Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge: Proceedings of the Eighth Biennial SGA...

Meeting the Global Challenge
The 8th Biennial SGA Meeting is held in Beijing, August 18–21, 2005
Sponsored by
Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences
National Natural Science Foundation of China
China Society of Geology
Society for Resource Geology
Society of Economic Geologists
Institute of Geology and Geophysics, CAS
Institute of Geochemistry, CAS
State Key Lab for Mineral Deposit Research (Nanjing University)
Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge Proceedings of the Eighth Biennial SGA Meeting Beijing, China, 18–21 August 2005
Jingwen Mao Frank P. Bierlein (Eds.)
Volume 1
Editors
Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Institute of Mineral Resources 26 Baiwanzhuang Road Beijing 100037 China
Dr. Frank P. Bierlein
University of Western Australia School of Earth and Geographical Sciences Tectonics Special Research Centre 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005929130
ISBN-10 3-540-27945-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-27945-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
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In June 1965, a small group of European economic geologists gathered in Heidelberg, Germany, at the invitation of Professor G. C. Amstutz and decided to establish the Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits (SGA) and to start a journal to be called Mineralium Deposita. The first issue of the journal came out in May 1966, and has now matured to a leading journal in economic geology The first Biennial SGA Meeting was held successfully in Nancy, France, in 1991, with subsequent meetings in Grenada (Spain; 1993), Prague (Czech Republic; 1995), Turku (Finland; 1997), London (United Kingdom; 1999), Krakov (Poland; 2001) and Athens (Greece; 2003). In 2002, the SGA Council decided that its 8th Biennial Meeting in 2005 should be held in Beijing, China, making this the first Biennial Meeting to be convened outside Eu- rope. Significantly, 2005 also marks the 40th anniversary of the SGA. The decision to host this year’s premier meeting in Beijing reflects the Society’s successful transition from its traditional European focus to a truly global organization, with 24% of SGA members situated in North America, 13% in Australia and Oceania, and 5% in Asia.
Over the last 27 years China has made dramatic progress towards political and economic reform, and opening the nation to the outside world. China’s rapid economic development demands increasing amounts of minerals, fuels and materials, and this is currently a major driver for the global economic markets. Specifically, new policies that encourage prospecting and exploration for mineral resources in western China, are attracting both domestic and international mining corporations. This 8th SGA Biennial Meeting in Beijing provides outstanding opportunities for representatives from academia, government organizations and the industry from around the world to come together and exchange ideas, foster collaboration, and establish long-term linkages between China and the global geosciences community.
Three major tectonic metallogenic belts extend, converge and are superimposed in China, namely the Paleozoic Ancient Asia (or Altaides), the Mesozoic to Recent circum-Pacific belt, and the Mesozoic/Cenozoic Tethys. Because of this protracted tectonic evolution, the geological phenomena are complex and diverse. Some Pre- cambrian mineral deposits occur in China, but the most significant deposits in the country, with the highest concentration of metallic elements occur within the Meso- zoic extensional regime of East China, within the Cenozoic post-collision regime in Tibet and adjourning areas, and within the Paleozoic subduction – collision – post- collision regime in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia.
The long mining history in China is reflected by the cover of this volume which shows a picture of mining potash salt in ca. 1,200 year old incorporated in a book of “Tian-Gong-Kai-Wu” published in Ming Dynasty (368 years old), and the old Chi- nese character of “ore”, and the old Chinese character of “ore”. Mining has histori- cally played a significant role in the development of both China and many of its neighboring countries. With this in mind, we have arranged 14 sessions focusing on a diversity of relevant topics that include 1) tectonics, lithospheric, and mantle controls on global metallogenic provinces and giant ore deposits; 2) basin evolution: base and precious metal mineralization in sediments; 3) uranium deposits: metallogeny and exploration; 4) magmas and base-metal ore deposits; 5) epigenetic gold systems;
Preface
VI Preface
6) submarine ore systems and ancient analogues: global comparisons of VMS (sponsored by IGCP-502); 7) understanding ore systems through precise geochemistry, isotope tracing and microgeochemistry; 8) general economic geology; 9) Mesozoic to recent geodynamic and metallogeny of eastern Asia; 10) metallogeny of the Tethys- Himalayan orogen; 11) geodynamics and metallogeny of the Altaid orogen (sponsored by both IAGOD and IGCP-473); 12) metallogeny of the Au-Ag-Se-Te mineralized systems (sponsored by both IAGOD and IGCP-486); 13) conceptual targeting of mineral deposits; and 14) exploration, discovery, and mine developments in China (sponsored by SEG). Four short courses and workshops will be held prior to the meeting, i.e. 1) “geochemical mapping – regional national and global”; 2) “metallogeny: current theory and exploration models”; 3) “gold deposits: new development and exploration” (sponsored by SEG), and 4) “metallogeny of intrusion-related gold deposits in China and adjacent countries”. Another short course on magmatic sulfide deposits (“geology, geochemistry and exploration” will be offered following the meeting. Moreover, a total of 15 pre- and post-meeting field excursions have been orga- nized. These field trips will provide the participants with unique opportunities to visit metallogenic provinces and important deposits in China, Mongolia, Japan, New Zealand, and Iran.
The response to our invitation to meet in Beijing has been exceptional, with over 450 extended abstracts submitted by authors from 39 countries. Following review and editing of all submissions by ourselves and a panel of dedicated reviewers (cf. complete list of reviewers), 400 revised submissions were accepted and are included in this volume. These papers present a diverse and comprehensive snapshot of global mineral resources research and exploration at the beginning of the 21st century.
On behalf of the Organizing Committee, we wish to express our sincere gratitude for the joint sponsorship of the following organizations: China University of Geo- sciences (Beijing); Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences; National Natural Science Foundation of China; China Society of Geology; Society of Economic Geologists (SEG); International Association on the Genesis of Ore Deposits (IAGOD); Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; and State Key Lab for Mineral Deposit Research, Nanjing University. More than sixty students from around the world and ten professionals from developing countries have received financial grants to assist their participation in the meeting. This was made possible by generous financial donations from 17 mining and exploration companies (Anglo American; Anglogold Ashanti China; BHP Billiton Word Exploration; De Beers; Gold- fields Australia; Ivanhoe Mines; Newmont Mining; Oxiana Resources; Placer Dome Exploration; Rio Tinto London; Sino-Oz; Sino Gold; Silvercorp Metals Inc; SRK Con- sulting; Teck Cominco; Garrison International) and the Specialist Group in Economic Geology of the Geological Society of Australia.
We are extremely grateful to all co-convenors involved in organizing the scientific sessions and for their editing of numerous papers with patience, tolerance and dedi- cation. We also wish to thank the Organizing Committee for their enthusiasm and hard work that made this meeting possible and ensured its international recogni- tion. We are confident this conference will be a milestone in the 40th anniversary year of our SGA and extend a warm welcome to all participants of the 8th Biennial SGA Meeting.
