* "&$l"#r9# +e el &e%#l )el re-

(")o fer# (olle en (ol"one( ")#(* o&o lo (on lo( 3,")o()e $l#%# y el $er3,")o* no o(%#n%e* 0# #+9 n# on%r#)""3n*+e l#( e,$er"en"#( efe%#)#(· )e&e(%r#n lo on%r#r"o* $e(el o&$e(%o #r'en%"fero e( "n(olle en lo( ")o( $or lo &"(-&o no $e)e (er n"n'no )e e(o( 3,")o(.



12 RAABL ORTI MBNA

TABLA 2

Sol"l")#) )e #l'no( o&$e(%o( )e $l#%#A'Cl In(olle en #'#4 f"l&en%e (olle en: 0")r3,")o )e

#&on"o* (ol"3n )e lorro )e (o)"o* 09$ol(lf"%o* e"#-nro &eer"o*

A' "l&en%e (olle en: ")o n9%r"o )"l")o onen-%r#)o* ")o (lf/r"o on.* &err"o* en $re(en"#)e 3,"'eno* f"l&en%e (olle en "#nro y en 0")r3-,")o )e #&on"o* "n(olle en 0"$o(lf"%o( #l#l"no(.

A'Q In(olle en #'# y en 0")r3,")o )e #&on"o4 on lo(")o( (e )e(o&$one en $l#%# A'<.

A'< <.<<1 'r#&o(* (e )"(el2en en 1<< $#r%e( )e #'# #<C4 f"l&en%e (olle .en: ")o(* 0")r3,")o )e#&on"o* "#nro* 0"$o(lf"%o* (ol"3n )e lorro )e(o)"o* #n)o (e le %r"%r# en el (eno )e &err"o*(e )"(el2e en (%e.

A'Q En #'#* e( "n(olle en fr9o* )e(o&$on"n)o(e #l #-len%#r4 f"l&en%e (olle en: ")o( (lf/r"o y n9%r"-o* y en 0")r3,")o )e #&on"o.

Ag4Ü Se'/n B#eer-"ll"'er* (e for&# (3lo en (ol"3n #l#-

l"n#.

L# o%r# (er"e )e e,$er"en"#( efe%#)#( $or lo( #%ore( #&en"on#)o(* on("(%"eron en l# $re$#r#"3n )e &e(%r#( ("n%-%"#(. Lo( .re(l%#)o( )e Co'0"ll!?* lo'r#)o( &e8l#n)o $l#%# f"-n#&en%e )"2")")# on &"ner#l $roe)en%e )e @o(%o%"$#+"llo*-I#l"(eo* (e "l(%r#n en l# %#l# ;. El $roe)"&"en%o e,$er"-&en%#l f o&o ("'e: (e #'re'3 #l &"ner#l $l#%# f"n#&en%e)"2")")#* o%en")# $or re)"3n )e n# (ol"3n #&on"##l )e

"%r#%o )e $l#%#* (e &e8l3 $erfe%#&en%e $or &ol"en)# )e 2#-r"#( 0or#( en n &ol"no 4 )e($( )e (%o* (e )"(ol2"3 el &#n'#-ne(o en n# (ol"3n )e ")o (lfro(o* $roe)"n)o(e #l e(-%)"o )e l# (ol"l")#) )e l# $l#%#. #r# o&$#r#"3n* en l#&"(&# %#l# ; (e )#n lo( 2#lore( )e e,%r#"3n $#r# el &"ne-ial, ("n +e 0"er# (fr")o n"n'/n %r#%#&"en%o $rel"&"n#r* e,-e$%o l# &ol"en)# )"(ol"3n )el &#n'#ne(o en (ol"3n )e")o (lfro(o. El o&$or%#&"en%o )e l# $l#%# $re"$"%#)# y



GENES5S DE LOS MINERALBl!I MANGANO-AllGBNTIEROS OXIDADOS 1

#)""on#)# #l &"ner#l* e( en %o)o ("&"l#r # l# on%en")# en (%e* Co'0"ll onle reen)o +e l# $l#%# en· lo( &"ner#le( &#n-'#no-#r'en%"fero( o,")#)o( reel)e( #l %r#%#&"en%o* e(% o&o

$l#%# $re"$"%#)# o e&en%o )e $l#%# o&o %#&"n (e le o-55Oe. S"n e&#r'o* on2"ene 0#er no%#r # e(%e re($e%o* +el# $l#%# $re"$"%#)# e( $erfe%#&en%e (olle en ")o n9%r"o-)"l9)o en onen%r#"3n 1 :1<* y el #%#+e )el &"ner#l on "-)o n9%r"o #l 1<P )r#n%e &"n%o(* (3lo )# 66.KP )e $l#%#(olle. Ne2#&en%e* reor)e&o( +e l#· $l#%# &e%l"# e( "n(o-lle en (ol"one( )e 0"$o(lf"%o( #l#l"no(* ("en)o no%#le +een el &"ner#l # +e (e #l)e* l# e,%r#"3n )e $l#%# on 0"$o(l-f"%o(* e( #(%#n%e ele2#)#.

TABLA

Sol"l")#) )el &"ner#l )e 5#l"(o* (e'/n Co'0"ll)"(ol"3n )el &#n'#ne(o en ")o (lfro(o;

-

A're'#-A'"%#· E,%r#e-do

DIOL!ENTE EM"LEADO "n "3n&'& )e

0or#( %

Te(%"'o @"$o(lf"%o )e (o)"o #l P 16 <.K ? P 16 .<

Te(%"'o Sol. e,%r#* 0"$o(lf. P CS< 1 o/o #$ K. ** 16 <.<

Te(%"'o CS< P* N#C" P* )e($( [email protected]@ K6.

.<

Te(%"'o CN #l 1.P # 6. ?: .<

Te(%"'o A&#l'#&#"3n <.K

<.<

Te(%"'o e SQ;# P* @ S< .P* en f( 1< 11.1

% %,,

1< 6.

L# (er"e )e (9n%e("( re#l"8#)#( $or Cle2en'er-C#ron-%* on-("(%"eron en l# $re$#r#"3n )e &e(%r#( #r%"f""#le(* &e8l#n)o

A'

% % %

.. % % %

% % %

% %



14 RAFAEL ORTf)* MENA

$l#%# f"n#&en%e )"2")")#* o%en")# #l re)"r n# (ol"3n #&o-n"#e#l )e n"%r#%o )e $l#%# $or el #'# o,"'en#)#. on "3,")o)e &#n'#ne(o* $re$#r#)o $or &e)"o )e ")o n9%r"o y lor#%o )e

$o%#("o. El o&$or%#&"en%o )e e(%# (er"e )e &e(%r#( ("n%%"-#(* (e re(&e en l# %#l# ;.

Solu.b l!"! !e l" #l"$" !.e %&&e'$(usintéticas Ag-Mn0) e* sol. de KCN.

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Fig. 1.



GENESIS DB LOS lllNER.lLES MANG.lNO-ARGBNTIEROS OXID.lDOS 1

Se'/n lo( )#%o( o%en")o(* $or &e8l# )e $l#%# f"n#&en%e)"2")")# on $er3,")o )e &#n'#ne(o 0/&e)o* (e o%"ene n# "n-(oln"l"8#"3n )e l# $l#%# en ")o( n9%r"o (lf/r"o )"l")o(*

#(9 orno en (ol"3n )e "#nro #l#l"no4 #len%#n)o l# &e8l#0#(%# <* (e on("'e n# "n(ol"l"8#e"3n &#or en "#nro*en %#n%o +e #&en%# l# )"(ol"3n en lo( o%ro( (ol2en%e(. or #len%#&"en%o # <* el .1P )e l# $l#%# (e 0#e (olle en"#nro* l# (ol"l")#) en lo( o%ro( )"(ol2en%e(* %#&"n (fren "nre&en%o $o("%"2o* #n+e no en l# $ro$or"3n +e orre(-

$on)e #l "#nro. L# &e8l# #len%#)# 0#(%# <C* )e($(re)")# # <* )# n# (ol"l")#) o&$le%# en ")o n9%r"o* $r%"#&en%e o&$le%# en "#nro nl# en ")o (lf/r"o

)"l")o. E(%e o&$or%#&"en%o "n)"# +e* )e($( )el %r#%#-&"en%o* l# $l#%# (e enen%r# # en for&# &e%l"#.

#r# o&o)")#) en l# "n%er$re%#"3n* lo( )#%o( )e (ol"l"-)#) en "#nro #l#l"no* (e 0#n re(&")o en l# '1?G.f"# )e l# fi.'r# 1;. Ne2#&en%e )ee "n)"#r(e* +e T# $l#%# $re"$"%#-)# e( $erfe%#&en%e (olle en ")o n9%r"o )"l9)o* #)e&( )e(erlo en "#nro #l#l"no. A(9* #n)o l# $l#%# $erfe%#&en-. (olle (e &e8l# on $er3,")o )e &#n'#ne(o* $or e(e &o-

# i2o (e 0#e "n(olle* no (e $e)e "n%er$re%#r el o&$or%#&"en-%o %#n $#r%"l#r )e )"0# &e8l#* &( +e ($on"en)o n# #l-%er#"3n & $rofn)#4 l# "nflen"# )el #len%#&"en%o (orel# (ol"l")#) +e (e 0# 2en")o rel#%#n)o* $#ree "n)"#r* +el# $l#%#· el &#n'#ne(o for&#n n o&$e(%o en%re (9* el #&-

"o %#n r(o en (ol"l")#)* +e (e o(er2# $#r# el "#nro # $#r%"r )e <* "n)"# ("&$le&en%e +e el o&$e(%o "n(olle+e or"'"n#l&en%e (e %en9#* 0# (")o )e(o&$e(%o $or "nflen"#)el #len%#&"en%o %r#n(for&#)o en n $ro)%o e(%#le # #-

7#. %e&$er#%r#* (olle en "#nro.or lo +e #n%ee)e* (e $e)e-onl"r* +e l# $l#%# el

&#n'#ne(o $e)en +"8 for&#r o&$e(%o( en%re (9* o&o "n-)"#n Cle2en'er C#ron* en lo( &"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9-fero( o,")#)o(* l# $#r%e refr#%#r"# )el &"ner#l* e( $ro#le-&en%e n# o&"n#"3n )e $l#%# &#n'#ne(o* %#l 2e8. n &#n-'#n"%o )e $l#%# "n(olle en "#nro. En o$"n"3n )e. S#"%o1*

el o&$e(%o "n(olle e( n ?&"ner#l )ro? )e -&#n'#ne(o

on o&$o(""3n f"7#)# $or l# f3r&l#: ,A' Mn<6



16. RAFAEL ORTIZ MENA

TABLA 4

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GEOLOGIA Z GENESIS DE LOS MINERALES MANGANO-

ARGENTIEROS

Lo( #"&"en%o( &#n'#ne(9f ero( )e M,"o* (e $re(en%#n (e-'/n el In'. lore(1* # (e# #7o l# for&# )e 2e%#( 'ener#l&en-tP. )e $("lo&eln +e #%r#2"e(#n # l#( ro#( $#leo8o"#( )e l#o(%# )el #9f"o* o "en #7o l# for&# )e #$#( on%en")#( en-%re orr"en%e( )e ro#( .9'ne#( o en for&#"one( $"rol(%"#()el Golfo )e C#l"forn"#. El &#V'=ne(o (e $re(en%# %#&"n #-")en%#l&en%e* #7o l# for&# )e 3,")o( ne'ro( +e (e onoenon el no&re )e ?+e&#8one(? en l# 8on# )e o,")#"3n )e"er%#( 2e%#( #r'en%"fer#(* enon%rn)o(e lo( ("l"#%o( &#n'#-



GENESIS DE LOS MINERALES MANGANO-ARGBNTIEROS OXIDADOS 1K

ne(9fero( o lo( #ron#%o(* o&o $re)o&"n#n%e( en l# 8on# $ro-fn)#. L#( lo#l")#)e( en +e (e $re(en%# #(9 el &#n'#ne(o*(on l#( ("'"en%e(:

B#7# C#l"forn"#: M"ner#le( )e S#n An%on"o y El Tr"nfo.C0"0#0#: @")#l'o )el #rr#l* M"n#( Ne2#( C("0"-r"#e0"e.

Dr#n'o : M"ner#le( )e M#$"&"* G#n#e29 elo Ne2o.@")#l'o: M"ner#le( )e #0# Re#l )el Mon%e.5#l"(o: M"ner#le( )e @o(%o%"$#+"llo* C#&#r'o 'I'aal3a,

el#: S#n 5#n )e lo( Ll#no(* A#%ln y Ie%el# )e Oe#&- $o.S#n L"( o%o(9: C#%ore* G#)#l#8#r "ll# )e S%o. Do-

&"n'o.#e#%ee#( : #r"o( &"ner#le( +e (e* enef""#n en l# $l#n%#

)e re(n"llo-2*L# &#or $#r%e )el &#n'#ne(o +e for&# lo( 3,")o( ne'ro(

en l# 8on# )e o,")#"3n* e( )e or"'en (en)#r"o (e for&3 $or o,")#"3n )el ·&"ner#l on el onr(o )e lo( #'en%e( #%&o(f-r"o(. Co&o l# o,")#"3n %"ene l'#r en n )e$3("%o* )e()e l#($erf""e 0#"# l# $rofn)")#)* lo( &"ner#le( &( refr#%#r"o(

r#r# l# e,%r#"3n )e (( 2#lore(* (on %#&"n lo( ($erf""#-le(* y e(%# refr#%#"l")#) )"(&"ne en lo( &"ner#le( $rofn-)o(. El o&$or%#&"en%o )e e(%o( &"ner#le( en rel#"3n on l#1*rofn)")#) )e +e $roe)en* 0# (")o )"(%")o $or @#&@%on1

y $or Ne#l!?* y %#&"n o&$ro#)o $#r# 2#r"o( D"(%r"%o( &"-nero( )el $#9(.

El e(%)"o 'en%"o )e lo( )e$3("%o( &#n'#ne(9fero(* ofre ·

e #(%#n%e( )"f"l%#)e( $#r%e )e e(%#( $e)en el"&"n#r(e* re-ono"en)o )o( %"$o( )e )e$3("%o(: lo( $r"&#r"o( y lo( (en-

)#r"o(.En lo( )e$3("%o( $r"&#r"o( (e "nlen lo( &"ner#le( # #-

(e )e (lfro(* #ron#%o(* ("l"#%o( $o("le&en%e fo(f#%o(4[o( $roe(o( ("%"o( )e )e$3("%o (e enen%r#n en 8on#( #7o l#

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($erf""e )e l# %"err#. Loo &"ner#le( +e on(%"%en e(%or4)e$3("%o(* . en or)en #$ro,"&#)o )e #n)#n"# (on: ro)oero("-%#* (")er"%# &#n'#ne(9fer# y en 'ener#l %o)o el 'r$o )e #ro-n#%o( )e f"erro* #l"o* &#'ne("o &#n'#ne(o4 ro)on"%#* e($e-(#r%"%#* %e$0ro"%#* 7o0#n(en"%# o%ro( ("l"#%o(4 y el (lfro #l#-



1 RAAEL ORTI MBN\

#n)"%#. Al'no( 3,")o( "nfer"ore( )el &#n'#ne(o: l# 0#(&#-n"%# l# &#n'#no("%#* (e $re(en%#n # 2ee( o&o $r"&#r"o(*#(9 o&o l# fr#n]l"n"%# 3,")o $oo o&/n )e f"erro* &#n'#ne-

(o 8"n;.En%re lo( )e$3("%o( (en)#r"o( (e )een "nl"r # lo( &"-

ner#le( o,")#)o( +e (e for&#n er# )e lo( )e$3("%o( $r"&#-)o(* #n)o l#( (ol"one( +e on%"enen &#n'#ne(o (e $onenen on%#%o on el o,"'eno #%&o(fr"o. En eon)""one( lo#-le( $el"#re(* (e $e)en fornf#r 7n%o on lo( 3,")o( )e &#n-'#ne(o* lo( #ron#%o(4 $ero e(%o( o&o #n%e( (e )"7o* $er%ene-en &( "en # lo( &"ner#le( $r"&#r"o(* en %#n%o +e lo( )e$3-("%"o( (en)#r"o( on%"enen o&/n&en%e: $("lo&eln* &#n'#n"-

%#* $"rol("%#* r#n"%# y ^#).L#( e,$er"en"#( )e "nen%1K (on onlen%e( en lo +e (e

ref"ere # 5# for&#"3n )e lo( )e$3("%o( &#n'#ne(9fero( (en)#-r"o(. El &#n'#ne(o en l# &#or $#r%e )e lo( )e$3("%o( $r"&#-r"o( (e enen%r# en for&# )e (#l &#n'#ne(#* )er"2#)# )el3,")o &#n'#ne(o MnO;4 ("n e&#r'o* 0# 2#r"o( &"ner#le(

$r"&#r"o( +e )er"2#n )el (e(+"3,")o )e &#n'#ne(o Mn4<56.

C#n)o el &#n'#ne(o e( )"(el%o $or l#( #'#( &e%e3r"#(* (e

le )e$o("%# $o(%er"or&en%e en n e(%#)o )e o,")#"3n ($er"or*)e")o # +e )"0o( 3,")o( ($er"ore( )el &#n'#ne(o4 (on rel#-%"2#&en%e "n(olle( en l#( (ol"one( +e o&/n&en%e #%/#nen l# 8on# )e "n%e&$er"(&o* y $or e(o %"en)en # #&l#r(e enl# ($erf""e* # &e)")# +e l# ro# #l%er#)# (e 2# el"&"n#n)o.Se'/n "neen%* # 1C* n l"%ro )e #'# (#%r#)# on #n09)r")o#r3n"o* )"(el2e )el #ron#%o &#n'#ne(9fero* n# #n%")#)0#(%# )e 6. &"l"'r#&o( )e &#n'#ne(o* ("en)o l# (ol"l")#) )elo( 3,")o(* en e(#( &"(&#( on)""one(* l#( ("'"en%e(:

O,")o &#n'#no(o ................Se(+"3,")o )e &#n'#ne(o .

er3,")o )e &#n'#ne(o .

.1 &"l"'r#&o(..6 &"l"'r#&o(.1. &"l"'r#&o(.

or lo %#n%o* el or)en )e (ol"l")#) e( el ("'"en%e:

. MnCO( : MnO : MD<# : Mn< : 42 20 1

Se )ee reor)#r $or o%r# $#r%e* +e el #ron#%o )e &#n-'ne(o el 3,")o &#n'#ne(o* (e )"(el2en en (ol"one( )e e"-



GENl":SIS DE LOS MINERALES lllANGANO-ARGENT1EROS OXIDADOS 1

)o 0/&"o* en %#n%o +e, el (e(+"3,")o el $er3,")o* no (on (o-lle( en for&# #$re"#le en e(#( (ol"one(.

* Se'/n lo #n%er"or* e( r#8on#le ($oner +e (" no 0# "-

)o( fer%e( o ((%#n"#( +e re)8#n #l &#n'#ne(o # n e(%#-)o )e &enor o,")#"3n* lo( 3,")o( ($er"ore( )e e(%e &e%#l )e-

ern $er("(%"r en l# ($erf""e* $e( no $e)en (er #rr#(%r#)o(# n"2ele( &( $rofn)o( +e el ($erf""#l.

Ro(%e"en)o #n &( lo #n%e( #no%#)o* #l e(%)"#r el #-lor )e for&#"3n )e lo( o&$e(%o( &#n'#ne(9fero(* (e )e)e+e el $er3,")o )e· &#n'#ne(o e( el &(- e(%#le4 (e'/n e(%o* e(el +e (e for&# on &#or f#"l")#) y e( %#&"n el $r"n"$#l&"ner#l )e &#n'#ne(o. Cl#r]e1 $or e(%e &o%"2o #(e'r# +elo( )#%o( %er&o+9&"o( y 'eol3'"o( e(%n en o&$le%# #r&o-n9# en e(%e #(o.

E&&o11(1 #l )"(%"r l# rel#"3n )el &#n'#ne(o on el oro*)"e +e en &0o( )e$3("%o( #r9fero( el $er3,")o )e &#n'#-ne(o el oro e(%n 9n%"&#&en%e #(o"#)o(* ("n ))# feron $re"$"%#)o( 7n%o(. E,$l"# +e #&#( e($e"e( &"ner#le(*&#n%en")#( )"(el%#( en n# (ol"3n ")#* )e("en)en # l# $rofn)")#) # %r#2( )el &"ner#l $or re#"3n on%"n# on

&#%er"#le( #l#l"no(* l# (ol"3n $"er)e #")e8* $re"$"%#n)o #loro #l $er3,")o )e &#n'#ne(o. E(%e o&$or%#&"en%o 0# (")o2er"f"#)o e,$er"&en%#l&en%e.

En #l'no( $roe(o( (en)#r"o( )e &"ner#l"8#"3n* lo(3,")o( )el &#n'#ne(o &( $ro$"#&en%e el $er3,")o* fn"o-n#n o&o $re"$"%#n%e( )e l#( (ol"one( &"ner#le(* %#l o&o 0##on%e")o en #l'no( #(o( $#r# el ore* o#l%o* $lo&o y

8"n. Lo( &"ner#le( #(9 for&#)o(* (e "n%er$re%#n o&o &#n'#-n9%o(?* o (e#n (#le( )el ")o &#n'#ne(o. A on%"n#"3n (e)e(r"en lo( $roe(o( 'en%"o( +e )#n or"'en # e(%o( o&- $e(%o( &"ner#le(.

El &#n'#ne(o y el o,9'eno for&#n en%re (9 2#r"o( o&$e(-%o(* $ero $#r# e(%e #(o (3lo "n%ere(# el +e #l#n8# el &,"&o)e o,")#"3n: el Mn< o $er3,")o )e &#n'#ne(o: Re($e%o*# l#( $ro$"e)#)e( )e (%e* "n%ere(# onoer +e (e o&$or%# o-&o n o,")#n%e enr'"o y +e (( 0")r#%o( $o(een $ro$"e)#-)e( fr#n#&en%e ")#(* +e orre($on)en #l ")o &#n'#ne(o.

El ")o &#n'#no(o %"ene f3r&l# 0"$o%%"#4 _; (e$#r#



20 f%AA.llL ORTI l.I@NA.

#n%")#)e( "&$or%#n%e( )e #(e( )e l#( (ol"one( )e &e%#le(#l#l"no( #le#l"no(-%rreo(* %#&"n* #l #%#r .(ore lo( #r-

on#%o(* $one en l"er%#) #l ")o #r3n"o. or on)en(#-

F"one( (e("2#( )e #'#* el ")o &#n'#ne(o )# or"'en # o%ro(")o( #)# 2e8 &( o&$le7o(* l# 0")rol"("( )e e(%o( $ro)-%o(* e,$l"# l# $ro$"e)#) +e %"enen lo( 3,")o( ($er"ore( )el&#n'#ne(o $#r# f"7#r o,9'eno (ore #l'no( er$o(.

T#&"n )e e(%o( ")o( o&$le7o(* )er"2#n lo( n&ero(o(&#n'#n"%o(* +e en 'ener#l %"enen l# f3r&l#: Mn<;n.RO* enl# +e R e( n &e%#l "2#len%e.

or lo +e #n%ee)e* (e )e)e +e lo( &.#n'#n"%o( (e )er"-

2#n )e n ")o : el &#n'#ne(o +e $or on)en(#"one( (e("-2#( )e #'#* )# or"'en # ")o( #)# 2e8 &( o&$le7o( +e(e'/n el ")o* (fr# &( o &eno( on)en(#"one( )e #'# lo(&#n'#n"%o( +e re(l%#n %ener n# o&$o(""3n 2#r"#le.

Lo( &#n'#n"%o( (e o%"enen ("e&$re +e (e $re"$"%e 3,")o)e &#n'#ne(o )e n# (ol"3n l"'er#&en%e ")# o #l#l"n#.C#n)o l#( on)""one( )e l# $re"$"%#"3n (e 2er"f"+en en n#(ol"3n &o)er#)#&en%e ")#* (e o%"ene el ")o $er&#n'-n"o o (( (#le(: lo( $er&#n'#n#%o(4 y #n)o l# (ol"3n e(

& ")#* (e lle'# 0#(%# el ")o &#n'n"o o lo( &#n'#n#%o(.S" en l# (ol"3n #l#l"n# en +e (e $re"$"%# el 3,")o )e

&#n'#ne(o* no 0# &( &e%#l +e (%e* el $ro)%o +e (e o-%"ene e( n &#n'#n"%o )e &#n'#ne(o* el +e %"ene o&$o(""3n2#r"#le o&$ren)")# en%re lo( l9&"%e( re$re(en%#)o( $or l#(f3r&l#(: Mn<.Mn< Mn<.Mn<1U E(%# 2#r"#"l")#)(e'/n T:".""(8e'"* e( fn"3n )e l# onen%r#"3n* orre($on)"en-)o &#or o,")#"3n $#r# l#( (ol"one( )"l")#( +e $#r# l#(onen%r#)#(* $ero ("e&$re ($er"or #l %r&"no Mn<#* +e#n $e)e lle'#r 0#(%# el Mn4<#52

El ")o &#n'#ne(o %"ene l# f3r&l# 0"$o%%"# :

O7. /O7O7/ M8 .O7

$or on)en(#"one( (e("2#( )e #'#* )# or"'en # ")o( &(

o&$le7o(:



GBNESIS DEI.OS MINERALES MANGANO-ARGSNTIEROS OXIDADOS 1

O@? JOI@ O@I? JO@ `O@?-.. JO? ?-..O@O@J M8 @ O@ J M8 ?-..O@- O@J Mn -*OJ Mn JO@

+e )e &#ner#· 'ener#l orre($on)en # l#( f3r&l#(:O@? JO@ .O@J 9M8:6 aMn?-.O@ o "en.

O@?-.. > O@JMn<;11 - M8 ;O

C#n)o #l $re"$"%#r el 3,")o )e &#n'#ne(o* e,"(%en #)e-&( )e (%e* o%r#( (#le( &e%l"#(* (e for&#n lo( &#n'#n"%o( )ee(o( &e%#le( +e (on er$o( )e o&$o(""3n 2#r"#le* en lo(+e l# rel#"3n en%re el o,9'eno el &#n'#ne(o e( 2e"n# o J"'#l # l# +e e,"'e l# f3r&l# Mn<* $or lo +e 0#n re"")o

%#&"n* l# )eno&"n#"3n )e ?$(e)o-"3,")o(?. Lo( &#n'#-n"%o( &e%l"o( (on &0o(* lo( #(o( en +e (e for&#n &n&ero(o(. A on%"n#"3n (e )#n #l'no( e7e&$lo( )e lo( &(%9$"o(.

En el &%o)o #n#l9%"o )e ol0#r)-Wolff * (e for&#n )"-2er(o( &#n'#n"%o( &#n'#no(o( * ol0#r) 0"8o no%#r +e en l##$l"#"3n )el &%o)o* y en $re(en"# )e #l"o* #r"o #n&e7or 8"n* (e $re"$"%##n &#n'#n"%o( )e e(%o( &e%#le(. El

$re"$"%#)o e( )e o&$o(""3n 2#r"#le y lo( &#n'#n"%o( )"fe-ren%e( (e'/n l#(· on)""one( en +e (e 0## efe%#)o el e,$e-r"&en%o. ·

En 5# o%Y$"3n )el 3,")o )e &#n'#ne(o $or &e)"o )e o%ro(o,")#n%e(* o&o $or e7e&$lo ro&o* $er(lf#%o(* #'# o,"'en#-)#* e%.* %#&"n (e lo'r# &#n'#n"%o &#n'#ne(o )e o&$o("-"3n 2#r"#le4 y (" en l# (ol"3n e,"(%en (#le( )e &e%#le(#l#l"no-%rreo(* )e 8"n* e%.* 5# (e$#r#"3n )e &#n'#ne(o re(l%#"l(or"#* $e( (e for&#n &#n'#n"%o( )e e(o( &e%#le(.

L# o%en"3n )e &#n'#n"%o )e #l"o* #l re'ener#r el $e-r3,")o )e &#n'#ne(o on 0")r3,")o l"o y o,"'eno )el #"re* $or el &%o)o W el)on en l# $re$#r#"3n )e loro!>* e( n 0e0oreono")o $or l# %n"# )e()e 0#e &0o( #bo(.

En f"n* (e'/n S#r]er-D0#r 6* (e for&#n &#n'#n"%o( &e%-l"o(* ("e&$re +e (e #'"%# $er3,")o )e &#n'#ne(o re"n $re"- $"%#)o on )"2er(o( ele%rol"%o(4 lo(· &#n'#n"%o( e#r#e%er"8#)o( $or e(%o( #%ore( orre($on)en # lo( &e%#le( ("'"en%e(: ore*

,(



22 RAFAEL ORTlZ llilENA

$l#%#* &#'ne("o* #l"o* e(%ron"o* #r"o* #)&"o* &err"o* e(-%#bo* $lo&o* 2#n#)"o* "(&%o y n9+el. ·

No 0#e f#l%# +e l# re#"3n en%re el $er3,")o )e &#n'#-

ne(o y el &e%#l* (e $ro)8# en n# (ol"3n* ya +e Coo("n(-0"K* <a o%en")o &#n'#n"%o( #l#l"no( #len%#n)o # no(6<<* n lorro #l#l"no on $er&#n'#n#%o )e $o%#("o. -*

Conre%n)o(e #l #(o $#r%"l#r )e l# $l#%# y el &#n'#ne-(o* (on 2#r"#( l#( o&"n#"one( en%re e(%o( )o( &e%#le( +e (e0#n e(%)"#)o. Re2"(#n)o n# e,%en(# "l"o'r#f9# (e enon-%r#ron l#( ("'"en%e(:

A'<.KMn<:@<

A'<.A'<:Mn<(

o%en")o e(%e er$o $or $r"&er# 2e8 $or S#r]er-D0#r 6* ("'"en)o el $roe)"&"en%o )e#'"%#r "3,")o )e &#n'#ne(o re"n $re"$"-%#)o* en n# (ol"3n )e n# (#l )e $l#%#4 )"-0# f3r&l# orre($on)e #l lll#n'#n"%o e(%#-

le (e'/n e(o( "n2e(%"'#)ore(.

Se o%"ene e(%e er$o* en for&# )e $ol2o #-f o(ro* #l %r#%#r el 3,")o )e $l#%# $or n#(ol"3n #l"en%e )e (lf#%o &#n'#ne(o. I'#lo&$o(""3n re(l%# $#r# el $re"$"%#)o .ne'ro+e (e o%"ene #l %r#%#r $or (lf#%o &#n'#no-(o n# (ol"3n #&on"##l )e n"%r#%o )e $l#%#*

Se- o%"ene e(%e er$o (e'/n Ro(e Wo0ler c*#l %r#%#r # l# %e&$er#%r# or)"n#r"#* el 3,")o)e $l#%# $or el (lf#%o &#n'#no(o * on(%"%-e n er$o ne'ro.

E(%# f3r&l# orre($on)e #l $ol2o #f o(ro+U7l (e o%"ene en fr9o* $or l# #"3n )el $er3-,")o )e &#n'#ne(o (ore n# (ol"3n )e #e-%#%o )e $l#%#14 for&n)o(e %#&"n* $or l#)e(o&$o(""3n &%# )el #'# o,"'en#)# el $er&#n'#n#%o )e $l#%#.



GENESIS DE LOS MINERALES MANGANO-ARGENTIEROS OXIDADOS 5

A'<.lOMn<:@<

= o%"ene e(%e &#n'#n"%o (e'/n S#l"n'er*

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A'4<.Mn4<5 S#l"n'er o%2o e(%e er$o* #len%#n)o el &#n-'#n"%o #n%er"or.

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#<Geor'e#4, o%2o e(%e &#n'#n"%o $or )e(o&-

$o(""3n e($on%ne# )el · $er&#n'#n#%o )e $l#%#.

E(%# f3r&l# orre($on)e #l $er&#n'#n#%o )e

$l#%#* el #l (e for&# &e8l#n)o (ol"one(#l"en%e( )e $er&#n'#n#%o )e $o%#("o y n"%r#-%o )e $l#%#4 $or enfr"#&"en%o r"(%#l"8# el

$er&#n'#n#%o #r'en%"fero* en r"(%#le( r3&"-o(. E(%o( r"(%#le(* (on (olle( en #'# fr9#*)e(o&$on"n)o(e # l# %e&$er#%r# )e e-Il""3n )el #'#.

Se $e)e #$re"#r $or lo( )#%o( #n%e( on("'n#)o(* re($e-%3 # o&$e(%o( )e $l#%# y &#n'#ne(o* +e e(%o( &e%#le( $e)enfor&#r 2#r"#( o&"n#"one( y +e l# &#ner# )e o%enerl#( e(en 'ener#l* o,")#n)o n# (#l )e &#n'#ne(o en $re(en"# )e n#(#l )e $l#%#4 e(%e &%o)o e( 'ener#l $#r# l# o%en"3n )e )"2er-(o.( &#n'#n"%o( &e%l"o(.

L#( on)""one( )e l# re#"3n $#r# el &#n'#n"%o )e $l#%#*(on & 2#r"#)#(* y ("n ))# # e(%o (e )ee l# )"2er(# o&$o-(""3n )e lo( er$o( re(l%#n%e(. L# o&"n#"3n (e 2er"f"#*

%#n%o en n# (ol"3n* o&o en%re n# f#(e l9+")# y n# (3l")#.El e(%#)o )e o&"n#"3n en +e (e enen%re l# $l#%# #n-

%e( )e l# re#"3n* $#ree no %ener "nflen"# $#r# +e (%# (e2er"f"+e* # +e %"ene l'#r l# for&#"3n )e &#n'#n"%o* #n#n)o l# $l#%# e(% o&o 3,")o* n"%r#%o* #e%#%o o $er&#n'#-n#%o. Con l# $l#%# &e%l"# l# re#"3n %#&"n (e 2er"f"#* #+e &e8l#n)o $l#%# f"n#&en%e )"2")")# on $er3,")o )e &#n-'#ne(o* #+ell# (e "n(ol"l"8# en (( )"(ol2en%e( &( o&ne(*



4 RAAEL ORTI .MENA

0e0o )e")o ("n ))# # +e l# $l#%# (e enen%r# # o&"n#-)#. T&7"n #l. $re"$"%#r on #'# o,"'en#)# n# (ol"3n#&on"##l on%en"en)o n"%r#%o )e $l#%# (lf#%o &#n'#no(o*

(e for&# &#n'#n"%o* y o&o (e (#e* en #(en"# )e &#n'#ne(o*e5 #'# o,"'en#)# #l re#"on#r on l#( (ol"one(. #&on"##le()e (#le( )e $l#%#* $re"$"%# #l &e%#ld?*

Re($e%o #l o,")#n%e e&$le#)o* (%e $e)e (er #l+"er#y #n el "3,")o )e &#n'#ne(o &"(&o $e)e fn"on#r o&o%#l4 e( "n%ere(#n%e 0#er no%#r en e(%e #(o* +e %#&$oo nee("-%# l# $l#%# e(%#r en n# o&"n#"3n (olle en #'#* $#r# +el# re#"3n (e 2er"f"+e. Me8l#n)o o #'"%#n)o &#n'#n"%o &#n-'#no(o re"n $re"$"%#)o4 on lorro )e $l#%# re"en%e* %#&-

"n (e $ro)e o&"n#"3n )e l# $l#%# y (e for&# el &#n'#-n"%o )e e(%e &e%#l. L# re#"3n e( len%# # l# %e&$er#%r# #&-

"en%e* $ero on ele2#"3n )e %e&$er#%r# (e #eler# no%#le-&en%e. L# re#"3n +e (e 2er"f"#* e( "n))#le&en%e l# on-%r#r"# # l# )e )e(o&$o(""3n )el $er&#n'#n#%o )e $l#%# $or elloro* &"(&# +e #l (er e(%)"#)# $or r%^"'·K* (e for&l3 $or el e+"l"r"o:

AgM8:4 " >A'Cl ? <

En rel#"3n on l# re#"3n #n%er"or* # Mo"((#n* &en-"on# +e l# (($en("3n )e "3,")o )e &#n'#ne(o en n# (ol-"3n #l#l"n#* )# $er&#n'#n#%o $or l# #"3n )el loro* o(er-2n)o(e +e* $roe)"en)o # l# %e&$er#%r# #&"en%e f"l%r#n-)o* $#(# $er&#n'#n#%o reono"le #n $or el olor* y (e. o-%"ene $l#%# (olle en #'#* #)e&( )e )e($ren)"&"en%o )e lo-ro. S"n ))#* en e(%#( on)""one(* l# $l#%# e(% o&"n#)# #l")o $er&#n'n"o* $e( o&o (e (#e el $er&#n'#n#%o )e

$l#%# e( (olle en #'#. E(%# re#"3n e( )e n# 'r#n "&$or-%#n"# $#r# l# 'ne("( )e lo( &"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero(o,")#)o(* y )e($( (e "n("(%"r (ore ell#* $#(#n)o en%re %#n%o*# e(%)"#r el &e#n"(&o )e l# re#"3n +e )# or"'en # lo( &#n-'#n"%o(*

oo #n%e( (e )"7o* +e l# rel#"3n en%re el o,9'eno ele lo(&#n'#n"%o( &e%l"o( el &#n'#ne(o )e lo( &"(&o(* (e #er#o e( "'#l #l +e orre($on)e $or l# f3r&l# Mn<4 $or e(%e



Gl%NESIS DE LOS MINERALES M.HNGANO-ARGNTIEROS OXIDADOS @

&o%"2o* (e 0# ll#&#)o # e(%o( er$o( $(e)o-"3,")o(? o&o%#&"n (e "n)"3. A0or#. "en* Gelo(o* "ll&#n(-@7r(0-@#ffner? y Le22* 0#n )e&o(%r#)o +e el "3,")o )e &#n'#-

ne(o o%en")o $or 29# 0/&e)#* e( en re#l")#) n $(e)o-"3,")oon f3r&l#4 Mn<.Mn<* en el #l* el 3,")o &#n'#ne(o (e f"-

7# $or n &e#n"(&o )e #)(or"3n y $e)e (er $#r"#l o %o%#l-&en%e ree&$l#8#)o $or l# fr#"3n 0")rol"8#)# )e n ele%r3l"%oe,%r#bo. A(9 $e(* no e( )e e,%r#b#r +e #l+"er (#l )e n&e%#l* # (ol"3n e( on)%or#* ree&$l#e # )"0o 3,")o&#n'#ne(o y for&e on el "3,")o )e &#n'#ne(o el &#n'#n"%oorre($on)"en%e* "n)"#n)o e(%o &"(&o* +e el #n"3n #l #l e(- n")o el &e%#l* e( "n)e$en)"en%e* $or lo +e l# re#"3n (e 2e-r"f"#r #l+"er# +e (e# el ")o.