Beijing, August 2005 Jingwen Mao, Frank Bierlein
Contents
Session 1 Tectonics, lithospheric, and deep mantle controls on global metallogenic provinces and giant ore deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 1-1 Global tectonic settings and deep mantle control on Hg and Au-Hg deposits . . . . . . 3 A.S. Borisenko · A.A. Obolenskiy · E.A. Naumov
Chapter 1-2 Upper mantle composition: Tools for smarter diamond exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 William L. Griffin · Suzanne Y. O’Reilly
Chapter 1-3 Tectonic and lithospheric controls on the heterogeneous temporal distribution of mineral deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 D.I. Groves · R.M. Vielreicher · R.J. Goldfarb · J.M.A. Hronsky · K.C. Condie
Chapter 1-4 Tectonic controls on the endowment of Archean cratons in VHMS deposits: Evidence from Pb and Nd isotopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 David L. Huston · David C. Champion · Kevin F. Cassidy
Chapter 1-5 Neoproterozoic and Early Palaeozoic metallogenies in the Dinarides, South Tisia, Pelagonides and Serbo-Macedonian Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Ivan Jurkovic
Chapter 1-6 Mantle control for a giant Neoproterozoic epithermal silver deposit: Imiter (Morocco) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Gilles Levresse · Alain Cheilletz · Dominique Gasquet · Moulay Rachid Azizi-Samir
Chapter 1-7 Formation of giant Ni-Cu sulfide deposits in dynamic magma conduits . . . . . . . . . . . 27 C. Li · E.M. Ripley
Chapter 1-8 Synchronous vertical and horizontal tectonism during the late stage of Archean cratonization: An important process in gold mineralization? . . . . . . . . . . 29 Shoufa Lin · Andrew Parmenter · Jen Parks
Chapter 1-9 Characteristics of isotope geochemistry of deep mantle constraints on metallization in alkali-enriched porphyry systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Liu Xianfan · Lu Qiuxia · Long Xunrong · Tao Zhuan · Song Xiangfeng
Chapter 1-10 The formation of a mantle-branch structure in western Shandong and its constraints on gold mineralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Shuyin Niu · Aiqun Sun · Huabin Hu · Baode Wang · Chuanshi Xu · Jingwen Mao
Chapter 1-11 The evolution of lithospheric domains: A new framework to enhance mineral exploration targeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Suzanne Y. O’Reilly · Jon Hronsky · William L. Griffin · Graham Begg
Chapter 1-12 Geodynamic considerations of Uralian metallogeny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Victor N. Puchkov
Chapter 1-13 Magmatic Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization at a convergent plate boundary: Preliminary mineralogic and isotopic studies of the Duke Island Complex, Alaska . . . 49 E.M. Ripley · C. Li · J. Thakurta
Chapter 1-14 The tectonics and metallogeny of the Precambrian of the Aldan-Stanovoy Shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 A.P. Smelov · V.F. Timofeev
VIII Contents
Chapter 1-15 New classification of magmatic sulphide deposits in China and metallogenesis related to small intrusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Tang Zhongli · Yan Haiqing · Jiao Jiangang · Li Xiaohu
Chapter 1-16 Geodynamic controls on giant metallogenic provinces: Insights from gold provinces in southeast Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 I.M.A. Vos · F.P. Bierlein · P.S. Heithersay · G.S. Lister
Chapter 1-17 Mineral systems, hydridic fluids, the Earth’s core, mass extinction events and related phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 John L. Walshe · Bruce Hobbs · Alison Ord · Klaus Regenauer-Lieb · Andy Barnicoat
Chapter 1-18 Lead isotopic composition of rutiles from the Chinese continental scientific drill (CCSD) hole and its genetic significance for the superlarge rutile deposit in Maobei, Jiangsu Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Wang Denghong · Li Huaqin · Chen Yuchuan · Xu Jue · Yu Jinjie · Chen Zhenyu
Wang Ping’an
Chapter 1-19 Modes of occurrence of H2 in mantle-derived rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 M.J. Zhang · P.Q. Hu · P. Zheng · X.B. Wang · L.W. Li
Chapter 1-20 Controls of magmatism and hydrothermal activities on mineralization in the Emeishan flood basalt Province, SW China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Zhu Bing-Quan · Zhang Zheng-wei · Hu Yao-Guo
Session 2 Basin evolution: base and precious metal mineralization in sediments . . . . . . . 81
Chapter 2-1 Iron transport in redbeds during the genesis of sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 A.C. Brown
Chapter 2-2 Application of scanned digital imagery to ore texture interpretation at the Century zinc deposit, NW Queensland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Lucy H. Chapman · Patrick J. Williams · Rod S. Hill · Kevin L. Blake
Chapter 2-3 Diagenetic origin of the Luzhou copper deposit, Yunnan Province, China . . . . . . . . . . 91 Wengen Chen · Bin Xia
Chapter 2-4 An overpressured fluid system associated with the giant sandstone-hosted Jinding Zn-Pb deposit, western Yunnan, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Guoxiang Chi · Hairuo Qing · Chunji Xue · Rong Zeng
Chapter 2-5 Stratiform Sb and Au mineralizations in the Hercynian Dúrico-Beirã area (North Portugal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Helena Couto · Frederico Sodré Borges
Chapter 2-6 Origins of Au-Pt-Pd-bearing Ni-Mo-As-(Zn) deposits hosted by Chinese black shales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Raymond Coveney · Jan Pasava
Chapter 2-7 A scale-integrated structural analysis of the Mount Isa Zn-Pb-Ag deposit and implications for genesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Toby P. Davis
Chapter 2-8 Fluid system and ore-forming dynamics of the Yuebei Basin, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Jun Deng · Liqing Yang · Xueming Chen · Qingfei Wang · Yan Liu
Chapter 2-9 Synthesis and structure of single-crystal marcasite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Milan Drábek · Milan Rieder
Chapter 2-10 Lower cambrian metallogenesis of south China: Interplay between diverse basinal hydrothermal fluids and marine chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Poul Emsbo · Albert H. Hofstra · Craig A. Johnson · Alan Koenig
Richard Grauch · Xing-chun Zhang · Rui-zhong Hu · Wen-chao Su · Dao-hui Pi
Chapter 2-11 Early-diagenetic sulphides in sediment-hosted deposits: A textural and geochemical study from an unmetamorphosed QPC gold placer, Belle-Brook, New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 D.M. Falconer · D. Craw · K. Faure · L. Lawrance
IXContents
Chapter 2-12 Geochemistry and provenance of clastic metasedimentary host rocks of the Rosh Pinah Zn-Pb-Ag(-Cu-Au) deposit, Southern Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Christoph D.K. Gauert
Chapter 2-13 Wernecke breccia, Canada: A large-scale Proterozoic IOCG system related to basin evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Julie A. Hunt · Timothy Baker · David Gillen · Derek J. Thorkelson
Chapter 2-14 Use of petrophysical characterisation techniques in receptivity definition for carbonate-hosted MVT deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Kip Jeffrey
Chapter 2-15 Geological and economic conditions of the Gar iron ore deposit development (Amur region, Russia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 V.V. Kichanova · V.D. Kichanov
Chapter 2-16 Palaeofluid flow in siliciclastic Lower Carboniferous rocks: Evidence from stable isotopes and fluid inclusions, Rhenohercynian Zone, Czech Republic . . . . . 137 Jan Kucera · Klára Kucerová-Charvátová · Phillipe Muchez · Walter Prochaska
Chapter 2-17 Origin and significance of calcite-marcasite-pyrite mineralisation in siliciclastic Lower Carboniferous rocks, eastern margin of the Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic . . . . . 141 Klára Kucerová-Charvátová · Jan Kucera · Zdenek Dolnícek
Chapter 2-18 The distribution of SEDEX Pb-Zn deposits through Earth history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 D. Leach · E. Marsh · D. Bradley · S. Gardoll · D. Huston
Chapter 2-19 Epigenetic hydrothermal features of the Emeishan basalt copper mineralization in NE Yunnan, SW China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Houmin Li · Jingwen Mao · Yuchuan Chen · Denghong Wang
Changqing Zhang · Hong Xu
Chapter 2-20 Geologic characteristics and ore-controls of the Fenghuoshan copper ore deposit, Qinghai province, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Li Wenming · Song Zhongbao · Liou Zhiyong · Li Changan · Li Zhucang · Li Hongpu
Chapter 2-21 Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Changba and Dengjiashan Pb-Zn deposits in the Qinling orogenic belt, China . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Guoliang Ma · Georges Beaudoin
Chapter 2-22 Pyrite trace element halos to northern Australian sediment-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Rodney C. Maier · Peter J. McGoldrick
Chapter 2-23 Darhand copper occurrence: An example of Michigan-type native copper deposits in central Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Nima Nezafati · Morteza Momenzadeh · Ernst Pernicka
Chapter 2-24 Rare metal sequestration and mobility in mineralized black shales from the Zunyi region, South China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 B. Orberger · C. Wagner · A. Vymazalová · J. Pašava · B. Kríbek · J.-P. Gallien
Chapter 2-25 Origin of the Nchanga copper-cobalt deposits of the Zambian Copperbelt . . . . . . 171 Stephen Roberts · Ross McGowan · Adrian Boyce
Chapter 2-26 Alpine type Pb-Zn-deposits (APT) hosted by Triassic carbonates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Erich Schroll
Chapter 2-27 Generation of hydrocarbons: Mechanism of reaction, geologic and experimental evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 N.G. Stenina · A.K. Gutakovskii · L.M. Plyasova
Chapter 2-28 N2-Ar-He tracing systematics of ore-forming fluids: A case study from the Songxi large-scale Ag(Sb) deposit, eastern Guangdong Province, China . . . . . . . . . 183 Sun Xiaoming · Xu Li · Xue Ting · Chen Binghui · Sun Kai · David I. Norman
Chapter 2-29 Geochemistry and gold content of the Triassic cabonaceous cherts of the Sikhote-Alin, Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Yu.G. Volokhin · A.I. Khanchuk · V.V. Ivanov · V.T. Kazachenko · V.V. Sattarova
Chapter 2-30 Genesis of PGE-polymetallic deposits in lower Cambrian black rock series, southern China: Evidence from fluid inclusion and inert gas isotopic studies . . . . 191 Wang Min · Sun Xiaoming · Ma Mingyang
X Contents
Chapter 2-31 Preliminary study of the source of base metals in MVT deposits of the Canning Basin, Western Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Andy R. Wilde · D.C. McPhail · J. Brugger · S. McKnight · D. Garnett
Chapter 2-32 Geochemical process model for the Mt Isa Cu-Co-Ag deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Andy Wilde · Melissa Gregory · Robert Duncan · Klaus Gessner
Michael Kühn · Peter Jones
Chapter 2-33 Mineralization stages and fluid processes in the giant Jinding deposit, western Yunnan, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 C-J. Xue · R. Zeng · S-W. Liu · G. Chi · H. Qing
Chapter 2-34 Geochemistry of PGE and Au in ferromanganese crusts from seamounts in the west Pacific Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Xue Ting · Sun Xiaoming · He Gaowen · Wang Shengwei · Lu Hongfeng · Zhang Mei
Chapter 2-35 Mirror-image coupling between sedimentary depression and the upper mantle uplifting in the Shengli oil/gas region, China: Implications for tectonics and exploratory practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Liqiang Yang · Zhongjie Zhang · José Badal
Chapter 2-36 An ore-forming model for Pb-Zn deposits in the Qinling orogenic belt, China . . . 215 Yao Shuzhen · Ding Zhenju · Zhou Zonggui · Lü Xinbiao
Chapter 2-37 Platinum-group elements in Cambrian black shale in southern China: Differential enrichment of platinum and palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Guangdi Zhang · Jiuling Li · Qunyao Xiong · Fangyuan Chen
Session 3 Uranium deposits: metallogeny and exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Chapter 3-1 Geochemistry, geothermometry, and K-Ar dating of episyenitic rocks associated with the Guarda uraniferous granites, Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 I. Bobos · L. Jaques · F. Noronha · N. Clauer · N. Liewig
Chapter 3-2 Petroleum-related origin for sandstone-hosted uranium deposits in the Dongsheng area, Ordos Basin (China) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Chunfang Cai · Hongtao Li · Xiaorong Luo
Chapter 3-3 Mesozoic - Neozoic structural evolution and its relationship to the formation of sandstone-type uranium deposits in the Yili Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Yuqi Cai · Shengxiang Li · Xiaozhong Han · Enjiu Zheng · Xigen Li
Chapter 3-4 Geodynamic setting of Mesozoic magmatism and its relationship to uranium metallogenesis in southeastern China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Chen Pei-rong · Zhang Min · Chen Wei-feng
Chapter 3-5 Cenozoic tectonic movement and its control on sandstone-type uranium deposits in the northern Junggar Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Z.-L. Chen · J. Liu · H.-L. Gong · E.-J. Zheng · X.-H. Wang
Chapter 3-6 The evolution of prototype basin and its relation to sandstone-hosted uranium ore-formation in northwestern China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Chen Zu-yi · Guo Qing-yin · Liu Hong-xu
Chapter 3-7 World-class unconformity-related uranium deposits: Key factors for their genesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 M.L. Cuney
Chapter 3-8 Alteration characteristics of the sandstone-type uranium deposit in Qianjiadian, Inner Mongolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Wenming Dong · Jinrong Lin · Yuliang Xia · Daneng Qi
Chapter 3-9 Simple deposition versus replacement and re-equilibration at the Crescencia Ni-(Co-U) deposit (Central Pyrenees, Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 I. Fanlo · I. Subías · J. Manuel · A. Paniagua · S. Morales
Chapter 3-10 Evolution of Mezozoic to Cenozoic basins in the Beishan-Gansu Corridor region with respect to uranium ore formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Qingyin Guo · Zuyi Chen · Hongxu Liu
XIContents
Chapter 3-11 Study of methods and techniques of aeroradiometric weak information extraction for sandstone-hosted uranium deposits based on GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Han Shao-yang · Hou Hui-qun · Ke Dan
Chapter 3-12 A new sandstone type uranium metallogenetic type - “Structure – Oil, Gas Type” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Huang Xian-fang · Liu De-chang · Du Le-tian · Zhao Ying-jun
Chapter 3-13 Mantle-derived fluid and uranium mineralization: Evidence from the world-class Xiangshan uranium deposit, SE China . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Yaohui Jiang · Hongfei Ling · Shaoyong Jiang
Chapter 3-14 Forecasting the occurrence of sandstone-type uranium deposits by spatial analysis: An example from the northeastern Ordos Basin, China . . . . . . . . . 273 Yangquan Jiao · Liqun Wu · Minfang Wang · Zhicheng Xu
Chapter 3-15 Hydrothermal alteration of the graphitized organic matter at the Kansanshi Cu (Au-, U-) deposit, Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 B. Kríbek · I. Knésl · J. Pasava · K. Malý · H. Caruthers · I. Sykorová
J. Jehlicka
Chapter 3-16 Australia’s uranium endowment: Metallogeny, exploration and potential . . . . . . . 281 Ian Lambert · Subhash Jaireth · Aden McKay · Yanis Miezitis
Chapter 3-17 Features of mylonite and its relationship to uranium ore-formation in the Xiazhuang uranium ore field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Jianhong Li · Liang Liang
Chapter 3-18 Mineralization characteristics and origin of the Qianjiadian uranium deposit . . . 289 Shengxiang Li · Yuqi Cai · Yuliang Xia · Guangxi Ou · Jinrong Lin
Wenming Dong
Chapter 3-19 Metallogenetic conditions and exploration criteria of the Dongsheng sandstone type uranium deposit in Inner Mongolia, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Ziying Li · Xiheng Fang · Yuliang Xia · Xinjian Xiao · Ye Sun
Anping Chen · Yangquan Jiao · Ke Zhang
Chapter 3-20 New discovery in the study of remote sensing image characteristics in sandstone-type uranium districts in China and its significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Dechang Liu · Xianfang Huang · Fawang Ye
Chapter 3-21 Controls on Precambrian uranium ore formation: The role of ancient oil (and evaporates?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 I.G. Mineeva
Chapter 3-22 Uranium deposits in the Arlit area (Niger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Maurice Pagel · Sabine Cavellec · Pierre Forbes · Olivier Gerbaud
Pierre Vergely · Ibrahim Wagani · Régis Mathieu
Chapter 3-23 Metallogeny of the uranium-bearing sedimentary basins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 I.G. Pechenkin · I.F. Volfson · A.N. Sysoev · V.G. Pechenkin · G.V. Grushevoy
Chapter 3-24 Reduction of fluids in the Bashbulak sandstone type uranium deposit in the Tarim Basin, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Mingkuan Qin · Wenming Dong · Guangxi Ou
Chapter 3-25 Study on the relationship between coal-derived hydrocarbon and formation of sandstone-type uranium deposits in the basins of North China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Sun Ye · Li Zi-ying
Chapter 3-26 Analysis of pegmatitic granite-uranium deposit formation conditions and exploitation prospects in the Shaanxi Shang-Dan triangular region, China . . . . . . 317 Jianguo Wang · Changwei Mu · Zhongduo Wang
Chapter 3-27 Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectono-sedimentary evolution and sandstone-hosted uranium mineralization of the Erlian basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Sanyuan Wei · Mingkuan Qin · Yuexiang Li · Zhongbo He · Anping Chen
Kefeng Shen
Chapter 3-28 Geologic features and mineralization of the uranium-bearing Vonsenite deposit in the LiaoDong rift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Xuehui Xia · Fei Yan · Yuhai Zhao · Wenzong Chang
XII