El* &e#n"(&o )e for&#"3n )e lo( &#n'#n"%o( +e #n%e(+e)3 e,$e(%o* $er&"%e e(%)"#r on %o)# o&o)")#)* l# re#-"3n )e for&#"3n )el &#n'#n"%o )e $l#%#. Le2 0# )e&o(%r#-.)o +e: $or .eon%#%o $rolon'#)o en%re n# (ol"3n )e n# (#l&#n'#no(# y el $(e)o-"3,")o $re"$"%#)o* el e+"l"r"o )e #)·eor"3n (e o%"ene f"l&en%e4 )e e(%# &#ner#* Rg en n# (ol-"3n +e lo'r3 # ( e+"l"r"o )e #)(or"3n* (e "n%ro)e n#

(#l )e· $l#%#* (3lo (e nee("%# )e%er&"n#r el &#n'#ne(o )"2#len-< )e($l#8#)o )el e+"l"r"o $or l# $l#%# $#r# onoer l# re#-"3n4 o en o%r#( $#l#r#(: el &#n'#ne(o "2#len%e e( )e($l#8#)oy en ( l'#r (e f"7# $ro$or"on#l&en%e l# $l#%#* $#r# )#r· el&#n'#n"%o. L# 'rf"# )e l# f"'r# ; (e on(%r3 on )#%o(o%en")o( )e #er)o on el r#8on#&"en%o #n%er"or.

El $roe)"&"en%o (e'")o* -9 #(9: (e $re$#r3 &#n'#n"%o&#n'#ne(o* $#r%"en)o )e (lf#%o &#n'#no(o #'# )e ro&o*

$or el &%o)o %#n o&/n er" +9&"# #n#l9%"#. E(%e $(e)o- "3,")o (e l#23 on #'# )e(%"l#)# 0#(%# +e el #'# )el l#2#-)o )e73 )e )#r re#"3n efe (lf#%o( )e ro&o. O%en")o ·el $ro)%o* (e olo3 en n 2#(o ron #'# )e(%"l#)# y (e )e%er&"-n3 l# #)(or" 3n orre($on)"en%e # l# (#l &#n'#no(# 4 lo'r#) O

(%o* ( #)""on3 (ol"3n 2#lor#)# )e n"%r#%o )e. $l#%#* )e%er-&"nn)o(e l#( #n%")#)e( )e &#n'#ne(o )"2#lerr%e y )e $l#%# ene+"l"r"o* re(l%#n)o l#( #n%")#)e( e,$re(#)#( en l# 'rf"#*en l# "n%el"'en"# )e +e el $@ "n""#l $#r# e(%# r2#* (e #7(-

%3 # B,.: $or #)""3n )e $o%#(#. Se %r#%3 )e on(%r9r o%r# er-6 RADAEL ORTI MENA.



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f#l%# )e #(en%#&"en%o )el $re"$"%#)o en (e $@. Con ·e(%# (o-l"3n ")#* (3lo (e o (er23 +e l# #n%")#)#)(or")# "n""#l-

&en%e $#r# el &#n'#ne(o )"2#len%e e( &enor +e l#eorr e($on-

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CENEI DE .( MIN8RALE MANCANOARCENTIFERO OIDADO K

)"en%e # l# (ol"3n #l#l"n#. S"n e&#r'o* l# #n%")#) )e &#n-'#ne(o )e($l#8#)o $or l# $l#%#* e( l"'er#&en%e &#or $#r# l#(o0re"3n ")# +e $#r# l# #l#l"n#* # +e en l#( $re#( efe-%#)#( l#. #n%")#) )e $l#%# #)(or")# (e enon%r3 (er )e <.61%o&o( &"l"'r#&o* el &#n'#ne(o )"2#len%e )e($l#8#)o )e<.K %o&o( &"l"'r#&o(. Tn'#(e $re(en%e +e $#r# l# (ol-"3n #l#l"n#* (e'/n l# 'rf"# orre($on)en <= %o&o( &"l"-'r#&o )e Mn. )e($l#8#)o;. Co&o (e 2e l# )"feren"# no e(& 'r#n)e on e(o (e )e&e(%r# +e l# re#"3n (e 2er"f"#

$or lo &eno( )en%ro )el $@" o&$ren)")o en%re .< y .<. Le2*#l e(%)"#r el e+"l"r"o: ore #(or")o-&#n'#ne(o )e($l#8#-)o* "n)"# +e $#r# n# &"(&# onen%r#"3n "n""#l )e ele%r3-

l"%o e,%r#bo* el )e($l#8#&"en%o d= &#n'#ne(o "2#len%e #)(or-. ")o* e( (en("le&en%e

.

"n)e$en)"en%e )el $@* $#re"en)o~

+e

on l# $l#%# #on%ee lo &"(&o.

Con lo( )#%o( #n%e( #no%#)o(* # (e $e)e #or)#r el $ro--le&# )e l# 'ne("( )e lo( )e$3("%o( &#n'#no-#r'en%"fero( o,"-l"#)o(. S3lo f#l%# on(")er#r +e el &#n'#ne(o* (e'/n S#2#-'e4 e( %r#n($or%#)o $r"n"$#l&en%e o&o "#ron#%o* en#'#( ")#( +e )een ( #")e8 #l ")o #r3n"o. L# )"fe-ren%e (ol"l")#) )e lo( $r"n"$#le( &"ner#le( &#n'#ne(9fero(*# l# )"&o( on #n%er"or")#) $#r# l#( #'#( #r'#)#( on "-)o #r3n"o. C#n)o e(%#( #'#( #ron#%#)#( +e lle2#n #l&#n'#ne(o* $"er)en ")o #r3n"o* (e 0#en ne%r#(· o #l#l9-n#(: el "#ron#%o )e &#n'#ne(o* (e )e()ol# .en e(%#( on)"-"one(* )#n)o el 0")r3,")o &#n'#no(o "ne(%#le* ..+e $e)e $er-&#neer en .)"(ole"3n 0#(%# +e (e enen%r#n l#( on)""one(nee(#r"#( $#r# ( $re"$"%#"3n. A0or# "en* el f#%or $r"ne"-

$#l en l# $re"$"%#"3n )e &#n'#ne(o* # $#r%"r )e (ol"one( +ef( on%en'#n o&o "#ron#%o* e( l# #"3n #%#l9%"# )el "3-,")o )e &#n'#ne(o* #$ffe45, 0# )e&o(%r#)o +e n# 2e8 "n"-"#)# l# $re"$"%#"3n* el $er3,")o )e &#n'#ne(o )e$o("%#)oe7ere n# #"3n #%#l9%"# e&l#%"2#* +e e( el f#%or $re)o-&"n#n%e $#r# l# el"&"n#"3n )e &#n'#ne(o )e l# (ol"3n. Se-'/n e(%o* n# &9n"&# #n%")#) )e $er3,")o )e> &#n'#ne(o* "n-)e l# $re"$"%#"3n )e n# 'r#n &#(#* en %#n%o· +e l# $ree"-

7."%#"3n )el "3,")o re+"ere %#n (3lo n# o,")#"3n* $#r# l#(: (ol"one# l"'er#&en%e ")#( o #l#l"n#(* y #n $e)e lo'r#r-

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28 RAFABL ORT+Z MENA

(e (%# on (3lo "n%ro)"r 2#$or )e #'# #l (eno )e n# (ol-*"3n ne%r# )e (#l "n#n'#no(#. Lo'r#)# l# $re"$"%#"3n )e ,

n# $e+eb# #n%")#) )e $er3,")o* el $re"$"%#)o #rr#(%r#)o $or l#( #'#(* 0#e el re(%o $e)e $ree"$"%#r &( &#n'#ne(o#n en #+ello( #(o( en +e no #%/en #'en%e( o,")#n%e(*

Re($e%o # l# $re"$"%#"3n )e $l#%# on el $er3,")o )e

&#n'#ne(o* # (e 2"3 +e l# re#"3n )e #)(or"3n )e $l#%#* (e2er"f"# $or lo &eno( en%re lo( $II .< y .<4 #0or# "en* S#2#-'e* #%#3 $ol2o )e ("en"%# on #'# #ron#%#)#4 )e($( )e n

#bo )e #%#+e* en o%ell#. err#)#* lo'r3 n# (ol"3n )e "#r- ?

on#%o &#n'#ne(o on%en"en)o . $#r%e( $or &"ll3n )e 3,")o&#n'#ne(o* l# (ol"3n )"3 n $@ )e 6.6* y $or e,$o(""3n # l##%&3(fer# )"0o $@ $#(3 # K.1. E( )e"r* $or el #%#+e )e ro-#( on ")o #r3n"o re(l%#n (ol"one( ne%r#( y )"0#((ol"one( e(%n )en%ro &#r'en )e $@ en el +e (e for&# el&#n'#n"%o )e $l#%#. A(9 $e(* reor)#n)o l# 'r#n )"2er(")#))e "rn(%#n"#( #7o l#( #le( (e for&# )"0o &#n'#n"%o* #(9o&o %#&"n el 0e0o )e +e l# re#"3n (e 2er"f"# %#n%o )el **l#)o ")o o&o )el #l#l"no* (e $e)e ($oner +e )"0o &#n·'#n"%o #r'en%9fero )ee for&#r(e en l# &#or $#r%e )e lo( )e$3-

("%o( &#n'#ne("fero( o,")#)o(* +e (e 0"eren $e(%o en on-%#%o on &"ner#le( )e $l#%# o on (ol"one( +e on%en'#n #e(e &e%#l.

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GENE1S DE LOS MINERALES MANGANO-ARGBNTIEROS OXIDADOS

SEGUNDA PARTE

M.E?11U4ICIO MET"^URGICO DE LOS MINERALESMANGANO-ARGEN. TIERO=

E8 %o)o( lo( $roe(o( &e%#l/r'"o( lo( &"ner#le( &#n'#-no-#r'en%9fero( o,")#)o( (e o&$or%#n )e &#ner# %#n $el"#r*+e en l# &#or $#r%e )e lo( #(o( lo( &%o)o( or)"n#r"o( )e

enef""o eon "ef"e#ee( $#r# e,%r#er lo( 2#lore(. @#en e,e$-"3n # e(%# re'l#* lo( $roe(o( $"ro&e%#l/r'"eo(* $ero $or )e(-'r#"# l# fn)""3n no ("e&$re e( #$l"#le* # +e el $roe(oe( o(%o(o lo( &"ner#le( $ore( no $#'#n lo( '#(%o( +e (%#re+"ere. @# nee(")#) (e'/n (%o* )e $roe)er # n# onen-

%r#"3n $rel"&"n#r )el &"ner#l* o "en enef""#rlo $of #l'/n&%o)o &( eon3&"o +e r"n)# lo( 2#lore( en for&# o&er-"#l.

I.1# $#r%e no o,")#)# )el &"ner#l e( )3"l # lo( %r#%#&"en-%o( or)"n#r"o( e( (olo e(%# $#r%e l# +e o&/n&en%e (e re-

$er# #l #$l"#r e(o( &%o)o(. En l# $r%"#* l# e,%r#"3n +e(e lo'r# $or lo 'ener#l* e( )e <P # 6<P )e l# $l#%#* #n #n-)o 0# &"ner#le( +e )#n (olo )e 1 # <P )e e,%r#"3n $o-o( lo( +e )#n &( )e 6<P. L# e,%r#"3n +e (e lo'r# $#r#

el oro* e( $or lo o&/n #(%#n%e #e$%#le* # +e en e(%e tipo)e &"ner#le( el oro e( ("e&$re &eno( reel)e +e l# $l#%#.

Al $re(en%e 0# #%ro &%o)o( fn)#&en%#le( $#r# re- $er#r # lo( &e%#le( $re"o(o( )e (( &"ner#le(:

I.-A&#l'#&#"3n.I5.-Conen%r#"3n $or 'r#2e)#).

III.-lo%#"3n.

I .-C"#nr#"3n.



5 RAAEL ORl5 MENA

o%en"en)o n onen%r#)o +e on%en9# # l# $#r%e reel)e )elnl"ner#l 4 (7e%3 e(%e onen%r#)o # %o(%#"3n lorr#n%e y )e(-

$( "#nr3 7n%o on el re(%o )el &"ner#l. L# e,%r#"3n lo-

'r#)# f )e K<P # <P )e l# $l#%#.Se#"("89*/ Ele8$(o'$:.$8".-L" (e$#r#"3n ele%ro(%%"# 0#

(")o #$l"#)# # &"ner#le( )e &#n'#ne(o* $ero $#r# lo( &"ner#le(+e on%"enen $l#%#4 l# e,%r#ee"3n )e (%# e( & #7# el on-en%r#)o e( )e $o# le. Con &"ner#l )e El #2or* (e 0# lo'r#-)o n# re$er#"3n )e .P )# l# $l#%#* orre($on)"en)o· el

$e(o )el onen%r#)o #l P )el &"ner#l ;.

LOT ACION.-De()e 0#e #bo( l# flo%#"3n (e 0# 2en")o#$l"#n)o on ("'l#r ,"%o # &e0o( &"ner#le( (lfr#)o( en/l%"&#( fe0#( 0# on(%"%")o %#&"n n ,"%o l# flo%#"3n )e&e%#le( $re"o(o(* &"ner#le( o,")#)o( #n &"ner#le( )e l# #-%e'or9# )e lo( no-&e%l"o(. I1# $r"&er# #$l"#"3n )e l# flo%#-"3n # lo( &"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero(* f 0e0# $or Ne#l*+"en l# e,$er"&en%3 $er("(%en%e&en%( $#r# el &"ner#l )e El#2or. Co&o re(l%#)o )e (( e,$er"en"#( re$or%# Ne#l;*

+e l# $l#%# refr#%#r"# # l# "#nr#"3n lo e( %#&"n # l# flo-%#"3n* e "n)"# +e e(%e ("(%e&# )e enef""o no ofree $er($e- -

%"2#( o&er"#le( $or lo e(#(o )e l#( e,%r#"one(. Cleen'er 4Y. C#ronK;* "n)"#n %#&=`"n* +e l# flo%#"3n no ofree n re-&e)"o #l orre%o #$ro2e0#&"en%o )e lo( &"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%"fero( o,")#)o(. · S"n e&#r'o* l# flo%#"3n en l# #%#l"-)#) (e $e)e #or)#r on &*0# &#or #&$l"%) +e en $o#( $#(#)#( y $or e(%e &o%"2o (e re2"(#rn lo( re(l%#)o( +e (e $e-)en o%ener on e(%e &%o)o* #$l"#)o # l# onen%r#"3n )e lo((lfro( on%en")o( en lo( &"ner#le( &#n'#ne(9fero( # l# on-

en%r#"3n )e lo( 3,")o( )el &#n'#ne(o.?Con l# flo%#"3n $#r# (lfro( #on%ee lo on%r#r"o +e $#r# l#( onen%r#"one( $or 'r#2e)#)* &#'n%"# ele%ro(%-%"#* e( )e"r* &"en%r#( $#r# (%#( el onen%r#)o re$re(en%# #l# $#r%e reel)e* $#r# l# flo%#"3n el onen%r#)o e( )3"l. A (2e8* $or flo%#"3n (e $e)e o%ener n onen%r#)o )e 3,")o(+e re$re(en%e # 5# $#r%e reel)e )el &"ner#l. E(%e #r%er )e)#l")#)* en%re %o)o( lo( $roe(o( )e onen%r#"3n* e( /n"o

$#r# l# flo%#"3n*



RAAEL ORTI MEN\ ..

5

#(o <;* el &"ner#l &#n'#ne(9fero e(% #(o"#)o # (lfro(&e%l"o( y en%one(* (e flo%#n $r"&ero e(o( (lfro(* (#n)o,#n%#%o* (lf#%o )e ore n e($&#n%e )e($( (e $roe)e

# l# flo%#"3n )el #ron#%o )e &#n'#ne(o.El #ron#%o )e &#n'#ne(o e( flo%#le (#n)o n e($&#n-%e y ")o ole"o 3leo )e (o)"o o&o ole%or. S( $ro$"e)#-)e( )e flo%#"3n (on ("&"l#re( # l#( )e o%ro( #ron#%o( #n-)o l# &#%r"8 e( #ron#%#)# l# (e$#r#"3n (e )"f"l%# &0o.S"n e&#r'o4 l# (e$#r#"3n )el #ron#%o )e &#n'#ne(o )e n#&#%r"8 ("l"8o(# no ofree )"f"l%#) #l'n#* $)"en)o (er on-%rol#)# $or &e)"o )el $@ )e l# $l$# o &e)"#n%e ("l"#%o )e (o·)"o $#r#· 0#er "nflo%#le # l# &#%r"8.

Lo( 3,")o( )e &#n'#ne(o* re($e%o # flo%#"l")#)* (on ("&"-l#re( #l #ron#%o. El ")o ole"o o el ole#%o )e (o)"o on(%"-%en n en ole%or y l# flo%#"3n (e lo'r# #)""on#n)o #)e-

&( n e($&#n%e. T#&"n # (e&e7#n8# on el #ron#%o* lo(3,")o( )e· &#n'#ne(o %"enen $ro$"e)#)e( )e flo%#"3n ("&"l#re(# l#( )e o%ro(3,")o( &e%l"o( y #ron#%o(* $ero ( (e$#r#"3n)e lo( &#%er"#le( ("l98o(o( )e n# &#%r"8 no $re(en%# )"f"l%#-)e( "n($er#le(. L# $l#%# +e (e $re(en%# on lo( 3,")o( )el.

&#n'#ne(o* no #l%er# (en("le&en%e l#( $ro$"e)#)e( )e flo%#-"3n )e lo( 3,")o( ("'e e,"(%"en)o n# )"feren"# "en &#re#-)#* en%re l#( $ro$"e)#)e( )e flo%#"3n )e lo( 3,")o( )e &#n'#ne-(o +e on%"enen $l#%# lo( &#%er"#le( ("l"8o(o( : #r8o* ro-)o-n"%#* 7o0#n(en"%#* e%e.* +e o&/n&en%e on(%"%en l# &#%r"8 enlo( &"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero( o,")#)o(.

L#( "fr#( +e $r%"#&en%e $e)en lo'r#r(e en l# flo%#-"3n )e lo( 3,")o( )e &#n'#ne(o* (e "l(%r#n en el e7e&$lo ("-'"en%e* +e (e ref"ere # n# $"rol("%# $l2er"8#)# # -1<<

1< &#ll#(* +e (e flo%3 en &+"n# &en"# on lo( re(l-%#)o( # (#er 1; :

Con%en")o( en %ro)%o Re$er#"one( en %

Mn. 1 I(ol* Mn. 1 In(ol*

C#e8#( .

Conen%r#)o @@.: 4 1 Me)"o( 16.K 6K Col#( 2.0 88



~0 .?:-=-·4·.

GBNESIS DB LOS MINERALES MANGA.NO-ARGENTIEROS OXIDADOS

Co&o $e)e #$re"#r(e* l# re$er#"3n )e &#n'#ne(o e( & en#* #l#n8#n)o%#&"n n# "fr# ele2#)# 5# el"&"n#"3n )e "n(olle. Lo( re#%"2o( +e (e (#ron

$#r# l# flo%#"3n* #(" o&o (( #n%")#)e(-feron lo( ("'"en%e(4

Ae"%e )e $"no A")o ole"oS"l"#%o )e (o)"oC#ron#%o )e (o)"o

'&.7%on. '&.J%on.