Chapter 3-29 Geology and origin of the Dongsheng uranium deposit in the Ordos basin, North China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Weidong Xiang · Xiheng Fang · Tiangang Li · Xiaolin Chen · Yaqing Pang
Huahan Cheng
Chapter 3-30 On the “complex three member fluids genesis” sandstone type uranium deposit in Dongsheng district, Inner Mongolia, NW China . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Xinjian Xiao · Ziying Li · Xiheng Fang · Guangxi Ou · Ye Sun · Anping Chen
Chapter 3-31 Establishment of a virtual geological environment: A case study from the Dongsheng U-mineralized area, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Fawang Ye · Yingjun Zhao · Dechang Liu
Chapter 3-32 Correlation between shoshonitic rocks and uranium mineralization in the Xiangshan uranium ore field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Shuming Zhang · Dagan Yu · T.S. Brewer
Chapter 3-33 Metallogenic time-space evolution of the Xiangshan Uranium ore field in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Wanliang Zhang · Ziying Li
Chapter 3-34 Alkali-metasomatism and uranium mineralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Fengmin Zhao
Chapter 3-35 Evidence of early oxidation related to sandstone-type uranium mineralization within the Zhiluo Formation (J2z), Ordos Basin, China . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Minqiang Zhu · Rengui Wu · Dagan Yu
Session 4 Magmas and base-metal ore deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Chapter 4-1 Factors controlling palladium and gold contents in the Aksug porphyry Cu-Mo deposit (Russia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 A.N. Berzina · V.I. Sotnikov · M. Economou-Eliopoulos · D.G. Eliopoulos
Chapter 4-2 The Boyongan porphyry Cu-Au deposit: Repeated hydrothermal cycles tied to discrete intrusive events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 D.P. Braxton · D.R. Cooke
Chapter 4-3 Endoskarn and Cu-Zn mineralization at the Empire mine, Idaho, USA . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Zhaoshan Chang · Lawrence D. Meinert
Chapter 4-4 The Rosario porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, northern Chile: Hypogene upgrading during gravitational collapse of the Domeyko Cordillera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 David R. Cooke · Glenton J. Masterman · Ron F. Berry · John L. Walshe
Chapter 4-5 Copper mineralization in the western Longbohe area, SE Yunnan, China – a comparison with the Shengquan copper deposit, Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Yinliang Cui · Dexian Qin · Yaoguang Chen
Chapter 4-6 Sulfur isotope zonation at the Mt Polley alkalic porphyry Cu-Au deposit, British Columbia, Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 C.L. Deyell
Chapter 4-7 Genesis of regionally metamorphosed skarns from the Bohemian Massif: Contact metasomatic versus sedimentary-exhalative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 P. Drahota · Z. Pertold · M. Pudilová
Chapter 4-8 Sm-Nd isotope dating of fluorites from the Xiangquan thallium deposit, Anhui Province, East China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Y. Fan · T.F. Zhou · F. Yuan · M.A. Wu · M.J. Hou · G. Voicu · Q.H. Hu
Q.M. Zhang
Chapter 4-9 Geochemical characteristics and genesis of Na-rich rocks in the Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit, Inner Mongolia, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Hongcai Fei · Rongge Xiao · Lan Cheng · Cuizhi Wang
Chapter 4-10 Tsav: A shoshonite-hosted intermediate sulfidation epithermal Ag-Pb-Zn deposit, eastern Mongolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 H. Gantumur · D. Batulzii · Wang Lijuan · Zhu Heping
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Chapter 4-11 Timing of volatile and magma ascent in the formation of the Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry Cu-Au deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 A.C. Harris · D.R. Cooke · N.C. White · W.J. Dunlap · C.M. Allen · I. Campbell
P.W. Reiners
Chapter 4-12 Trace element content of quartz from the Ehrenfriedersdorf Sn-W deposit, Germany: Results of an acid-wash procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 S. Haßler · U. Kempe · T. Monecke · J. Götze
Chapter 4-13 Three large-scale metallogenic events related to the Yanshanian Period in Southern China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Renmin Hua · Peirong Chen · Wenlan Zhang · Jianjun Lu
Chapter 4-14 Intercummulus massive Ni-Cu-Co and PGE-bearing sulphides in pyroxenite: a new mineralization type in the layered gabbroic sequence of the Beja Igneous Complex (Portugal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Ana P. Jesus · António Mateus · José Munhá · Álvaro Pinto
Chapter 4-15 Geochemical characteristics of ores from the Tangziwa deposit, Gejiu district, Yunnan province, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Run-Xing Jia · Wei-Xuan Fang · Zhen-Min Gao · Hong-Yang Li
Ying He
Chapter 4-17 Pb-Zn-Cu mineralization in the Filfila Massif, northeastern Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 O. Kolli
Chapter 4-18 Mass-balance analysis of mineralized skarn systems: Implications for replacement processes, carbonate mobility, and permeability evolution . . . . . . . . 421 D.R. Lentz
Chapter 4-19 Numerical simulations of heat and mass transfer for the Tongchang porphyry copper deposit, Dexing, Jiangxi Province, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 Jiankang Li · Dehui Zhang · Denghong Wang
Chapter 4-20 Magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE deposits in the Qilian-Longshou mountains, Northwest China – part of a Proterozoic large igneous province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Li Wenyuan · Wang Wei · Guo Zhouping
Chapter 4-21 A study of clay mineralogy and illite Kübler index with respect to hydrothermal alteration in the Yinshan polymetallic deposit, South China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Li Xiaofeng · Mao Jingwen · Hua Renmin
Chapter 4-22 Structural controls on copper skarn mineralization in the Fenghuangshan copper deposit, Tongling, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Liangming Liu · Shenglin Peng · Yanhua Zhang · Chongbin Zhao
Chapter 4-23 Rutile - the tin-tungsten host in the intrusive tourmaline breccia at Wheal Remfry, SW England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 A. Müller · C. Halls
Chapter 4-24 Intrusion-related gold occurrences in the Astaneh-Sarband area, west central Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 N. Nezafati · P.M. Herzig · E. Pernicka · M. Momenzadeh
Chapter 4-25 The La Fortuna Cu-Au porphyry deposit, Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 Piotr Paleczek · Waldo Cuadra · Michael Donnelly · Robert Page
Chapter 4-26 Fe-Ti-V oxide mineralization in the Permian Panzhihua Gabbro, Emeishan large igneous province, SW China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Kwan-Nang Pang · Mei-Fu Zhou · Yuxiao Ma
Chapter 4-27 Nodular chromite deposits in some Tethyan ophiolites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 M. Rahgoshay · H. Shafaii Moghadam · V. Forouzesh
Chapter 4-28 Sulfosalt mineral compositions from the No 10 vein, Zletovo lead-zinc deposit, Macedonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 T. Serafimovski · P. Lazarov · G. Tasev
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Chapter 4-29 Magmatic sulfide deposits in the Permian Emeishan large igneous province, SW China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Xie-Yan Song · Hong Zhong · Yan Tao · Mei-Fu Zhou
Chapter 4-30 Composition and mineralisation potential of A-type granites of the Kolyma tectonic block (northeast Yakutia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Vera A. Trunilina · Sergey P. Roev
Chapter 4-31 New porphyry - Cu ± Mo occurrences in the north-eastern Aegean, Greece: Ore mineralogy and epithermal relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 Panagiotis Voudouris · Dimitrios Alfieris
Chapter 4-32 Five questions for fun and profit: A mineral systems perspective on metallogenic epochs, provinces and magmatic hydrothermal Cu and Au deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 John L. Walshe · David R. Cooke · Peter Neumayr
Chapter 4-33 Mineral chemistry of Fe-Ti oxides from the Xinjie PGE-bearing layered mafic-ultramafic intrusion in Sichuan, SW China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Christina Yan Wang · Mei-Fu Zhou
Chapter 4-34 Volcanism and mineralization in the North Qilian Orogenic Belt, Northwestern China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 Xue-Yi Xu · Lin-Qi Xia · Zu-Chun Xia
Chapter 4-35 The Shaxi porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Anhui Province, eastern China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 Xiao-Yong Yang · Yong-Fei Zheng
Chapter 4-36 Evidence for evolution of fluorine-chlorine activity in intrusion-related gold systems, southwestern New Brunswick, Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 X.M. Yang · D.R. Lentz
Chapter 4-37 Geochemistry of the Kalatongke layered intrusion, Xinjiang NW China: Implications for the genesis of a magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 Zhaochong Zhang · Jingwen Mao · Zhou Gang · Fengmei Chai · Shenghao Yan