1*1 '&.J%on.1*1 '&.J%on.

A$#r%e )e lo( re#%"2o( #n%e( &en"on#)o(* # /l%"&#( fe- 0#( (e 0#n $#%en%#)o o%ro( )"feren%e( $#r# l# flo%#"3n )e lo( 3,")o(· )el &#n'#ne(o. E(%o(/l%"&o( re#%"2o( (on lo( +e (e e,$re(#n # on%"n#"3n:

#%en%e A&er"#n# 1*11*6* W e"n"n'. L# flo%#"3n )e

&#n'#ne(o (e lo'r# en $re(en"# )e %#n"no* e&$le#n)o n re#%"2o for&#)o)e 7#3n )e #e"%e )e $e(#)o e 0")ro#rro(. El %#n"no (olo ("r2e $#r#)"($er(#r· ·1 l# &#%r"8.

#%en%e A&er"#n# 1**<* We"n"n' C%0er%on. Lo( &"ner#le( o,")#)o( )el&#n'#ne(o (e flo%#n &e)"#n%e #'"%#"3n #ere#"3n* 2er"f"#)#( en $re(en"#)e 7#- 3n ) #e"%e )e $e(#)o* #e"%e r)o ]ero("n#.

#%en%e A&er"#n# 1*1*6* De#nne Cle&&er 1;.Lo( &"ner#le( o,")#)o( )e &#n'#ne(o* (e flo%#n on ole#%o )e (o)"o r)o y

n e($&#n%e +e on%en'# on(%"%en%e( (olle( en #'#* (lf#%o )e ore*,#n- %#%o #e"%e )e $"no.

#%en%e A&er"#n# *<1*<K* . Wee) 16;. L# $l$# )e flo%#"3n )el

&"ner#l )e &#n'#ne(o* (e %r#%# on ")o ole"o ]ero("n#*eolo")#l&en%e )"($er(o( en #'# +e on%en'# %r"e%#nol#&"n#*Al'no( o%ro( ·")o( 'r#(o(* e(%er"o y $#l&9%"o $or e7e&$lo* ofreen

en#( $er($e%"2#(* #(9 o&o o%ro( re#%"2o( ole%ore( y (#le( )"2er(#( +e $e)en#%#r o&o #%"2#n%e( o "en f#2oreer l# flo%#"3n )e lo( 3,")o( )el &#n'#ne(o.Me- )"#n%e n# re2"("3n )e l#( $ro$"e)#)e( +9&"#( )e lo( 3,")o(



36

)el &#n'#ne(o* e( "n))#le +e (e o%en)rn )#%o( )e &0o"n%er( $#r# 5# flo%#"3n )e lo( &"ner#le(.

CIANURACION.-L# "#nr#"3n %"l"8# l#(. (ol"one(

)"l9)#( )e lo( "#nro( #l#l"no(* $#r# )"(ol2er # l# $l#%# y eloro on%en")o( en lo( &"ner#le( n#%r#le(. De()e $r"n"$"o( )el.

$re(en%e ("'lo* e(%e $roe(o )e o%en"3n )e lo( &e%#le( nole(*0# el"&"n#)o #(" %o%#l&en%e # lo( )e&( $roe)"&"en%o( +e lo-'r#n ( #$ro2e0#&"en%o. Se )ee (%o* # +e lo( "#nro( #l-#l"no( %"enen n $o)er #l%#&en%e (ele%"2o $#r# lo( &e%#le(nole(* o%en"n)o(e #)e&( e,%r#"one( & ele2#)#(.

L# e"#nr#e"3n )"re%# )e &"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fe-ro(* 0# (")o #$l"#)# # &0o( #(o(* sin +e el &"ner#l re"#

n"n'/n %r#%#&"en%o $re2"o +e no (e# nor&#l on l# e"#nr#-"3n. El $roe(o no e( #(9 %#n ef""en%e o&o fer# )e )e(e#.r(e*

$or+e +e)# ("n )"(ol2er(e l# $l#%# +e (e enen%r# en l# $#r-%e refr#%#r"# )el &"ner#l. Lo( re(l%#)o( +e $e)en o%ener-(e $or e(%e ("(%e&# )e "#nr#"3n )"re%#* e( )e"r* )e e"#n-r#"3n nor&#l* (on lo( +e # on%"n#"3n = e,$re(#n $#r# #l-'no( &"ner#le( %9$"o( )e &#n'#ne(o y $l#%#:

El #2or* @o(%o%"$#+"llo* 5#l.* ;.-or e"#nr#"3n )"-

re%# e(%e &"ner#l )# (olo )e <P # P )e ( $l#%#. L# e"#-nr#"3n on ro&o"#n3'eno e( "nef"#8 $#r# e,%r#er IIlH $l#-%# y $or el &%o)o )e ele%ro-e"#nr#" 3n )e #r](* (e o%"ene(olo <P )e l# $l#%#* )e($( )e K 0or#( )e %r#%#&"en%o onn on(&o )e . l"r#( )e "#nro )e $o%#("o $or %onel#)#)e &"ner#l.

S#n 5#n #o0#* #0#* @'o.* LK;.-Un &"ner#l $roe-)en%e )e e(%# &"n# on%en"en)o .<P Mn<* < '&.J%on. )e

$l#%# 1. '&.J%on. )e oro* )"3 $:%0 )e ( $l#%# P )e (

oro #l "#nro.r9("&#* #0#* @'o.* K;.-E(%e &"ner#l e( en re#l")#)

$oo reel)e4 n# &e(%r#. on .KKP )e &#n'#ne(o # liIP )e ( $l#%# y P )e ( oro # l# "#nr#"3n )"re%#.

G#n#e29* D'o.* LK; .-L# "#nr#"3n )e &"ner#le( &#n-'#n3-#r'en%"fero( )e e(%# re'"3n &"ner#* e(% "n)"#)# $6r n#

hX%r#"3n )e <P # 6<P )e l# $l#%#. L# #n%")#) )e $l#%#no e,%r#9)# $or "#nr#"3n* 2#r9# )"re%#&en%e on l# #n%"-

)#) )e 3,")o( )e &#n'#ne(o on%en")o( $or el &"ner#l. Un#



Gl!Nll:SlS DE LOS MINERALES MANGANO-ARGENflEROS O554ID*UlOS 5)

&e(%r# on 1.P Mn< y on%en"en)o $or %onel#)# 11 ·'&.)e $l#%# y 1. '&. )e oro* r"n)"3 # l# e"#nr#e"3n )"re%# el6P )e l# $l#%# y el KKP )el oro. El on(&o· )e "#nro ene(%e #(o* f )e &( )e . 6 ]"lo( $or %onel#)#* )e"n)o(e en

'r#n $#r%e* # l# $re(en"# en el &"ner#l )e ·<.6P )e 8"n y )e<.<P )e or.E($1e7er#(* Te%el# )e O#&$o* e.-E( e(%e n &"ner#l %9-

$"o o,")#)o )e &#n'#ne(o* on el #l (e lo'r#n e,%r#"one()e $l#%# )e <P y )e 6<P $#r# el oro. L# e,%r#"3n 2#r9# onel on%en")o )e 3,")o( )e &#n'#ne(o y on #l'no( &"ner#le(& #r'#)o( )e 3,")o( &#n'#ne(9fero( l# e,%r#"3n e(· (olo)e <P )e l# $l#%#.

L# #8* Te%el# )ll! O#&$o* e.-E( e(%e n &"ner#l on

$oo &#n'#ne(o: <.P4 4 $ero #n #(9 e( reel)e $or %#l #(#.or "#nr#"3n )"re%# )# 6P )e ( $l#%# y P )e ( oro. Elon(&o )e "#nro e( )e no( @:: 'r#&o( )e "#nro )e (o)"o

- $or %onel#)# )e &"ner#l.S#n ern#n)o* Te%el# )e O#&$o* e.-L# &e(%r# &"ne-

r#l )e e(%# $ro$"e)#)* on%2o 1 y*, )e &#n'#ne(o4 on(&e <<'&.8f.on. ile "#nro )e (o)"o ,y il# e,%r#"one( )e 6P ·$#r# l# $l#%# y K; $#r# el oro.

' .

Lo( #n%er"ore( e7e&$lo( #(%#n $#r# "l(%r#r 3&o l# "#-nr#93n )"re%# )e &"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero( (e re#l"8#no (e $e)en re#l"8#r en l# $r%"#. L# e,%r#"3n. en ·$l#%# e(n"for&e&en%e #7#* no ("en)o e(%o n# er#e%er"(%"e# e,l("2#

. )e lo( &"ner#le( &e,"#no( +e (e "%#n* ("no +e e( e,%en("2#n"2er(#l&en%e . # &0o( &"ner#le( · &.IDl'==e(ero( J-~ on-

. %"enen le )e $l#%#. ·. / . .

En l#. "#nr#e"3n )"re%# )e &"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fe-ro(* 0# n l9&"%e $#r# la #n%")) )e $l#%# )"(el%#* (ore el

#l # no %"enen "nflene"# lo( f#%or.e( rel#%"2o( = f"nr# )el ..*&"ner#l o 'r#)o )e &ol"en)#* onen%r#"3n )e 5# (ol"3n )e"#nro y %"e&$o )el %r#%#&"en%o* +e (on lo( I#e%ore( +e or)"-n#r"#&en%e on%rol#n l# o$er#"3n. Lo'r#)# n# e,%r#"3n

#7#* )e%er&"n#)# $#r# #)# &"ner#l* n #&en%o en #l'no o#l'no( )e lo(· f#%ore( #n%e( )"0o(* # no %"ene "nflen"# $#r# ·

#&en%#r l# e,%r#"3n en for&# $ere$%"le. Corno e7e&$lo*n #&en%o en el %"erl$o )e %r#%#&"en%o* e( "nef"#8 $#r# ele2#r

.



RAA.EL ORTI Z@NA

l# e,%r#"3n on. n &"ner#l )e l# &"n# )e C"no Sebore( o L#L"er%#)* )e Te%el# )e Oe#&$o* e. En e(%e #(o* lo( )#%o(rel#%"2o( # l# "#nr#"3n (on lo( ("'"en%e(:

Mol"en)#: 1<<P # &eno( )e 1<< &#ll#(. En(#e: $l#%# <'&.J%on.* oro 6. '&.J%on:. Conen%r#"3n )e l# (ol"3n )e"#nro : <.P CN* on <.<P C#O. Rel#"3n lle (3l")o( # (o-l"3n: 1 :. Con(&o $or %onel#)# : 1*< 'r#&o( )e "#nro)e $o%#("o.

Re(")o no )"(el%o. )e($()e #'"%#"3n )r#n%e

GRAMOS OR TONELADA

ORO PLATA

1 0or#(

0or#(

.

·.

<.

o

80

80

6 0or#( . :.55 75

4K 0or#( . :,55 75

Co&o $e)e #$re"#r(e* l# e,%r#"3n )e oro> +e lle'# 0#(·%# el P* e( l# &"(&# )e()e l#( 1 0or#( )e %r#%#&"en%o 0#(%#l#( 0or#( )e %r#%#&"en%o $or #'"%#"3n. ?#r# l# $l#%# e166P )e e,%r#"3n e( ")n%"o on 1 +e on 0or#( )e %r#-%#&"en%o $r%"#&en%e el &"(&o on 4K )e #'"%#"3n.

METODOS ESECIALES DE TRATAMIENTO .....:...Re($e-%o # &%o)o( e($e"#le( +e (e 0#n $ro$e(%o $#r# .el enef""o)e lo( &"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%.9fero(* #(" %o)o( 0#n (")o $ro- ·

%e'9)o( on $#%en%e(. A on%"n#"3n (e ) n# l"(%# o&$le%#)e e(%#(:

#%en%e .A&er"#n# NV 1**16* 70l"o )e 11K. M. @.C#ron. ?roe(( for E,%r#%"n' Gol) #n) S"l2er Iro&Ore on%#"n"n' Gol)* S"l2e% #n) M#n'#ne(e D" o,")e·.En (9n%e("( = reo&"en)# n# %o(%#"3n re)%or#* en-fr"#n)o el &"ner#l en #%&3(fer# re)%or# o r(#-&en%e en #'#. L# $l#%# Z. el* oro (e re$er#n $or ~.

#&#l'#&#"3n o $or e"#nr#e"3n.

#%en%e A&er"#n# N 1**6* 7l"o '.

)e 11K. S. @.er- &#e(. Tre#%&en of Refr#%or M#n'#ne(e Ore(on-%#"n"n' re"o( Me%#l( or S"l2er Alone-?. El &"ner#l(e &e8)# on n #'en%e re)%or y (e le )# n %o(%#-)o lorr#n%e # %e&$er#%r# (f""en%e&en%e #7#*



GBNBS5S DB LOS MINERA.LBS MANGANO-ARGBNTIBROS OXIDADOS 5===================================·====

$#r# no 2ol#%"l"8#r #l lorro )e $l#%#. L# %o(%#"3n (ere#l"8# fer# )el on%#%o )el #"re el $ro)%o (eIe,"29# on n# (ol"3n )e "#nro.

#%en%e A&er"#n# N9 1*6*6* #'o(%o 1K )e 1K. C. T.#)ner. ?Reo?=5l"n' M#n'#ne(e #n) O%0er Me%#l(.fro& Ore(?. El &"ner#l (e (7e%# # n %r#%#&"en%o $rel"&"n#r on #n09)r")o (lfro(o (e on%"n/# el e-nef""o le,"2"#n)o on (ol"3n )e lorro )e (o)"o.

#%en%e Arner"e#rr# NQ 1*** &#r8o 1 )e 11. M. @.C#ron. ?roe(( for E,%r#%"n' S"l2er fro& OreY.Solo. (e ren )e%#lle( no $ro%e'")o( en l# $#%en%e C#-.ron )e 7l"o )e 11K.

#%en%e A&er"#n# NQ 1*K*K* enero 1 )e 1<. L. W.A(%"n. ?Tre#%"n' M#n'#ne(e-S"l2er Ore(?. Se )# n%r#%#&"en%o $rel"&"n#r on $"r"%# ")o (lf/r"o* lo(2#lore( (e re$er#n $or lo( &%o)o( (#le(.

#%en%e A&er"#n# NQ 1*1K*1* &#o )e 1. 4M. .!!'.

#"rl"e 5. 5. Denn. ?roe(( of Tre#%"n' M#n'#n"-fero( Ore( of %0e re"o( Me%#l(?. Reo&"en)#%r#%#&"en%o $rel"&"n#r on f"erro &e%l"o y ")o

(lf/r"o* (e$#r#"3n )el &"ner#l #(9 %r#%#)o 9#n-r#e"3n* f"n#l )el re(")o*#%en%e C#n#)en(e N* 1*1* &#o < )e 1. W. E.

Tren%. El &"ner#l $l2er"8#)o (e &e8l# on* n eo&- (%"le #rono(o* l"re )e 0")ro#rro( (e #l"en-%# en #%&3(fer# re)%or#. L#( "&$re8#( )el &"ner#l l# &#%er"# 2ol%"l )el #r3n (e el"&"n#n el &"ne-r#l (e re)e.

#%en%e A&er"#n# NQ 1*6** no2"e&re )e 16.=-

Cool#'0 Re#). El &"ner#l on%en"en)o $l#%#* &#n-'#ne(o (lfro(* (e #l"en%# # no( 6<<-1<<<.C. $or%"e&$o (f""en%e $#r# %o(%#r lo( (lfro( no #r'en%9-fero(* )e7#n)o ("n #l%er#r # lo( (lfro( )e $l#%#. L=( .·

(3l")o( lo( '#(e( )een (e'"r n# &#r0# eone .

1.I?n%e en el .0orno* 5# %e&$er#%r# en (%e .(e )"(&"n-e 'r#)#l&en%e* 0#(%# +e (e# "nfer"or # -l# )e )e(-o&$o(""3n )el (lf#%o )e &#n'#ne(o. .El (lf#%o )e&#n'#ne(o (e le,"29# )el $ro)%o %o(%#)o.



< RAAEL ORTI lll@NA

#%en%e A&er"#n# NV 1*6** 7n"o )e 1* A&er"-#n C#n#&") .LQ. El &"ner#l +er#)o # n#( 6 &-%-

ll#(* (e &e8l# on 1 P )e #e"%e o&(%"le y (e %e(-

%# # 6<<C. $or n %"e&$o )e &"n%o(* enfr"n)o(een #%&3(fer# re)%or#. El $ro)%o %o(%#)o (e $#(## l# &ol"en)# f"n# y (e flo%# el #r3n for&#)o )r#n-%e l# %o(%#"3n. L#( ol#( )e >l# flo%#"3n (e f"l%r#n* l#-2#n y "#nr#n.

#%en%e In'le(# NV <*6:1*(e$%"e&re )e 1. . @.S0#r$e. #r# e,%r#er $l#%# y &#n'#ne(o )e &"ner#le(refr#%#r"o(* el &"ner#l &ol")o en (($ene"3n en #'#*(e %r#%# on #n09)r")o (lfro(o $#r# )"(ol2er #l &#n-

'#ne(o o&o (lf#%o y )"%"on#%o. El re(")o (e %r#%#on 0"$o(lf"%o )e (o)"o $#r# e,%r#er l# $l#%# 9y el o-

re (" e(% $re(en%e;. L# $l#%# 9y el ore;· (e re- $er#n )e l# (ol"3n* $re"$"%#n)o on (lfro #l#l"no.L# (ol"3n +e on%"ene #l &#n'#ne(o* (e e2#$or# y

#l"n# $#r# for&#r el (lf#%o )e &#n'#ne(o. A $#r%e )e e(%o( &%o)o( $ro%e'")o( on $#%en%e(* @#&"l%o

en 1< reo&en)3 orno $rel"&"n#re( $#r# l# ."#nr#"3n* l#

%o(%#"3n lorr#n%e* %o(%#"3n on #8fre fer# )el on%#%oon el #"re* %r#%#&"en%o $rel"&"n#r on A")o elor0")r"eo* ")o(lf09)r"o* (lfro( #l#l"no(4 y ")o (lfro(o*

CLORURACION.=I5# %o(%#"3n elorr#n%e ofree &0#()"f"l%#)e( +e %"enen o&o or"'en n# lorr#e"3n "no&$le-%#* #)e&( )e l#( $r)")#( )e $l#%# $or 2ol#%"l"8#"3n. El +ee(%#( $r)")#( $e)en (er )e on(")er#"3n* (e "nf"ere $or l#(e,$er"en"#( efe%#)#( $or l# #(# W e)'e Mee0#n"#l nrn#ee

CV* +e f on("%#)# $#r# el %r#%#&"en%o )e lo( &"ner#le( )eEl #2or* @o(%o%"$#+"llo* 5 #l.* en l#( +e el &"ner#l (e %r#%3 $or %o(%#"3n lorr#n%e* "#nrn)o(e )e($( )e e(# o$er#-"3n. L#( $re#( )e %o(%#"3n "n)"#ron n# 2ol#%"l"8#"3n )e

$l#%# )e 1.P en e(# o$er#"3n. E( "er%o +e l# $l#%#. 2ol#%"-l"8#)# $e)e (er re$er#)# en "n(%#l#"one( #)#$%#)#( $#r#e(o* $ero e(%# "rn(%#n"# o&$l"# el $roe)"&"en%o. L# e,-%r#"3n %o%#l $#r# el &"ner#l )e El #2or* +e #(e'r3 l# #(#

# &en"on#)#* e( )e )(.)% )e l# $l#%#. L#( &e7ore( e,%r#e-



2GRNESIS DE LOS MINERALBS MANGANO-ARGSNTII!ROS OXIDADOS 1

e"one( lo'r#)#( $or "'#l $roe)"&"en%o en lo( l#or#%or"o( )el# o&$#b9# &"ner#* lle'#ron ?0#(%# .P )e $l#%#.

No o(%#n%e l#( )"f"l%#)e( +e $re(en%# l# %o(%#"3n lo-

rr#n%e (e le 0# #$l"#)o o&o $rel"&"n#r # l# "#nr#"3n en#l'no( #(o(. En Te%el# )e Oe#&$o* e.* e,"(%"3 0#e #bo(n# "n(%#l#"3n )e e(%e ("(%e&# $#r# enef""#r &"ner#le( &#n-'#no-#r'en%9fero( )e &"n# ?E($e7er#(?. L# "n(%#l#"3n f)e(%r")# $or n "nen)"o el ne'o"o (e ##n)on3* no e,"(%"en-)o )#%o( onre%o( (ore lo( re(l%#)o( )el enef""o. #ree(er +e no feron & #l%#( l#( re$er#"one( )e 2#lore(* #

78'#r $or l#( lee( )e lo( %errero( $or #l'no( "nfor&e( 2er- #le( +e (e 0#n %en")o.

L# -lorr#e"3n $or 29# 0/&e)# f $ro$e(%# $or L"n-%on%?;* +"en $roe)"3 &e8l#n)o &"ner#l on lorro )e (o)"o&"en%r#( &ol9# 0#(%# n#( 1<< &#ll#(4 )e($( %r#%3 el &"ne·r#l on ")o (lf/r"o #l P* #'"%#n)o $or 0or#(* f"l%r3* l#-23 el re(")o "#nr3. L#( e,%r#"one( +e $e)en lo'r#r(e

$or e(%e $roe)"&"en%o* o("l#n en%re 6<P P )e l# $l#%#on #l'no( &"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero( &e,"#no(.

En l# re#"3n en%re lo( 3,")o( ($er"ore( )el &#n'#ne(o*

l# (#l el =")o (lf/r"o* (e $ro)e (lf#%o )e &#n'#ne(o. M:`* )e($ren)e eloro4 el (lf#%o )e &#n'#ne(o e( n enr'"o e"#-n"")# (e )ee el"&"n#r o&$le%#&en%e )el re(")o #n%e( )e"#nr#r* $#r# no %ener on(&o( -"n&o)er#)o( )e "#nro. El&%o)o $#ree #%r#%"2o $#r# &"ner#le( on $oo &#n'#ne(o &#%r"8 "n#%##le $or el ")o* $ero #n en -e(%e #(o el &%o)ono e( & eononeo. r%"#&en%e (e %"enen "'#le( re(l%#-no( #%##n)o )"re%#&en%e on ")o lor09)r"o* $ero e(%e (e-'n)o $roe(o e( #/n &( #ro +e e1 )el ")o (lf/r"o (#l.

L# lorr#"3n ("n ")o $e)e lo'r#r(e* e&$le#n)o )"re-%#&en%e loro. W#r%en^e"ler L; ('"r"3 e(%e $roe)"&"en%o

$#r# el +e e&$le## n# (ol"3n )e (#l on%en"en)o 1P N#Cly <.P )e loro l"re. Con e(%# (ol"3n (e $e)en le,"2"#r lo(&"ner#le( y lo( &e%#le( $re"o(o( (e $re"$"%#n )e($( on %or-ne#)r#( )e $lo&o. Lo( re(l%#)o( (on eno(* $ero eon3&"-#&en%e no (e o&$"%e on o%ro $roe(o.

ACIDO. SULURICO Z REDUCTORES.-El ")o (lf/-

r"o 0# (")o e&$le#)o en &0o( &%o)o( +e (e $ro$onen el



24 RAABL ORTl :1.:1.l!NA

enef""o )e lo( · &"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero(. L# #"3n)el ")o )"l9)o* (ore lo( &"ner#le( o,")#)o( )e &#n'#ne(o*e( nl# en lo 'ener#l* $ero en $re(en"# )e re)%ore(*. el ")o

(lf/r"o )"l9)o #%## "en # lo( 3,")o( )el &#n'#ne(o. Lo(;

re)e%ore( $e)en (er : ")o o,l"o o,#l#%o(* (lf#%o ferro-(o* 0"$o(lf"%o( y .(lfro(* f"erro &e%l"o* #'# o,"'en#)#*e%.

En el $roe(o $#%en%#)o $or A(%"n* el &"ner#l o,")#)o )e&#n'#ne(o (e )"(el2e $or el ")o (lf/r"o en $re(en"# )e

$"r"%# +e #%/# o&o re)%or. En l# $#%en%e #"rl"e-Dennej re)%or e( el f"erro &e%l"o. C#l+"er# o%ro re)%or#%/# )e &#ner# (e&e7#n%e en %o)o( e(%o( $roe(o( el &#n'#-

ne(o +e)# o&o (lf#%o* el +e (e nee("%# el"&"n#r o&$le%#-&en%e #n%e( )e e"#nr#r* $e( e( "#n"")#. .Neee("%n)o(e#)e&(* en %o)o( lo( $roe(o( +e (e )e(r"en* +e l# %o%#l")#))e lo( 3,")o( )e &#n'#ne(o +e)en )"(el%o(* (e o&$ren)e +eej on(&o )e ")o (er $or lo 'ener#l )e($ro$or"on#)o #n-%"eon3&"o* #n #n)o lo( re(l%#)o( (e "n)"#n en #l'no(#(o( $or e,elen%e( e,%r#"one(.

ACIDO O AN@IDRIDO SULUROSO. - El e&$leo )el")o (lfro(o o ( #n09)r")o* 0# (")o ('er")o en &0#( o#-("one( $#r# )"(ol2er #l &#n'#ne(o. El $r"&ero + e&$le3e(%e )"(ol2en%e )e lo( 3,")( )e &#n'#ne(o f @#&"l%on* +"en%r#%3 &"ner#l )e M"n#( r"e%#(* Son.* $or e(e re#e%"2o 4 )e($()e )"(el%o el &#n'#ne(o* l#23 on #'#* el re(")o lo "#nr3*lo'r#n)o n# &#'n9f"# e,%r#"3n )e $l#%#. E,$er"en"#(

$o(%er"ore( efe%#)#( (ore & )"2er(o( &"ner#le(* 0#n "n-3"#)o %o)#( n# &e7or9# & no%#le en el enef""o )e &"ne-r#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero(* #n)o el ")o (lfro(o o (

#n09)r")o (e e&$le#n o&o )(ol2en%e( )el &#n'#ne(o. De %o-)o( lo( re#%"2o( (#)o( $#r# l# )"(ol"3n )el &#n'#ne(o* el")o (lfro(o e( el &#( #r#%o y #n (e $e)e o%ener o&o $ro)%o )e l# o,")#"3n. )e &"ner#le( (lfr#)o(* $or lo +e( e&$leo (e $e)e 7(%"f"#r en #l'no( #(o(.

En l# )"(ol"3n )e &"ner#le( o,")#)o( )e &#n'#ne(o $or &e)"o )el ")o (lfro(o* %re( &oll#( )e" ")o re#"on#non )o( )el "3,")o )e &#n'#ne(o $#r# )#r* n# &oll# )e(lf#%o )e &#n'#ne(o y n# &oll# )e )"%"on#%o )e &#n'#-



GBNB5S DB>LOS MINERALES 5.IANG.oUl.<-AjlGl%NTlBROS OXIDADOS 4K

ne(o. L# #"3n )el ")o (lfro(o (ore l# $l#%# e( $r%"#-&en%e· nl#* #n #n)o no( e,$er"&en%o( efe%#)o( en #-0# "n)"#ron +e $or %r#%#&"en%o $rolon'#)o on ")o =l-

9ro(o* (e )"(el2e #l'o )e $l#%#. En e(%e #(o e( $o("le +e enl# re#"3n "n%er2en'#n (#le( )e f"erro.

Con lo( &"ner#le( o,")#)o( &( o&ne( )el &#n'#ne(o: $"rol("%#* $("lo&eln* ^#) #n r#n"%#* (" (e )# (f""en%eon%#%o en%re el &"ner#l y el ")o (lfro(o* $r%"#&en%e%o)o el &#n'#ne(o re(l%# )"(el%o. L# re#"3n 0# (")o e(%-)"#)# on %o)o )e%en"&"en%o $or D#2"(;* %#n%o $#r# %e&$e-r#%r#( ele2#)#( l# f#(e '#(eo(# )el ")o* >e( )e"r* $#r# (

#n09)r")o* o&o $#r# (ol"one( )e ")o (lfro(o # l# %e&$e-r#%r# #&"en%e. L# el"&"n#"3n )el &#n'#ne(o $or )"(ol-"3n* en #&o( #(o( e( o&$le%#.

De($( )e el"&"n#r #l &#n'#ne(o )e loo &"ner#le( &#n'#-no-#r'en%9fero( $or &e)"o )el ")o (lfr(o* lo( 2#lore( en

$l#%# y oro (e $e)en re$er#r $or lo( &( )"2er(o( ("(%e&#()e enef""o. CoIU%O e7e&$lo* # on%"n#"3n (e )#n lo( )#%o(

$#r# )o( M"ner#le( %9$"o(:El #2or* @o(%o%"$#+kIo* +al. 9;.-De($( )e el"&"n#r #l

&#n'#ne(o $or &e)"o )el ")o (lfro(o* (e $e)en lo'r#r l#( e,%r#"one( +e e (e'")# (e "n)"#n:

A&#l'#&#"3n* # l#( )o( 0or#(. . . . . . <.KP )e $l#%#.Le,"2"#"3n )e 16 0or#( on (ol"3n

#l P )e 0"$o(lf"%o )e (o)"o ... <.KP )e $l#%#.Le,"2"#"3n )e 16 0or#( on * (ol"3n

?e,%r#? )e 0"$o(lf"%o N#S<#*P4 CS< 1P;. * · K.P )e $l#%#.A'"%#"3n )e 1 0or# en (ol"3n #l

1.P )e "#nro )e $o%#("o 6.P )e $l#%#.

G#n#e29*? D'o. ;.-L#( e,$er"en"#( (e efe%#ron on&"ner#l on%en"en)o 1<P Mn<U L# &ol"en)# (e efe%3 0#(%#+e el P $#(3 $or l# %el# )e << &#ll#(. De($( )e )"(ol-

2er #l &#n'#ne(o on ")o (lfro(o (e o%"ene:



00.~~

RAAl!L ORTI MENA



A&#l'#&#"3n* # l#( 1 0or#(. . . . . . 1.<P )e $l#%#.@"$o(lf"%o )e (o)"o #l 1.P. . . . . . . 6.<P )e $l#%#. Sol"3ne,%r# )e 0"$o(lf"%o* )-

r#n%e 0or#( N#S<# 1.P4

CS< .<P;. . · . * . . . . . . . . . . . 1.P )e $l#%#.C"#nr#"3n $or 1 0or#(. . . . . . . . . . .<P )e $l#%#.

GENESIS DE LOS MINERALES MANGANO>4ARGENTIEROS OXIDADOS

Co&o $e)e #$re"#r(e $or lo( )#%o( #n%er"ore(* l# &e7or9#"n%ro)")# # %o)o( lo( &%o)o( )e .enef""o* o&o re(l%#)o

)e l# el"&"n#"3n )el &#n'#ne(o on ")o (lfro(o* e( &no%#le4 $ero l#( &e7ore( $er($e%"2#( (e olo#n )el l#)o )e l#)#nr#"3n.

COMORTAMI5NTO TERMICO DE LOS OX.IDOS DEMANGANESO.-El o&$or%#&"en%o %r&"o )el $(e)o-"3,")o)e &#n'#ne(o o &#n'#n"%o &#n'#ne(o* on el +e l# $l#%# (ene $#r# )#r el &#n'#n"%o orre($on)"en%e* (e "l(%r# en l#'rf"# )e l# f"'r# . En l# $or"3n )e l# r2# +e 2# )e

A # B* el &#n'#n"%o &#n'#no(o (fre n# )e(0")r#%#"3n +e(e #o&$#b# )e n# o,")#"3n (" el #len%#&"en%o (e efe%/#on #e(o )e #"re. En l# $or"3n )e l# r2# +e 2# )e B # C*(e o%"enen )"2er(o( 3,")o( )e &#n'#ne(o "n%er&e)"o( en%reMn<1.1 y Mn<1·G· El $r"&ero orre($on)e al $n%o B ((er#n9#( el (e'n)o (e enen%r# e(%#le en%re el $n%o C y

el D. E(%o( 3,")o( "n%er&e)"o( no (on o&$e(%o( )ef"n")o( ("n ))#· orre($on)en # &e8l#(* en $ro$or"3n 2#r"#le* )e "3-,")o (e(+"3,")o )e &#n'#ne(o* $ero el )"#'r#&# )e r#o( X

)e l#( &e8l#( orre($on)e (e'/n Do"(;* (olo #l "3,")o y("n +e #$#re8#n l#( r##( #r#%er9(%"#( )el (e(+"3,")o. A

' .



6 RAAEL OllTI MENA

Ien%#&"en%o el e%#-(e(+"3,")o (e %r#n(for&# # no( <<C*)#n)o el 3,")o &#n'#no(o-&#n'n"o. E(%# /l%"&# %r#n(for-&#"3n %r&"# (e "l(%r# en l# 'rf"# )e l# f"'r# * +e (e re-f"ere #l o&$or%#&"en%o %r&"o )el #ron#%o &#n'#ne(o.

L# %r#n(for&#"3n #lo%r3$"# )el &#n'#n"%o &#n'#ne(o



GENESIS DE LOS MINER.%.LES MANGANO-ARGBNTIBROS OXIDDOS K

+e #n%e( (e rel#%3* %"ene 'r#n "&$or%#n"# $#r# el -enebe9o)e &"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero( +e %"enen $#r%e )e ( $l#-%# o&"n#)# o&o &#n'#n"%o. En efe%o* l# %r#n(for&#"3n

)el &#n'#n"%o # no( 6<<C.* $er&"%e +e $or #len%#&"en%o2. e(# %e&$er#%r# el o&$e(%o (e )e(o&$on'#. S"n e&#r'o*e(%# "rn(%#n"# no $e)e (er #$ro2e0#)# 9n%e'r#&en%e enl# $r%"#* $or+e "n%er2"enen o%ro( f#%ore( +e o&$l"#n e(-%e $roe)er (en"llo.

El $r"n"$#l )e e(%o( f#%ore( e( )"l")#r (" l# $l#%# l#(9l"e (e o&"n#n # #l%# %e&$er#%r#. Cle2en'er C#ron en-on%r#ron +e #len%#n)o (9l"e $l#%#* #&#( en e(%#)o )e f"n#)"2"("3n* (e lo'r# n# re#"3n & $ronn"#)# # $#r%"r )e

6<<VC.4 Bol%on* R"))ell D(0#]r?;* e(%n )e #er)o en+e l# $l#%#* #len%#)# on (9l"e # e(# %e&$er#%r#* (e "n(ol"-l"8# en (ol"one( )e "#nro* $ero no enen%r#n n# e2")en-"# (#%"(f#%or"# +e le( $er&"%# ($oner l# for&#"3n )e ("l"e#- .

%o )e $l#%#. S$onen +e l# "n(ol9""l"8#"3n (e $ro)e $orn# #)(or"3n ($erf""#l. or o%r# $#r%e* Le# 2er y Woolf@)6,

0#n onf"r&#)o +e #len%#n)o &"ner#le( n#%r#le( # 6<<.*en $re(en"# )e ("l"ee* $#r%e )e l# $l#%# (e "n(ol"l"8# 4 l# #n-

%")#) +e (e 0#e "n(olle e( )e <P # <P.E( $o("le +e l# "n(ol"l"8#"3n )e l# $l#%# (e )e# # n#

o&"n#"3n on (9l"e $or efe%o )el #len%#&"en%o. Co&o (e(#e* lo( ("l"#%o( (on o&$e(%o( +e (e o%"enen en%re n 3,"-)o &e%l"o y el 3,")o )e ("l""o4 (" en 2e8 )el 3,")o (e $re(en%#ej &e%#l* l# o&"n#"3n no (e efe%/#. En el #(o )e la $l#%#.y l# (9l"e* (" el #len%#&"en%o (e $ro)e en #%&3(fer# re)-%or#* l# $l#%# no (e "n(ol"l"8#* e( )e"r* &"en%r#( l# $l#%# e,"(%#o&o &e%#l* )e")o # l#( on)""one( )e re)"3n )r#n%e =l #-

5fl"%#&"en%o* l# "n(ol"l"8#e"3n no (e $ro)e. A)e&( f#( &e8l#()e $l#%#. y (9l"e en l#( +e l# "n(ol"l"8#"3n )e l# $l#%# (e $ro-)e $or #len%#&"en%o* (e 0#en (olle( en ( $#r%e )e $l#%#(" # ( 2e8 (e #l"en%#n $o(%er"or&en%e en #%&3(fer# re)%or#.

L# re2e re(eb# #n%er"or +e (e ref"ere #l o&$or%#&"en%o%r&"o )el &#n'#n"%o &#n'#ne(o $or n l#)o* y $or o%ro a l#(&e8l#( )"e l# $l#%# (9l"e* $er&"%e onoer l# r#83n $or l# +elo( &%o)o( )e )e(o&$o(""3n %r&"#* #l"en%#n # lo( &"ner#-

le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero( en #%&3(fer# re)%or# $#r# 0#erlo(



Gl!NESIS DE LOS MIN:l%RALES lllANGANO-A:5lGENTIEROS OXIDA.DOS

)el &"ner#l $or e(e &o%"2o el &%o)o )ee #$l"#r(e # &"ne-r#le( on &#%r"8 ("l"8o(#. L# $re(en"# & 'ener#l"8#)# )e#ron#%o( #l#l"no-%rreo( en e(%e %"$o )e &"ner#le(* 0#e +e

l# #$l"#"3n )el &%o)o (lfro(o (e# & re(%r"n'")# (olo(e 2er"f"+e en #(o( e($e"#le(.Re($e%o # on(&o )e #8fre $#r# )"(ol2er #l &#n'#ne(o*

%e3r"#&en%e* #)# n")#) )e &#n'#ne(o o&o "3,")o* re+"e-re *1K 'r#&o( )e #8fre* $ero $r%"#&en%e #)# n")#) )e

"3,")o )e &#n'#ne(o on(&e er# )e ]"lo'r#&o( )e #8-fre. N#%r#l&en%e e(%# "fr# e( & 2#r"#le l# $ro$or"3ne( $#r%"l#r $#r# #)# &"ner#l* #/n ("n %o&#r en en%# el #8-fre on(&")o $or lo( &#%er"#le( #%##le( )e l# &#%r"8.

En l# #$l"#"3n $r%"#* el #%#+e )el &#n'#ne(o $or &e-)"o )el ")o (lfro(o* e( l# #(e )el $roe(o @#&"l%on )el

$roe(o MCl(]. El (e'n)o e( n# "nno2#"3n #l $r"&ero+e (e #$l"# en re(n"llo* #e.