Bailin Chen
Chapter 4-38 A preliminary investigation of autometasomatic phenomena in the host rocks to the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE deposit, Inner Mongolia, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 Yuan Zhongxin · Bai Ge · Zhang Zongqing
Chapter 4-39 REE-Nb (Fe, U,Th)-bearing alkaline skarns of China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 Zhao Yiming · Bai Ge · Li Daxin
Chapter 4-40 Origin of giant Fe-Ti-V oxide deposits in layered gabbroic intrusions, Pan-Xi district, Sichuan Province, SW China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 Mei-Fu Zhou · Christina Yan Wang · Kwan-Nang Pang · Gregory J. Shellnutt
Yuxiao Ma
Chapter 4-41 Xiangquan: The World’s first reported sediment-hosted thallium-only deposit, northeastern margin of the Yangtze Block, eastern China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 T.F. Zhou · Y. Fan · F. Yuan · M.A. Wu · M.J. Hou · G. Voicu · Q.H. Hu
Q.M. Zhang
Session 5 Epigenetic gold systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Chapter 5-1 Geochemical and isotopic constraints on Palaeozoic orogenic gold endowment and crustal evolution of the south central Andes, NW Argentina . . . 521 Frank P. Bierlein · Beatriz Coira · Holly Stein
Chapter 5-2 Models for epigenetic gold exploration in the northern Cordilleran Orogen, Yukon, Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 Mike Burke · Craig J.R. Hart · Lara L. Lewis
Chapter 5-3 Characteristics and evolution of hydrothermal fluids from the Archean orogenic New Celebration gold deposits, Western Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 J.L. Hodge · S.G. Hagemann · P. Neumayr
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Chapter 5-4 Source of ore fluids in Carlin-type gold deposits, China: Implications for genetic models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 A.H. Hofstra · X.-C. Zhang · P. Emsbo · R.-Z. Hu · W.-C. Su · W.D. Christiansen
S.-H. Fu · P. Theodorakos
Chapter 5-5 Geology and ore genesis of the Nanjinshan gold deposit in Beishan Mountain area, northwestern China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 Si-hong Jiang · Feng-jun Nie
Chapter 5-6 Age and origin of advanced argillic alteration at the Bor Cu-Au deposit, Serbia . . . . 541 C. Lerouge · L. Bailly · E. Béchu · C. Fléhoc · A. Genna · J.L. Lescuyer · G. Stein
P.Y. Gillot · D. Kozelj
Chapter 5-7 Turbidite-hosted gold deposits of SE Guizhou, China: Their regional setting, mineralizing styles, and some genetic constrains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 Huan-Zhang Lu · Zhonggang Wang · Wenyi Chen · Xueyi Wu
Ruizhong Hu · Moussa Keita
Chapter 5-8 Carlin-like gold mineralization in the Gaspé Peninsula, Canadian Appalachians . . . 549 M. Malo · B. Dubé · V. Garnier · A. Chagnon
Chapter 5-9 Fluid inclusion study of quartz veins from the orogenic Klecza gold deposit in the Kaczawa Mountains (SW Poland) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 S.Z. Mikulski · S. Speczik · A. Kozlowski
Chapter 5-10 Deformation history and multiple gold mineralisation events within the Bardoc Tectonic Zone, Eastern Goldfields, Western Australia . . . . . . . . . 557 Anthony A. Morey · Roberto F. Weinberg · Frank P. Bierlein
Chapter 5-11 Structural control of mineralization in metamorphic core complexes . . . . . . . . . . . 561 F. Neubauer
Chapter 5-12 Using remote sensing technology for the determination of mineralization in the Kal-e-Kafi porphyritic deposit, Anarak, Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 M.H. Nezampour · I. Rassa
Chapter 5-13 New observations on W-Sb-Au mineralization at Woxi, western Hunan, China . . 569 B. Peng · A. Piestrzynski · J. Pieczonka
Chapter 5-14 Paleohydrologic evolution of the St. Ives gold camp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 Klaus J. Petersen · Peter Neumayr · Steffen G. Hagemann · John L. Walshe
Chapter 5-15 Tectonic setting of epithermal deposits in mainland China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 Jinping Qi · Yanjing Chen · Franco Pirajno
Chapter 5-16 Gold deposits rich in bismuth minerals: An important type of gold deposits . . . . 581 Ren Yunsheng · Liu Liandeng · Zhang Huihuang
Chapter 5-17 Analysis of Au content in sedimentary rocks around the Hishikari gold deposit, Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 Kenzo Sanematsu · Akira Imai · Koichiro Watanabe · Tetsuya Nakanishi
Chapter 5-18 A case study of structure-controlled mineralization – the Huangtuliang gold deposit, northwestern Hebei, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 A.Q. Sun · J.Z. Zhang · S.Y. Niu · H.B. Hu · F.J. Fu · Y.C. Han · F. Li
Chapter 5-19 Gold systems in northeastern Queensland: A key to tectonic evolution of the northern Tasman Fold Belt System, Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 I.M.A. Vos · F.P. Bierlein
Session 6 Submarine ore systems and ancient analogues: Global comparisons of VMS (IGCP 502) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Chapter 6-1 Polymetallic VMS deposits of the Andes Fueguinos (southernmost Argentina): Preliminary report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 R.D. Acevedo · I. Fanlo · I. Subías · A. Paniagua · D.E. Buffone
Chapter 6-2 Mineralogical and geochemical hydrothermal evidences on sediments from the serpentinite-hosted Saldanha hydrothermal field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 Ágata S.C.M.A. Dias · Fernando J.A.S. Barriga
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Chapter 6-3 Geological features and sulphur isotope study of the Meixian-style Pb-Zn-(Ag) deposits in Fujian Province, South China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607 Feng Chengyou · Zhang Dequan · She Hongquan · Li Daxin · Wu Jianshe
Chapter 6-4 Formation mechanism of oreshoots in massive sulphide orebodies at Hongtoushan, NE China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 Gu Lianxing · Tang Xiaoqian · Zheng Yuanchuan · Wu Changzhi · Lu Jianjun
Ni Pei · Xiao Xinjian · Tian Zeman
Chapter 6-5 The Khandiza Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag VMS deposit: Part of a new ‘Bathurst District’ in southern Uzbekistan? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 R.J. Herrington · N.A. Achmedov · W.J. Charter
Chapter 6-6 Massive sulfide deposits in continental volcanic basins at the lower Yangtze Valley, Southeast China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 Wenxuan Hu · Wenlan Zhang · Lianxing Gu · Yucai Song
Chapter 6-7 Siting of gold and characteristics of gold-bearing massive sulfides from the interior of the felsic-hosted PACMANUS massive sulfide deposit, eastern Manus basin (PNG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 T. Ihle · S. Petersen · P.M. Herzig · M.D. Hannington
Chapter 6-8 Volcanic stratigraphy, chemical stratigraphy and alteration system of the Storliden massive sulphide deposit, Skellefte district, northern Sweden . . 627 Marcello Imaña · Rodney Allen · Tim Barrett
Chapter 6-9 Silica gel microtextures in siliceous exhalites at the Soloviejo manganese deposit, Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 R.C.G.S. Jorge · J.M.R.S. Relvas · F.J.A.S. Barriga
Chapter 6-10 ‘T’-type mineralisation – a pseudo-epithermal style of VHMS associated gold mineralisation, Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635 S.M. Jowitt · R.G.M. Osborn · R.D.H. Thomas · J. Naden · A.G. Gunn
R.J. Herrington · S. Nicolaides
Chapter 6-11 Some new constraints on hydrothermal alteration and deformation of the Paleoproterozoic serpentinite-hosted Outokumpu Cu-Co-Ni-Zn-Au deposits, Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 A. Kontinen · P. Sorjonen-Ward · P. Peltonen · U. Kuronen
Chapter 6-12 Transport and deposition of selenium in felsic volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits of the Finlayson Lake District, Yukon Territory, Canada . . . . . . . . . . 643 D. Layton-Matthews · S.D. Scott · J.M. Peter · M.I. Leybourne
Chapter 6-13 Rare mineral assemblages in black and white smoker vent chimneys from Uralian VHMS deposits, Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647 V.V. Maslennikov · S.P. Maslennikova
Chapter 6-14 Back-arc basin constraints on the genesis of Ordovician volcanogenic massive sulfides in the Flat Landing Brook Formation, Bathurst Mining Camp, Canada . . . 651 S.H. McClenaghan · D.R. Lentz · J.A. Walker
Chapter 6-15 The submarine volcanic succession hosting the massive sulfide and sulfosalt Eskay Creek deposit, Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655 T. Monecke · D. Gale · T. Roth · M.D. Hannington
Chapter 6-16 Unraveling mineral isotope signatures from whole-rock oxygen and hydrogen isotope data: A case study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659 T. Monecke · H. Paulick · R. Kleeberg
Chapter 6-17 Osmium isotope systematics in the Iberian Pyrite Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 J. Munhá · J.M.R.S. Relvas · F.J.A.S. Barriga · P. Conceição · R.C.G.S. Jorge
R. Mathur · J. Ruiz · C.C.G. Tassinari
Chapter 6-18 Lead isotopic systematics of Urals massive sulphide deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 Jean-Jacques Orgeval · Catherine Guerrot · Svetlana G. Tessalina · Bernard Bourdon