M<$o!o @#.&"l%on.-:4E(%e>$roe)"&"en%o +e %#&"n (e o-noe o&o &%o)o #l ")o (lfro(o* (e- 0# .#$l"#)o # no( &"·ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero( en el 5#$3n1;. A 'r#n)e( r#(-'o( l#( o$er#"one( (on l#( ("'"en%e( :

1.-Mol"en)# )el. &"ner#l..-Tr#%#&"en%o on ")o (lfro(o en (ol"3n #o(#*

0#(%# )"(ol2er # %o)o el &#n'#ne(o +e (e $re(en%# eo-1111< 3,")o.

.-"l%r#"3n l#2#)o )e l# $l$# on #'#* 0#(%# el"&"-n#r l# /l%"&# 0ell# )e &#n'#ne(o.

.-C"#nr#"3n )e l# $l$# e,en%# )e &#n'#ne(o* on o("n re&ol"en)# en (ol"3n )e "#nro.

C#)# n# )e l#( e%#$#( )el $roe(o @#&"l%on %"ene ( e,- $l"#"3n r#83n )e (er. Re($e%o # l# %erer# e%#$#* +e o&- $ren)e n# f"l%r#"3n l#2#)o & &"n"o(o* %"ene o&o r#- .

83n* el +e (e re9# +e el &#n'#ne(o )"(el%o o&o (lf#%o )"%"on#%o* nee("%# el"&"n#r(e o&$le%#&en%e #n%e( )e e"#nr#r*

$#r# e2"%#r on(&o( "n&o)er#)o( )e "#nro. El &%o)oMCl(] 0# . el"&"n#)o e(%# f"l%r#"3n %#n &"n"o(#. E(%#o$er#"3n ("'n"f"# n '#(%o )e # < en%#2o( $or %onel#)#



< RAABL ORTI MENA

)e &"ner#l l# "nno2#"3n #(e'r# n en #0orro. S"n e&- #r'o* en #l'no( #(o( $e)e on2en"r l# f"l%r#"3n # +e #(9(e )"($one )el &#n'#ne(o +e $e)e $#'#r lo( '#(%o( #)""on#-

le( ren)"r* n#. '#n#n"#.M<$o!o MOl(].-E(%e $roe(o o&o (e "n)"3 $oo #n-%e(* (e #$l"# )e &#ner# e,l("2# en re(n"llo* #.*;* $#r#el enef""o )e &"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero( $ore( en &#n-'#ne(o &eno( )e 1P; +e on%"enen #)e&( #r'en%"%# $"-r"%#. Lo( $r"n"$"o( )el &%o)o (e'/n Cr#^for) B"n(#ee#(on lo( ("'"en%e(:

#.-#r%e )e l# $l#%# (e ene%r# 9n%"&#&en%e #(o"#)#

on lo( &"ner#le( )e &#n'#ne(o* lo( +e "&$")en +eel "#nro #%/e (ore )"0# $l#%#. .-C#n)o e(%o( &"ner#le( (e )"(el2en en #n09)r")o (l-

fro(o* l# $l#%# (e 0#e #e("le #l "#nro. =" en e(-%#( on)""one( el &#n'#ne(o (e $re"$"%# on e&l("3n)e 3,")o )e #l"o (e $re"$"%# #l e(%#)o &#n'n"o

$or #ere#e"3n* # no #fe%# #)2er(#&en%e # l# e,%r#-"3n #/n #n)o $er&#ne8# en l# $l$#..

El &%o)o )e enef""o on(%# )e l#( ("'"en%e( e%#$#(:

1.-El &"ner#l E6 $l2er"8# en #'#..=L# $l$# &"ner#l en #'#* (e %r#%# on S< $#r# )"(ol-

2er # lo( 3,")o( )e &#n'#ne(o reel)e( #l %r#%#&"en%o..-El &#n'#ne(o )"(el%o (e $re"$"%# on le0#)# )e #l.4.La $l$# (e #"re#..>.:Se $roe)e # l# "#nr#"3n en l# for&# (#l.

El &"ner#l (e &ele en &ol"no( M#re* %"l"8n)o(e n#

(ol"3n )e )e(e0o )e l# $l#n%# )e re'ener#"3n )e "#nro.E(%#. (ol"3n nor&#l&en%e on%"ene <.<<P CN 2"ene l"'e-r#&en%e #")"f"#)# on ")o (lfro(o. De($( )e l# &ol"en-)#* l# $l$# (e )"le on &( (ol"3n )e )e(e0o* 0#(%# %ener j . )e (ol"3n # 1 )e (3l")o(. L# f"nr# )e &ol"en)# e( en

$ro&e)"o* )e <P # P # -<< &#ll#( on (olo 1 P +e)#n)oen el %#&"8 )e 1< &#ll#(.

De($( )e l# &ol"en)# l# $l$# (e o&e# # l#( %orre( )e%r#%#&"en%o on ")o (lfro(o. E(%#( %orre( (on )e &#)er#*



GENESIS DE LOS MINBR.#.LBS MANG.ANO-AllGENTIB5l.OS OXIDADOS 1

on (e"3n )e X $"e( 1K $"e( )e #l%r#4 (on en n/&ero )e%re( en ( "n%er"or lle2#= o(%r"one(* re"er%#( )e fn)"-"3n l#n#* $#r# )"($er(#r l# $l$# onfor&e #e )e l# $#r%e

#l%# )e l# ol&n#* )e %#l &o)o +e (e lo're n on%#%o 9n%"&oon lo( '#(e( (lfro(o( +e #("en)en )e()e l# #(e )el #$#r#%o.

Co&o n enr"+ee"&"en%o $ro're("2o )e l# $l$# en ")o(lfro(o* ("'n"f"# n &e7or #$ro2e0#&"en%o )e lo( '#(e(4 l#

$l$# no (e #l"&en%# )"re%#&en%e # l#( %re( %orre( # &en"o-n#)#(* $#(# (olo # )o( )e ell#(. De #+9* ("'e # n# &#r##%o&"8#)or# +e lle2# )o( "l"n)ro( +e '"r#n # n# 2elo")#))e 1*<<< r.$.&.* )e l# &#r# (e )e(#r'# # n %#n+e on)"-

9on#)or* Z# )e e(%e %#n+e (e %o&# l# $l$# (e en29#* # l#%erer# )e l#( %orre(* en l# +e (e $one en on%#%o on '#(e(r"o( en #n09)r")o (lfro(o4 lo( '#(e( +e e(#$#n )e e(%e #$#-r#%o* (on lo( +e (e en29#n # %o)o( lo( )e&( )el ("(%e&# )e %r#-%#&)en%o on ")o (lfro(o. Al f"n#l )el %r#%#&"en%o* lo('#(e( e(#$#n # l# #%&3(fer# on (olo 1 % )e S<* lo'rn)o(e+e (e #(or# el P )el #n09)r")o (lfro(o +e on%"ene)"($on"le l# &e8l# '#(eo(#. Lo( '#(e( (e o%"enen %o(%#n)o enn 0orno. @erre(0off )e ("e%e $"(o(* n onen%r#)o )e $"r"%#+e (e o%"ene $or flo%#"3n.

L# $l$# &"ner#l # %r#%#)# on =l ")o (lfro(o* $#(## %#n+e( #on)""on#)ore(* )e %"$o De2ere#, y #%ro en n/-&ero +e %r##7#n en (er"e. El %"e&$o )e #'"%#"3n en #)#%#n+e # %o)# #$#")#) )e l# $l#n%#* 66< %on.8)9#* e( )e 1.0or#(* $ero e( &( o&/n +e (e %r##7e # &e)"# #$#")#) +e el $er9o)o )e #'"%#"3n en #)# %#n+e (e# )e . 0or#(. El

$r"&er %#n+e ("r2e $r%"#&en%e o&o #l&#n o %#n+e )e

re"o* en el (e'n)o (e "n%ro)e #"re $#r# el"&"n#r el e,e(o)e #n09)r")o (lfro(o* en el %erero (e "n%ro)e le0#)# )e#l* +e o&o #n%e( (e "n)"3* %"ene $or. o7e%o #l#l"n"8#r l#

$l$# y $re"$"%#r lo( 0")r#%o( ferro(o y &#n'#no(o * #l /l%"&o%#n+e #on)""on#)or (e #)&"%e n 'r#n e,e(o )e #"re $#r#o,")#r lo( o&$e(%o( # 0")r3,")o( frr"o &#n'n"o* Dee(%e /l%"&o %#n+e (e #l"&en%# n l#("f"#)or Dorr-o^l en"r"%o err#)o on .n &ol"no %"$o Tr#lor. D.1 )err#&e )el

l#("f"#)or lle2# 6<P -<< &#ll#( y $#(# # l# $l#n%# )e 9#-



52 RAAEL ORTI MENA

nr#e"3n nor&#l )e l#&#(* en )on)e (e enef""# on &"ner#le()3"le( #l enef""o.

D"#r"#&en%e (e lle2# n on%rol )el %r#%#&"en%o en n#

$l#n%# $"lo%o )e l#or#%or"o* "n)"n)o(e en o#("one( e,%r#"o-ne( #)""on#le( )e 'r#&o( )e $l#%# $or %onel#)# )e &"ner#l.L# re$er#"3n $r%"# e( )"f9"l )e onoer* $or l# &e8l#+e (e 0#e )e. &"ner#l reel)e on &"ner#l )3"l. El &"ner#lreel)e* )e($( . )el %r#%#&"en%o on el ")o (lfro(o* lle'#

) &ol"no f"n#l Tr#lor* o&$le%#&en%e )e($ro2"(%# )e o,9'eno nee("%# &0#( 0or#( )e #'"%#"3n $#r# +e lo #(or#* #-

7o e(%#( on)""one( no e( )"f9"l +e l# e,%r#"3n on &"ner#-

le( )3"le( (e 2e# n %#n%o )"(&"n")# #l re#7#r l# #$#")#) -)e #"re#"3n y (er9# & on2en"en%e #&en%#r l# #$#")#) )e,")#"3n )e l# $l$# )e &"ner#le( reel)e( y &e7or #/n "n(%#-l#r n# $l#n%# )e "#nr#"3n "n)e$en)"en%e* +e lo're &e-

7ore( re(l%#)o( %o&#n)o en en%# l#( nee(")#)e( e($e"#le()el enef""o.

El &%o)o MCl(] o&o $e)e #$re"#r(e $or lo( )#%o(#n%er"ore( e( (en"llo* $ero $#r# ( #$l"#"3n eon3&"# re-+"ere n &#n#n%"#l #r#%o )e #8fre y +e el on%en")o )e

&#n'#ne(o (e# #7o* #)e&( )e +e l# &#%r"8 (e# ("l"8o(# * #non e(%#( ."rn(%#n"#( f#2or#le( o&o en re(n"llo* #.*

no (e %oler# n e,e(o* & ($er"or #l 1 % en· &#n'#ne(o.M<$o!o C#ron.-Lo( l"ne#&"en%o( 'ener#le( )el &%o)o* #

0#n +e)#)o "n)"#)o( en $rr#fo( #n%er"ore(* $#r# o&$ren-)erlo &e7or* (e re(eb# # on%"n#"3n l# &#r0# )e l#( o$er#-"one( en l# $l#n%# T#&#n' S#^#0;* +e enef""# &"ner#-le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero( $or e(%e ("(%e&#. L# o$er#"3n )e e(-

%#. $l#n%# # 'r#n)e( r#('o( e( l# ("'"en%e:El &"ner#l (e +"er# 0#(%# 1 $l'#)# en (eo (e re)e

%r&"#&en%e* )r#n%e 0or#( en 0orno %"$o Cle2en'er *%"l"8n)o(e '#( $ore )e #7o $o)er #lor9f"o. El &"ner#lre)")o* (e enfr9# #7o '#( re)%or en l# (e"3n )e enfr"#-&"en%o )el 0orno* e&$len)o(e $#r# ello 1. 0or#(4 )e($(* (e

$#(# # &ol"en)# en &ol"no )e ol#(* $l2er"8n)o(e en (ol"3nJ)e "#nro* 0#(%# +e el KP )e &"ner#l $#(# $or el %#&"8 )e

<< &#ll#(.



GENES5S DE LOS MINERALES MANGANO-ARG:l%NTIIgROS OXIDADOS

De($( )e l# &ol"en)# el &"ner#l (e e"#nr# $or el (9(%e-8a 0 )e ?)e·#n%#"3n-on%9n#-on%r#orr"en%e? · o C.C.D.* e.&-

$le#n)o #%ro %#n+e( #'"%#)ore( y (e"( %#n+e( e($e(#)ore(4

#l f"n#l )e lo( /l%"&o(* l# $l$# $#(#. # f"l%ro Ol"2er*L# (ol"3n $re'n#n%e )el &ol"no* (e l#r"f"# y $re"$"%#

on $ol2o )e 8"n. El $r"e"$"%#)o (e reo'e en $ren(#( Merr"ll.L# #l#l"n")#) )e l# (ol"3n (e lle2# 0#(%# n <P # <P

)e n# (ol"3n (#%r#)# )e 3,")o )e #l"o* #)""onn)o(e e(%e3,")o en lo( %re( /l%"&o( #'"%#)ore(.

L# $r)")# &en"# )e "#nro e( )e 1<< 'r#&o( )e "#-nro )e (o)"o $or %onel#)#( )e ol#(. L# e,%r#"3n )e $l#%#lle'# #l K.KP l# )e oro #l#n8# KP )e lo( 2#lore( +e (on:

$5#%# 1*1<< 'r#&o( $or %onel#)# y oro 1 'r#&o( $or %onel#)#.El &"ner#l en r)o (olo )# P )e ( $l#%#* $or e"#nr#"3n*

Lo( on(&o( )e re#%"2o( e,$re(#)o( $or ]"lo )e $l#%#e,%r#9)# (on lo( ("'"en%e(4 "#nro )e (o)"o 1*<<< 'r#&o(4 8"n

OO 'r#&o(. El on(&o )e #l e( )e : ]"lo'r#&o( $or %one-l#)# )e &"ner#l.

Re(eb#)# en $rr#fo( #n%er"ore( l# #$l"#"3n $r%"# )el&%o)o C#ron* on2"ene #0or# 0#er #l'n#( #l#r#"one( $er%"-

nen%e(* (ore %o)o en .lo rel#%"2o # l# re)"3n %r&"#* $#r# lo+e el $roe(o e&$le# '#(e( re)%ore(.

L# %e&$er#%r# )e re)"3n )e lo( 3,")o( ($er"ore( )el&#n'#ne(o* )e$en)e )el #r%er )el &#%er"#l y )e ( $re8#*

$ero l# &enor %e&$er#%r# )e re)"3n orre($on)e #l &on3-,")o )e #rono* le ("'e. el 0")r3'eno y )e($( el #r3n. #-r# lo( &"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero(* 0# n &#r'en d= %e&- $er#%r# )en%ro )e o( l9&"%e( (e o%"enen lo( &e7ore( re(l-%#)o(. Un# %e&$er#%r# #l%#* #eler# l# re#"3n )e re)"3n )# n 3,")o &#n'#ne(o & e(%#le4 n# %e&$er#%r# #-

7# #l#r'# el %"e&$o nee(#r"o $#r# l# re)"3n o&$le%# y )#n 3,")o &#n'#no(o $oo e(%#le. En 'ener#l l# &e7or %e&- $er#%r# $#r# l# re)"3n* e(% o&$ren)")# en%re <<C. y

K<<C. #r# e2"%#r reo,")#"one(* el 3,")o· &#n'#no(o (e )e-Le enfr"#r r/(#&en%e en #'#* o "en enfr"#rlo len%#&en%e en#%&3(fer# re)%or#. · E( &e7or el enfr"#&"en%o #7o #%&3(fe-r# re)%or#* # +e )# n 3,")o &( e(%#le.

Un #($e%o & "n%ere(#n%e )e l# re)"3n )e lo( 3,")o(



0.i',l00

I

GBNESIS DB LOS MINBALES MANGANO-AR.Gl%NTlEROS OXIDADOS

L# #ere#e"3n )ee (er lo &( enr'"# $o("le e&$e8#r )e()e l# &ol"en)#4 el 3,")o &#n'#ne(o · #%/# o&o re)%or enr'"o )ee ne%r#l"8#r(e ( efe%o $#r# +e l# e,%r#"3n )e $l#%#(e# #l%#. El #7(%e orre%o en%re el #"re y l# #l#l"n"- )#)* e( el $r"n"$#lon%rol +e (e efe%/# en l# $r%"#.

C#n)o #)e&( )e l# $l#%# lo( &"ner#le( on%"enen 8"n y

ore* e(%o( /l%"&o( (e $re(en%#n %#&"n $#r"#l&en%e o&o- &#n'#n"%o(* lo( +e no (on (olle( en "#nro* (" (e le( %r#%# en (

e(%#)o n#%r#l* $ero n# 2e8 #l"n#)o( (e )eo&$onen # (e&e7#n8# onel &#n'#n"%o )e $l#%# y )#n or"'en # on(&o( & ele2#)o( )e "#nro.E(%= "rn(%#n"# o&$l"# el ("(%e- "n# )e enef""o* $ero el #l%o on(&o)e "#nro $e)e re&e- )"#r(e re'ener#n)o l#( (ol"one(.

L# $re(en"# )e #n%"&on"o )# l'#r # &0#( )"f"l%#)e( y #n $e)e 0#er "n(er2"le #l &%o)o. #ree +e el #n%"&o- n"o (e o&"n#on l# $l#%#· )#n)o n o&$e(%o +e e( reel)e #l %r#%#&"en%o y no)e(o&$on"le %r&"#&en%e.

#r# l# #$l"#"3n )el &%o)o- C#r3n # &"ner#le( &#n'#no- #r'en%9fero(&e,"#no(* (olo (e "n)"#rn lo( re(l%#)o( o%en"- )o( on. el &"ner#l("'"en%e:

G#.""#e29* D'%`.-e)e )e"r(e +e e(%e &"ner#l $er%e- nee # n%"$o #r'en%9fero ("l"8o(o* on%en"en)o #l"%#* &#'ne- ("%# y &"ner#le(&#n'#ne(9fero(. =1. &#n'#ne(o (e $re(en%# o&o ro)on"%# en &enor #n%")#) o&o ro)oero("%# $"rol- ("%#4 en $e+eb#( #n%")#)e( (eenen%r# $"r"%#* '#len# y e(- f#ler"%#. L# "#nr#"3n )"re%# on &"ner#l

)e e(%e %"$o* #(e "n)"3 en 6P )e l# $l#%# KKP )el oro. El &"ner#l eon%-2o 11 'r#J%on. )e $l#%# 1. '&.J%on. )e oro. El #nl"("( +9- .

&"o (e"n)"# # on%"n#"3n : .

@&e)#). 6.K<P

In(olle. K.<P

"n .. = . 1.6<P

B"3,")o )e &#n'#ne(o. . . 1.P

O,")o )e #l"o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .P

"erro. . . . . . .P



6 RAAEL ORTI MENA.

Benef""#n)o $or el &%o)o C#ron 96, (e o%2o en el l#o-r#%or"o .P )e l# $l#%# P )el oro4 en el %r##7o en e(#-la (e&"o&er"#l en $l#%# )e < %onel#)#(;* (e lo'r3 <.% )e

l# $l#%# l# e,%r#"3n )e oro f l# "n)"#)# en l#or#%or"o)e =P. El on(&o $r%"o. )e "#nro f )e 6.1 ]"lo( )e"#nro )e $o%#("o $or %onel#)# )e &"ner#l* on(&o & #l%o

$ero )e")o en 'r#n $#r%e #l 8"n e,"(%e l# $o(""l")#) )e re)-"rlo. El on(&o )e #l f )e . ]"lo( $or %onel#)# el #ee"- -%e o&(%"le nee(#r"o $#r# l# o$er#"3n )e %o(%#"3n e( )e6<. ]"lo( )e 0#$o$o%e $or %onel#)# )e &"ner#l.