Victor Zaykov · Claudia Buley · Berndt Bushmann · Richard Herrington · Rex Taylor
Chapter 6-19 Local and regional geochemical variations in VHMS-related felsic volcanic series in the Iberian Pyrite Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 Emilio Pascual · Teodosio Donaire · Alfonso Valenzuela
Contents
XVII
Chapter 6-20 Volcanic sequences, lithostratigraphy and geochemistry of altered rocks at the Jbel Malek deposit: Clues for the origins of a Neoproterozoic gold deposit, High-Atlas, Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675 Ewan Pelleter · Alain Cheilletz · Abdellah Mouttaqi · Abdelkhalek El Hakour
Gasquet Dominique
Chapter 6-21 Factors controlling precious and base-metal enrichments at the ultramafic-hosted Logatchev hydrothermal field, 14°45’N on the MAR: New insights from cruise M60/3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 S. Petersen · T. Kuhn · P.M. Herzig · M.D. Hannington
Chapter 6-22 Gold mineralization in recent and ancient volcanic-hosted massive sulfides: The PACMANUS field and the Neves Corvo deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 A.M.M. Pinto · J.M.R.S. Relvas · F.J.A.S. Barriga · J. Munhá · N. Pacheco
S.D. Scott
Chapter 6-23 TAG hydrothermal field: A key to modern and ancient seafloor hydrothermal VMS ore-forming systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 Peter A. Rona
Chapter 6-24 Felsic pyroclastic and effusive volcanic facies hosting the Neves Corvo massive sulfide deposit, Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 C.J.P. Rosa · J. McPhie · J.M.R.S. Relvas · Z. Pereira · N. Pacheco
Chapter 6-25 Dufrenoysite and marumoite from the Okoppe Mine, Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695 M. Shimizu · Y. Ishizaki · T. Honma · S. Matsubara · R. Miyawaki
Chapter 6-26 Trace and rare earth element chemistry of garnet and apatite as discriminant for Broken Hill-Type mineralization, Namaqua Province, South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . 699 Marcel Stalder · Abraham Rozendaal
Chapter 6-27 The effect of weathering on reflectance spectra of hydrothermal white micas and chlorites: Implications for alteration mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 S. Ehara Suryantini · F.J.A. van Ruitenbeek · F.D. van der Meer
Chapter 6-28 Gold and silver in Cu-Zn massive sulphide deposits of the Urals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 I.V. Vikentyev
Chapter 6-29 Spherulitic pyrite in seafloor hydrothermal deposits: Products of rapid crystallization from mixing fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 Qidong Xu · Steven D. Scott
Chapter 6-30 Magmatic sources of volatiles and metals for volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits on modern and ancient seafloors: Evidence from melt inclusions . . . . . . 715 Kaihui Yang · Steven D. Scott
Chapter 6-31 Anhydrite-pyrite-magnetite-pyroxene-type deposits in volcanic basins of a Mesozoic continent, Yangtze River Valley, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719 Ronghua Zhang · Shumin Hu · Xuetong Zhang
Session 7 Understanding ore systems though precise geochronology, isotope tracing and microgeochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
Chapter 7-1 Origin of titanomagnetite-ilmenite mineralization, Arsentyev gabbro-syenite massif, Transbaikalia, Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725 Roza Badmatsyrenova · Dmitriy Orsoev
Chapter 7-2 Direct dating of ore minerals: A feasibility study of the Pb-Pb isotope step-leaching technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729 K. Bassano · J. Hergt · R. Maas · J. Woodhead
Chapter 7-3 Rutiles in eclogite from the Sulu UHPM Terrane: A preliminary study . . . . . . . . . . . . 731 Chen Zhenyu · Chen Yuchuan · Wang Denghong · Xu Jue
Zhou Jianxiong
Chapter 7-4 A non-magmatic component in fluids of South American Fe oxide-Cu-Au deposits inferred from δδδδδ37Cl, 87Sr/86Sri and Cl/Br . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735 M. Chiaradia · D. Banks · R. Cliff · R. Marschik · A. de Haller
Contents
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Chapter 7-5 Origin of hydrothermal ore-forming processes in the Dapingzhang polymetallic copper deposit in the Lanping- Simao Basin, Yunnan Province . . . . . 739 Dai Baozhang · Jiang Shaoyong · Liao Qilin
Chapter 7-6 Stable isotope geochemistry of the gold-sulfide mineralized zone of the Kottapalle block of the Ramagiri greenstone belt, Dharwar Craton, South India . . . 743 M. Deb · K. Bheemalingeswara
Chapter 7-7 Isotope systematics of ore-bearing granites and host rocks of the Orlovka-Spokoinoe mining district, eastern Transbaikalia, Russia . . . . . . . . . 747 A. Dolgopolova · R. Seltmann · C. Stanley · D. Weiss · B. Kober · W. Siebel
Chapter 7-8 Syn-metamorphic dates for tourmaline formation around Mount Isa, north-west Queensland, Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751 Robert J. Duncan · Andy R. Wilde · Roland Mass · Katherine Bassano
Chapter 7-9 Potassic alteration and veining and the age of copper emplacement at Mount Isa, Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755 Melissa J. Gregory · Andy R. Wilde · Bruce F. Schaefer · Reid R. Keays
Chapter 7-10 Contact metamorphism at the manganese deposits of the Noda-Tamagawa Mine, northeast Japan: Insight from oxygen isotope data of manganese minerals . . . . 759 Ken-ichiro Hayashi
Chapter 7-11 Isotopic geochemistry of Mesozoic igneous rocks and mineralization of Shanmen silver deposit in Yi-Su Basin, Jilin Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761 Huang Wenbin · Shen Haoche · Fen Lin
Chapter 7-12 Platinum group elements as useful genetic tracers for the origin of polymetallic Ni-Mo-PGE-Au sulfide ores in Lower Cambrian black shales, Yangtze Platform, South China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 S.-Y. Jiang · Y.-Q. Chen · H.-F. Ling · J.-H. Yang · H.-Z. Feng
Chapter 7-13 Chemical and mineralogical characteristics of tourmaline in pegmatites from Vavdos, Chalkidiki peninsula, N Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 M.D. Laskou
Chapter 7-14 Geochemical characteristics of He-Ar and Pb isotopes in the Dajiangping pyrite deposit, western Guangdong, South China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 Kuang Li · Kai Hu · Shaoyong Jiang · Shiming Song
Chapter 7-15 Precise Re-Os dating of molybdenite from the east Qinling molybdenum belt in central China and its geodynamic implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 Yong-Feng Li · Jing-Wen Mao · Feng-Jun Bai · Bao-Jian Guo · Zhi-Guang Wang
Chapter 7-16 Studies on the genesis of adjacent Changkeng gold- and Fuwang silver-deposits, Guangdong Province, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 Hua-Ying Liang · Ping Xia · Xiu-Zhang Wang · Heng-Xiang Yu
Chapter 7-17 Fluid inclusion and stable isotope geochemistry of the Ernest Henry Fe oxide-Cu-Au deposit, Queensland, Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 Geordie Mark · Patrick J. Williams · Nick H.S. Oliver · Chris Ryan · Terry Mernagh
Chapter 7-18 The Re-Os age for molybdenite from the Variscan Strzegom-Sobótka massif, SW Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 Stanislaw Z. Mikulski · Holly J. Stein
Chapter 7-19 Re-Os ages for auriferous sulfides from the gold deposits in the Kaczawa Mountains (SW Poland) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 Stanislaw Z. Mikulski · Richard J. Markey · Holly J. Stein
Chapter 7-20 Dating of gold occurrences in the Sayan-Baikal Fold Belt, Southern Siberia, Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797 A.G. Mironov · H. Stein · A. Zimmerman · S.M. Zhmodik
Chapter 7-21 Jurassic magmatism and Au-Ag mineralization in the Deseado Massif (Patagonia Argentina): Lead and sulfur isotopic studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 P. Moreira · R.R. Fernández · I.A. Schalamuk · R.O. Etcheverry · A.P. Rolando
Chapter 7-22 Re-Os ages for molybdenite from the Tepeoba breccia-centered Cu-Mo-Au deposit, western Turkey: Brecciation-triggered mineralization . . . . . . . 805 Hiroyasu Murakami · Yasushi Watanabe · Holly Stein
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Chapter 7-23 U-Pb SHRIMP dating of zircon from quartz veins at the Yangshan gold deposit: Evidence for multiple magmatic-hydrothermal events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 Qi Jinzhong · Li Li · Yuan Shisong · Liu Zhijie
Chapter 7-24 87Sr/86Sr, 3He/4He, REE and stable isotope (δδδδδ34S, δδδδδ18O) constraints on the hydrothermal fluid evolution of the PACMANUS system, Manus Basin . . . . . . . . . . . 813 Stephen Roberts · Wolfgang Bach · Adrian Boyce · Ray Burgess
Chapter 7-25 U-Pb dating of micro-inclusions: The age of the Ehrenfriedersdorf tin deposit (Erzgebirge, Germany) . . . . . . . . . . . . 817 R.L. Romer · R. Thomas
Chapter 7-26 U-Pb data of Au-Pd-Pt-bearing quartz-hematite veins, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 R.L. Romer · V. Lüders · D.A. Banks · J. Schneider
Chapter 7-27 Constraints on the source and evolution of mineralising fluids in the Norrbotten Fe oxide-Cu-Au province, Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825 Martin Smith · Sarah A. Gleeson