M<$o!o A&er"#n C#n#&").-E(%e $roe)"&"en%o e( &re"en%e #n no e,"(%en $l#n%#( +e lo %"l"en en l# e(#l#o&er"#l. or lo( )#%o( )e l#or#%or"o (e (#e +e* %o)o( lo(&"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero( on lo( +e (e 0# e,$er"&en%#-)o* (e #)#$%#n #l &%o)o )#n)o e,%r#"one( )e $l#%# o&$ren-)")#( en%re P P. A 'r#n)e( r#('o( el &%o)o. on("(%e enfo ("'"en%e:

El &"ner#l (e $l2er"8# en (eo 0#(%# 6 &#ll#(* (e &e8l# enI % en $e(o )e #e"%e o&(%"le (e (7e%# # %o(%#"3n re)e-%or# en 2e8 )e #e"%e o&(%"le $e)e (#r(e #r3n* $ero

(e nee("%#r n# #n%")#) o&o #%ro 2ee( &#or )e #e"%e;.L# #r'# )r#n%e l# %o(%#"3n (e &#n%"ene # no( 6<<C. )r#n%e &"n%o(* )e7n)o(e )e($( enfr"#r 0#(%# l#. %e&$er#%r# #&-

"en%e* #7o #%&3(fer# re)%or#.

El $ro)%o re)")o y fr9o (e re&ele en #'# 0#(%# ell9&"%e nee(#r"o y (e (7e%# # flo%#"3n. Dr#n%e e(%# o$er#-"3n* (e (# ]ero("n# #e"%e( e($&#n%e(: B#rre%% N #e"-%e )e $"no. El o7e%o )e e(%# o$er#"3n e( el"&"n#r el e,e(o )e

&#%er"# #rono(# e 0")ro#rro( +e no (e +e&#ron )r#n-%e l# %o(%#"3n. In")en%#l&en%e en el onen%r#)o (e re$er#

$#r%e )e lo( 2#lore(.

L#( ol#( )e l# flo%#"3n (e e($e(#n )e($( (e (7e%#n# "#nr#"3n (e'/n el $roe)"&"en%o (#l $#r# -e(%# o$er#"3n.S"n e&#r'o* no e( e(%# l# (ol# &#r0# # (e'"r l# flo%#"3n

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y l# $#r%e $r"n"- $#l )ee (er l# re)"3n )el&"ner#l* el %"$o )e 0orno en eL +e e(%# o$er#"3n)ee efe%#r(e. El 0orno )e- %"$o W e)'e* $e)e (er (#)o on $o(""l")#)e( )e ,"%o* #)e&( )el 0orno%l#r ro%#%or"o +e %"ene l# 2en%#7# )e &#or #$#")#).

E8 rel#"3n # lo( re(l%#)o( $or o%ener on el&%o)o +e (e )e(r"e* # on%"n#"3n (e "n)"#n l#( $re#( o%en")#( on on &"ner#le( $roe)en%e( )e

Te%el# )e O#&$o* e* 61;.

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Tr#%#&"en%o %r&"o:M"ner#l # -1< &#ll#(* 'r#&o( 1200 1200 ..Ae"%e o&(%"le* 'r#&o( 6 6Te&$er#%r# &e)"# C. 601 608

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De($( )e %o(%#)o el &"ner#l* (e &e8l3 y#)# &e(%r# (e )"2")"3 en )o( lo%e(4 lo( $ro)%o((e re&ol"eron en &ol"no d= ro)"llo(* e&$le#n)o $#r#n# )e l#( &e(%r#( &"n%o( )e &ol"en)# $#r#l# o%r# 1< &"n%o(. La )e(#r'# )el &ol"no (eflo%3* en l# for&# +e (e "n)"# # eon%9n#"n :



RAAEL ORTI MENA

lo%#"3n )el &"ner#l #l"n#)o

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GENBSIS DE LOS MINERALES MANGANO-ARGNTIEROS OXlDADI5S

2' ~:

De($( )e efe.%#)# l# flo%#"3n* l#( ol#( (e f"l%r#ron:¡ (e &e(%re3 el o]e for&#)o en el f"l%ro* "#nrn)o(e en

o%ell#( $or #'"%#"3n )r#n%e 0or#(. Lo( re(l%#)o( )e e(-

%# o$er#"3n (e "n)"#n # on%"n#e"3n (

PRUERA N(. # # fi

"3n 9#nr#9n:

SITUACION ECONOMICA DE LOS METODOS ESE-CIALES.-S" (e 0#e n re(&en )e %o)o lo +e (e 0# 2en")o)""en)o (ore &%o)o( ile enef""o $#r# lo( &"ner#le( &#n-'#no-#r'en%9fero( · o,")#)o(* (e enon%r#r +e lo( &%o)o(. e(-

$e"#le( (e ("'n"f"#n $or n# en# ef""en"# &e%#l/r'"#*+e lo( olo# en el &"(&o $l#no +e lo( enef""o( or)"n#r"o(#$l"#)o( # &"ner#le( )3"le(. ero en l# $r%"#* %o)o ne'o-

"o &e%#l/r'"o ("'n"f"# )e. $referen"# n# ef""en"# eon3-

&"# &( +e &e%#l/r'"#* on2"n"en)o e(%)"#r e(%e #($e%o

D"l"3n .6< . ·*6 .Sol. en%r#)#* % CN .1 .1 .1< .1<Sol. en%r#)#* % C#O .11 =11 .1 .1

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Re(")o* en(#e:l#%#* '&.J%on. .. 6< . 1. 1K.1Oro* '&.J%on. . .6 .1K .

E,%r#"3n $or 9#nr#9n:l#%# 6.<P K.1P <.1d: .6<P

Oro 6.<P 6.P .<<P 6.61P

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AllGBNTlBRVS OXIDADOS. 61

)e l# e(%"3n $e( n #&en%o en l# ef""en"# &e%#l/r'"# $e)e en o#("one( (er #n%"eeon3&"eo. ·No o(%#n%e +e $#r#la &#or $#r%e )e lo( &"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9f ero( &e,"-#no(* lo( &%o)o( e($e"#le( (e 0#en o(%e#le(* 0# (( e,-

e$"one( y n# )e e(%# f# on(%"%e n &"ner#l )el E(%#)o)e el#.

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nr



"3n )"re%# )e e(%e &"ner#l en r)o* $l2er"- 8#)o 0#(%#+e el <P $#(e $or l# &#ll# )el <<* (e 2er"f"# )e #er)oon lo( )#%o( ("'"en%e(:

-4*.>

D"l"3n )e l# $l$# . 2.5

T"e&$o )e #'"%#"3n* 0or#(. . . . . Con(&o N#CN $or %on.* ]'& . <.6Co=(&o C#O $or %on.* ]'&. . . 1<.<Conen%r#"3n )e l# (ol"3n. . . <.1P CNE,%r#"3n )e $l#%#. . . . . 66.1 PE,%r#"3n )e oro. . . .< %

L# le &e)"# )el &"ner#l +e (e %r#%#* e( )e << '&.J%on. )e $l#%# *'&.J%on. )e oro. D#)#( e(%#( lee(* (e #ll3 o&o

&( eon3&"# n# $l#n%# )e e"#nr#"3n (e'/n el ("(%e&# 3.Q.D.o )e )e#n%#"3n-on%"n#-on%r#orr"en%e* +e # on #%ro =(-

$e(#)ore( $#r# el l#2#)o* )# n# ef""en"# )e .P en l# )"(ol-"3n n# $r)")# &en"# )e "#nro )e 1 'r#&o( $or %one-l#)# )e (3l")o(.

L# #$l"#"3n )e n &%o)o e($e"#l # e(%e &"ner#l* )"3 n#e,%r#"3n %o%#l )e $l#%# )e .KP y )e .P $#r# el oro. Elon(&o )e "#nro lle'3 0#(%# 1* '&.%on. )e "#nro )e (o-)"o 11* '&.8%on. )e 3,")o )e #l"o. ·

B#7o l#( on)""one( # "n)"#)#(* l# ("%#"3n (e $e)e re-(&"r en n# e,%r#"3n ($er"or en 1.P )el oro* # f#2or )e l#e"#nr#e"3n )"re%#* on%r# .6P )e e,%r#"3n en $l#%# # f#2or )el &%o)o e($e"#l. Benef""#n)o lo( &"ner#le( # )"0o(* on<< '&.%on. )e $l#%# y '&.J%on. )e oro* (" (e %o&# lG e(%e /l%"-

&o o&o on(%#n%e el $re"o )e l# $l#%# (e 0#e =2=r"#le* (e %en-)r # f#2or )el &%o)o e($e"#l lo( 2#lore( +e (e "n)"#n en l#'rf"# I )e l# f"'r# 6. To&#n)o en en%# lo( )"feren%e( eon-(&o( )e "#nro* el o(%o )el o&(%"le #)""on#l $#r# el&-



Gl!Nl":SIS DI! l.OS ?11 NERALES IU=GANO-ARGBNT5!UlOS OXIDADOS 6

El 2#lor )e lo( &e%#le( $re"o(= e,%=#9)o( $or l# e"#nr#-

e"3n )"re%# )el &"ner #l en r )o* e( el ("'"en%e:

l#%#* 6P .

Oro* KKP.

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1,.,......

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El :..#lor ele e,%r #"3n $#r # el. &%o)o e( $e"#l e(:

l#%#* <.P · 6B:6Oro* P -. .<

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De #er)o· on lo( )#%o( #n%er "ore(* # f#2or )el &%o)o e(- $ee"#l (e %"enen l#( #n%")#)e(:

l#%#.

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@#"en)o n 3& $%o )e lo( on(&o( #)""on#le( +·e e,"'eel &%o)o e($e"#l* (o re lo( re+er ")o( $or "# e"#nr #e"3n )"r e-

%# )el &"ner#l en r)o* (e $e)e f or &#r l# ("'"en%e %# l# )eo& $#r#"3n:

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GENESTS DE LOB.MINm.l:"..BS MANG.lNV-.Al%GENTlEROS OXIDADOS

$#r%e )3e"l o%r# reel)e* # (e 0# "n)"#)o en re$e%")#( o#("o-ne(* T#&"n #l %r#%#r )e l# flo%#"3n* (e )"7o +e $or e(%e ("(-%e&# (e $e)e lo'r#r n onen%r#)o )e (lfro( +e re$re(en%#

0-, I#$#r%e )3"l )el &"ner#l* #)e&( )e n onen%r#)o )e 3,")o(en el +e (e re$er# l# $#r%e reel)e.

· Al %r#%#r %r&"#&en%e # %o)o el &"ner#l* (e 0#e nee(#r"o#l"n#r n# 'r#n &#(# )e &#%er"#l "ner%e* # +e fer# )el&#n'#n"%o +e e( el /n"o +e nee("%# (er )e(o&$e(%o* el re(%o)el &"ner#l* o "en r"n)e (( 2#lore( ("n %r#%#&"en%o $rel"&"n#r o&o l# $#r%e )3"l* o "en no %"ene 2#lore( o&o l# &#%r"8.

L# #n%")#)-)e 3,")o( )e &#n'#ne(o on%en")o $or lo( &"ne-r#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero( e( & 2#r"#le* $ero $e)e #e$%#r-(e o&o .$oeo eo&/n.* n &"ner#l on &( )e <P* 0#"en)o re-'"one( o&o G#n#e29* n# )e-l#( &( &#n'#ne(9fer#(* en l# +eel l9&"%e &Y0"&o )e &#n'#ne(o $#ree olo#r(e en 1P* #/ne,"(%en &"n#( )e )"2er(#( re'"one( &#n'#ne(9fer#( .)el $#9(* -o( &"ner#le( (on reel)e( # #(# )el &#n'#ne(o ("n e&#r-

'o no on%"enen n" ("+"er# % )e 3,")o( )e e(%e &e%#l. Se o&e $ren)e +e en e(%#( on)""one(* el )e($er)""o +e (e 0#e )eo&(%"le $#r# el #len%#&"en%o )e l# &#(# "ner%e* e( )e. on("-

)er#"3n. An en lo( #(o( -en +e el on%en")o )e &#n'#ne(olle'# 0#(%# el lP* (" (e %r#%# %r&"#&en%e n onen%r#)o )e&#n'#ne(o* %#l o&o el +e $e)e o%ener(e $or flo%#"3n4 el#0orro )e o&(%"le e( )e ("'n"f"#"3n # +e (e re+"ere (olo

)e <P # K<P )el o&(%"le +e (e nee("%# $#r# #l"n#r %o)oel &"ner#l. En e(%# for&# (" (e #%"en)e #l on(&o )e o&(%"-

le* e( )e reo&en)#r(e o$er#r (ore n onen%r#)o )e &#n'#-ne(o y no (ore el %o%#l )el &"ner#l.

No (olo el #0orro )e o&(%"le e&$le#)o en l# re)"3n

)e lo( 3,")o(* # +e #n%e( (e #l)e* %#&"n lo( &enore( '#(%o(+e or"'"n# l# flo%#"3"" o&$#r#)# on l# "#nr#"3n* "n)"#n+e (e )ee "n%ro)"r # l# flo%#"3n en el- enef""o. . .

O%ro f#%or )e "&$or%#n"# #$"%#l +e "n%er2"ene. en n#o&$#r#"3n en%re l# flo%#"3n l# "#nr#"n* e( el rel#%"2o #l# &ol"en)#. )el &"ner#l. #r# l# flo%#"3n )el &"ner#l* #%en)"en-)o # l# 'ener#l")#) )e lo( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero(* ;lo (=> nee("%#lle2#r l# &ol"en)# &( #ll )el 1<<P # %r#2( )e 6< # < &#ll#(*

$#r# lo'r#r en#( e,%r#"one(4 en #&"o $or "#nr#"3n* $#-



66 RAABL ORTI MENA

r# lo'r#r e,%r#"one( ele2#)#(* (e nee("%# $l2er"8#r &( f"n#-&en%e* en %#l for&#* +e $#(e $or%#&"8 )e << &#ll#( n $oren-%#7e )e on(")er#"3n. "l&en%e (e o&$ren)e el #0orro +e("'n"f"#* re&oler (olo l# $#r%e )el &"ner#l +e %"ene lee( re-

$er#le( y no e,%en)er el o(%o )e l# &ol"en)# # n# 'r#n &#(#)# &#%er"#l "ner%e. ·

En rel#"3n on l# &ol"en)#* on2"ene (eb#l#r n 0e0o "n-%ere(#n%e : Co'0"ll "n)"3 $#r# n &"ner#l &e,"#no* l# #$#ren-%e (e're'#"3n )el -. &"ner#l refr#%#r"o )e $l#%#* en l# l9ne# )eon%#%o en%re el #r8o y lo( 3,")o( )e &#n'#ne(o4 $ero no (oloe &#n'#n"%o )e $l#%#* %#&"n #l'n#( o%r#( e($e"e( &"ner#le(+e (on #(%#n%e o&ne( en &"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero(o,")#)o(* %"enen %en)en"# # $re(en%#r(e )e &#ner# $referen%e

en%re l#( l9ne#( )e on%#%o )e lo( )"2er(o( &#%er"#le( )e l# &#-%r"8. Re(l%# $or e(%o* +e $#r%e )e 1LnC &"ner#le( $e)en (er l"-

er#)o( on rel#%"2# f#"l")#)* #l"= #n)o l# &ol"en)# (e# .'re-(#. L#( e($e"e( &"ner#le( +e on &( freen"# (e $re(en%#nen l# for&# +e (e rel#%#* e( l# &ol")en"%# en G#n#e29* D'o.*Z· el oro en Te%el# )e Oe#&$o* e.* ("n +e e(%# #(e2er#"3n e,-l# .# o%ro( &"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero( re($e%o # e(%#· $#r%"l#r")#).

L# "&$or%#n"# )e l# l"er#"3n )e 2#lore( # +e #n%e( (e. #l)e* $e)e o&$ren)er(e $or el e7e&$lo +e ("'e +e (e re-

f"ere # l# re$er#"3n )e oro* on n &"nr#l )e l# &"n# E($e7e-r#(4 Te%l# )e O#&$o* e*

L# e,$er"en"# (e efe%3 en &+"n# ?M"ner#l( Se$#r#-%"on ?* )e l#or#%or"o on $l$# # P )e (3l")o(. El &"ner#l (e

$l2er"83 en (eo en &+"n# )e )"(o(* on lo( re(l%#)o( ("-'"en%e(:

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GBNESISDE LOS MlNSRALBSMANGANO-Al%GENTlEOS;=lOADOS 6K

El.&"ner#l en(#3 '&*J%on. )e $l#%# '&.J%on. )e oro4

lo( re(l%#)o( )e l# flo%#"3n feron :

RELACION GRAMOS TON* RODUCTOESOP DE CONC*

RECUER=CIONBS

A* A'. A. A'.1 1 AP A'P

Conen%r#)o <* l 6. 11. 11 K 1 1. 6

# S

Co&o re#%"2o( (e (#ron i X#n%#%o e%"l-$o%("o* en #n%"- )#) +eorre($on)"3 # '&.J%on.* el #l (e #'re'3 # l# el)# (e le )"3 n

$er9o)o )e #on)""on#&"en%o )e &"n%o(· on $l$# <P )e. (3l")o(4)e($( )e e(%o* (e )"l3 # P )e (3- l")o( (e #'re'3? Aerobo#% Nd

en #n%")#) )e 6< '&*J%on.4 el onen%r#)o # +e (e .ref"ere l# %#l##n%er"or* (e ole%3 (olo )r#n%e &"n%o(* $ero #l f"n#l )e e(%e $er9o)o*l# e($&# #/n on%en9# 2#lore(. L# e,%r#"3n %o%#l +e (e lo'r3-)r#n%e 1 &"n%o( )e flo%#"3n f )e K.P )el oro.

Corno $e)e o&$ren)er(e $or lo e,$e(%o* l# l"er#"3n )e 2#lore(#/n on &ol"en)# & 're(#* $e)e (er )e "&$or%#n"# en #l'no( #(o(*ofre"en)o en#( $er($e%"2#( el "n%en%#r n# re$er#"3n )e 2#lore(*%"l"8#n)o e(%# "rn(%#n"#. En #+e- llo( #(o( en lo( +e lo( &"ner#le(on%en'#n #l'o )e &ol")en"- %#* (%# $e)e re$er#r(e ("n )"f"l%#)*

$referen%e&en%e "n(%#- l#n)o n# el)# )e flo%#"3n en l# o# )e )e(#r'#)el &ol"no* ; "en flo%#n)o )"feren"#l&en%e el onen%r#)o )e (lfro(.En el $r"&er #(o* on (olo %"l"8#r n e($&#n%e #)e#)o* (e $e- )e

reo'er n onen%r#)o )e &ol")eno* L# o$er#"3n $e)e re(l%#r %#neon3&"#. +e #(%# #$ro,"&#)#&en%e )o( en%("- &o( )e $or"en%o )e&ol")en"%#* $#r# $#'#r lo( o(%o( #)""on#- le(: en n# $l#n%# +e enef""en#( < %onel#)#( )"#r"=( )e &"- ner#l.

.Re(&"en)o lo( )#%o( +e #n%ee)en* (e #$re"# +e %o)o(lo( f#%ore( +e "n%er2"enen en )"(&"n"r el o(%o )el enef""o* +e)#nf#2ore")o( on l# "n%ro)"3n )e l# flo%#"3n.

L# "n%ro)"3n orre%# )e l# flo%#"3n* )1ee ("'n"f"#r(e $or. l#o%en"3n )e )o( onen%r#)o( : no )e (lfro( o%ro )e 3,")o(. Elonen%r#)o )e (lfro(* $e)e on%ener # l# #(" %o-

#



...

*.$K. RADAEL ORTI MlUU.

%#l")#) )e (%o(* %en"en)o 2#lor no (olo $or ( $l#%#. oro* ("no #)e&( $or ( on%en")o )e &e%#le( "n)(%r"#le( : $lo&o* ore 8"n* +e

freen%e&en%e (e $r e(en%#n en lo( &"ner#le(. Co&o e,- %r #"3n $r %"#+e $e)e lo'r#r(e $#r# e(%e onen%r#)o* (e $e)e ($oner (#l2o #(o(e,+e $"on#le(* )e <P # 6<P )e l# $l#- %# )e 6<P # <P )4L oro* #&n )el# e,%r #"one( -)e $"orno* o- %er e 8"n +e o %en'#n. No e(% )e &("n)"#r #+9* +e f r e- een%e&en%e n# en# $ro$or"3n )e lo( 2#lor e(#(o"#)o( on

.. -.

(lfro(* (e $re(en%#n on la e(f#ler"%# y (e )e e $ror#r +e (- ... =

%# f lo%e $#r# lo'r #r n# en# e,%r #"3n4 %#&"n en l# '#len# %"ene2#lor e(* $er o (e "%# $referen%e&en%e # I# e(f#ler"%# $or )o( r#8one(: lo(2#lore( on%en")o( en e(f#ler"%# (on ($er"ore( # lo(

. on%en")o( en '#len#* l# e(f #ler "%# on freen"# (e $r or#

no f lo%#rl# $#r # e2"%#r #(%"'o( )el onen%r #)o $or el 8"n +e on%"ene.4

. El onen%r#)o )e (lfro(? )e +e #n%e( (e 0#l#* e( n $r o- )%o+e ("n &#or el# or#"3n $e)e ne#l"8#r(e # l#( f!n)"e"o- ne(* # +e

$#r# lo( &"ner #le( &#n'#no-#r 'en%9fer o( $e)en: lo- 'r #r(e rel#"one( )eonen%r#"3n & #l%#( en e(%e %" $o )e f lo-%#"3n. De r e#l"8#r (e lo(. onen%r #)o( # n# f n)""3n* #)+!"er en·

G .

2#lor lo( &e%#le( "n)(%r"#le( +e on%"ene e( (%# o%r# "r -n(%#n"# f #2or#le $#r# ( 2en%# . ("n : &#or el#o .r #"3n.

El onen%r#)o )e 3,")o( $!e)e· on%ener #l re(%o )e 2#- ... .

lore( no re$er#)o( en l# flo%#"3n )e (lfro(* $r%"#&en%e# %o)o el &#n'#ne(o #l'n#( "&$re8#(. L# #n%")#) )e onen%r#)o

o%en")o* (er G $ro $or "on#l # l# #n%")#) )e &#%er"#- le( no-#"l"8o(o(on%en")o( en el &"ner#l4 o&o l9&"%e &,"&oile $e(o )e e(%e onen%r#)o* (e $e)e %o&#r n <P )el $e(o

. )el &"ner#l. Co&o (e o& $ren)e* el 2#lor )e e(%e onen%r #)o* en2"#)o #n# fn)""3n* e( & #7o· no (o $or%#r9# lo( fle%e( nee(#r "o( $#r # el%r #n( $or %e en I# &#or9# )e lo( #(o(* $or lo 'ener#l Se nee("%#r9#

$roe)er # ( r e)"3n en. l# $l#n%# &"(- &#* $#r# lo +e (e )e e# $l"#r el ("(%e&# )e enef ""o $or . e"#- r#"3n* $re2"# )e(o& $o(""3n%r&"# )el. &#n'#n"%o )e $l#%#.

.A0or # "en4 l# . $l#%# on%en")# en el &#n'#ne(o* no e( r e- $er#le $or lo( &%o)o( or)"n#r "o(* (o r e (%o ya (e .0# "n("(-%")o &0o* (" (e r err e # l# flo%#"3n* el &#n'##"%o (e $e)e re$er#r

en onen%r#)o* ("e&$r e +e el enef""o (e or"en-

. ..'.

. ·:. G

.,

'

. 0~



l@%N@S5S D:S LOS MINBRALB( MANG.lN=.9.RGBNTIEROS O,IDADOS. 6. - . .' '

. ' . . . .

%e 0#"# l# ree$er#e"n )el .&#n'#ne#o e3n el +e l# .$g#%# e(%#· o&"n#)#. E( )e"r* e( e(%e $n%o* $r%"#&en%e )ee 0#er(e

#(%r#"3n )e l#- $l#%# (e )ee el#or#r n $ro)%o )e &#n-

'#ne(o. De($( )e el"&"n#)# l# $l#%#* el onen%r#)o )"e 3,")o()e &#n'#ne(o (e $e)e re#l"8#r o&o %#l* #7o on)"e"one( f#-2or#le( )e %r#n($or%e.

Con &0# freen"# lo( &"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero(o,")#)o(* 0#en n ·'r#n on(&o )e "#nro4 e(%e on(&o no(e )ee #l &#n'#ne(o n" %#&$oo # n# o,")#"3n 0#(%# "#n#%o*l#( #(#( (on: (#le( ")#( (olle( 8"n ore. En #)# #(o $#r%"l#r* el on(&o $e)e )eer(e # #l'n# o #l'n#( )e l#(%re( #(#( #n%e( &en"on#)#( $ero lo freen%e e( +e >(e )e#

(olo # f"lo( )e ell#(* (#le( ")#( (olle( y $re(en"# )e 8"n.T#&"n $or lo 'ener#l* (olo #%/# n# (ol# )e l#( #(#( o&o

* $r"n"$#l el efe%o )e l#( o%r#( =D. )e &0o &eno! #n%9# ..L#( (#le( ")#( +e on(&en "#nro* (e $e)en el"&"n#r

)#n)o n l#2#)o #l &"ner#l +e (e# $re2"o # l# · "#nr#"3n4 *en o%ro( #(o(* rel#%"2#&en%e freen%e(* el efe%o )e l#( (#le((e el"&"n# #l #l"n#r el &"ner#l # +e #(9 (e )e(o&$onen e(-%#( (#le(. E(%# /l%"&# r#83n (e 2er"f"# #l #$l"#r. lo( &%o)o(

ele )e(o&$o(""3n %r&"# )el &#n'#n"%o* en lo( +e e( freeen-%e enon%r#r +e* el on(&o )el &"ner#l re)")o $or %o(%#-"3n e( &enor +e ..el on(&o )e "#nro +e orre($on)e #l&"ner#l en r)o. En %o)o. #(o* (" (e )e(o&$one %r&"#&en%en onen%r#)o )e flo%#"3n )e 3,")o(* el on(&o )e "#nro

$or (#le( (olle( +e)# el"&"n#)o* # +e )"0#( (#le( +e)#nel"&"n#)#( en =l %r#%#&"en%o $re2"o # l# re)"3n %r&"#.

El 8"n· el·ore (e $re(en%#n en lo( &"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r-'en%"fero(* #(" e,.l("2#&en%e en )o( for&#(: o&o (lfro(*

e(f#ler"%# e0#leo$"r"%#* o&o 3,")o( o&"n#)o( #l &#n'# .

ne(o.. De e(%#( 2#r"e)#)e(* lo( (lfro( (e o%"enen en el onen-%r#)o )e (lfro( )e l# flo%#"3n* $#(#n)o #l onen%r#)o )e-* r 3,")o( l# $#r%e )e lo( &e%#le( +e (e enen%r#n. #(o"#)o( 9n-%"&#&en%e al &#n'#ne(o* ·

B#7o on)""one( .. nor&#le( )e "#nr#"3n* %o)o( lo( &"·ner#le( )e ore* e,e$%o la r"(oo"# e0#leo$lr"%#4 (on (f"-"en%e&en%e (olle( en l# (ol"3n )e "#nro $#r# 0#er n

ele2#)o on(&o )e (%e* # no (er +e el "#nro eo&0"n#)o

.



K< RAAEL ORTI MENA

on el ore (e re'enere. El ore on%en")o en lo( 3,")o( )e&#n'#ne(o y $o("le&en%e o&o &#n'#n"%o* e( "n(olle en "#-nro #n)o r)o* $ero "#nr#)o )e($( )e +e 0# (fr")on #len%#&"en%o #7o on)""one(. re)%or#(* e(. %#n (olle L;

&( +e l# $l#%# on%en")# en el &"ner#l $or e(%# r#83n* no(e $e)e e($er#r n# #"3n (ele%"2# )e l#( (ol"one( )"ln")#()e "#nro* # f"n )e )"(ol2er (olo # l# $l#%# ("n #%##r al eore*A(9* $#r# enef""#r $or "#nr#"3n &"ner#le( )e &#n'#ne(o .y

$l#%# +e on%en'#n ore* y +e (e 0"eren re)")o .%r&"-#&en%e* )ee 0#er en l# (ol"3n* &#or $ro$or"3n )e "#n-ro +e el nee(#r"o $#r# )"(ol2er # l# (&# )e ore y $l#%#.

El ."#nro on(&")o $or el ore* o("l# $#r# 2#r"o( &"-ner#le(* en%re .< y . ]"lo( )e "#nro )e (o)"o $or ]"lo )e eo-

re 4 $#r# el &#n'#n9%o )e ore #l"n#)o* el on(&o e( & $r3,"&o # ]"lo'r#&o( )e "#nro )e (o)"o $or ]"lo'r#&o )e.ore on%en")o. .

De lo( &"ner#le( )e 8"n* (e )"(el2en on rel#%"2# f#"l")#)*l# (&"%0(on"%#* 0")ro8"n"%#* 8"n"%# #l#&"n#* ("en)o $oo (o-lle( l# ^"lle&"%#* e(f#ler"%# fr#n]l"n"%#. El &#n'#n"%o )e8"n* "n(olle en r)o* #len%#n)o #7o on)""one( re)%o-r#(* (e o&$or%# en ( )"(ol"3n en "#nro* o&o (" fer# 8"n&e%l"o* e( )e"r* (e )"(el2e f"l&en%e.

El "#nro on(&")o $or el 8"n* o("l# $#r# 2#r"o( &"ne-r#le(* en%re 1. y .< ]"lo'r#&o( )e "#nro )e (o)"o $or ]"lo-'r#&o )e 8"n4 $#r# el &#n'#n"%o* (e %"ene #$ro,"&#)#&en%e"'#l $ro$or"3n +e on. el ore* ]"lo'r#&o( )e "#nro )e()9o $or ]"lo'r#&o )e 8"n on%en")o #n)o (e "#nr# )e(-

$( )e #l"n#r.

L# #"3n )el ore )el 8"n* no (e )e%"ene en l# "#n-r#"3n # . ( ("&$le )"(ol"3n en el "#nro* ("'en #(#n)o

&0o( %r#(%orno(. L# (ol"3n )e "#nro )ole )e ore-(o-)"o* e( n )"(ol2en%e = )"l )e l# $l#%# y el oro4 ("n e&#r-'o* l# #n%")#) )e ore $e)e lle'#r 0#(%# ]"lo'r#&o( $or%onel#)# )e (ol"3n* ("n +e (e ="(&"n# el $o)er )"(ol2en%e)e (%# en for&# #$re"#le* (" 0# $re(en%e #)e&(* l# #n%"-)#) nee(#r"# )e "#nro* )e (o)"o l"r=. L# #n%")#) )e "#n-ro )e (o)"o l"re* no e( ($er"or en e(%e #(o· # I# +e nee("%#%"n# (ol"3n· $r#.

=



.

G*ENBSISDELOS MINRRAg.ESMHNGANO-nGl%NTIERV= <-XlDAl`OS K1

El 8"n el ="#nro for&#n 2#r"#( o&"n#"one( +e - (on )"(ol2en%e( &)"le( )e l# $l#%#. el oro. Al e"#nr#r &"ne-r#le( +e on%"enen 8"n (olle* (" (e $#r%e "n""#l&en%e )e n# (ol"3n $r# )e"#nro #l#l"no* l# e,%r#"3n )e $l#%# )ere- e onfor&e l# (ol"3n (e (#* # no(er +e* onfor&e el 8"n (e 2# #&l#n)o en l# (ol"3n )e %r##7o* el "#nrol"re (e'U #&en%#n)o $#r# &#n%ener n# e,%r#"3n &,"&# )e $l#- %#. T#n $ron%o o&oen%r# 8"n # n# (ol"3n )e "#nro* (e le nee("%# .#'re'#r &( "#nro l"re enrel#"3n on n# (ol- "3n $r#* e( )e"r* n# $#r%e )el "#nro l"re +e)#"n#%"2oo&o on(een"# )el 8"n on%en")o $or l# (ol"3n. L# #)"- )3n on%"n#)# )e"#nro* $#r# lo'r#r en. #)# "lo )e l# )"- (ol"3n l# "fr# #)# 2e8 en #&en%o )e"#nro l"re4 $ron%o re(l%# en n# #e&l#e"3n7n&o)r#)# )e "#nro +e $er&# ..

neee "n#%"2o* #&en%n)o(e l#( $r)")#( &en"#(* En l# $re- %"e#* #n)o n#(ol"3n on%"ene #· #(%#n%e 8"n* (%e (e el".. &"n# l# (ol"3n (e r.e'ener#. Elefe%o no"2o e( %#n &#r#)o* +e (" no (e en%# -eon "n(%#l#"one( $#r# l#re'ener#"3n )e l#( (ol"one(* e( $refer"le* lle'#)o e(e l9&"%e* %"r#r l#( (ol"o- ne( $er)er el "#nro +e on%"enen # (e'"r (n)ol#(.

En 2"(%# ·)e lo #n%er"or* #n)o el onen%r#)o )e 3,")o( )e &#n'#ne(oon%en'# 8"n ore (olle(* en #n%")#) +e en%or$e8# # l# "#nr#"3n nor&#l*(e le( nee("%#r el"&"n#r- lo( )e l# (ol"3n re'ener#r (%#( $#r# e2"%#r(e %r#(%orno(

$o(-. %er"ore( en el enef""o on(&o( "n&o)er#)o( )e "#nro El&%o)o )e $re"$"%#"3n re'ener#"3n )el (lfro )e (o)"o

. I0

")o (lf/r"o* e(%)"#)o $or Le#2er y Woolf6;* $e)e (er )e #$l"#"3n 2en%#7o(# en #l'no( #(o(* en o%ro( (e $e)e ((-

%"%"r el ")o (lf/r"o $or ")o (lfro(o-

#n l# re'ener#-. ·- G ....e"3n on ")o (lfro(o (e'/n M"ll( y Cro^e 6;* &o)"f"#)# $#-r# re$er#r ore* %#l o&o (e $r#%"# en #l'n#( "n(%#l#"one( n#"on#le( $e)e%"l"8#r(e on 2en%#7#. E(%o( #($e%o( )e l# e(%"3n (on $#r%"l#re( $#r# #)#&"ner#l no (olo "nf0ren l#( #r#%er9(%"#( )e (%e* ("no #)e&( "n%er2"enen o%ro(f#%o- re( )e #r%er· lo#l* +e 0#en no (e $e)e )e"r .n#)# en 'e- ner#l

Co&o $e)e #$re"#r(e $or %o)o lo +e #n%e( +e)# )"0o* no o(%#n%e +e lo(&"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%9fero( o,")#)o(*



(.--.

GEN1%SIS ;; %..OS MINSRALES MANGANO-ARGBNT1BROS OXl;;A;;OS )5

(on reel)e( # lo( %r#%#&"en%o( &e%#l/r'"o(* 0# ("(%e&#(· e(- $e"#le( +e (e le( $e)en #$l"#r on ,"%o. A)e&(* (on &- 0#( l#( "nno2#"one( +e (e $e)en"n%ro)"r # )"0o( ("(%e- &#( $#r# 0#er el enef""o &( eon3&"o y o&$le%o. De&#- ner# 'ener#l* n# $l#n%# $#r# el enef""o o&$le%o )e e(%o( &"- ner#le(* #n)ol# $ro$or"3n )e &#n'#ne(o (e# ele2#)#* neee- ("%# on(%#r )e n# (e"3n )eflo%#"3n )e (lfro(* flo%#"3n )e 3,")o(* re)"3n %r&"# )e lo( 3,")o( "#nr#"3n )e lo( &"(&o(. En e(+e&# 'ener#l (e "l(%r# en l# f"'r# K* n# $l#n- %#)e ·e(%e %"$o:

CONCLUSIONES

1.-l& $l#%# el &#n'#ne(o (e o&"n#n en%re ("* for&#n- )o n &#n'#n"%o )e $l#%#* e3n f3r&l# 'ener#l ,A'< :Mn<* el +e %"ene o&$o(""3n 2#r"#le.

.-A on(een"# )e l# o&"n#"3n* l# $l#%# on%en")#en el &#n'#n"%o o (e re$er# $or lo( &%o)o( 'ener#le( )e onen%r#"3n* n" $or lo()e )"(ol"3n #$l"#)o( #l &"ner#l en r)o* $or+e el &#n'#n"%o )e $l#%# e("n(olle

.-El &#n'#n"%o )e $l#%# (e )e(o&$one $or 29# +9&"#o %er&o-+9&"# 0# nee(")#) )e rerr"r ·# e(%o( $roe(o( $#r# Io'r#r n#e,%r#"3n #e$%#le )e lo( 2#lore(.

.-Lo( &%o)o( e($e"#le( $#r# el enef""o )e e(%o( &"-ner#le(* (on ef""en%e( %#n%o &e%#l/r'"# o&o eon3&"#&en- %e y on &#or r#83n (" (e #$l"#n (3lo # l# $#r%e reel)e )el &"ner#l.

.-A$l"#r lo( &%o)o( e($e"#le( en l# f#r&# "n)"#)#*(e 0#en re$er#le( #)e&( )e l# $l#%# el. oro o%ro( &e%#- le(* %#le( o&o&#n'#ne(o* ore* $lo&o* 8"n &ol")eno.

6.-S"en)o f#%"le &e%#l/r'"# eon3&"#&en%e* el ene-f""o o&$le%o )e lo( &"ner#le( &#n'#no-#r'en%"fero( o,")#)o(* )ee $ror#r(e el#$ro2e0#&"en%o 9n%e'ro )e lo( 2#lore( on- %en")o( en )"0o( &"ner#le(* %er&"nn)o(eon lo( &#lo( #$ro- 2e0#&"en%o( )e lo( rer(o( n#%r#le(.



GEN:SIS DE LOS MINElULES MANGANO-ARGENTIEROS OXIDADOS K

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ol. 1<* $$. 6-6K* 1<-1<.16.-NEAL* W.: 5or. C0e&. Me%. M"n. SG. of So%0 Afr"#* ol 1K* $$.

-1* 116.1K .-INCENT* C. R.: ol. 16* $$. 1-614 #r9(* 116.1 .-CLARE* . W: T0e D#%# of Geo0e&"(%r* U. S. Geol* Sr2e Bll.

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