Chapter 7-28 LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating of titanite: New constraints on multistage geological evolution of the Norrbotten mining district, Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 Martin Smith · Craig Storey · Teresa Jeffries
Chapter 7-29 Metamorphic to magmatic transition captured at the Myszków Mo-W deposit, southern Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833 H.J. Stein · M. Markowiak · S.Z. Mikulski
Chapter 7-30 New K-Ar, 87Sr/86Sr, REE, and XRF data for Tertiary volcanic rocks in the Sasa-Toranica ore district, Macedonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 G. Tasev · T. Serafimovski · P. Lazarov
Chapter 7-31 Sources of rhenium and osmium enrichment in fumaroles, sulphide sublimates and volcanic rocks from the Kudriavy volcano . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841 Svetlana G. Tessalina · Françoise Capmas · Jean-Louis Birck · Claude-Jean Allègre
Marina A. Yudovskaya · Vadim V. Distler · Ilya V. Chaplygin
Chapter 7-32 Muluozhai REE deposit in Sichuan Province, China: Stable isotope data and their implications on the dynamics of mineralization . . 845 Shihong Tian · Zengqian Hou · Tiping Ding · Yuling Xie · Zhongxin Yuan
Ge Bai · Tianren Zou
Chapter 7-33 Stable isotope composition of the Dalucao rare earth deposit in western Sichuan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849 Wan Defang · Tian Sihong · Luo Mei · Jiang Shaoyong
Chapter 7-34 Preliminary study on the Chinese continental mineralization system . . . . . . . . . . . 853 Wang Denghong · Chen Yuchuan
Chapter 7-35 Origin and evolution of Sn- and Cu-rich fluids in the Dajing tin-polymetal deposit – evidence from LA-ICP-MS analysis of individual fluid inclusions . . . . . . . 857 Wang Lijuan · Wang Yuwang · Wang Jingbin · Zhu Heping · Günther Detlef
Chapter 7-36 Lead and zinc-rich fluid inclusions in Broken Hill-type deposits: Fractionates from sulphide-rich melts or consequences of exotic fluid infiltration? . . . . . . . . . . . 861 Patrick J. Williams · Dong Guoyi · Bruce Yardley · Thomas Ullrich · Chris Ryan
Terry Mernagh
Chapter 7-37 Isotopic composition and source of lead in the Jinding Zn-Pb Deposit, Yunnan, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865 Zeng Rong · Zhao Shihua · Gao Yongbao · Li Yongqiang
Chapter 7-38 Geology and geochemistry of the Furong Tin Deposit, Hunan Province, P. R. China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 Zhao Kuidong · Jiang Shaoyong · Jiang Yaohui
Contents
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and Anna Vymazalova Corporate Representative: Doug Kirwin
Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits (SGA)
Publications: Jingwen Mao, Frank P. Bierlein Spouse and Guest Activities: Susan Leach, Li Hongyan,
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8th Biennial SGA Meeting
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Beaudoin, Georges
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Cabral, Alexandre R.
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Cooke, David
Coveney, Raymond M.
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Franklin, Jim
Groves, David
Gu, Lianxing
Hall, Greg
Scientific Reviewers
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XXIV
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Scientific Reviewers
Smith, Roric
Stein, Holly
Sun, Xiaoming
Tornos, Fernando
Walshe, John
Watanabe, Yasushi
William-Jones, Anthony
Zhou, Meifu
Zimmerman, Aaron
Session 1
Tectonics, lithospheric, and deep mantle controls on global metallogenic provinces and giant ore deposits
Abstract. Three main geodynamic environments are favorable for the developmemnt of ore-forming systems of Hg and Au-Hg deposits: Intracontinental rifts and aulacogens at the ancient cratons, intraplate rifting in the orogenic belts of different ages, and active continental margins of the continents. The isotope-geochemical characteristics of ore-forming systems of Hg and Au-Hg deposits, changes in 3He/4Hg ratio, and paragenetic relationship between subcrustal basite and alkaline basite magmatism suggest that mantle plumes played a significant role in their formation.
Keywords. Mercury, gold-mercury deposits, geodynamic settings, mantle plumes, helium isotopes, Ar/Ar dating
1 Introduction
Analysis of the siting of Hg and Au-Hg deposits indicates their joint deposition sites in the well- known metallogenic belts: Pacific-Ocean, Mediterranean, and Central Asia (Obolenskiy and Naumov 2003). The most ancient Pre- cambrian Au-Hg deposits only of Canada, South America and Australia, which are localized in the separate ore districts and controlled by rifting structures of the ancient cratons, occur beyond the limits of the belts. Different geodynamic environments are typical for the Hg and Au- Hg deposits localized within the limits of recognized global metallogenic belts.
2 Global metallogenic belts
The well-known Almaden ore district in the rift structures of the ancient Iberian plate, and the Donetsk basin ore province in the Dnepr-Donetsk aulacogen in the flank of the ancient Ukraine shield, occupy separate positions in the Mediterranean belt, where Mesozoic and Cenozoic Hg and Au-Hg deposits are related to the post Jurassic subduction zones and overlying continental volcanic belts (Bailey et al. 1973; Tanelli et al. 1991). Mercury deposits of the Almaden district are the Silurian-Devonian in age, while mercury deposits of the Donetsk basin are of Per- mian-Triassic age.
Mercury and Au-Hg deposits of the Central Asian belt, localized in Early Paleozoic and Hercinian orogenic belts, are related to various metallogenic epochs (Table 1). The four main periods of Hg and Au-Hg deposits are distin- guished in the Altai-Sayan orogenic region using Ar-Ar dating: Early Paleozoic, Middle Paleozoic, Early Meso- zoic and Late Mesozoic. Industrial Hg and Au-Hg deposits of the Altai-Sayan and Tien-Shan ore provinces are related to the most productive Early Mesozoic period. Geodynamic environment of formation of these belts is caused by the intraplate riftogenesis, confined to the large scale displacements along strike-slip faults of
Chapter 1-1
Global tectonic settings and deep mantle control on Hg and Au-Hg deposits A.S. Borisenko, A.A. Obolenskiy, E.A. Naumov Institute of Geology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 pr. Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, Russia
1-1
4
Late Paleozic – Early Mesozoic age. There are no known mercury deposits of Paleozoic age, and Hg enters into the sulfides and native gold of lode gold and Au-Cu-skarn deposits, and forms complex Au-Hg occurrences related to the granitoids (D-C1) (Table 1).
A large quantity of Hg and especially Au-Hg deposits are localized mainly in the back-arc rift structures of the Basin and Ranges province, occur in the global Pacific- Ocean metallogenic belt and particularly in its North American branch. The main Au-Hg deposits of the world class occur there, and since their discovery in the 1860s they became one of the major industrial types of Au deposits (Radtke 1985; Muntean et al. 2004).
Mercury deposits are localized within the limits of active continental margins of Andean and Californian types of South and North America in frontal accretion complexes of subduction zones and overlying continental volcanic belts. Mercury deposits of North-East and Far East Russia are situated in similar geodynamic environments. Au-Hg deposits in these structures are minor.
Small Hg and Au-Hg deposits occur in island-arc systems of ensialic type predominantly in the West Pacific- Ocean segment of the belt (Japan, Oceania, New Zealand). The important Au-Hg province of South-East China is situated in this part of the Pacific Ocean belt including large Sb-Hg (Vanshan) and Au-Hg deposits of Carlin type related to the structures of Mesozoic active rifting of South-China craton (Hu Rui-Zhong et al. 2002). Thus, analysis of Hg and Au-Hg deposits localization in global metallogenic belts allows us to establish the main regu- larities of their position.
3 Geodynamic settings
Proterozoic and Paleozoic deposits occur in rift structures or aulacogens are confined to continental rifts and related genetically to the mantle plumes. Mercury and Au-Hg deposits are located separately as a rule, although Hg mineralization coincides with Au-Hg mineralization in the South-East China province.
Mercury and Au-Hg deposits, whose formation is caused by the intraplate rifting development of anorogenic magmatism and plutonogenic ore-forming systems with complex Cu-Au-Hg ore, occur in the reactivated orogenic belts of different age in Central Asia. The intraplate riftogenesis is completed by basite and alkaline-basite magmatism as dike swarms and epithermal Au-Hg and Hg mineralization at the Permian-Triassic boundary. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Hg and Au-Hg deposits are located at active continental margins. They are known in ensialic island-arcs, accretion complexes of subduction zones, overlying continental volcanic belts, and in the back-arc rifting structures. There is a close relation between Hg and Au-Hg deposits in this geodynamic environment, with common ore-forming epithermal and volcanogenous-hydrothermal systems.
Thus, three main geodynamic environments are favorable for the development of ore-forming systems of Hg and Au-Hg deposits: intracontinental riftogenesis at the cratons, intraplate rifting related to strike-slip faults in the orogenic belts, and active continental margins of the continents. Magmatism of mantle (plume) nature, according to the isotope-geochemical characteristics, arises as volcanogenic-plutonogenic or dike complexes and magmatogenic-hydrothermal ore-forming systems in each of these geodynamic environments. Mercury and Au-Hg deposits are related to the late periods of their development. Ore-forming systems of the Hg deposits may occur separately as well.
4 Mantle plumes and ore forming processes
A mantle origin of ore-forming systems of Hg and Au- Hg deposits is proved by isotopic composition of helium from fluid inclusions in quartz at these deposits (Table 2) (Torgersen et al. 1981, 1982, Cline et al. 2003). Isotope com-
A.S. Borisenko · A.A. Obolenskiy · E.A. Naumov
5
position of He was measured in the laboratory of geochronology and geochemistry of isotopes at the Kola Geo- logical InstituteRAS. The lowest 3He/4He ratios (from 0.12*10-6 to 0.38*10-6) are typical for mercury deposits (Vanshan, Nikitovka). The copper-mercury (Djilkidal) and gold-mercury (Murzinskoe) deposits with the isotopes of helium varying from 1.06*10-6 to 1.6*10-6 belong to the intermediate type. Relatively high-temperature Ni-Co-As and Ag-Sb deposits (Bu-Azzer and Akdjilga) are charac- terized by a higher proportion of light helium isotope, average 3He/4He ratio varies from 4*10-6 to 18*10-6, re- spectively (Naumov et al. 2004).
We observed some inverse correlation between 3He/ 4He values of ore-forming fluids and resources of epithermal Au and Hg deposits from different parts of the world (Table 3).
These data suggest that in a series of deposits: mercury ? copper-mercury ? gold -mercury ? nickel-cobalt arsenide ? silver-antimony, the proportion of mantle helium increases significantly in the composition of ore- forming fluids.
In this series a marked isotope shift in the ä18OH2O of hydrothermal solutions suggests a higher concentration of magmatogenic fluids in their composition (Fig. 1).
Ore-forming systems in different geodynamic environments differ in ore productivity. The unique mercury deposits were formed by ore-forming systems of intracontinental rifts (Nikitovka, Almaden, Vanshan).
Ore-forming systems of overlying subaerial volcanic belts in the Tuscan province in Italy, Idria in Slovenia, and Huancavelica in Peru formed the world- class Hg deposits. Ore-forming systems in subduction zones (deposits of Coastal Ridge in California, USA, Tamvatney, Chukotka, SE Russia) are of the same grade. Ore-forming systems in zones of regional thrusting of the orogens are
not so productive (Tien-Shan and Altai-Sayan – Aktash and Chagan-Uzun deposits).
The geodynamic environment of back-arc riftogenesis occupies a special place in formation of highly productive ore-forming systems, an example of which is the Ba- sin and Ranges province. The Nevadan belt occurs in this province, where most of the Hg and Au-Hg deposits are concentrated.
Independent of an approach to explain the origin of tectonic structures of the Nevadan belt, evolution of Ceno- zoic (40 Ma) magmatism is established on the boundary of 20-15 Ma, when typical bimodal calc-alkaline magmatism gives place to the alkaline-basite, and over 5 Ma to the basite one. That is the most satisfactory explained by the influence of Yellowstone mantle plume and common reconstruction of volcanic arc geodynamic environment on the riftogenesis. The most important ore- magmatic systems of porphyry-Cu-Mo and Au-Hg epithermal deposits were formed at the boundary of 45- 35 Ma, and also at 26-22 and 9-5 Ma. The intensity and duration of ore-forming processes in the Nevadan belt may be explained by the consecutive influence of mantle plumes on tectonic structure formation, magmatism, and associated ore-forming process (Pirajno 2000; Muntean et al. 2004).
Thus, mantle alkaline-basite magmatism immediately precedes the Hg and Au-Hg deposits forming in a number of ore provinces, for example Iberian (Higueras and Munha, 1993; Hernandez 1999), Donetsk, South-China (Hu Rui-Zhong et al. 2002), Tuscan (Tanelli, 1991), and Neva- dan provinces (Pirajno, 2000).
Age displacements of ore-forming processes relative to the time of the main phase of plume magmatism are
Chapter 1-1 · Global tectonic settings and deep mantle control on Hg and Au-Hg deposits
6
established for the South Siberian and Tien-Shan provinces (Siberian superplume 250-244 Ma, Hg mineralization 230-235 Ma, Tien-Shan alkaline-basite magmatism 255-240 Ma, Hg deposits 236-228 Ma). This is possibly caused by specific development of the structures of intraplate riftogenesis in the orogenic belts, as well as the location of arising under-crust magmatic centers oc- curred generally as basite and the late alkaline basite dike swarms.
5 Conclusions
Geohistorical analysis, geodynamic environments, and spatial and temporal paragenetic relationship of ore-forming systems of Hg and Au-Hg deposits with mantle magmatism allow consideration of their formation as one of the events related to mantle plumes in the Earth’s crustal structures (Pirajno, 2000). The intracontinental rifts (aulacogens) arising in the Early and Middle Paleozoic period, structures of intraplate riftogenesis in the reactivated Paleozoic orogenic belts, and subduction zones and active continental margins in Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods are the most favorable for the localization of ore- forming systems of not only Au-Hg but most of Hg deposits.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to I. Kamenskiy (KGI RAS) for carrying out He isotope analyses. This work was financially sup- ported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants 04-05-64485, 04-05-64399) and “Leading scientific schools” (grant 1573.2003.5.).
References
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Hernandez A, Jebrak M, Higueras P (1999) The Almaden mercury mining district, Spain . Mineralium Deposita. 34, No 5-6, 539-548
Higueras P, Munha J (1993) Geochemical constrains on the petro- genesis of mafic magmas in the Almaden mining district. Terra Abstract, 12-13
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Muntean JL, Cline J, Johnston MK, Ressel MW, Seedorf E, Barton MD (2004) Controversies on the origin of world-class gold deposits, Part I: Carlin-type gold deposits in Nevada: SEG News- letter, 59:11-18
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A.S. Borisenko · A.A. Obolenskiy · E.A. Naumov
Abstract. The traditional use of major-element data on diamond indicator minerals such as garnet and chromite is based on empirical correlations that have proven unreliable in some exploration situa- tions. The use of trace-element data on these minerals, combined with mantle-mapping techniques, provides clear explanations of both the successes and the failures of the traditional approaches. These techniques make it possible to determine, at an early stage of exploration, both the overall prospectivity of a region and the most appropriate application of indicator mineral chemistry.
Keywords. Diamond exploration, mantle petrology, trace elements, lithosphere mapping
1 Introduction
The formation of known economic deposits of gem dia- monds has involved sampling of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) by ascending kimberlitic or lamproitic magmas, and much of our knowledge of cra- tonic SCLM has been a byproduct of diamond exploration and production. The factors that control the distribution of diamond in the SCLM are still incompletely known, although numerous empirical studies have pro- vided constraints. Early studies of diamond inclusions identified an important suite of harzburgitic minerals, especially low-Ca, high-Cr (“G10”) pyrope garnets and high-Cr chromites. The use of these as “indicator minerals” has led to some significant exploration successes (especially in S. Africa and Siberia) but has proven mislead- ing in several other regions, leading to significant waste of exploration resources.
However, developments in the use of mantle-derived xenocryst minerals to map vertical and lateral variations in SCLM composition (Griffin and Ryan 1995; O’Reilly and Griffin 1996) provide tools that can explain both the successes and the failures, and shed light on diamond formation processes that can be used to improve exploration models.
2 Mapping SCLM composition
The application of single-grain thermometers based on Ni in garnet and clinopyroxene, and Zn in chromite (Ryan et al. 1996) allows the depth of origin of each grain to be
estimated, by referral of T to a known or assumed geo- therm. Such geotherms can also be derived directly from data on garnet and chromite compositions. This approach allows the mapping of mineral chemistry on to depth sections, which contain information on mantle composition, structure and processes (Fig. 1).
3 Examples
As an example, SCLM sections from kimberlites in S. Af- rica and Siberia (Fig. 1) show that harzburgites (olivine- orthopyroxene rocks), identified as important diamond- bearing rock types in these areas, occur mainly at depths that are in the diamond stability field.
However, in the Lac de Gras area of the Slave Province (northern Canada), “G10” garnets and high-Cr chromites have proven counter-indicative

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